Method for switching beam indication mode for ai / ml based beam management

Abstract

A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) can receive configuration information indicating a first transmission configuration indicator (TCI) state indication mode, a second TCI state indication mode, an artificial intelligence / machine learning (AI / ML) model location, and / or one or more TCI states of a first TCI type or a second TCI type. The WTRU can determine to enable the first TCI state indication mode or the second TCI state indication mode for downlink and uplink. The WTRU can communicate on the downlink or the uplink using a TCI state of the one or more TCI states based on the enabled first or second TCI state indication mode. The WTRU can determine a channel state information (CSI) reporting mode based on the enabled first or second TCI state indication mode and the AI / ML model location. The WTRU can transmit a CSI report in accordance with the determined CSI reporting mode.

Description

[0001] Cross-references to related applications This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 571,562, filed March 29, 2024, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Background Technology

[0002] Beam management includes downlink (DL) transmit (Tx) beam prediction for both the Wireless Transmit / Receive Unit (WTRU) side model and the NW side model. This includes spatial DL Tx beam prediction for beam set A based on measurements from beam set B (e.g., "BM-Case 1"). It also includes temporal DL Tx beam prediction for beam set A based on historical measurements from beam set B (e.g., "BM-Case 2"). Necessary signaling / mechanisms can be specified to facilitate LCM operation specific to beam management use cases, if any. Methods can be implemented to ensure consistency between training and inference regarding additional NW-side conditions (if identified) for inference at the WTRU.

[0003] In traditional beam management, one or more (e.g., all) beams in a cell are transmitted and measured to identify the optimal beam and receive channels and signals. However, in AI / ML-based DL Tx beam prediction, RS can be transmitted for a selected (e.g., only selected) beam, and the AI / ML model estimates the quality of other beams based on the measurements of the selected beam. Summary of the Invention

[0004] Methods and apparatus may be provided for applying a default Transmission Configuration Indicator (TCI) status indication mode based on the TCI status of RSs of type 1 within a Reference Signal (RS) resource set. Methods and apparatus may be provided for determining a TCI status indication mode based on Wireless Transmit / Receive Unit (WTRU) measurement results, Key Performance Indicators (KPIs), and gNB indications. Methods and apparatus may be provided for applying a default TCI status with TCI status based on measured RSs within an RS resource set that includes both measured RSs and estimated RSs. Methods and apparatus may be provided for applying different WTRU reporting parameters based on the TCI status indication mode and the location of an Artificial Intelligence / Machine Learning (AI / ML) model.

[0005] The WTRU can receive configuration information indicating a TCI status indication mode, a second TCI status indication mode, an AI / ML model location, and / or one or more TCI states of a first or second TCI type. The WTRU can determine whether to enable the first or second TCI status indication mode for the downlink and uplink. Based on the enabled first or second TCI status indication mode, the WTRU can communicate on the downlink or uplink using one or more of the enabled TCI states. The WTRU can determine the Channel State Information (CSI) reporting mode based on the enabled first or second TCI status indication mode and the AI / ML model location. The WTRU can send CSI reports according to the determined CSI reporting mode.

[0006] The first TCI status indication mode can be an AI / ML-based TCI status indication mode, and the second TCI status indication mode can be a non-AI / ML-based TCI status indication mode. Enabling the first or second TCI status indication mode can be based on one or more of the following: explicit indication received from a network node, one or more WTRU parameters, or a mode used for beam indication alignment. Enabling the first or second TCI status indication mode can also be based on one or more of the following: the measured beam prediction accuracy is less than a first pre-configured threshold, the measured beam quality is less than a second pre-configured threshold, the difference between the measured beam quality and the predicted beam quality, the measured WTRU rotation is greater than a third pre-configured threshold, the measured WTRU movement is greater than a fourth pre-configured threshold, or the measured maximum permissible exposure (MPE) is greater than a fifth pre-configured threshold.

[0007] The TCI state can be the first TCI state among the one or more TCI states. The WTRU can receive the downlink shared channel using the second TCI state among the one or more TCI states before determining whether to enable the first or second TCI state indication mode. Being configured to communicate on the downlink or uplink using the TCI state can include being configured to: monitor the control resource set (CORESET) or search the space to detect the physical downlink control channel using the TCI state; receive the physical downlink shared channel using the TCI state; and / or transmit the uplink channel using the TCI state. The CSI reporting mode can include a periodic CSI reporting mode or a semi-static CSI reporting mode. Based on the determination that the first TCI state indication mode is enabled, the CSI report can indicate up to four resource indicators with corresponding Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP). Based on the determination that the second TCI state indication mode is enabled and based on the AI / ML model location at the WTRU, the CSI report can indicate up to four resource indicators or logical beam identifiers (IDs) with corresponding RSRPs. Based on the determination of enabling the second TCI status indication mode and based on the location of the AI / ML model at the network, the CSI report can indicate the RSRP from the first RS resource set without beam indication. Attached Figure Description

[0008] Figure 1A This is a system diagram illustrating an example communication system in which one or more of the disclosed embodiments may be implemented.

[0009] Figure 1B The illustration shows a device that can be used according to one embodiment. Figure 1A The diagram shows a system diagram of an example wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) used in a communication system.

[0010] Figure 1C The illustration shows a device that can be used according to one embodiment. Figure 1A The diagram shows a system diagram of an example radio access network (RAN) and an example core network (CN) used in a communication system.

[0011] Figure 1D The illustration shows a device that can be used according to one embodiment. Figure 1A The diagram shows a system diagram of a further example RAN and a further example CN used within the communication system.

[0012] Figure 2 This is a flowchart illustrating examples of Transmission Configuration Indication (TCI) status indication mode, TCI status, and Channel State Information (CSI) reporting mode. Detailed Implementation

[0013] Figure 1AThis diagram illustrates an example communication system 100 in which one or more of the disclosed embodiments may be implemented. The communication system 100 may be a multiple access system that provides content (such as voice, data, video, messaging, broadcasting, etc.) to multiple wireless users. The communication system 100 enables multiple wireless users to access such content by sharing system resources (including wireless bandwidth). For example, the communication system 100 may employ one or more channel access methods, such as Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), Zero-Tail Unique Word DFT Extended OFDM (ZT UW DTS-s OFDM), Unique Word OFDM (UW-OFDM), Resource Block Filtered OFDM, Filter Bank Multicarrier (FBMC), etc.

[0014] like Figure 1A As shown, the communication system 100 may include wireless transmit / receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, RAN 104 / 113, CN 106 / 115, Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) 108, Internet 110, and other networks 112. Although it will be appreciated, the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and / or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d can be any type of device configured to operate and / or communicate in a wireless environment. As examples, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d (any of which may be referred to as a “station” and / or “STA”) may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals and may include user equipment (UE), mobile stations, fixed or mobile subscriber units, subscription-based units, pagers, cellular phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), smartphones, laptops, netbooks, personal computers, wireless sensors, hotspots or Mi-Fi devices, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, watches or other wearable devices, head-mounted displays (HMDs), vehicles, drones, medical devices and applications (e.g., remote surgery), industrial devices and applications (e.g., robots and / or other wireless devices operating in industrial and / or automated processing chain scenarios), consumer electronics devices, devices operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, etc. Any of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may be interchangeably referred to as WTRUs. Furthermore, any description of the UEs described herein may be equivalently applied to WTRUs (or vice versa). For example, the WTRU can be configured to execute any of the procedures or programs described herein as being executed by the UE (or vice versa).

[0015] The communication system 100 may also include base station 114a and / or base station 114b. Each of base stations 114a and 114b may be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as CN 106 / 115, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. As an example, base stations 114a and 114b may be any of a base transceiver station (BTS), Node-B, eNode B, home node B, home eNode B, gNB, NR NodeB, site controller, access point (AP), wireless router, etc. Although base stations 114a and 114b are depicted as single elements, it will be understood that base stations 114a and 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and / or network elements.

[0016] Base station 114a may be part of RAN 104 / 113, which may also include other base stations and / or network elements (not shown), such as base station controllers (BSCs), radio network controllers (RNCs), relay nodes, etc. Base station 114a and / or base station 114b may be configured to transmit and / or receive radio signals on one or more carrier frequencies, which may be referred to as cells (not shown). These frequencies may be licensed spectrum, unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrum. A cell may provide coverage for a specific geographic area for a radio service, which may be relatively fixed or may change over time. A cell may be further divided into cell sectors. For example, the cell associated with base station 114a may be divided into three sectors. Therefore, in one embodiment, base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e., one transceiver for each sector of the cell. In one embodiment, base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology, and multiple transceivers may be used for each sector of the cell. For example, beamforming can be used to transmit and / or receive signals in a desired spatial direction.

[0017] Base stations 114a and 114b can communicate with one or more of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d via air interface 116, which can be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, millimeter wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). Air interface 116 can be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).

[0018] More specifically, as noted above, communication system 100 can be a multiple access system and can employ one or more channel access schemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, etc. For example, base station 114a in RAN 104 / 113, and WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can implement radio technologies such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which can use Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) to establish air interfaces 115 / 116 / 117. WCDMA can include communication protocols such as High-Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA) and / or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA can include High-Speed ​​Downlink (DL) Packet Access (HSDPA) and / or High-Speed ​​UL Packet Access (HSUPA).

[0019] In one embodiment, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can implement radio technologies such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), which can use Long Term Evolution (LTE) and / or Advanced LTE (LTE-A) and / or Advanced LTE Pro (LTE-A Pro) to establish air interface 116.

[0020] In one embodiment, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can implement radio technologies such as NR radio access, which can use a new radio (NR) to establish an air interface 116.

[0021] In one embodiment, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can jointly implement LTE radio access and NR radio access, for example, using the dual connectivity (DC) principle. Therefore, the air interface utilized by WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and / or transmissions sent to / from multiple types of base stations (e.g., eNBs and gNBs).

[0022] In other embodiments, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can implement the following radio technologies, such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., WiFi), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., WiMAX), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Provisional Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Provisional Standard 95 (IS-95), Provisional Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced Data Rate GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSMEDGE (GERAN), etc.

[0023] Figure 1A Base station 114b can be, for example, a wireless router, a home node B, a home eNode B, or an access point, and can utilize any suitable RAT to facilitate wireless connectivity in a local area, such as a commercial area, home, vehicle, campus, industrial facility, air corridor (e.g., for drone use), road, etc. In one embodiment, base station 114b and WTRUs 102c, 102d can implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In one embodiment, base station 114b and WTRUs 102c, 102d can implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In yet another embodiment, base station 114b and WTRUs 102c, 102d can utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR, etc.) to establish a picocell or femtocell. Figure 1A As shown, base station 114b may have a direct connection to Internet 110. Therefore, base station 114b may not be required to access Internet 110 via CN 106 / 115.

[0024] RAN 104 / 113 can communicate with CN 106 / 115, which can be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, application, and / or Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d. Data may have different Quality of Service (QoS) requirements, such as different throughput requirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, etc. CN 106 / 115 can provide call control, billing services, location-based services, prepaid calling, internet connectivity, video distribution, and / or perform advanced security functions, such as user authentication. Although... Figure 1AAlthough not shown, it will be understood that RAN104 / 113 and / or CN106 / 115 can communicate directly or indirectly with other RANs that use the same RAT as or a different RAT than RAN 104 / 113. For example, in addition to being connected to RAN 104 / 113, which can utilize NR radio technology, CN106 / 115 can also communicate with another RAN (not shown) that uses GSM, UMTS, CDMA 2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or WiFi radio technology.

[0025] CN 106 / 115 may also act as a gateway for WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. PSTN 108 may include a circuit-switched telephone network providing Common Old-Style Telephone Service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices using common communication protocols such as Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP), and / or Internet Protocol (IP) from the TCP / IP Internet Protocol suite. Network 112 may include wired and / or wireless communication networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. For example, network 112 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may use the same RAT as RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT.

[0026] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d in communication system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities (e.g., WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks via different wireless links). For example, Figure 1A The WTRU 102c shown can be configured to communicate with a base station 114a that can use cellular-based radio technology and a base station 114b that can use IEEE 802 radio technology.

[0027] Figure 1B This is a system diagram illustrating example WTRU 102. (Example:) Figure 1B As shown, WTRU 102 may include a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit / receive element 122, a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, a display / touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power supply 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136, and / or other peripherals 138, etc. It will be appreciated that WTRU 102 may include any sub-combination of the above-described elements while remaining consistent with the embodiments.

[0028] Processor 118 may be a general-purpose processor, a special-purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors associated with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) circuit, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, etc. Processor 118 may perform signal encoding, data processing, power control, input / output processing, and / or any other functions that enable WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. Processor 118 may be coupled to transceiver 120, which may be coupled to transmitting / receiving element 122. Although... Figure 1B The processor 118 and transceiver 120 are depicted as separate components, but it will be understood that the processor 118 and transceiver 120 can be integrated together in an electronic package or chip.

[0029] Transmitting / receiving element 122 can be configured to transmit signals to or receive signals from a base station (e.g., base station 114a) via air interface 116. For example, in one embodiment, transmitting / receiving element 122 can be an antenna configured to transmit and / or receive RF signals. In one embodiment, transmitting / receiving element 122 can be a transmitter / detector configured to transmit and / or receive, for example, IR, UV, or visible light signals. In yet another embodiment, transmitting / receiving element 122 can be configured to transmit and / or receive both RF and optical signals. It will be appreciated that transmitting / receiving element 122 can be configured to transmit and / or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[0030] Although the transmitting / receiving element 122 is in Figure 1B While depicted as a single element, WTRU 102 may include any number of transmitting / receiving elements 122. More specifically, WTRU 102 may employ MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, WTRU 102 may include two or more transmitting / receiving elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals via air interface 116.

[0031] Transceiver 120 can be configured to modulate signals to be transmitted by transmitting / receiving element 122 and demodulate signals received by transmitting / receiving element 122. As noted above, WTRU 102 can have multi-mode capability. Thus, for example, transceiver 120 may include multiple transceivers for enabling WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs (such as NR and IEEE 802.11).

[0032] The processor 118 of WTRU 102 can be coupled to the speaker / microphone 124, keypad 126, and / or display / touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) unit or an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit), and can receive user input data from them. The processor 118 can also output user data to the speaker / microphone 124, keypad 126, and / or display / touchpad 128. Additionally, the processor 118 can access information from any type of suitable memory (such as non-removable memory 130 and / or removable memory 132), and store data in that memory. Non-removable memory 130 may include random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. Removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, memory stick, secure digital storage (SD) card, etc. In other embodiments, processor 118 may access information from memory that is not physically located on WTRU 102 (such as on a server or home computer (not shown)) and store data in that memory.

[0033] The processor 118 can receive power from the power supply 134 and can be configured to distribute and / or control the power going to other components in the WTRU 102. The power supply 134 can be any suitable device for powering the WTRU 102. For example, the power supply 134 may include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, etc.

[0034] The processor 118 may also be coupled to a GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) about the current location of the WTRU 102. In addition to, or instead of, information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU 102 may receive location information from base stations (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) via air interface 116 and / or determine its location based on the timing of signals received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be understood that the WTRU 102 may acquire location information using any suitable location determination method, while remaining consistent with the embodiments.

[0035] The processor 118 may be further coupled to other peripherals 138, which may include one or more software and / or hardware modules providing additional features, functions, and / or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, peripherals 138 may include accelerometers, electronic compasses, satellite transceivers, digital cameras (for photos and / or videos), Universal Serial Bus (USB) ports, vibration devices, television transceivers, hands-free headsets, Bluetooth® modules, FM radio units, digital music players, media players, video game player modules, internet browsers, virtual reality and / or augmented reality (VR / AR) devices, activity trackers, etc. Peripherals 138 may include one or more sensors, which may be one or more of the following: gyroscopes, accelerometers, Hall effect sensors, magnetometers, orientation sensors, proximity sensors, temperature sensors, time sensors, geolocation sensors, altimeters, light sensors, touch sensors, magnetometers, barometers, gesture sensors, biometric sensors, and / or humidity sensors.

[0036] WTRU 102 may include a full-duplex radio, for which the transmission and reception of some or all signals (e.g., associated with specific subframes for both UL (e.g., for transmission) and downlink (e.g., for reception)) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous. The full-duplex radio may include an interference management unit 139 to reduce and / or substantially eliminate self-interference via signal processing performed via hardware (e.g., a choke) or via a processor (e.g., a separate processor (not shown) or via processor 118). In one embodiment, WTRU 102 may include a half-duplex radio, for which the transmission and reception of some or all signals (e.g., associated with specific subframes for UL (e.g., for transmission) or downlink (e.g., for reception)) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous.

[0037] Figure 1C The diagram illustrates a system diagram of RAN 104 and CN 106 according to an embodiment. As noted above, RAN 104 can employ E-UTRA radio technology to communicate with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c via air interface 116. RAN 104 can also communicate with CN 106.

[0038] RAN 104 may include eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c, although it will be understood that RAN 104 may include any number of eNode-Bs while remaining consistent with the embodiments. eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c via air interface 116. In one embodiment, eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c may implement MIMO technology. Therefore, eNode-B 160a may, for example, use multiple antennas to transmit radio signals to and / or receive radio signals from WTRU 102a.

[0039] Each of the eNode-B 160a, 160b, and 160c can be associated with a specific cell (not shown) and can be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, and user scheduling in the UL and / or DL, etc. Figure 1C As shown, eNode-B 160a, 160b, and 160c can communicate with each other via the X2 interface.

[0040] Figure 1C The CN 106 shown may include a Mobility Management Entity (MME) 162, a Serving Gateway (SGW) 164, and a Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway (or PGW) 166. Although each of the foregoing elements is depicted as part of CN 106, it will be understood that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than a CN operator.

[0041] The MME 162 can connect to each of the eNode-Bs 162a, 162b, and 162c in RAN104 via the S1 interface and can act as a control node. For example, the MME 162 can be responsible for authenticating users of WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c, activating / deactivating bearers, and selecting a specific serving gateway during the initial attachment of WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c. The MME 162 can provide control plane functions for handover between RAN104 and other RANs (not shown) employing other radio technologies, such as GSM and / or WCDMA.

[0042] The SGW 164 can connect to each of the eNode Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c in RAN104 via the S1 interface. The SGW 164 can typically route and forward user data packets to / from WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c. The SGW 164 can perform other functions, such as anchoring the user plane during inter-eNode B handover, triggering paging when DL data is available for WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c, and managing and storing the context of WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c.

[0043] SGW 164 can be connected to PGW 166, which can provide WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks (such as Internet 110) to facilitate communication between WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.

[0044] CN 106 facilitates communication with other networks. For example, CN 106 can provide WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c with access to a circuit-switched network (such as PSTN 108) to facilitate communication between WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c and conventional terrestrial line communication equipment. For example, CN 106 may include or communicate with an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) that acts as an interface between CN 106 and PSTN 108. Additionally, CN 106 can provide WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers.

[0045] Despite WTRU in Figures 1A to 1D While described as a wireless terminal, it is envisioned that, in some representative embodiments, such a terminal may use (e.g., temporarily or permanently) a wired communication interface with a communication network.

[0046] In a representative embodiment, the other network 112 may be a WLAN.

[0047] In an Infrastructure Basic Services Set (BSS) mode, a WLAN may have an access point (AP) for the BSS and one or more stations (STAs) associated with the AP. The AP may have access or an interface to a distribution system (DS) or another type of wired / wireless network that carries traffic into and / or out of the BSS. Traffic originating outside the BSS destined for a STA can be delivered to the STA via the AP. Traffic from a STA to a destination outside the BSS can be sent to the AP for delivery to the appropriate destination. Traffic between STAs within the BSS can be sent via the AP, for example, where a source STA can send traffic to the AP, and the AP can deliver the traffic to the destination STA. Traffic between STAs within the BSS can be considered and / or referred to as peer-to-peer traffic. Peer-to-peer traffic can be sent between source and destination STAs (e.g., directly between them) using a direct link setup (DLS). In some representative embodiments, the DLS may use 802.11e DLS or 802.11z Tunneled DLS (TDLS). A WLAN using the Standalone BSS (IBSS) mode may not have an access point (AP), and STAs within or using the IBSS (e.g., all STAs) can communicate directly with each other. The IBSS communication mode may sometimes be referred to as a "self-organizing" communication mode in this document.

[0048] When using 802.11ac infrastructure operation mode or a similar operation mode, the AP can transmit beacons on a fixed channel, such as a primary channel. The primary channel can be of fixed width (e.g., a bandwidth of 20 MHz) or dynamically set via signaling. The primary channel can be the operating channel of the BSS and can be used by STAs to establish connections with the AP. In some representative embodiments, Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA / CA) can be implemented, for example, in an 802.11 system. For CSMA / CA, STAs including the AP (e.g., each STA) can sense the primary channel. If the primary channel is sensed / detected and / or determined to be busy by a particular STA, that STA can back off. A STA (e.g., only one station) can transmit at any given time within a given BSS.

[0049] High-throughput (HT) STAs can communicate using a 40MHz wide channel, for example, by combining a primary 20MHz channel with adjacent or non-adjacent 20MHz channels to form a 40MHz wide channel.

[0050] Very High Throughput (VHT) STAs can support channels with widths of 20MHz, 40MHz, 80MHz, and / or 160MHz. 40MHz and / or 80MHz channels can be formed by combining consecutive 20MHz channels. A 160MHz channel can be formed by combining eight consecutive 20MHz channels or by combining two non-consecutive 80MHz channels (which can be referred to as an 80+80 configuration). For the 80+80 configuration, after channel coding, data is transmitted via a segment resolver that divides the data into two streams. Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing and time-domain processing can be performed separately on each stream. The streams can be mapped onto two 80MHz channels, and the data can be transmitted by the transmitting STA. At the receiver of the receiving STA, the above operations for the 80+80 configuration can be reversed, and the combined data can be sent to the Media Access Control (MAC).

[0051] Operating modes below 1 GHz are supported by 802.11af and 802.11ah. The channel operating bandwidth and carrier are reduced in 802.11af and 802.11ah compared to those used in 802.11n and 802.11ac. 802.11af supports 5 MHz, 10 MHz, and 20 MHz bandwidths in the TV white space (TVWS) spectrum, while 802.11ah supports 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz bandwidths using non-TVWS spectrum. According to representative embodiments, 802.11ah can support instrument-type control / machine-type communications, such as MTC devices in macro coverage areas. MTC devices may have certain capabilities, such as limited capabilities, including support for (e.g., only support) certain and / or limited bandwidths. MTC devices may include batteries with a lifespan exceeding a threshold (e.g., to maintain a very long battery life).

[0052] WLAN systems that can support multiple channels and channel bandwidths (such as 802.11n, 802.11ac, 802.11af, and 802.11ah) include a channel that can be designated as the primary channel. The primary channel can have a bandwidth equal to the maximum common operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel can be set and / or limited by the STA that supports the minimum bandwidth operating mode among all STAs operating in the BSS. In the 802.11ah example, for STAs that support (e.g., only support) the 1MHz mode (e.g., MTC type devices), the primary channel can be 1MHz wide, even if the AP and other STAs in the BSS support 2MHz, 4MHz, 8MHz, 16MHz, and / or other channel bandwidth operating modes. Carrier sensing and / or Network Allocation Vector (NAV) settings can depend on the status of the primary channel. If the primary channel is busy, for example because an STA (which only supports the 1MHz operating mode) is transmitting to the AP, the entire available band may be considered busy, even if most of the band is still idle and could be available.

[0053] In the United States, the available frequency band for 802.11ah is from 902MHz to 928MHz. In South Korea, the available frequency band is from 917.5MHz to 923.5MHz. In Japan, the available frequency band is from 916.5MHz to 927.5MHz. Depending on the country code, the total available bandwidth for 802.11ah is 6MHz to 26MHz.

[0054] Figure 1D The diagram illustrates a system diagram of RAN 113 and CN 115 according to an embodiment. As noted above, RAN 113 may employ NR radio technology to communicate with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c via air interface 116. RAN 113 may also communicate with CN 115.

[0055] RAN 113 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c, although it will be understood that RAN 113 may include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with the embodiments. gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c via air interface 116. In one embodiment, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may implement MIMO technology. For example, gNBs 180a and 180b may utilize beamforming to transmit signals to and / or receive signals from gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c. Therefore, gNB 180a may, for example, use multiple antennas to transmit radio signals to and / or receive radio signals from WTRU 102a. In one embodiment, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can implement carrier aggregation technology. For example, gNB 180a can transmit multiple component carriers to WTRU 102a (not shown). A subset of these component carriers can be on unlicensed spectrum, while the remaining component carriers can be on licensed spectrum. In one embodiment, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can implement Cooperative Multipoint (CoMP) technology. For example, WTRU 102a can receive cooperative transmissions from gNBs 180a and 180b (and / or gNB 180c).

[0056] WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c using transmissions associated with scalable digitization. For example, OFDM symbol spacing and / or OFDM subcarrier spacing can vary depending on different transmissions, different cells, and / or different portions of the radio transmission spectrum. WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c using subframes of various or scalable lengths or transmission time intervals (TTIs) (e.g., containing different numbers of OFDM symbols and / or absolute times of varying durations).

[0057] gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can be configured to communicate with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c in standalone and / or non-standalone configurations. In standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c without also accessing other RANs (e.g., eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c). In standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can utilize one or more of gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c as mobility anchors. In standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c using signals in unlicensed frequency bands. In a non-standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with / connect to gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c, and simultaneously communicate with / connect to another RAN (such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c). For example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can implement DC principles to communicate substantially simultaneously with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c and one or more eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c. In a non-standalone configuration, eNode-B 160a, 160b, and 160c can act as mobility anchors for WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c, and gNB 180a, 180b, and 180c can provide additional coverage and / or throughput to serve WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c.

[0058] Each of gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can be associated with a specific cell (not shown) and can be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, user scheduling in UL and / or DL, network slicing support, dual connectivity, interoperability between NR and E-UTRA, routing of user plane data to User Plane Functions (UPF) 184a and 184b, routing of control plane information to Access and Mobility Management Functions (AMF) 182a and 182b, etc. Figure 1D As shown, gNB 180a, 180b, and 180c can communicate with each other via the Xn interface.

[0059] Figure 1DThe CN 115 shown may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one Session Management Function (SMF) 183a, 183b, and possibly a Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b. Although each of the foregoing elements is depicted as part of the CN 115, it will be understood that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0060] AMF 182a and 182b can connect to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c in RAN 113 via the N2 interface and can act as control nodes. For example, AMF 182a and 182b can be responsible for authenticating users of WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c, supporting network slicing (e.g., handling different PDU sessions with different requirements), selecting specific SMF183a and 183b, managing registration areas, terminating NAS signaling, mobility management, etc. Network slices can be used by AMF182a and 182b to customize CN support for WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c based on the service types utilized by WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c. For example, different network slices can be built for different use cases, such as services that rely on Ultra Reliable Low Latency (URLLC) access, services that rely on Enhanced Massive Mobile Broadband (eMBB) access, and services for Machine Type Communication (MTC) access. AMF 162 can provide control plane functions for handover between RAN 113 and other RANs (not shown) employing other radio technologies, such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and / or non-3GPP access technologies, such as WiFi.

[0061] SMFs 183a and 183b can connect to AMFs 182a and 182b in CN 115 via the N11 interface. SMFs 183a and 183b can also connect to UPFs 184a and 184b in CN 115 via the N4 interface. SMFs 183a and 183b can select and control UPFs 184a and 184b, and configure traffic routing through UPFs 184a and 184b. SMFs 183a and 183b can perform other functions, such as managing and allocating WTRU IP addresses, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy enforcement and QoS, and providing downlink data notifications. PDU session types can be IP-based, non-IP-based, Ethernet-based, etc.

[0062] UPF 184a and 184b can connect to one or more of gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c in RAN 113 via the N3 interface. These gNBs can provide WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c with access to a packet-switched network (such as the Internet 110) to facilitate communication between WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. UPF 184a and 184b can perform other functions such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multi-homed PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering downlink packets, and providing mobility anchoring.

[0063] CN 115 can facilitate communication with other networks. For example, CN 115 may include or communicate with an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) that acts as an interface between CN 115 and PSTN 108. Additionally, CN 115 can provide WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. In one embodiment, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can connect to local data networks (DNs) 185a and 185b via the N3 interface to UPFs 184a and 184b and the N6 interface between UPFs 184a and 184b and DNs 185a and 185b.

[0064] Given Figures 1A to 1D as well as Figures 1A to 1D The corresponding descriptions may be performed by one or more emulation devices (not shown) to perform one or more of the functions described herein with respect to one or more of the following: WTRU102a-d, base station 114a-b, eNode-B160a-c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNB180a-c, AMF 182a-ab, UPF 184a-b, SMF 183a-b, DN 185a-b, and / or one or more other devices described herein. An emulation device may be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more of the functions described herein. For example, an emulation device may be used to test other devices and / or simulate network and / or WTRU functions.

[0065] Simulation devices can be designed to perform tests on one or more other devices in a laboratory environment and / or a carrier network environment. For example, the one or more simulation devices can perform one or more or all of their functions while being fully or partially implemented and / or deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network to test other devices within the communication network. The one or more simulation devices can perform one or more or all of their functions while being temporarily implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. Simulation devices can be directly coupled to another device for testing purposes and / or can use over-the-air wireless communication to perform tests.

[0066] The one or more simulation devices can perform one or more (including all) functions without being implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. For example, the simulation devices can be used in test scenarios in a test laboratory and / or in non-deployed (e.g., testing) wired and / or wireless communication networks to perform testing on one or more components. The one or more simulation devices can be test rigs. Direct RF coupling and / or wireless communication via RF circuitry (e.g., which may include one or more antennas) can be used by the simulation devices to transmit and / or receive data.

[0067] It can achieve dynamic beam pointing based on AI / ML.

[0068] During the discussion of AI / ML beam management, potential performance degradation from AI / ML beam management applications was discussed, including the following scenarios.

[0069] AI / ML model generalization. Typically, in most cases / evaluations, AI / ML models that do not generalize (e.g., the training data for the AI / ML model differs from the inference data) exhibit some performance degradation compared to AI / ML models that do generalize (e.g., the same data is used for both training and inference). In some cases, AI / ML models that do not generalize show better performance than non-AI baselines, while in others, AI / ML models show comparable or worse performance compared to non-AI baselines.

[0070] Measurement errors degrade beam prediction performance for AI / ML, and also degrade performance for non-AI baselines.

[0071] Due to incorrect Rx beam selection, some performance degradation was observed for DL ​​Tx beam prediction using measurements from a near-optimal Rx beam compared to measurements from the optimal Rx beam (e.g., Top-1 beam prediction accuracy loss of 2% to up to 12% based on most results). Larger performance degradation was observed if measurements were taken from random Rx beams.

[0072] Due to inappropriate beam pattern selection, some performance degradation was observed when the beam pattern was changed between pre-configured patterns compared to a fixed beam pattern (e.g., based on most results, the Top-1 beam prediction accuracy loss was no more than or approximately 10%). Larger degradation was observed when the beam pattern was changed randomly (e.g., based on most results, the Top-1 beam prediction accuracy loss was 20%–50%).

[0073] As this paper demonstrates, the use of AI / ML-based beam management does not always guarantee performance benefits and should be applied with caution by evaluating various aspects including generalization, measurement error, Rx beam selection, and applicable beam patterns.

[0074] Beam indication mechanisms can be semi-static (e.g., choosing between RRC and DCI-based RRC configurations). Therefore, dynamic changes to the indication mechanism may be impossible. Since existing mechanisms are based solely on measurement results, dynamic changes are unnecessary. However, in AI / ML-based beam management, considering the state of beam predictions based on AI / ML models, dynamic changes are required.

[0075] WTRU can dynamically switch between AI / ML model-based beam indication and non-AI / ML model-based beam indication based on one or more measurement metrics (e.g., WTRU rotation, no generalization, high WTRU speed, etc.).

[0076] Methods for determining TCI status indication modes (e.g., based solely on the measured beam or based on the estimated / measured beam), TCI status, and / or CSI reporting modes (e.g., for four or more measured or estimated beams) can be provided based on one or more measurement metrics (e.g., WTRU rotation, WTRU speed, etc.) and / or indicated TCI status.

[0077] Figure 2Example determination 200 depicts the TCI status indication mode, TCI status, and CSI reporting mode. At 202, the WTRU may receive configuration (e.g., configuration information) including one or more of the following: first and second TCI status indication modes, AI / ML model location, CSI reporting type (e.g., RSRP report for inference or optimal beam indication), alignment of DL and UL TCI status indication modes (e.g., same indication mode or different), one or more (e.g., a set) thresholds (e.g., for beam prediction accuracy, WTRU rotation, WTRU movement, MPE), a first RS resource set (configured with one or more first type RS resources), a second RS resource set (configured with one or more second type RS resources or logical beam IDs), and one or more TCI states of a first TCI type or a second TCI type. For example, the configuration information may indicate a first TCI indication mode, a second TCI indication mode, AI / ML model location, and / or the one or more TCI states. Each second type RS resource of a logical beam ID may be associated with one or more first type RS resources (e.g., for QCL measurement). The TCI state of the first TCI type can be configured with a first RS resource type as a QCL Type-D reference. The TCI state of the second TCI type can be configured with a logical beam ID or a second RS resource type as a QCL Type-D reference. The first TCI type can be associated with a first TCI state indication mode, and the second TCI type can be associated with a second TCI state indication mode.

[0078] The WTRU can receive a TCI status indication (e.g., via a DCI or MAC CE with / without a scheduled PDSCH). The WTRU can apply the indicated first TCI status to receive the corresponding PDSCH.

[0079] At point 204, the WTRU can determine whether a first TCI status indication mode or a second TCI status indication mode is enabled for the downlink and / or uplink. For example, the WTRU can determine (e.g., determine to enable) a TCI status indication mode for DL ​​and / or UL based on one or more of the following: The WTRU can determine to enable a TCI status indication mode for DL ​​and / or UL based on explicit gNB indications (e.g., DCI, MAC CE, transmitted CORESET / search space, etc.). The WTRU can determine to enable a TCI status indication mode for DL ​​and / or UL based on WTRU reports (possibly with corresponding gNB confirmations) (e.g., beam prediction accuracy, beam quality of the indicated first TCI status (e.g., for QCL Type-D), measurement error, WTRU rotation, WTRU movement, MPE, etc.). The WTRU can determine to enable a TCI status indication mode for DL ​​and / or UL based on the beam indication alignment mode for DL ​​and UL. If configured for alignment, the WTRU can determine that a TCI status indication mode is enabled for both DL and UL. If configured to be separate, WTRU can determine whether TCI status indication mode is enabled for DL ​​and UL respectively.

[0080] The WTRU can apply a second TCI state based on the determined TCI state indication pattern. If the first TCI state is not of a TCI type associated with the determined TCI state indication pattern, the WTRU can determine a second (e.g., default) TCI state (e.g., the lowest TCI state ID among the TCI states of the TCI type associated with the determined TCI state indication pattern). If the first TCI state is of a type associated with the determined TCI indication pattern, the WTRU can determine that the second TCI state is the same as the first TCI state.

[0081] At point 206, the WTRU can communicate on the downlink or uplink using one or more TCI states based on the enabled TCI state indication mode. For example, the WTRU can use a second TCI state to receive or transmit transmissions (e.g., PDCCH, PDSCH, PUCCH, PUSCH). For example, the WTRU can monitor one or more CORESETs and / or search spaces and can detect PDCCHs by using a second TCI state. Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU can receive PDSCHs by using a second TCI state. Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU can transmit PUCCHs and / or PUSCHs by using a second TCI state.

[0082] At point 208, the WTRU may determine the CSI reporting mode based on one or more of the following: The WTRU may determine the CSI reporting mode based on periodic / semi-static CSI reporting or based on configuration. The WTRU may determine the CSI reporting mode based on the enabled and / or determined TCI status indication mode. The WTRU may determine the CSI reporting mode based on whether a first TCI status indication mode is determined and / or enabled; for example, the WTRU may report up to four CRIs / SSBRIs with corresponding RSRPs. The WTRU may determine the CSI reporting mode based on whether a second TCI status indication mode is determined and / or enabled, and the WTRU-side AI / ML; the WTRU may report up to four CRIs / SSBRIs or logical beam IDs with corresponding RSRPs. The WTRU may determine the CSI reporting mode based on whether a second TCI status indication mode is determined, and the gNB-side AI / ML; the WTRU may report RSRPs from a first RS resource set without beam indication.

[0083] At point 210, WTRU can send CSI reports according to the determined CSI reporting pattern.

[0084] The proposed solution described in this paper enables dynamic modification of the beam indication mechanism between non-AI / ML and AI / ML based on measurement results and / or KPIs. In non-AI / ML-based beam indication, the TCI state associated with the measured beam (e.g., TCI state only) can be activated, thus eliminating coverage loss from additional DCI payloads due to activated TCI states from unmeasured beams. Furthermore, dynamic adaptation of CSI reporting modes based on the determined beam indication pattern can be supported without requiring additional RRC reconfiguration for periodic CSI reports and / or MAC CE activation / deactivation for semi-static CSI reports.

[0085] Configuration for AI / ML beam management can be provided. The WTRU can receive configurations for one or more of the following: The WTRU can receive configurations for the AI / ML model location (e.g., either the gNB side or the WTRU side). For example, the WTRU can receive an indication of whether the AI / ML model (e.g., for beam prediction) is located at the gNB side or the WTRU side. Based on this configuration, the WTRU can determine the type of CSI report. For example, if the gNB side is configured, the WTRU can support CSI reports with a first set of CSI parameters. If the WTRU side is configured, the WTRU can support CSI reports with a second set of CSI parameters. Instead of the AI / ML model location, a CSI report type (e.g., type X or Y) or a CSI report parameter set (e.g., set X or set Y) can be used (e.g., to implicitly indicate the location of the AI / ML model).

[0086] The WTRU can receive a configuration of the alignment mode for TCI status indication modes for both DL and UL. For example, the WTRU can receive an indication of whether to use the same TCI status indication mode. Based on this indication, the WTRU can determine whether the operating modes are joint or separate for DL ​​and UL. For example, if the alignment mode is configured, the WTRU can determine the joint operating mode for DL ​​and UL. If the alignment mode is not configured, the WTRU can determine the separate operating modes for DL ​​and UL (e.g., a first mode for DL ​​and a second mode for UL). This mode can be implicitly indicated. For example, if the joint TCI status is used for both DL and UL, the alignment mode can be used. If separate TCI statuses are used for DL ​​and UL, then the alignment mode may not be used.

[0087] The WTRU can receive configurations of one or more thresholds associated with beam prediction accuracy, WTRU rotation, WTRU movement, MPE, etc. For example, the WTRU can be configured with one or more thresholds. These one or more thresholds can be thresholds for beam prediction accuracy, WTRU rotation, WTRU movement, maximum permissible exposure (MPE), etc. The WTRU can be configured with two or more thresholds for each threshold type.

[0088] The WTRU can receive configurations of one or more RS resources associated with the one or more thresholds. In the example, the WTRU can be configured with one or more RS resources associated with the configured one or more thresholds. For example, a first RS resource set (e.g., an RS resource set for set B) can be configured with one or more first type RS resources (e.g., set B beam). Each RS resource in the one or more first type RS resources can be configured with one or more of the following: a reference RS for QCL Type-A / B / C, a reference RS for QCL Type-D, a resource map (e.g., RE in PRB), a power control offset (e.g., a value of -8, ..., 15), a power control offset with SS (e.g., -3dB, 0dB, 3dB, 6dB), a scrambling ID, or periodicity and offset.

[0089] For example, the WTRU may be configured with a second RS resource set (e.g., an RS resource set for set A). The second RS resource set may be configured with one or more second-type RS resources and / or logical beam IDs (e.g., set A beams not included in set A). For example, each of the one or more second-type RS resources may be configured with one or more of the following: a reference RS for QCL type A, a logical beam ID for QCL type D, and / or a reference RS for a new QCL type (e.g., QCL type E) (e.g., for adjacent beams). For second-type RS resources, the WTRU may omit or may not be configured with one or more of the following: resource mapping (e.g., RE in PRB), power control offset (e.g., a value of -8, ..., 15), power control offset with SS (e.g., -3 dB, 0 dB, 3 dB, 6 dB), scrambling ID, periodicity, and / or offset. One or more reference RSs for each second type RS resource and / or logical beam ID can be one or more RSs from that one or more first type RS resources (e.g., for QCL parameter estimation).

[0090] The WTRU can receive configurations of one or more CORESET / search spaces associated with a TCI state application mode. In the example, the WTRU can be configured with one or more CORESET / search spaces associated with a TCI state application mode. For example, each CORESET / search space can be associated with an operating mode (e.g., a first CORESET / search space with a first operating mode, and a second CORESET / search space with a second operating mode). Based on this association, the WTRU can receive indications of the operating mode (e.g., from the gNB).

[0091] The WTRU can receive configurations for one or more TCI states. In the example, the WTRU can be configured with one or more TCI states. Each TCI of these one or more TCI states can be either a first type TCI state or a second type TCI state. The indication of the TCI state type can be based on one or more of the following: the TCI state type configuration, the configured type of the QCL reference RS, or the RS configuration of the QCL reference RS. For example, if a first type RS resource is configured as a QCL Type-D reference RS, the TCI state can be a first type TCI state. If a second type RS resource is configured as a QCL Type-D reference RS, the TCI state can be a second type TCI state. For example, if an RS resource is configured as a QCL Type-D reference RS, the TCI state can be a first type TCI state. If a logical beam ID is configured as a QCL Type-D reference RS, the TCI state can be a second type TCI state. For example, if the QCL reference RS of the TCI state is configured with an RS configuration set (e.g., resource mapping (e.g., RE in PRB), power control offset (e.g., a value of -8, ..., 15), power control offset with SS (e.g., -3 dB, 0 dB, 3 dB, 6 dB), scrambling ID, periodicity, and / or offset), then the TCI state can be a first-type TCI state. If the QCL reference RS of the TCI state is not configured with an RS configuration set, then the TCI state can be a second-type TCI state.

[0092] Applications that can provide non-AI / ML TCI state indication modes are supported. WTRU can receive a configuration that includes a list of up to M TCI state configurations. This list can be configured via higher-level parameters (e.g., PDSCH-Config). The number of TCI states included in this list can be up to the configured maximum number of TCI states (e.g., maxNumberConfiguredTCIstatesPerCC = 128).

[0093] The TCI state configuration may include information about the serving cell identity, bandwidth portion identity, and / or TCI state identity. The TCI state may include information about the configuration of one or more reference signals (RS) and / or quasi-colocation (QCL) relationships between channels. For example, the TCI state can be configured to provide reference signals for QCL relationships for DM-RS of PDSCH, DM-RS of PDCCH, CSI-RS ports of CSI-RS resources, Positioning Reference Signal (PRS), Tracking Reference Signal (TRS), uplink spatial relationships for PUSCH and / or PUCCH resource transmissions, etc. The WTRU can be configured with one or more QCL types linked to the configured TCI state. TCI states and QCL relationships are used interchangeably herein.

[0094] The WTRU can receive commands (e.g., MAC-CE) for activating / deactivating one or more (e.g., up to eight TCI states) TCI state / TCI state pairs. For example, an activation command can be used to map one or more TCI states to code points in the DCI field "Transmission Configuration Indication" for one or more of the DL or UL CC / BWP fields or sets. Based on the received activated / deactivated TCI states, the WTRU can receive an indication for applying one of the TCI states. For example, the WTRU can receive this indication via the DCI field "Transmission Configuration Indication" (e.g., DCI 1_1, 1_2, 0_1, or 0_2), where the DCI may or may not have DL or UL (e.g., PDSCH / PUSCH) scheduling. In one example, the WTRU can receive TCI state configuration for a first TCI type.

[0095] In the example, the WTRU can support a first TCI status indication mode (e.g., non-AI / ML-based TCI status indication) and a second TCI status indication mode (e.g., AI / ML-based TCI status indication). The WTRU can determine the operating mode between the first and second TCI status indication modes. The TCI status indication mode can be determined based on gNB indication and / or the WTRU.

[0096] In the example, the WTRU may apply a default TCI status indication mode (e.g., if the WTRU does not receive an indication of the TCI status indication mode (e.g., from the gNB) and / or if the WTRU does not acquire the measurement results used to determine the TCI status indication mode). The default TCI status indication mode may be determined based on a predefined mode and / or a pre-configured mode (e.g., configured / indicated via RRC and / or MAC CE). The default TCI status indication mode may be a first TCI status indication mode.

[0097] In the example, the WTRU can receive activation messages for one or more TCI states for a first TCI state indication mode and a second TCI state indication mode (e.g., via RRC and / or MAC CE). Activation of a TCI state can be based on one or more of the following: one or more TCI state indication modes or one or more TCI states.

[0098] In the example, the activation message may indicate one or more TCI state indication modes for TCI state activation. For example, if the activation message indicates a first TCI state indication mode, the WTRU may activate the TCI state indicated in the activation message for the first TCI state indication mode. If the activation message indicates a second TCI state indication mode, the WTRU may activate the TCI state indicated in the activation message for the second TCI state indication mode.

[0099] In the example, the activation message may indicate one or more TCI states for TCI state activation. In one example, the activation message may indicate one or more TCI states for each TCI state indication pattern. In another example, the activation message may indicate one or more TCI states for all two TCI state indication patterns. If one or more TCI states are indicated for all two TCI state indication patterns, the WTRU may determine the TCI state to be activated based on one or more of the following: RS resource set, RS type, or TCI state type.

[0100] For example, a first set of TCI states, wherein each TCI state includes a reference RS of a first RS resource set, can be used in a first TCI state indication mode, and a second set of TCI states, wherein each TCI state includes a reference RS of a first RS resource set or a second RS resource set, can be used in a second TCI state indication mode. For example, a first set of TCI states, wherein each TCI state includes a first type reference RS, can be used in a first TCI state indication mode, and a second set of TCI states, wherein each TCI state includes a first type reference RS and / or a second type reference RS, can be used in a second TCI state indication mode. For example, a first set of TCI states, wherein each TCI state is a first type TCI state, can be used in a first TCI state indication mode, and a second set of TCI states, wherein each TCI state is a first type TCI state and / or a second type TCI state, can be used in a second TCI state indication mode.

[0101] In the example, the WTRU may apply a first TCI state indication mode, which may be based on one or more indication types. For example, the WTRU may apply the first TCI state indication mode based on a (pre)configured (e.g., default) beam indication mode. In one example, the WTRU may apply the first TCI state indication mode for a first RS resource set. In another example, the WTRU may apply the first TCI state indication mode for a first RS resource set for the transmission and / or reception of one or more signals and / or channels (e.g., PDCCH, PDSCH, PUCCH, and PUSCH). For example, the first TCI state indication mode may be based on one or more indication types. One or more of the following may apply: The first TCI state indication mode may be based on one or more active TCI states. For example, the WTRU may be configured, indicated, and / or determined based on one or more active first-type TCI states. In one example, the WTRU may receive indications of TCI states among the active first-type TCI states (e.g., all) of the active TCI states. In one example, the WTRU can receive the instruction via DCI, where the size of the DCI field can be different and / or padding bits can be used for the same payload size.

[0102] The first TCI status indication mode can be indicated based on one or more dedicated activated TCI states. For example, the WTRU can be configured, indicated, and / or determined based on the configured and / or indicated dedicated activated TCI states. In one example, the WTRU can receive activation signaling, indication, and / or messages indicating a set and / or mode for TCI status activation.

[0103] In one example, the WTRU can receive one or more TCI status indications, for example via a DCI or MAC CE with or without a scheduled PDSCH. Thus, the WTRU can receive the corresponding scheduled, indicated, and / or configured PDSCH based on the indicated TCI status.

[0104] The beam indication mode can be determined. In one solution, the WTRU can determine the TCI status indication mode between a first mode (e.g., a non-AI / ML-based indication mode) and a second mode (e.g., an AI / ML-based indication mode). The WTRU can determine the operating mode based on one or more of the following.

[0105] The WTRU can determine the operating mode based on gNB determination and indication. In an example, the WTRU can receive an indication of the operating mode, for example, via one or more of DCI, MAC CE, and RRC (e.g., from the gNB). For example, 0 can indicate a first operating mode, and 1 can indicate a second operating mode. Additionally or alternatively, this indication can be based on the reception of signals (e.g., one or more of PDCCH, PDSCH, or DL ​​RS) in associated DL resources. For example, if the WTRU receives a signal in a first resource, the WTRU can determine the first operating mode. If the WTRU receives a signal in a second resource, the WTRU can determine the second operating mode. Associated DL resources can be one or more of CORESET / search space, RS resources, symbols, time slots, subframes, RBs, RBGs, subbands, etc. Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU can indicate acknowledgment of the gNB indication. For example, the WTRU can transmit an acknowledgment indication, for example, via one or more of PUCCH, PUSCH, MAC CE, and RRC. In another example, the WTRU can transmit acknowledgment by transmitting a UL signal (e.g., one or more of PUCCH, PUSCH, PRACH, or UL RS) in an associated UL resource. The associated UL resource can be one or more of a PUCCH resource, PRACH resource, RS resource, symbol, time slot, subframe, RB, RBG, subband, etc.

[0106] The WTRU can determine the operating mode based on WTRU determinations. In the example, the WTRU can determine the operating mode based on measurement results and determined quality. For example, if the determined quality meets certain conditions, the WTRU can determine a first TCI state indication mode (e.g., non-AI / ML based TCI state indication). For example, the conditions could be one or more of the following: if the measured beam prediction accuracy < a configured / indicated threshold; if the measured beam quality (e.g., DMRS in PDSCH, CSI-RS / SSB associated with the indicated TCI state for one or more of PDCCH, PDSCH, PUCCH, PUSCH, PRACH, etc.) < a configured / indicated threshold; if the measured beam quality (e.g., DMRS in PDSCH, CSI-RS / SSB associated with the indicated TCI state for one or more of PDCCH, PDSCH, PUCCH, PUSCH, PRACH, etc.) - The predicted beam quality of the same TCI state with the predicted beam quality is greater than the configured / indicated threshold (e.g., an absolute value can be used for the difference between the measured beam quality and the predicted beam quality); if the measured WTRU rotation is greater than the configured / indicated threshold; if the measured WTRU movement is greater than the configured / indicated threshold; or if the measured MPE is greater than the configured / indicated threshold. Otherwise, the WTRU can determine a second TCI state indication mode (e.g., AI / ML-based TCI state indication).

[0107] The WTRU can determine the operating mode based on WTRU indication. Based on the determined operating mode, the WTRU can (e.g., indicate the operating mode to the gNB). In an example, the WTRU can indicate the preferred operating mode, for example, via one or more of PUCCH, PUSCH, MAC CE, and RRC. For example, a value of 0 can indicate a first operating mode, and a value of 1 can indicate a second operating mode. Additionally or alternatively, the indication can be based on the transmission of signals (e.g., one or more of PUCCH, PUSCH, PRACH, or UL RS) in an associated UL resource. For example, if the WTRU transmits a signal in a first resource, the WTRU can indicate the first operating mode. If the WTRU transmits a signal in a second resource, the WTRU can indicate the second operating mode. The associated UL resource can be one or more of PUCCH resources, PRACH resources, RS resources, symbols, time slots, subframes, RBs, RBGs, subbands, etc. Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU can (e.g., receive confirmation of the WTRU indication from the gNB). For example, the WTRU can receive acknowledgment via one or more of DCI, MAC CE, and RRC. In another example, the WTRU can receive acknowledgment by receiving DL signals (e.g., one or more of PDCCH, PDSCH, or DL ​​RS) in an associated DL resource. The associated DL resource can be one or more of CORESET / search space, RS resource, symbol, time slot, subframe, RB, RBG, subband, etc.

[0108] The WTRU can determine the operating mode based on beam alignment. For example, the WTRU can determine the TCI indication mode for UL and DL based on the beam alignment in DL and UL. In the example, if the WTRU determines, is configured, and / or is indicated that beam alignment exists for UL and DL, the WTRU can determine the TCI indication mode for both UL and DL. Additionally or alternatively, if the WTRU determines, is configured, and / or is indicated that beam alignment does not exist for UL and DL, the WTRU can determine separate TCI indication modes for UL and DL.

[0109] In the example, the WTRU can apply the determined TCI status indication pattern after the application time. For example, one or more of the following methods can be used for the application time: The application time from the gNB / WTRU indication can be used. For example, the determined TCI status indication pattern can be applied after the application time from the start / end of the gNB / WTRU's indication of the TCI status indication pattern.

[0110] The application time from the gNB / WTRU confirmation can be used. For example, the determined TCI status indication pattern can be applied after the start / end of the application time from the start / end of the gNB / WTRU's confirmation of the WTRU / gNB indication for the TCI status indication pattern.

[0111] In the example, the WTRU can apply a default operating mode. For instance, before the TCI status indication mode is first determined (e.g., due to one or more of the following: missing measurement results, no gNB indication / acknowledgment received, no indication to the WTRU to determine, and missing application time), the WTRU can apply a default operating mode. For example, the default operating mode could be a first operating mode (e.g., a non-AI / ML-based TCI status indication mode).

[0112] The application of the TCI state in the predicted beam indication mode can be provided. A default TCI state can be determined for a newly determined beam indication mode. In the example, the WTRU can determine / select a default TCI state. For example, given that the WTRU may not be indicated with a TCI state for the newly determined beam indication mode, the WTRU can apply the default TCI state or continue to apply the currently applied TCI state for the newly determined beam indication mode. The default TCI state can be determined based on one or more of the following.

[0113] The default TCI state can be determined based on gNB configuration / indication. For example, the WTRU can be pre-configured / indicated to have a default TCI state for a first TCI state indication mode (e.g., a first type TCI state) and / or for a second TCI state indication mode (e.g., a first or second type TCI state) (e.g., via RRC and / or MAC-CE).

[0114] The default TCI state can be determined based on the type of TCI state (which may have a corresponding TCI state ID) and / or the corresponding QCL Type-D RS (which may have a corresponding RS ID and / or logical beam ID). For example, the WTRU can select the default TCI state from a first type of TCI state. For example, the WTRU can select the first type of TCI state associated with the lowest or highest TCI state ID among the configured / activated first type of TCI states as the default TCI state. Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU can select the default TCI state as a second type of TCI state configured with a first type of RS resource associated with the lowest or highest RS ID. For example, the WTRU can select the default TCI state from a second type of TCI state. For example, the WTRU can select the second type of TCI state associated with the lowest or highest TCI state ID among the configured / activated second type of TCI states as the default TCI state. Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU can select the default TCI state as a second type of TCI state associated with the lowest or highest TCI state ID that can be configured with a logical beam ID as a QCL Type-D reference. Alternatively or additionally, the WTRU may select a default TCI state as the second type TCI state associated with the lowest or highest TCI state ID that can be configured with a second type RS resource as a QCL-TypeD reference. Alternatively or additionally, the WTRU may select a default TCI state as the second type TCI state configured with a second type RS resource associated with the lowest or highest logical beam ID.

[0115] The default TCI state can be determined based on the activated / applied TCI states. Based on the condition that the currently applied TCI state can be included in the activated TCI states of the determined beam indication mode, the WTRU can apply the applied (i.e., currently applied) TCI state for a newly determined beam indication mode. Based on the condition that the currently applied TCI state can not be included in the activated TCI states of a newly determined beam indication mode, the WTRU can apply the default TCI state. For example, a first type TCI state associated with the lowest TCI state ID. Additionally or alternatively, based on the condition that the newly determined beam / TCI indication mode can be of the first type, the WTRU can apply the default TCI state associated with the first type TCI state / first TCI state indication mode. Additionally or alternatively, based on the condition that the newly determined beam / TCI indication mode can be of the second type, the WTRU can apply the default TCI state associated with the second TCI state indication mode. Additionally or alternatively, based on the newly determined beam / TCI indication mode, which can be a second type of condition, the WTRU can apply the default TCI state associated with the second type of TCI state.

[0116] A TCI state can be applied for a second TCI state indication mode. Based on the conditions determined by the WTRU for the second TCI state indication mode (e.g., a predicted beam indication mode) (e.g., utilizing a first RS resource set (e.g., set B) and a second RS resource set (e.g., set A)), the WTRU can follow one or more of the following processes for the second TCI state indication: The WTRU can apply the second TCI state indication mode based on one or more (e.g., all) activated TCI states. The WTRU can apply the second TCI state indication mode based on a specific activated TCI state for the second TCI state indication mode. In the example, the WTRU can be pre-configured (e.g., via RRC) with TCI states associated with the second TCI state indication mode. The WTRU can apply the second TCI state indication based on a subset of activated TCI states (e.g., a subset of activated TCI states associated with the second TCI state indication mode).

[0117] Based on the determined TCI state indication pattern, the WTRU can apply the indicated TCI state for one or more of the PDCCH, PDSCH, PUCCH, and PUSCH. For example, the WTRU can monitor the CORESET / search space and detect the PDCCH by using the indicated TCI state. Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU can receive the PDSCH by using the indicated TCI state. For example, the WTRU can transmit the PUCCH and / or PUSCH by using the indicated TCI state.

[0118] The CSI reporting mode can be updated. Based on the determined TCI status indication mode and AI / ML location, the WTRU can determine the CSI reporting mode based on one or more of the following. This determination can be limited to periodic / semi-static CSI reporting or based on configuration. If a first TCI status indication mode is determined, the WTRU reports up to 4 CRIs / SSBRIs with the corresponding RSRP. If a second TCI status indication mode is determined and it is a WTRU-side AI / ML, the WTRU reports up to 4 CRIs / SSBRIs or logical beam IDs with the corresponding RSRP. If a second TCI status indication mode is determined and it is a gNB-side AI / ML, the WTRU reports the RSRP from the first RS resource set without beam indication.

[0119] In the example, the WTRU may determine the CSI reporting mode based on the determined TCI status indication mode and / or AI / ML location (e.g., AI / ML inference location at the WTRU side or gNB side) in one or more of the following ways: In the example, the WTRU may use / switch / apply the CSI reporting mode for periodic / semi-periodic CSI reporting (e.g., dynamically). For example, the WTRU may not use / switch / apply the CSI reporting mode for non-periodic CSI reporting (e.g., dynamically) based on the determined TCI status indication mode and / or AI / ML location. In the example, the WTRU may use the CSI reporting mode based on the received configuration (e.g., based on a CSI-ReportConfig that configures the WTRU to report the quality of RS associated with set B, such as a CSI-ReportConfig that configures the WTRU to report predicted outputs (e.g., predicted beams and / or corresponding predicted beam quality of set A). Based on the condition that a first TCI state indication pattern can be determined, the WTRU can report a first CSI parameter set (e.g., up to four CRIs / SSBRIs with corresponding RS / beam qualities (e.g., RSRP, RSSI, CQI, SINR, RI, PMI). Based on the condition that a second TCI state indication pattern can be determined and the AI / ML inference / training location is at the WTRU side, the WTRU can report a second CSI parameter set. For example, the WTRU can perform one or more of the following actions: The WTRU can report up to four CRIs / SSBRIs and / or logical beam IDs with corresponding RS / beam qualities (e.g., RSRP, RSSI, CQI, SINR, RI, PMI, etc.). Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU can send corresponding indications with CRIs / SSBRIs / logical beam IDs, indicating a first type of RS beam quality (e.g., measured) or a second type of RS beam quality (e.g., predicted). The WTRU can report the CRI / SSBRI and / or logical beam ID of a first RS / beam (e.g., the Top-1 predicted beam in both the first and second RS resource sets) and the corresponding RS / beam quality. Additionally, the WTRU can report up to three CRI / SSBRIs and corresponding RS / beam qualities of an RS / beam (e.g., an RS associated with the first RS resource set). Based on the condition that a second TCI state indication pattern can be determined and the AI / ML inference / training location is at the gNB side, the WTRU can report a third set of CSI parameters. For example, the WTRU can perform one or more of the following actions: The WTRU can report the beam / RS quality of the RS associated with the first RS resource set.For example, the WTRU can report beam / RS quality without indicating RS resources (e.g., CRI / SSBRI) and / or logical beam IDs. The WTRU can report the beam / RS quality of RSs associated with the first RS resource set in the order of RS resources within the first RS resource set.

[0120] Dynamic applications of TCI status indication modes can be provided. Methods are provided for determining TCI status indication modes (e.g., based solely on the measured beam or based on the estimated / measured beam) and / or CSI reporting modes (e.g., for four or more measured or estimated beams) based on one or more measurement metrics (e.g., WTRU rotation, WTRU speed, etc.) and / or the indicated TCI status.

[0121] The WTRU can receive configurations including one or more of the following (e.g., configuration information indicating one or more of the following): first and second TCI state indication modes, AI / ML model location, CSI report type (e.g., RSRP report for inference or optimal beam indication), alignment of DL and UL TCI state indication modes (e.g., same or different indication modes), threshold set (e.g., for beam prediction accuracy, WTRU rotation, WTRU movement, MPE), first RS resource set (configured with one or more first type RS resources), second RS resource set (configured with one or more second type RS resources or logical beam ID), or one or more TCI states of the first TCI type or the second TCI type. Each second type RS resource of the logical beam ID can be associated with one or more first type RS resources (e.g., for QCL measurement). The TCI state of the first TCI type can be configured with the first RS resource type as a QCL Type-D reference. The TCI state of the second TCI type can be configured with the logical beam ID or the second RS resource type as a QCL Type-D reference. The first TCI type can be associated with a first TCI status indication mode, and the second TCI type can be associated with a second TCI status indication mode.

[0122] The WTRU can receive TCI status indications (e.g., via a DCI or MAC CE with / without a scheduled PDSCH) and can apply the indicated first TCI status to receive the corresponding PDSCH. The WTRU can determine (e.g., determine whether to enable) the TCI status indication mode for DL ​​and UL based on one or more of the following: For example, the WTRU can determine whether to enable a first TCI status indication mode or a second TCI status indication mode for DL ​​and UL. The WTRU can determine the TCI status indication mode for DL ​​and UL based on explicit gNB indications (e.g., one or more of DCI, MAC CE, transmitted CORESET / search space, etc.). The WTRU can determine the TCI status indication mode for DL ​​and UL based on WTRU reports (e.g., possibly with corresponding gNB confirmations) (e.g., beam prediction accuracy, beam quality of the indicated first TCI status (e.g., for QCL Type-D), measurement error, WTRU rotation, WTRU movement, MPE, etc.). The WTRU can determine the TCI status indication mode for DL ​​and UL based on the alignment mode used for beam indication for DL ​​and UL. If configured to be aligned, the WTRU can determine the TCI status indication mode for both DL and UL. If configured to be separate, the WTRU can determine the TCI status indication mode separately for DL ​​and UL.

[0123] WTRU can apply a second TCI state based on the determined TCI state indication pattern. If the first TCI state is not a TCI type associated with the determined TCI state indication pattern, WTRU can determine a second (e.g., default) TCI state (e.g., the lowest TCI state ID among the TCI states of the TCI type associated with the determined TCI state indication pattern). If the first TCI state is a type associated with the determined TCI indication pattern, WTRU can determine that the second TCI state is the same as the first TCI state.

[0124] The WTRU can use a second TCI state to receive or transmit transmissions (e.g., PDCCH, PDSCH, PUCCH, PUSCH). For example, the WTRU can use one or more TCI states (e.g., the first or second TCI state) to communicate on the downlink and / or uplink based on the enabled TCI state indication mode. The WTRU can monitor the CORESET / search space and detect PDCCH by using the second TCI state. The WTRU can receive PDSCH by using the second TCI state. The WTRU can transmit PUCCH and / or PUSCH by using the second TCI state.

[0125] Based on the determined TCI status indication pattern and AI / ML location, the WTRU can determine the CSI reporting pattern based on one or more of the following. This determination can be limited to periodic / semi-static CSI reporting or based on configuration. If a first TCI status indication pattern is determined, the WTRU can report up to four CRIs / SSBRIs with corresponding RSRPs. If a second TCI status indication pattern is determined and it is a WTRU-side AI / ML, the WTRU can report up to four CRIs / SSBRIs or logical beam IDs with corresponding RSRPs. If a second TCI status indication pattern is determined and it is a gNB-side AI / ML, the WTRU can report RSRPs from a first RS resource set without beam indication. For example, the WTRU can send CSI reports according to the determined CSI reporting pattern.

[0126] The proposed solution described in this paper enables dynamic modification of the beam indication mechanism between non-AI / ML and AI / ML based on measurement results and KPIs. In non-AI / ML-based beam indication, the TCI state associated with the measured beam is activated (e.g., TCI state only), thus eliminating coverage loss from additional DCI payloads due to activated TCI states from unmeasured beams. Furthermore, dynamic adaptation of CSI reporting modes based on the determined beam indication pattern is supported, without requiring additional RRC reconfiguration for periodic CSI reports and / or MAC CE activation / deactivation for semi-static CSI reports.

[0127] Abbreviations and acronyms ACK (Accept) BLER block error rate BWP bandwidth portion CAP channel access priority CAPC Channel Access Priority Class CCA (Channel Classification) Idle Channel Assessment CCE Control Channel Element CE control elements CG configuration authorization or cell group CP cyclic prefix CP-OFDM vs. Traditional OFDM (dependent on cyclic prefix) CQI Channel Quality Indicator CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check CSI Channel State Information CW Competition Window CWS Competition Window Size CO channel occupancy rate DAI Downlink Assignment Index DCI Downlink Control Information DFI downlink feedback information DG Dynamic Licensing DL downlink DM-RS demodulation reference signal DRB Data Radio Bearer eLAA Enhanced Licensing Assisted Access FeLAA Further Enhanced Licensed Assisted Access HARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request LAA Licensed Assisted Access LBT Listen before you speak LTE Long Term Evolution, such as from 3GPP LTE Release 8 and later. NACK (Negative Response) MCS modulation and coding scheme MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) NR New Radio OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) PHY physical layer PID (Process ID) PO paging timing PRACH (Physical Random Access Channel) PSS Master Synchronization Signal RA (Random Access or Procedure) RACH Random Access Channel RAR Random Access Response RCU Radio Access Network Central Unit RF radio front end RLF radio link failure RLM radio link monitoring RNTI Radio Network Identifier RO RACH timing RRC Radio Resource Control RRM Radio Resource Management RS reference signal RSRP reference signal received power RSSI Received Signal Strength Indicator SDU Service Data Unit SRS Detection Reference Signal SS synchronization signal SSS auxiliary synchronization signal SWG switching interval (in a self-contained subframe) SPS (Semi-Persistent Scheduling) SUL supplements uplink TB transfer block TBS (Transfer Block Size) TRP Transmit / Receive Point TSC Time-Sensitive Communication TSN Time-Sensitive Networking UL uplink URLLC: Ultra-Reliable and Low-Latency Communication WBWP wide bandwidth portion WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) and related technologies (IEEE 802.xx domain)

Claims

1. A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU), comprising: The processor is configured as follows: Receive configuration information, which indicates a first Transmission Configuration Indicator (TCI) status indication mode, a second TCI status indication mode, an Artificial Intelligence / Machine Learning (AI / ML) model position, and one or more TCI states of a first TCI type or a second TCI type; Determine whether to enable the first TCI status indication mode or the second TCI status indication mode for the downlink and uplink; Based on the enabled first or second TCI state indication mode, the TCI state in one or more TCI states is used to communicate on the downlink or uplink. The Channel State Information (CSI) reporting mode is determined based on the enabled first or second TCI status indication mode and the location of the AI / ML model; as well as Send CSI reports according to the determined CSI reporting pattern.

2. The WTRU according to claim 1, wherein, The first TCI status indication mode is an AI / ML-based TCI status indication mode, and the second TCI status indication mode is a non-AI / ML-based TCI status indication mode.

3. The WTRU according to claim 1, wherein, The decision to enable the first TCI status indication mode or the second TCI status indication mode is based on one or more of the following: explicit indication received from the network node, one or more WTRU parameters, or a mode for beam indication alignment.

4. The WTRU according to claim 1, wherein, The first TCI status indication mode or the second TCI status indication mode is enabled based on one or more of the following: the measured beam prediction accuracy is less than a first pre-configured threshold, the measured beam quality is less than a second pre-configured threshold, the difference between the measured beam quality and the predicted beam quality, the measured WTRU rotation is greater than a third pre-configured threshold, the measured WTRU movement is greater than a fourth pre-configured threshold, or the measured maximum permissible exposure (MPE) is greater than a fifth pre-configured threshold.

5. The WTRU according to claim 1, wherein, The TCI state is the first TCI state among the one or more TCI states, and wherein the processor is further configured to: Before determining whether to enable the first or second TCI state indication mode, the downlink shared channel is received using the second TCI state of the one or more TCI states.

6. The WTRU according to claim 1, wherein, Being configured to use the TCI state for communication on the downlink or uplink includes the processor being configured to perform one or more of the following: Monitor the control resource set (CORESET) or search space to detect the physical downlink control channel using the TCI state; Receive the physical downlink shared channel using the TCI state; or Use the TCI state to send the uplink channel.

7. The WTRU according to claim 1, wherein, The CSI reporting modes include periodic CSI reporting mode or semi-static CSI reporting mode.

8. The WTRU according to claim 1, wherein, Based on the determination that the first TCI status indication mode is enabled, the CSI report indicates up to four resource indicators with corresponding Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP).

9. The WTRU according to claim 1, wherein, Based on the determination that the second TCI status indication mode is enabled and based on the location of the AI / ML model at the WTRU, the CSI report indicates up to four resource indicators or logical beam identifiers (IDs) with corresponding Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP).

10. The WTRU according to claim 1, wherein, Based on the determination that the second TCI status indication mode is enabled and based on the location of the AI / ML model at the network, the CSI report indicates the reference signal received power (RSRP) from the first reference signal (RS) resource set without beam indication.

11. A method performed by a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU), the method comprising: Receive configuration information, which indicates a first Transmission Configuration Indicator (TCI) status indication mode, a second TCI status indication mode, an Artificial Intelligence / Machine Learning (AI / ML) model position, and one or more TCI states of a first TCI type or a second TCI type; Determine whether to enable the first TCI status indication mode or the second TCI status indication mode for the downlink and uplink; Based on the enabled first or second TCI state indication mode, the TCI state in one or more TCI states is used to communicate on the downlink or uplink. The Channel State Information (CSI) reporting mode is determined based on the enabled first or second TCI status indication mode and the location of the AI / ML model; as well as Send CSI reports according to the determined CSI reporting pattern.

12. The method according to claim 11, wherein, The first TCI status indication mode is an AI / ML-based TCI status indication mode, and the second TCI status indication mode is a non-AI / ML-based TCI status indication mode.

13. The method according to claim 11, wherein, The decision to enable the first TCI status indication mode or the second TCI status indication mode is based on one or more of the following: explicit indication received from the network node, one or more WTRU parameters, or a mode for beam indication alignment.

14. The method according to claim 11, wherein, The first TCI status indication mode or the second TCI status indication mode is enabled based on one or more of the following: the measured beam prediction accuracy is less than a first pre-configured threshold, the measured beam quality is less than a second pre-configured threshold, the difference between the measured beam quality and the predicted beam quality, the measured WTRU rotation is greater than a third pre-configured threshold, the measured WTRU movement is greater than a fourth pre-configured threshold, or the measured maximum permissible exposure (MPE) is greater than a fifth pre-configured threshold.

15. The method according to claim 11, wherein, The TCI state is the first TCI state among the one or more TCI states, and the method further includes: Before determining whether to enable the first or second TCI state indication mode, the downlink shared channel is received using the second TCI state of the one or more TCI states.

16. The method according to claim 11, wherein, Using the TCI state to communicate on the downlink or uplink includes one or more of the following: Monitor the control resource set (CORESET) or search space to detect the physical downlink control channel using the TCI state; Receive the physical downlink shared channel using the TCI state; or Use the TCI state to send the uplink channel.

17. The method according to claim 11, wherein, The CSI reporting modes include periodic CSI reporting mode or semi-static CSI reporting mode.

18. The method according to claim 11, wherein, Based on the determination that the first TCI status indication mode is enabled, the CSI report indicates up to four resource indicators with corresponding Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP).

19. The method according to claim 11, wherein, Based on the determination that the second TCI status indication mode is enabled and based on the location of the AI / ML model at the WTRU, the CSI report indicates up to four resource indicators or logical beam identifiers (IDs) with corresponding Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP).

20. The method according to claim 11, wherein, Based on the determination that the second TCI status indication mode is enabled and based on the location of the AI / ML model at the network, the CSI report indicates the reference signal received power (RSRP) from the first reference signal (RS) resource set without beam indication.

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