A method for sorting silver nanowires based on gel confinement-voltage programming synergistic regulation

Abstract

This invention provides a method for sorting silver nanowires based on the synergistic regulation of gel confinement and voltage programming. Utilizing the three-dimensional porous network structure of the gel medium, differentiated pore confinement and migration resistance are applied to nanostructures of different sizes and morphologies, significantly amplifying their migration rate differences and overcoming the tendency for migration behavior to converge in free solution electrophoresis. Simultaneously, a staged voltage program dynamically regulates the electrophoresis process. In the initial separation stage, a low voltage ensures sufficient entry of nanostructures into the gel pores, while the voltage parameters are adjusted in the middle and later stages to effectively suppress band broadening and local over-enrichment, preventing non-specific entanglement and aggregation of high aspect ratio silver nanowires with short rods and particles under a constant electric field. The synergistic effect of gel sieving and voltage regulation results in concentrated, sharp, narrow bands for each component, providing a reliable technical path for achieving high-purity sorting of silver nanowires.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of materials engineering technology, specifically relating to a method for sorting silver nanowires based on gel confinement-voltage programming synergistic regulation. Background Technology

[0002] Silver nanowires, due to their high conductivity, high aspect ratio, and excellent flexibility, have become key conductive functional components in fields such as transparent conductive films, flexible electrodes, conductive pastes, and electromagnetic shielding materials. However, their synthesis products typically contain silver nanoparticles (1–5 μm), silver nanorods (5–10 μm), and the target product, silver nanowires (10–30 μm). The particles and rods are difficult to effectively participate in the construction of long-range conductive networks, and the particles significantly increase the haze of transparent conductive films, while the rods affect the coating uniformity of conductive pastes and the stability of flexible electrodes. Therefore, they must be separated and purified.

[0003] Existing post-processing methods mainly include natural sedimentation, differential centrifugation, filtration, and multiple washing. Among these, centrifugation and filtration can remove some byproducts, but the process can easily cause the high aspect ratio silver nanowires to bend, break, entangle, or be lost, making it difficult to balance purity and yield.

[0004] In recent years, electrophoretic sorting technology has been attempted for the purification of silver nanowires. However, when sorting using a single constant electric field, because the migration rates of silver nanowires, short rods, and particles are similar under a constant electric field, significant broadening of the migration band and local over-enrichment occur in the later stages of separation. Simultaneously, the continuous application of a constant electric field easily induces non-specific entanglement and aggregation between high aspect ratio silver nanowires, short rods, and particles, forming large agglomerates. This severely interferes with the size- and morphology-based sieving effect, making it difficult to achieve high-purity, high-resolution effective sorting of the target silver nanowires.

[0005] Furthermore, the repeatability and scalability of gel electrophoresis sorting are highly dependent on the synergistic matching of multiple parameters. Key variables such as the conductivity of the dispersion medium, buffer composition, gel concentration, gel thickness, and voltage program have coupled effects on the migration behavior of nanomaterials, gel sieving efficiency, and Joule heating effect. Without a systematic synergistic optimization mechanism, and by adjusting only a single factor independently, the sorting system is prone to deviating from the optimal operating window, resulting in significant fluctuations in the separation patterns between batches. Purity and yield are difficult to guarantee simultaneously, severely restricting the scale-up transformation of this technology from small-scale to pilot-scale and industrial production. Summary of the Invention

[0006] The purpose of this invention is to provide a method for sorting silver nanowires based on gel confinement-voltage programming synergistic regulation, thereby solving the technical problems existing in the prior art.

[0007] Therefore, the technical solution provided by the present invention is as follows: A method for sorting silver nanowires based on gel confinement-voltage programming synergistic regulation includes the following steps: Step 1) Disperse the crude silver nanowire product in an ethanol aqueous solution, add a dispersing stabilizer, and adjust the concentration to 0.3~3.0 mg / ml to obtain a dispersion with an electrical conductivity of 250~1500 μS / cm. Step 2) Prepare a gel precursor solution with a mass concentration of 0.5~10%. After the gel precursor solution cools, pour it into a flat gel molding mold. Before it is completely solidified, insert a detachable comb or sheet-like spacer near the injection end to form an injection groove. After solidification, a gel with a thickness of 5~15mm is obtained. Step 3) Add a buffer solution with the same conductivity as the dispersion to be sorted to the buffer tank, then add the dispersion to be sorted to the sample injection tank, place the sample-containing gel in the electric field sorting device, and sort it using a staged voltage program; Step 4) Record the current and gel temperature rise during the sorting process; after sorting, cut the gel in segments along the migration direction or elute the migration band with the same dispersion medium to collect the enriched areas of silver nanoparticles, silver nanorods, and silver nanowires respectively.

[0008] Further, the dispersant stabilizer mentioned in step 1) is one or more of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), citrate, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyacrylate, and sodium dodecyl sulfate.

[0009] Further, the concentration mentioned in step 1) is 0.3~3 mg / ml, and the conductivity is 550~950 μS / cm.

[0010] Further, the gel precursor solution in step 2) is an agarose gel precursor solution, a polyacrylamide gel precursor solution, a polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel precursor solution, or a composite hydrogel precursor solution.

[0011] Furthermore, the concentration mentioned in step 2) is 2-6%.

[0012] Furthermore, the phased voltage procedure described in step 3) includes low-field pre-alignment, AC orientation, pulse differential migration, short-time reverse deagglomeration, and low-field enrichment stages.

[0013] Furthermore, the flat gel molding mold described in step 2) includes a base plate, a top cover plate, and thick silicone or polytetrafluoroethylene thickness-limiting gaskets disposed around the perimeter.

[0014] Furthermore, the low-field pre-arrangement electric field strength is 0.5~5V / cm, lasting for 30~300s; The AC orientation frequency is 100kHz~5MHz, the electric field strength is 1~20V / cm, and the duration is 1~10min; The pulsed differential migration electric field strength is 5~50V / cm, frequency is 0.1~10Hz, duty cycle is 30%~70%, and duration is 5~60min; The short-term reverse depolymerization electric field strength is 1~10V / cm, applied once every 1~10min, each time for 2~30s; The low-field enrichment electric field strength is 0.5~5V / cm, lasting for 1~10min.

[0015] Furthermore, a low-field pre-arrangement of 2V / cm for 120s; 1MHz, 10V / cm AC orientation for 5min; 20V / cm pulse differential migration for 20 minutes, frequency 1Hz, duty cycle 50%; A 5V / cm reverse depolymerization voltage is applied every 5 minutes for 10 seconds each time. Enrichment at a low field of 3V / cm for 5 minutes.

[0016] Furthermore, the silver nanoparticles have a size of 1-5 micrometers, the silver nanorods have a size of 5-10 micrometers, and the silver nanowires have a size of 10-30 micrometers.

[0017] The beneficial effects of this invention are as follows: This invention utilizes the three-dimensional porous network structure of the gel medium to apply differentiated pore confinement and migration resistance to nanostructures of different sizes and morphologies, significantly amplifying their migration rate differences and overcoming the defect of convergent migration behavior in free solution electrophoresis. Simultaneously, a staged voltage program is used to dynamically control the electrophoresis process. In the initial separation stage, a low voltage ensures sufficient entry of nanostructures into the gel pores, while the voltage parameters are adjusted in a timely manner in the middle and later stages to effectively suppress migration band broadening and local over-enrichment, avoiding non-specific entanglement and aggregation of high aspect ratio silver nanowires with short rods and particles under a constant electric field. The synergistic effect of gel sieving and voltage control results in concentrated, sharp, narrow bands for each component, providing a reliable technical path for achieving high-purity sorting of silver nanowires.

[0018] This invention establishes a stable sorting process window through the systematic synergistic matching of gel concentration, buffer composition, dispersion medium conductivity, and staged voltage program. This significantly improves the consistency of batch-to-batch separation patterns and process scalability, laying the foundation for industrial production. Simultaneously, the method operates under mild conditions, avoiding the bending and breakage of silver nanowires caused by shear forces in traditional methods such as centrifugation and filtration, thus fully preserving their high aspect ratio. The purity and structural integrity of the silver nanowires treated by this method are significantly improved, effectively reducing the haze of transparent conductive films, improving the coating uniformity of conductive pastes, and enhancing the stability of flexible electrodes. It has broad application prospects in transparent conductive films, flexible electronics, and electromagnetic shielding. Detailed Implementation

[0019] The following specific embodiments illustrate the implementation of the invention. Those skilled in the art can easily understand other advantages and effects of the invention from the content disclosed in this specification.

[0020] Exemplary embodiments of the invention are now described; however, the invention may be embodied in many different forms and is not limited to the embodiments described herein. These embodiments are provided to fully and completely disclose the invention and to fully convey its scope to those skilled in the art. The terminology used in the exemplary embodiments is not intended to limit the invention.

[0021] Unless otherwise stated, the terms used herein (including technical terms) have their common meaning as understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. Furthermore, it is understood that terms defined in commonly used dictionaries should be understood to have a meaning consistent with the context of their relevant field, and not to be interpreted as having an idealized or overly formal meaning.

[0022] Example 1 A method for sorting silver nanowires based on gel confinement-voltage programming synergistic regulation includes the following steps: Step 1) The synthesized crude silver nanowires were dispersed in a mixed solvent of water / ethanol at a volume ratio of 1:1. PVP was added as a dispersion stabilizer and the concentration was adjusted to 0.3 mg / ml with an electrical conductivity of 550 μS / cm to obtain the dispersion to be sorted. Step 2) Weigh agarose and add it to deionized water, heat until completely dissolved, and prepare an agarose gel precursor solution with a mass concentration of 2.0%. After cooling the agarose gel precursor solution to 50°C, it is poured into a flat gel molding mold. The mold includes a base plate, a top cover plate, and 5mm thick silicone thickness-limiting gaskets around the perimeter. The effective gel area is 30mm. With a thickness of 50mm, the theoretical gel pouring volume is 7.5ml, and the actual gel pouring volume is controlled between 7.5-8.5ml. The thickness of the gel layer is limited by a 5mm thickness limiting pad, and the gel surface is smoothed or flattened by the top cover plate. Before the gel completely solidifies, insert a detachable comb or sheet-like spacer near the injection end. The comb is 1 mm thick, 20 mm long, and inserted to a depth of 3 mm, leaving approximately 2 mm of gel layer at the bottom. After the gel cools and solidifies, slowly pull out the comb to form an injection groove with a width of 1 mm, a length of 20 mm, and a depth of 3 mm. Step 3) Add water / ethanol electrophoresis medium with a conductivity similar to that of the dispersion to be separated to the buffer tanks at both ends; add the dispersion to be separated into the sample inlet, with a sample volume of 50 μL each time, ensuring the sample liquid level is below the gel surface to prevent overflow from the inlet; place the sample-containing gel in the electric field separation device, with the sample inlet located at the upstream end of the electric field, and use platinum or graphite electrodes to contact the buffer tanks at both ends. Apply a 0.5 V / cm low-field pre-alignment for 30 s; apply a 100 kHz, 1 V / cm AC orientation electric field for 1 min; apply a 5 V / cm pulsed migration electric field for 5 min, with a pulse frequency of 0.1 Hz and a duty cycle of 30%; during the pulsed migration stage, insert a 1 V / cm reverse depolymerization voltage every 1 min for 2 s each time; finally, apply a 0.5 V / cm low-field enrichment for 1 min. Step 4) Record the current and gel temperature rise during the sorting process; after sorting, cut the gel in segments along the migration direction or elute the migration band with the same dispersion medium, and collect the particle-rich area, short rod-rich area and silver nanowire-rich area respectively.

[0023] During the sorting process, the gel temperature rise should be controlled within 5°C; if obvious bubbles, electrode deposits, or gel damage occur, the field strength should be reduced, the energizing time shortened, or intermittent cooling should be used.

[0024] Example 2 A method for sorting silver nanowires based on gel confinement-voltage programming synergistic regulation includes the following steps: Step 1) Disperse the crude silver nanowires of the same batch in a mixed solvent of water / ethanol at a volume ratio of 1:1, add PVP as a dispersion stabilizer, adjust the concentration to 1.5 mg / ml, and the conductivity to 750 μS / cm to obtain the dispersion to be sorted; add water / ethanol buffer solution with pH and conductivity similar to the dispersion to be sorted to the buffer tanks at both ends.

[0025] Step 2) Weigh agarose and add it to deionized water. Heat to dissolve and prepare a 4.0% (w / w) agarose gel precursor solution. Cool the agarose gel precursor solution to 50-60°C and pour it into a flat gel molding mold. The mold includes a base plate, a top cover plate, and 10mm thick silicone thickness-limiting gaskets around the edges. The effective gel area is 30mm. With a thickness of 50mm, the theoretical gel volume is 15.0ml, and the actual gel volume is controlled at 15~16ml. The thickness of the gel layer is limited by a 10mm thickness limiting pad, and the gel surface is smoothed or flattened by the top cover plate.

[0026] A detachable comb is pre-installed at one end of the gel. The comb is 2 mm thick, 20 mm long, and inserted to a depth of 7.0 mm, leaving approximately 3.0 mm of gel layer at the bottom. After the gel solidifies, the comb is removed, forming a sample inlet groove with a width of 2 mm, a length of 20 mm, and a depth of 7.0 mm. Step 3) Add water / ethanol electrophoresis medium with a pH and conductivity similar to the dispersion to be sorted to both buffer tanks; add 100 μL of the dispersion to be sorted to the sample injection tank, let stand for 1-3 min to ensure full contact between the sample and the gel on the tank wall and reduce sample addition disturbance; install the sample-containing gel in the electric field sorting device, and apply the following voltage program using platinum or graphite electrodes: 2V / cm low field pre-alignment for 120 s; 1MHz, 10V / cm AC orientation electric field for 5 min; 20V / cm pulsed migration electric field for 20 min, pulse frequency 1Hz, duty cycle 50%; insert a 5V / cm reverse depolymerization voltage every 5 min for 10 s each time; finally apply a 3V / cm low field enrichment for 5 min.

[0027] Step 4) Record the current and gel temperature rise during the sorting process. After sorting, cut gel strips or elute segments according to the migration distance and collect different migration bands.

[0028] Example 3 A method for sorting silver nanowires based on gel confinement-voltage programming synergistic regulation includes the following steps: Step 1) Disperse the crude silver nanowires from the same batch in a mixed solvent of water / ethanol at a volume ratio of 1:1. Add PVP as a dispersion stabilizer to adjust the concentration to 3.0 mg / ml and the conductivity to 950 μS / cm to obtain the dispersion to be sorted. Step 2) Weigh agarose and add it to deionized water. After heating to dissolve, prepare a 6.0% agarose gel precursor solution. Cool the agarose gel precursor solution to 60°C and pour it into a flat gel molding mold. The mold includes a base plate, a top cover plate, and 15 mm thick silicone thickness-limiting gaskets around the edges. The effective gel area is 30 mm. With a thickness of 50mm, the theoretical gel pouring volume is 22.5ml, while the actual gel pouring volume is controlled between 22.5-24.0ml. The thickness of the gel layer is limited by a 15mm thickness limiting pad, and the gel surface is smoothed or flattened with the top cover plate.

[0029] A detachable comb is pre-installed at one end of the gel. The comb is 3 mm thick, 20 mm long, and inserted to a depth of 10 mm, leaving approximately 5 mm of gel layer at the bottom. After the gel solidifies, the comb is removed, forming a sample inlet groove with a width of 3 mm, a length of 20 mm, and a depth of 10 mm. 100 μL of the dispersion to be sorted is added to the sample inlet groove, and the mixture is allowed to stand for 1-3 minutes to ensure sufficient contact between the sample and the gel on the groove wall and to minimize sample disturbance. It is also confirmed that the sample does not leak from the bottom or side walls of the groove.

[0030] Step 3) Add water / ethanol buffer solution with a pH and conductivity similar to the dispersion to be sorted to both buffer tanks; place the sample-containing gel in the electric field sorting device, and apply the following sequentially using inert electrodes: 5V / cm low-field pre-alignment for 300s; 5MHz, 20V / cm AC orientation electric field for 10min; 50V / cm pulsed migration electric field for 60min, pulse frequency 10Hz, duty cycle 70%; insert a 10V / cm reverse depolymerization voltage every 10min for 30s each time; finally apply a 5V / cm low-field enrichment for 10min. Record the current and gel temperature rise during the sorting process.

[0031] Step 4) Record the current and gel temperature rise during the sorting process; after sorting, cut gel strips or elute segments according to the migration distance and collect different migration bands.

[0032] Comparative Example 1 A method for sorting silver nanowires, wherein the concentration of silver nanostructures in the dispersion to be sorted is 0.1 mg / ml. The gel concentration is 0.5%, and a gel thickness of 3 mm is used, lower than the 5 mm lower limit of this invention; the effective gel region is 30 mm × 50 mm, the theoretical pour volume is approximately 4.5 ml, and the actual pour volume is controlled to be 4.5-5.0 ml. The electrical conductivity is 350 μS / cm. Low-field pre-alignment is applied at 0.2 V / cm for 20 s; AC orientation is applied at 50 kHz at 0.5 V / cm for 0.5 min; pulse differential migration is applied at 3 V / cm at 0.05 Hz with a duty cycle of 20% for 3 min; reverse depolymerization is applied at 0.5 V / cm every 0.5 min for 1 s; and low-field enrichment is applied at 0.2 V / cm for 30 s.

[0033] Comparative Example 2 A method for sorting silver nanowires, wherein the concentration of silver nanostructures in the dispersion to be sorted is 5.0 mg / ml. The gel concentration is 9.0%, the conductivity is 1050 μS / cm, and an 18 mm gel thickness is used, which is higher than the 15 mm upper limit of this invention; the effective gel region is 30 mm × 50 mm, the theoretical pour volume is about 27.0 ml, and the actual pour volume is controlled between 27.0-28.5 ml. Low-field pre-alignment is applied at 8 V / cm for 500 s, AC orientation at 8 MHz, 30 V / cm for 15 min, pulse differential migration at 70 V / cm, 20 Hz, duty cycle of 80%, for 80 min, reverse depolymerization is applied at 15 V / cm every 15 min for 60 s each time, and low-field enrichment is applied at 8 V / cm for 15 min.

[0034] Comparative Example 3 Compared to Example 2, Comparative Example 3 did not have gel confinement, and only the voltage program of Example 2 was applied.

[0035] Comparative Example 4 Compared with Example 2, Comparative Example 4 differs in that the applied voltage in step 3) is different. A DC voltage of 20V / cm is applied for 20 minutes throughout the process, and AC orientation, pulse migration, reverse depolymerization and low field enrichment are not set.

[0036] To further verify the effectiveness of this invention, SEM was performed on the original sample before sorting, the particle-enriched region, the short rod-enriched region, and the silver nanowire-enriched region. At least 300 silver nanostructures were counted for each sample, and the proportions of silver nanoparticles or aggregates, short silver nanorods, and silver nanowires were statistically analyzed according to morphology and length range. The experimental results are shown in Table 1.

[0037] The purity of the silver nanowire fraction is defined as the percentage of silver nanowires in the total number of silver nanostructures in that fraction. Recovery rate is defined as the percentage of the number or mass of silver nanowires in the silver nanowire fraction relative to the number or mass of silver nanowires in the sample before sorting. Length retention rate is defined as the ratio of the average length of the silver nanowires after sorting to the average length of the silver nanowires before sorting. Particle + short rod residue rate is defined as the percentage of the number of particles and short rods in the silver nanowire fraction relative to the total number of silver nanostructures in that fraction.

[0038] Table 1 As shown in Table 1, the concentration of the dispersion to be sorted in Example 1 was low, allowing for preliminary separation, but the collection volume was low and the migration band was wide. The concentration of the dispersion to be sorted in Example 2 was moderate, resulting in the highest purity and recovery rate, the lowest residue rate, and the best overall performance. The concentration of the dispersion to be sorted in Example 3 was high, leading to a higher throughput, but increasing current, temperature rise, migration resistance, and the risk of overlap. Comparative Example 1, due to insufficient separation driving force and confinement effect, had a high structure retention rate but poor separation effect. Comparative Example 2, with its high concentration, high thickness, and high field strength, resulted in increased risks of agglomeration, migration obstruction, Joule heating, and electrode side reactions. In Comparative Example 3, after removing the gel confinement, the migration band diverged, and the purity and recovery rate decreased. In Comparative Example 4, due to the lack of voltage programming, the migration band widened, and local enrichment and agglomeration increased.

[0039] In summary, this invention establishes a novel sorting mechanism based on the synergistic effect of gel confinement and staged voltage. The core of this mechanism lies in the fundamental differences in the physical retention capacity and electric field response behavior of gel channels for nano-silver materials (particles, short rods, and wires) with different aspect ratios. By further amplifying this difference in migration rate and barrier crossing through staged programmable voltage, the precise and orderly separation of various forms of nano-silver products can ultimately be achieved.

[0040] The examples above are merely illustrative of the invention and do not constitute a limitation on the scope of protection of the invention. Any design that is the same as or similar to the invention falls within the scope of protection of the invention.

Claims

1. A method for sorting nanosilver wires based on gel confinement-voltage programming synergistic regulation, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: Step 1) Disperse the crude silver nanowire product in an ethanol aqueous solution, add a dispersing stabilizer, and adjust the concentration to 0.3~3.0 mg / ml to obtain a dispersion with an electrical conductivity of 250~1500 μS / cm. Step 2) Prepare a gel precursor solution with a mass concentration of 0.5~10%. After the gel precursor solution cools, pour it into a flat gel molding mold. Before it is completely solidified, insert a detachable comb or sheet-like spacer near the injection end to form an injection groove. After solidification, a gel with a thickness of 5~15mm is obtained. Step 3) Add a buffer solution with the same conductivity as the dispersion to be sorted to the buffer tank, then add the dispersion to be sorted to the injection tank, place the gel in the electric field sorting device, and sort it using a staged voltage program; Step 4) Record the current and gel temperature rise during the sorting process; after sorting, cut the gel in segments along the migration direction or elute the migration band with the same dispersion medium to collect the enriched areas of silver nanoparticles, silver nanorods, and silver nanowires respectively.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein, The dispersant stabilizer mentioned in step 1) is one or more of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), citrate, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyacrylate, and sodium dodecyl sulfate.

3. The method for sorting silver nanowires based on gel confinement-voltage programming synergistic regulation according to claim 1, characterized in that, The conductivity mentioned in step 1) is 550~950μS / cm.

4. The method for sorting silver nanowires based on gel confinement-voltage programming synergistic regulation according to claim 1, characterized in that, The gel precursor solution mentioned in step 2) is an agarose gel precursor solution, a polyacrylamide gel precursor solution, a polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel precursor solution, or a composite hydrogel precursor solution.

5. The method for sorting silver nanowires based on gel confinement-voltage programming synergistic regulation according to claim 1, characterized in that, The concentration mentioned in step 2) is 2-6%.

6. The method for sorting silver nanowires based on gel confinement-voltage programming synergistic regulation according to claim 1, characterized in that, The phased voltage program described in step 3) includes low-field pre-alignment, AC orientation, pulse differential migration, short-time reverse deagglomeration, and low-field enrichment stages.

7. The method for sorting silver nanowires based on gel confinement-voltage programming synergistic regulation according to claim 1, characterized in that, The flat gel molding mold described in step 2) includes a base plate, a top cover plate, and thick silicone or polytetrafluoroethylene thickness-limiting gaskets disposed around the perimeter.

8. The method for sorting silver nanowires based on gel confinement-voltage programming synergistic regulation according to claim 6, characterized in that, The low-field pre-arrangement electric field strength is 0.5~5V / cm, lasting for 30~300s; The AC orientation frequency is 100kHz~5MHz, the electric field strength is 1~20V / cm, and the duration is 1~10min; The pulsed differential migration electric field strength is 5~50V / cm, the frequency is 0.1~10Hz, the duty cycle is 30%~70%, and the duration is 5~60min; The short-term reverse depolymerization electric field strength is 1~10V / cm, applied once every 1~10min, each time for 2~30s; The low-field enrichment electric field strength is 0.5~5V / cm, lasting for 1~10min.

9. The method for sorting silver nanowires based on gel confinement-voltage programming synergistic regulation according to claim 8, characterized in that, 2V / cm low-field pre-arrangement for 120s; 1MHz, 10V / cm AC orientation for 5min; 20V / cm pulse differential migration for 20 minutes, frequency 1Hz, duty cycle 50%; A 5V / cm reverse depolymerization voltage is applied every 5 minutes for 10 seconds each time. Enrichment at a low field of 3V / cm for 5 minutes.

10. A method for sorting silver nanowires based on gel confinement-voltage programming synergistic regulation according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that, The silver nanoparticles have a length of 1-5 micrometers, the silver nanorods have a length of 5-10 micrometers, and the silver nanowires have a length of 10-30 micrometers.

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