Three-dimensional nano-aerogel material with sound absorption and thermal insulation functions and preparation method thereof
Three-dimensional nano-aerogel materials were prepared by electrospinning and polyvinyl alcohol crosslinking technology, which solved the problems of lightweight and wide bandwidth of sound-absorbing materials, and achieved high-efficiency sound absorption and heat insulation performance, making them suitable for industrial production.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- CN202610548437.1
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Applications(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2026-04-23
- Publication Date
- 2026-11-06
AI Technical Summary
Existing sound-absorbing materials face challenges in balancing lightweight design and broadband noise reduction. The narrow-band characteristics and complex tuning processes of traditional resonant sound absorbers limit their application, while nanofiber membranes are difficult to meet the thickness requirements for low-frequency sound absorption and are costly.
A fiber membrane was prepared using electrospinning technology. A three-dimensional network of nanoscale framework and macroporous-mesoporous hierarchical pores was formed through two homogenization processes. Combined with a polyvinyl alcohol crosslinking strategy, a three-dimensional nanoaerogel material with sound absorption and heat insulation functions was prepared.
It achieves ultra-lightweight and wide-bandwidth sound absorption performance, stable material structure, sound absorption coefficient of over 0.5, excellent heat insulation performance, simple process and low cost, and is suitable for large-scale industrial production.
Smart Images
Figure CN123042364A_ABST
Abstract
Description
Technical Field
[0001] This invention relates to the field of aerogel preparation technology, specifically to a three-dimensional nano-aerogel material with sound absorption and heat insulation functions and its preparation method. Background Technology
[0002] Noise pollution, an invisible public nuisance in modern society, has permeated various sectors, including urban transportation, industrial production, and the built environment, seriously threatening human health and ecological balance. The 20 Hz-20 kHz sound wave frequency band, which is sensitive to human hearing, is precisely the core distribution area for low-to-mid-frequency noise such as traffic rumble and mechanical vibrations. Because of their longer wavelengths and slower attenuation, this type of noise easily resonates with building structures and propagates over long distances, making it difficult for conventional sound barriers to effectively block, thus becoming a thorny problem in the field of noise control.
[0003] Traditional sound-absorbing materials can be categorized into full-frequency, mid-high frequency, and low-frequency types based on their frequency response characteristics. However, there is an inherent contradiction between materials corresponding to different frequency bands in terms of "low-frequency sound absorption capability" and "lightweight and wide-bandwidth adaptability": full-frequency / mid-high frequency materials often have insufficient absorption of low-frequency noise, while low-frequency sound-absorbing materials are often bulky and have narrow bandwidths, making it difficult to simultaneously meet the requirements of lightweight and wide-bandwidth noise reduction. To overcome this contradiction, the industry has attempted to enhance low-frequency sound absorption through structural resonance mechanisms—resonant sound absorbers (such as perforated plates and thin-film structures): resonant sound absorbers consume sound energy through structural resonance, and although they can absorb specific low-frequency peaks, their narrow-bandwidth characteristics and complex tuning processes limit their application in wide-bandwidth noise scenarios. How to overcome the bottleneck of "thinness, light weight, and wide bandwidth" in sound absorption technology has become a focal point in the field of materials science.
[0004] The rise of nanofiber materials has provided a new approach to low-frequency sound absorption. Nanofiber membranes prepared by electrospinning technology possess a three-dimensional interconnected network structure and a high specific surface area (reaching 100-300 m²). 2 The fiber diameter ( / g) significantly enhances the multi-level scattering and interfacial dissipation effects of sound waves. Studies have confirmed that when the fiber diameter is reduced to the submicron level, the material's resonant frequency shifts to lower frequencies, and the peak sound absorption increases by more than 30%. However, single-layer nanofiber membranes are limited by their ultra-thin shape (usually <1 mm), making it difficult to meet the thickness requirements for low-frequency sound absorption under the 1 / 4 wavelength matching theory (e.g., a thickness of 85 cm is required for 100 Hz). Directly increasing the thickness would sacrifice the material's lightweight properties and cause structural instability.
[0005] Against this backdrop, developing an aerogel with a simple preparation process, low cost, and excellent sound absorption performance, as well as its preparation method, is of great practical significance. Summary of the Invention
[0006] One object of the present invention is to provide a method for preparing a three-dimensional nanoaerogel material with sound absorption and heat insulation functions.
[0007] Another objective of this invention is to provide a three-dimensional nano-aerogel material with sound absorption and heat insulation functions obtained by the above preparation method, so as to overcome the problems of high density, unsatisfactory sound absorption performance, and high cost of conventional sound-absorbing materials.
[0008] Therefore, the present invention adopts the following technical solution:
[0009] A method for preparing a three-dimensional nano-aerogel material with sound absorption and heat insulation functions includes the following steps:
[0010] S1, The polymer and solvent are mixed until homogeneous to obtain a spinning solution, wherein the concentration of the polymer in the spinning solution is 5-20 wt%;
[0011] S2, electrospinning is performed using the spinning solution to obtain a fiber membrane precursor; the fiber membrane precursor is dried to obtain a fiber membrane;
[0012] S3, the fiber membrane is subjected to two homogenization treatments to obtain a second dispersion, wherein the two homogenization treatments include: firstly, homogenizing the fiber membrane in a first solution for 25-30 min to form a first dispersion; then adding polyvinyl alcohol to the first dispersion and continuing homogenization treatment for 50 min-1 h to obtain a second dispersion;
[0013] S4, the second dispersion is poured into a mold, and after drying and annealing, a three-dimensional nano-aerogel material with sound absorption and heat insulation functions is obtained.
[0014] Wherein, the polymer in S1 is at least one of polyvinyl alcohol, polyimide, polyacrylonitrile, polytetrafluoroethylene, polylactic acid, polycaprolactone, chitosan, polyetheretherketone, polyurethane, polyethersulfone, polystyrene, and polymethyl methacrylate; and the solvent is at least one of N,N-dimethylformamide, water, dimethyl sulfoxide, chloroform, dimethylacetamide, dichloroethane, acetone, and toluene.
[0015] Preferably, in S2, the ambient temperature for electrospinning is 23–27°C, the ambient humidity is 47–52%RH, the feed rate is 0.6–1 mL / h, and the vertical receiving distance between the spinneret and the collecting roller is 10–15 cm; the receiving substrate for electrospinning is an aluminum alloy collecting roller; the drying temperature is 60°C–80°C, and the drying time is 6–10 h.
[0016] Preferably, both homogenization processes in S3 are carried out under stirring conditions, with a stirring speed of 8000-12000 rpm. The two homogenization processes are as follows: 0.18-0.22g of the fiber membrane is cut into pieces (e.g., 1×1cm sheets), and homogenized in 14-16mL of water for 25-30min to form a first dispersion; then 0.16-0.22g of polyvinyl alcohol is added to the first dispersion, and homogenization is continued for 1h to obtain a second dispersion.
[0017] In step S4, the drying includes: freezing in a refrigerator at -20°C and normal pressure for 24 hours; freezing at -80~-70°C and normal pressure for 1 hour; and finally freezing in a vacuum environment at -80°C for 48 hours; the annealing temperature is 400°C to 1000°C and the time is 2 hours to 5 hours.
[0018] The present invention also provides a three-dimensional nanoaerogel material with sound absorption and heat insulation functions obtained by the above preparation method.
[0019] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:
[0020] 1. The method of this invention is based on the preparation of aerogels using nanofiber reconstruction. Electrospinning is used to prepare the fiber membrane, allowing for precise control of fiber diameter and morphology to form an ordered and uniform fiber network, creating a unique microscopic pore distribution for the sound-absorbing aerogel. The nanofibers in the fiber membrane have a high specific surface area, enhancing the cross-linking between nanofibers and stabilizing the structure of the three-dimensional nanoaerogel material with sound absorption and heat insulation functions, thereby improving both sound absorption and heat insulation performance.
[0021] 2. This invention breaks down, homogenizes, and reassembles electrospun nanofibers to form a three-dimensional network with a nanoscale skeleton (50-200 nm in diameter) and a macroporous-mesoporous hierarchical pore structure (porosity >98%). This structure breaks through the strong coupling limitation of low-frequency sound absorption performance and thickness / weight in traditional materials. It not only endows the material with ultra-low density and excellent resilience, but also achieves high-efficiency dissipation of broadband sound energy by controlling the tortuosity of the pores and matching the acoustic impedance. This provides a theoretical basis for the development of a new generation of ultra-lightweight broadband sound-absorbing materials.
[0022] 3. This invention is based on a polymer nanofiber system and innovatively introduces a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) crosslinking strategy. Due to the precise doping of PVA, the process is optimized and the acoustic impedance matching can be precisely controlled, thereby improving the sound absorption coefficient (α>0.5 is a high-performance sound absorption material). This effectively solves the problems of complex process and poor performance in the preparation of traditional sound absorption materials.
[0023] 4. The aerogel prepared by the method of the present invention has the characteristics of excellent sound absorption performance, controllable microstructure, and lightweight, providing a scientific basis and technical support for the new generation of high-performance sound absorption materials, and is conducive to large-scale industrial production.
[0024] 5. The fiber membrane prepared in this invention has good flexibility and can be cut and folded as needed; the aerogel material also inherits this characteristic. Through thermal imaging testing, the aerogel has good heat insulation effect, is lightweight, and has strong applicability.
[0025] 6. The method of the present invention is simple in process, low in equipment cost, and high in raw material utilization. It can operate continuously during large-scale production, which improves production efficiency, reduces costs, and allows for precise material control, thus avoiding waste. Attached Figure Description
[0026] Figure 1 A physical image of the three-dimensional nano-aerogel material with sound absorption and heat insulation functions prepared in Example 1;
[0027] Figure 2 This is a diagram showing the state of the three-dimensional nano-aerogel material with sound absorption and heat insulation functions prepared in Example 1 placed on a petal;
[0028] Figure 3 The sound absorption performance diagrams are shown for the three-dimensional nano-aerogel materials with sound absorption and heat insulation functions prepared in Examples 1-3.
[0029] Figure 4 The image shows a thermal infrared image of the hand containing the three-dimensional nano-aerogel material with sound absorption and heat insulation functions prepared in Example 1. Detailed Implementation
[0030] The technical solution of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments.
[0031] In the following embodiments, the receiving substrate for electrospinning is an aluminum alloy collecting roller.
[0032] This invention introduces the sound absorption coefficient (10mm cavity, used to study the sound absorption characteristics of pure cavity structure; 500-5700HZ) and thermal insulation temperature to evaluate the sound absorption and thermal insulation performance of the aerogels prepared in Examples 1-4.
[0033] Example 1
[0034] A method for preparing a three-dimensional nano-aerogel material with sound absorption and heat insulation functions includes the following steps:
[0035] S1, the polymer polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and solvent N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) are mixed and stirred at room temperature until homogeneous to obtain a spinning solution. The concentration of PAN in the spinning solution is 10 wt%.
[0036] S2, the above spinning solution is loaded into a syringe and electrospinned to obtain a fiber membrane precursor; the fiber membrane precursor is dried at 60°C for 10 hours to obtain a fiber membrane. The electrospinning environment is 25°C, the ambient humidity is 52%RH, the feed rate is 0.8 mL / h, and the vertical receiving distance between the spinneret and the collecting roller is 15 cm.
[0037] S3, cut 0.2g of the fiber membrane prepared in S2 into pieces (1×1 cm sheets, the same below), and homogenize it in 15mL of water for 30min (stirring speed of 8000rpm) to form the first dispersion; add 0.16g of polyvinyl alcohol to the first dispersion and continue homogenizing for 1h (stirring speed of 8000rpm) to obtain the second dispersion.
[0038] S4. Pour the second dispersion into a mold, dry it, and then anneal it at 500℃ for 3 hours to obtain a three-dimensional nano-aerogel material with sound absorption and heat insulation functions.
[0039] The drying process includes: first freezing in a refrigerator at -20°C and normal pressure for 24 hours, then transferring to a freeze dryer and freezing at -60°C and normal pressure for 1 hour, and finally freeze-drying at -65°C and in a vacuum environment (vacuum degree of 1 Pa) for 48 hours.
[0040] Example 2
[0041] A method for preparing a three-dimensional nano-aerogel material with sound absorption and heat insulation functions includes the following steps:
[0042] S1, mix the polymer polyimide and solvent DMF, stir at room temperature until homogeneous to obtain a spinning solution, the concentration of polyimide in the spinning solution is 10wt%.
[0043] S2, the above spinning solution is loaded into a syringe and electrospinned to obtain a fiber membrane precursor; the fiber membrane precursor is dried at 60°C for 10 hours to obtain a fiber membrane. The electrospinning environment is 25°C, the ambient humidity is 52%RH, the feed rate is 0.8 mL / h, and the vertical receiving distance between the spinneret and the collecting roller is 15 cm.
[0044] S3, cut 0.2g of the fiber membrane prepared in S2 into small pieces, and homogenize it in 15ml of water for 30min (stirring speed of 8000 rpm) to form the first dispersion; then add 0.18g of polyvinyl alcohol to the first dispersion and continue homogenizing for 1h (stirring speed of 8000 rpm) to obtain the second dispersion;
[0045] S4. Pour the second dispersion into a mold, dry it, and then anneal it at 500℃ for 3 hours to obtain a three-dimensional nano-aerogel material with sound absorption and heat insulation functions.
[0046] The drying process includes: first freezing in a refrigerator at -20°C and normal pressure for 24 hours, then transferring to a freeze dryer and freezing at -60°C and normal pressure for 1 hour, and finally freeze-drying at -65°C and in a vacuum environment (vacuum degree of 1 Pa) for 48 hours.
[0047] Example 3
[0048] A method for preparing a three-dimensional nano-aerogel material with sound absorption and heat insulation functions includes the following steps:
[0049] S1, Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and DMF are mixed and stirred at room temperature until homogeneous to obtain a spinning solution. The concentration of the polymer in the spinning solution is 10 wt%.
[0050] S2, the above spinning solution is loaded into a syringe and electrospinned to obtain a fiber membrane precursor; the fiber membrane precursor is dried at 60°C for 10 hours to obtain a fiber membrane. The electrospinning environment is 25°C, the ambient humidity is 52%RH, the feed rate is 0.8 mL / h, and the vertical receiving distance between the spinneret and the collecting roller is 15 cm.
[0051] S3, cut 0.2g of the fiber membrane prepared in S2 into small pieces, and homogenize it in 15mL of the first solution (water) for 30min (stirring speed of 8000rpm) to form the first dispersion; then add 0.20g of polyvinyl alcohol to the first dispersion and continue homogenizing for 1h (stirring speed of 8000rpm) to obtain the second dispersion.
[0052] S4. Pour the above second dispersion into a mold, dry it, and then anneal it at 500°C for 3 hours to obtain a three-dimensional nano-aerogel material with sound absorption and heat insulation functions.
[0053] The drying process includes: first freezing in a refrigerator at -20°C and normal pressure for 24 hours, then transferring to a freeze dryer and freezing at -60°C and normal pressure for 1 hour, and finally freezing at -65°C and in a vacuum environment (vacuum degree of 1 Pa) for 48 hours.
[0054] Example 4
[0055] A method for preparing a three-dimensional nano-aerogel material with sound absorption and heat insulation functions includes the following steps:
[0056] S1, Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and N,N-dimethylformamide are mixed and stirred at room temperature until homogeneous to obtain a spinning solution. The concentration of the polymer in the spinning solution is 10 wt%.
[0057] S2, the spinning solution is loaded into a syringe and electrospinned to obtain a fiber membrane precursor; the fiber membrane precursor is dried at 60°C for 10 hours to obtain a fiber membrane. The electrospinning environment is 25°C, the ambient humidity is 52%RH, the feed rate is 0.8 mL / h, the vertical receiving distance between the spinneret and the collecting roller is 15 cm, and the receiving substrate for electrospinning is an aluminum alloy collecting roller.
[0058] S3, cut 0.2g of the fiber membrane prepared in S2 into small pieces, and homogenize it in 15mL of the first solution (water) for 30min (stirring speed of 8000rpm) to form the first dispersion; then add 0.22g of polyvinyl alcohol to the first dispersion and continue homogenizing for 1h (stirring speed of 8000rpm) to obtain the second dispersion.
[0059] S4. Pour the above second dispersion into a mold, dry it, and then anneal it at 500°C for 3 hours to obtain a three-dimensional nano-aerogel material with sound absorption and heat insulation functions.
[0060] The drying process includes: first freezing at -20°C and normal pressure for 24 hours, then transferring to a freeze dryer and freezing at -60°C and normal pressure for 1 hour, and finally freezing at -65°C and under vacuum (vacuum degree of 1 Pa) for 48 hours.
[0061] Figure 1 This is a thickness dimension diagram of the three-dimensional nano-aerogel material with sound absorption and heat insulation functions prepared in Example 1. Figure 1 It is known that the thickness of this three-dimensional nanoaerogel material is approximately 1 cm. (See also...) Figure 2 The sound-absorbing aerogel prepared in Example 1 can be placed on top of a petal without deforming it, indicating its lightweight nature. Sound absorption tests were conducted on the three-dimensional nano-aerogel material with sound absorption and heat insulation functions prepared in Example 1, and the measured sound absorption coefficients are as follows: Figure 3 As shown, the sound-absorbing aerogel has a sound absorption coefficient close to 1 in the high-frequency range.
[0062] like Figure 4 As shown, the aerogel prepared in Example 1 was placed on the hand and seamlessly integrated with the surrounding environment. Thermal infrared imaging test showed that its heat insulation performance was stable.
[0063] The sound-absorbing aerogel prepared in Example 2 can be placed on the top of a petal without deforming it; the overall thickness of the aerogel is 1 cm; sound absorption tests were conducted on it, and the resulting sound absorption coefficient is as follows: Figure 3 As shown, the aerogel has an average sound absorption coefficient of 0.95 in the high-frequency range.
[0064] The sound-absorbing aerogel prepared in Example 3 can be placed on the top of a petal without deforming the petal; the overall thickness of the aerogel is 1 cm; sound absorption tests were conducted on it, and the sound absorption coefficient was output. The aerogel has an average sound absorption coefficient of 0.90 in the high-frequency band.
[0065] The sound-absorbing aerogel prepared in Example 4 can be placed on the top of a petal without deforming the petal; the overall thickness of the aerogel is 1 cm; when subjected to sound absorption testing, the aerogel has an average sound absorption coefficient of 0.88 in the high-frequency band.
Claims
1. A method for preparing a three-dimensional nano-aerogel material with sound absorption and heat insulation functions, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: S1, The polymer and solvent are mixed until homogeneous to obtain a spinning solution, wherein the concentration of the polymer in the spinning solution is 5-20 wt%; S2, electrospinning is performed using the spinning solution to obtain a fiber membrane precursor; The fiber membrane precursor is dried to obtain a fiber membrane; S3, the fiber membrane is subjected to two homogenization treatments to obtain a second dispersion, wherein the two homogenization treatments include: firstly, homogenizing the fiber membrane in a first solution for 25-30 min to form a first dispersion; then adding polyvinyl alcohol to the first dispersion and continuing homogenization treatment for 50 min-1 h to obtain a second dispersion; S4, the second dispersion is poured into a mold, and after drying and annealing, a three-dimensional nano-aerogel material with sound absorption and heat insulation functions is obtained.
2. The preparation method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The polymer mentioned in S1 is at least one of polyvinyl alcohol, polyimide, polyacrylonitrile, polytetrafluoroethylene, polylactic acid, polycaprolactone, chitosan, polyetheretherketone, polyurethane, polyethersulfone, polystyrene, and polymethyl methacrylate.
3. The preparation method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The solvent mentioned in S1 is at least one of N,N-dimethylformamide, water, dimethyl sulfoxide, chloroform, dimethylacetamide, dichloroethane, acetone, and toluene.
4. The preparation method according to claim 1, characterized in that: In S1, the polymer and solvent are mixed and stirred at room temperature until homogeneous to obtain the spinning solution.
5. The preparation method according to claim 1, characterized in that: In S2, the ambient temperature for electrospinning is 23–27℃, the ambient humidity is 47–52%RH, the feed rate is 0.6–1mL / h, and the vertical receiving distance between the spinneret and the collecting roller is 10–15cm.
6. The preparation method according to claim 1, characterized in that: In S2, the receiving substrate for electrospinning is an aluminum alloy collecting roller; the drying temperature is 60℃~80℃, and the time is 6h~10h.
7. The preparation method according to claim 1, characterized in that: In S3, both homogenization processes are carried out under stirring conditions, with a stirring speed of 8000-12000 rpm. The two homogenization processes are as follows: 0.18-0.22g of the fiber membrane is cut into pieces, and homogenized in 14-16mL of water for 25-30min to form a first dispersion; then 0.16-0.22g of polyvinyl alcohol is added to the first dispersion, and homogenization is continued for 1h to obtain a second dispersion.
8. The preparation method according to claim 1, characterized in that: In S4, the drying process includes: freezing in a refrigerator at -20°C and normal pressure for 24 hours; freezing at -80 to -70°C and normal pressure for 1 hour; and finally freezing in a vacuum environment at -80°C for 48 hours.
9. The preparation method according to claim 1, characterized in that: In S4, the annealing temperature is 400℃~1000℃ and the time is 2h~5h.
10. A three-dimensional nanoaerogel material with sound absorption and heat insulation functions prepared by any one of claims 1-9.