A constant flow pumping mechanism and method of controlling the same

Abstract

This invention discloses a continuous flow pumping mechanism and its control method, belonging to the field of filling industrial pump technology. It aims to solve the problems of slurry interruption, pressure release, reduced pumping efficiency, and accelerated wear of key components caused by the temporary separation of the S-valve from the spectacle plate during switching in existing S-valve pumping mechanisms. The continuous flow pumping mechanism includes a hopper, a conveying cylinder connected to the hopper, and a confluence conveying pipe. An S-valve is installed inside the hopper, with its small end connected to the confluence conveying pipe and its large end equipped with two floating cutting rings, one a floating solid cutting ring and the other a floating hollow cutting ring. The S-valve is connected to the conveying cylinder via a spectacle plate fixed inside the hopper. The spectacle plate has a connecting hole and a cutting ring closing position, and the conveying cylinder communicates with the connecting hole. A rocker-arm type swing valve cylinder is installed on the hopper to drive the S-valve to swing along a rotating shaft. This mechanism is mainly used for filling and concrete pumping.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of filling industrial pump technology, and specifically to a continuous flow pumping mechanism and its control method. Background Technology

[0002] Concrete pumps and filling pumping equipment are widely used in building construction and filling fields, and their core working component is the S-valve pumping mechanism. As a key component of concrete and filling pumping equipment, the S-valve is responsible for switching concrete or slurry from the delivery cylinder to the delivery pipeline.

[0003] Traditional S-valve pumping mechanisms have the following technical problems during operation: 1. Interruption of flow: During the switching process of traditional S valves, there is a brief separation between the S valve and the spectacle plate, which causes the connection between the conveying cylinder and the hopper to be interrupted, resulting in the interruption of slurry flow.

[0004] 2. Pressure release problem: Due to the seal failure caused by the flow interruption, the pressure in the delivery cylinder and S valve will be released rapidly, which will not only cause energy loss, but may also lead to the backflow and spraying of concrete.

[0005] 3. Reduced pumping efficiency: Interruptions and pressure releases can cause pumping to be interrupted, requiring the pressure to be re-established, which seriously affects pumping efficiency and construction progress.

[0006] 4. Increased equipment wear: Pressure fluctuations and slurry impacts accelerate the wear of key components such as S-valve and spectacle plate, shortening the service life of the equipment. Summary of the Invention

[0007] The present invention aims to overcome the shortcomings of the prior art and provide a continuous flow pumping mechanism and its control method.

[0008] To achieve the above objectives, the technical solution provided by this invention is as follows: The continuous flow pumping mechanism includes a hopper (1), a conveying cylinder connected to the hopper (1), and a confluence conveying pipe (4) connected to the hopper (1). An S-valve (5) is provided inside the hopper (1). The small end of the S-valve (5) is connected to the confluence conveying pipe (4), and the large end of the S-valve (5) is provided with a floating cutting ring. One end of the floating cutting ring is a floating solid cutting ring (6), and the other end is a floating hollow cutting ring (7). The S-valve (5) is connected to the conveying cylinder via a spectacle plate (11) fixed inside the hopper (1). A rotating shaft (8) is provided on the S-valve (5). (11) is provided with a connecting hole (10) and a cutting ring closing position, that is, the part of the spectacle plate (11) except for the connecting hole (10) is solid. The conveying cylinder is connected to the connecting hole (10). The hopper (1) is provided with a rocker arm type swing valve cylinder (9) that drives the S valve (5) to swing along the rotating shaft (8). When the floating hollow cutting ring (7) of the floating cutting ring on the S valve (5) swings to the connecting hole (10), the S valve (5) is connected to the conveying cylinder. When the floating solid cutting ring (6) of the floating cutting ring on the S valve (5) swings to the connecting hole (10), the S valve (5) is not connected to the hopper.

[0009] Preferably, there are two S valves (5), and the conveying cylinder includes conveying cylinder A (2) and conveying cylinder B (3).

[0010] Preferably, the spectacle plate (11) comprises two mirror-arranged spectacle plates (11), which are respectively in sealed contact with two S valves (5).

[0011] More preferably, the cut ring closure position on the spectacle plate (11) includes a floating hollow cut ring closure position (12) and a floating solid cut ring closure position (13). The connecting hole (10) is located on one side of the spectacle plate (11), the middle part of the spectacle plate (11) is the floating hollow cut ring closure position (12), and the other side of the spectacle plate (11) is the floating solid cut ring closure position (13). The floating hollow cut ring (7) switches between the connecting hole (10), the floating hollow cut ring closure position (12), and the floating solid cut ring closure position (13). The floating solid cut ring (6) switches between the outside of the spectacle plate (11), the connecting hole (10), the floating hollow cut ring closure position (12), and the floating solid cut ring closure position (13). When the floating hollow cut ring (7) swings to the connecting hole (10), the floating solid cut ring (6) swings to the outside of the spectacle plate (11).

[0012] More preferably, the conveying cylinder A (2) and the conveying cylinder B (3) are respectively connected to the connecting holes (10) on the two mirror-arranged spectacle plates (11).

[0013] More preferably, displacement sensors and speed sensors are provided inside the conveying cylinder A (2) and conveying cylinder B (3).

[0014] The present invention also provides a control method applied to the above-mentioned continuous flow pumping mechanism, wherein the continuous flow pumping mechanism is provided with two S valves, the S valve corresponding to conveying cylinder A is defined as S valve A, the S valve corresponding to conveying cylinder B is defined as S valve B, and the spectacle plate corresponding to conveying cylinder A in the two mirror-arranged spectacle plates is defined as spectacle plate A, and the spectacle plate corresponding to conveying cylinder B is defined as spectacle plate B; the control method includes the following steps: S1: Control of the feeding step of conveying cylinder A: conveying cylinder A pushes the slurry toward valve SA, and the small end of valve SA is connected to the confluence conveying pipe for pumping; S2: S valve B switching step control: When the conveying cylinder A moves to the designated position, the S valve B swings along the rotating shaft under the drive of the rocker arm type swing valve cylinder, so that the floating solid cutting ring and the floating hollow cutting ring of the S valve B switch positions; during the switching process, the S valve B is not connected to the hopper through the guiding and blocking effect of the spectacle plate B. S3: Material suction step control of conveying cylinder B: During the switching process of valve B, when conveying cylinder B is connected or partially connected to the hopper, it performs material suction. The material suction speed is faster than the material pushing speed, and the material pushing time is longer than the material suction time. After the material suction is completed, it enters the waiting state. S4: Seamless switching step control: After the conveying cylinder A moves to the designated position at the front end, the floating hollow cutting ring of the S valve B swings to align with the connecting hole, the S valve B and the conveying cylinder B are fully connected, and the conveying cylinder B begins to push forward to feed material, realizing the alternating seamless switching pumping of the two conveying cylinders. S5: Cyclic step control: Repeatedly execute steps S1 to S4, with S valve A and S valve B switching alternately to form a continuous flow pump.

[0015] When conveying cylinder A pushes slurry to the fully connected S valve A, S valve B switches simultaneously. During the switching process, conveying cylinder B begins to suck up slurry when it is connected to or partially connected to the hopper. The sucking speed is faster than the pushing speed. After sucking up slurry, it enters the waiting-to-push state. When conveying cylinder A moves to the designated position or the pushing speed drops to the designated speed, conveying cylinder B begins to push up slurry. At this time, conveying cylinder A repeats the sucking action of conveying cylinder B, and the above movements are repeated continuously for pumping. The waiting-to-push state includes when conveying cylinder A moves to the designated position or the pushing speed drops to the designated speed, conveying cylinder B is full of slurry and S valve B is connected to or about to switch to the connected state; or when conveying cylinder B moves to the designated position or the pushing speed drops to the designated speed, conveying cylinder A is full of slurry and S valve A is connected to or about to switch to the connected state, achieving seamless switching pumping. The time taken for sucking up slurry is at least 0.5 seconds shorter than the time taken for pushing up slurry; the pushing up slurry time is at least 0.5 seconds longer than the sum of the sucking up, swing valve switching, and system response time.

[0016] The present invention will be further described below: In this invention, two floating cutting rings are set at the large end of the S valve. One ring is hollow and is used to pass slurry, while the other is solid and is used to seal the slurry. The spectacle plate has a through hole for the slurry and a sealing position that cooperates with the cutting ring. It is an integral piece. The spectacle plate is installed and fixed inside the hopper. The S valve is also installed inside the hopper. Two S valves and two spectacle plates are installed in one hopper. Alternatively, only one spectacle plate and one S valve can be installed. It can be used flexibly in conjunction with the conveying cylinder.

[0017] When a conveying cylinder pushes the slurry within it toward the corresponding S-valve at its end, the S-valve switches under the action of a rocker-arm type swing valve cylinder. During the switching process, because the S-valve remains connected to the spectacle plate, the slurry remains in a closed state with the hopper within the conveying cylinder and S-valve, maintaining pressure until the switching is complete. At this point, the conveying cylinder connects to the hopper, retracts, and enters a suction state, proceeding through the half-push and suction stages. If two sets of S-valves and spectacle plates are installed, two sets of conveying cylinders will be configured. While the S-valve on one set of conveying cylinders is performing the aforementioned swinging operation, the S-valve on the other set of conveying cylinders switches between different working positions, ensuring that when one set of conveying cylinders is connected, the other set is closed, achieving continuous alternating pumping.

[0018] Specifically, the process that enables continuous flow according to the present invention is as follows: Conveying method: For conveying cylinders A and B, there are two S valves and two spectacle plates. For ease of description, we define the S valve corresponding to conveying cylinder A as S valve A, the S valve corresponding to conveying cylinder B as S valve B, the spectacle plate corresponding to conveying cylinder A as spectacle plate A, and the spectacle plate corresponding to conveying cylinder B as spectacle plate B. Material feeding state of conveying cylinder A: When conveying cylinder A moves to the designated position, valve B starts to move upward, and the cutting ring moves to the top. During the movement, under the guidance and blocking effect of spectacle plate B, valve B is not connected to the hopper. When conveying cylinder B is fully or partially connected to the hopper, it starts to suck up material. The suction speed is greater than the pushing speed. After the suction is completed, it enters the waiting state. When conveying cylinder A moves to the designated position at the front end, the cutting ring moves downward until the floating hollow cutting ring of valve B is fully connected to valve B. After full connection, conveying cylinder B starts to push forward to feed material, achieving seamless connection. During this process, because conveying cylinder B is filled with filling material, the pressure loss is small, and it does not affect the filling pressure in the entire filling pipeline by a large amount of change, nor does it cause flow interruption or untimely material supply. This solves the flow interruption problem that occurs during the filling reversal process.

[0019] In addition, when conveyor cylinder B is in the waiting period, the floating solid core cutting ring can first turn to the position of conveyor cylinder B to block the outlet of conveyor cylinder B, and switch conveyor cylinder B to the pushing state in advance or when conveyor cylinder A reaches the designated position, pressurizing it to the same or slightly larger pressure as conveyor cylinder A; after conveyor cylinder A reaches the designated position, the floating hollow core cutting ring cuts to the outlet of conveyor cylinder B, continuing uninterruptedly to achieve continuous filling.

[0020] The conveying cylinder B can be switched to the pushing state, or it can be switched immediately after the conveying cylinder B has finished sucking up material.

[0021] The switching process of S valve A is as follows: when the piston of conveying cylinder A driven by the rocker arm type swing valve cylinder (9) finishes pushing the material, S valve A immediately swings to the top; during this process, S valve A is never connected to the hopper.

[0022] Repeat the above steps to create a continuous flow pump.

[0023] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are as follows: (1) Achieve uninterrupted pumping: The S valve and spectacle plate always remain in a tight and sealed state during the switching process, and the slurry is always connected between the conveying cylinder, the S valve and the hopper, which effectively avoids the problem of flow interruption in traditional technology; (2) Pressure remains stable: Since it is always in a closed state, the pressure in the delivery cylinder and S valve remains constant throughout the switching process, avoiding energy loss caused by pressure release; (3) Significantly improved pumping efficiency: Continuous and stable pressure ensures the continuity of the pumping process and greatly improves pumping efficiency; (4) Extended equipment life: Stable pressure and continuous slurry flow reduce impact and fluctuation, reduce wear on key components, and extend equipment life; (5) Reasonable structural design: The design of double cutting rings combined with an integral spectacle plate is compact, reliable in sealing and easy to maintain. Attached Figure Description

[0024] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the uninterrupted flow pumping mechanism in the case of two S valves in this invention.

[0025] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the S-valve structure.

[0026] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a spectacle plate.

[0027] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the connection between the S-valve and the spectacle plate.

[0028] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the spectacle plate inside the hopper.

[0029] In the diagram: 1. Hopper; 2. Conveying cylinder A; 3. Conveying cylinder B; 4. Merging conveying pipe; 5. S valve; 6. Floating solid cutting ring; 7. Floating hollow cutting ring; 8. Rotating shaft; 9. Rocker arm type swing valve cylinder; 10. Connecting hole; 11. Spectacle plate; 12. Floating hollow cutting ring closed position; 13. Floating solid cutting ring closed position. Detailed Implementation

[0030] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and beneficial effects of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, further descriptions will be provided below in conjunction with specific implementations of the present invention. These embodiments are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of protection of the present invention. Other implementation methods obtained by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments disclosed in the present invention without creative effort should all fall within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0031] Example 1

[0032] See Figures 1 to 5 The continuous flow pumping mechanism includes a hopper 1, a conveying cylinder connected to the hopper 1, and a confluence conveying pipe 4 connected to the hopper 1. An S-valve 5 is installed inside the hopper 1. The small end of the S-valve 5 is connected to the confluence conveying pipe 4, and the large end of the S-valve 5 is equipped with a floating cutting ring. One end of the floating cutting ring is a floating solid cutting ring 6, and the other end is a floating hollow cutting ring 7. The S-valve 5 is connected to the conveying cylinder via a spectacle plate 11 fixed inside the hopper 1. The S-valve 5 is equipped with a rotating shaft 8, and the spectacle plate 11 is equipped with a connecting hole 10 and a cutting ring closing position. The conveying cylinder is connected to the connecting hole 10. A rocker-arm type swing valve cylinder 9 is installed on the hopper 1 to drive the S-valve 5 to swing along the rotating shaft 8. When the floating hollow cutting ring 7 of the floating cutting ring on the S-valve 5 swings to the connecting hole 10, the S-valve 5 is connected to the conveying cylinder; when the floating solid cutting ring 6 of the floating cutting ring on the S-valve 5 swings to the connecting hole 10, the S-valve 5 is not connected to the hopper.

[0033] There are two S valves, and the conveying cylinders include conveying cylinder A2 and conveying cylinder B3.

[0034] The spectacle plate 11 includes two mirror-arranged spectacle plates 11, which are respectively in sealed contact with two S valves 5.

[0035] The cut ring closure position on the spectacle plate 11 includes a floating hollow cut ring closure position 12 and a floating solid cut ring closure position 13. The connecting hole 10 is located on one side of the spectacle plate 11, the middle of the spectacle plate 11 is the floating hollow cut ring closure position 12, and the other side of the spectacle plate 11 is the floating solid cut ring closure position 13. The floating hollow cut ring 7 switches between the connecting hole 10, the floating hollow cut ring closure position 12, and the floating solid cut ring closure position 13. The floating solid cut ring 6 switches between the outside of the spectacle plate 11, the connecting hole 10, the floating hollow cut ring closure position 12, and the floating solid cut ring closure position 13. When the floating hollow cut ring 7 swings to the connecting hole 10, the floating solid cut ring 6 swings to the outside of the spectacle plate 11.

[0036] The conveying cylinders A2 and B3 are respectively connected to the connecting holes 10 on the two mirror-arranged spectacle plates 11.

[0037] The conveying cylinders A2 and B3 are equipped with displacement sensors and speed sensors.

[0038] Example 2

[0039] See Figures 1 to 5 The continuous flow pumping mechanism includes a hopper 1, a conveying cylinder connected to the hopper 1, and a confluence conveying pipe 4 connected to the hopper 1. An S-valve 5 is installed inside the hopper 1. The small end of the S-valve 5 is connected to the confluence conveying pipe 4, and the large end of the S-valve 5 is equipped with a floating cutting ring. One end of the floating cutting ring is a floating solid cutting ring 6, and the other end is a floating hollow cutting ring 7. The S-valve 5 is connected to the conveying cylinder via a spectacle plate 11 fixed inside the hopper 1. The S-valve 5 is equipped with a rotating shaft 8, and the spectacle plate 11 is equipped with a connecting hole 10 and a cutting ring closing position. The conveying cylinder is connected to the connecting hole 10. A rocker-arm type swing valve cylinder 9 is installed on the hopper 1 to drive the S-valve 5 to swing along the rotating shaft 8. When the floating hollow cutting ring 7 of the floating cutting ring on the S-valve 5 swings to the connecting hole 10, the S-valve 5 is connected to the conveying cylinder; when the floating solid cutting ring 6 of the floating cutting ring on the S-valve 5 swings to the connecting hole 10, the S-valve 5 is not connected to the hopper.

[0040] The spectacle plate 11 includes two mirror-arranged spectacle plates 11, which are respectively in sealed contact with two S valves 5.

[0041] The cut ring closure position on the spectacle plate 11 includes a floating hollow cut ring closure position 12 and a floating solid cut ring closure position 13. The connecting hole 10 is located on one side of the spectacle plate 11, the middle of the spectacle plate 11 is the floating hollow cut ring closure position 12, and the other side of the spectacle plate 11 is the floating solid cut ring closure position 13. The floating hollow cut ring 7 switches between the connecting hole 10, the floating hollow cut ring closure position 12, and the floating solid cut ring closure position 13. The floating solid cut ring 6 switches between the outside of the spectacle plate 11, the connecting hole 10, the floating hollow cut ring closure position 12, and the floating solid cut ring closure position 13. When the floating hollow cut ring 7 swings to the connecting hole 10, the floating solid cut ring 6 swings to the outside of the spectacle plate 11.

[0042] The conveying cylinder is equipped with a displacement sensor and a speed sensor.

[0043] Example 3 The continuous flow pumping mechanism is equipped with two S-valvees. The S-valve corresponding to conveying cylinder A is defined as S-valve A, and the S-valve corresponding to conveying cylinder B is defined as S-valve B. In the two mirror-arranged spectacle plates, the spectacle plate corresponding to conveying cylinder A is defined as spectacle plate A, and the spectacle plate corresponding to conveying cylinder B is defined as spectacle plate B. The control method of the continuous flow pumping mechanism includes the following steps: S1: Control of the feeding step of conveying cylinder A: conveying cylinder A pushes the slurry toward valve SA, and the small end of valve SA is connected to the confluence conveying pipe for pumping; S2: S valve B switching step control: When the conveying cylinder A moves to the designated position, the S valve B swings along the rotating shaft under the drive of the rocker arm type swing valve cylinder, so that the floating solid cutting ring and the floating hollow cutting ring of the S valve B switch positions; during the switching process, the S valve B is not connected to the hopper through the guiding and blocking effect of the spectacle plate B. S3: Material suction step control of conveying cylinder B: During the switching process of valve B, when conveying cylinder B is connected or partially connected to the hopper, it performs material suction. The material suction speed is faster than the material pushing speed, and the material pushing time is longer than the material suction time. After the material suction is completed, it enters the waiting state. S4: Seamless switching step control: After the conveying cylinder A moves to the designated position at the front end, the floating hollow cutting ring of the S valve B swings to align with the connecting hole, the S valve B and the conveying cylinder B are fully connected, and the conveying cylinder B begins to push forward to feed material, realizing the alternating seamless switching pumping of the two conveying cylinders. S5: Cyclic step control: Repeatedly execute steps S1 to S4, with S valve A and S valve B switching alternately to form a continuous flow pump.

Claims

1. A continuous flow pumping mechanism, characterized in that, The continuous flow pumping mechanism includes a hopper (1), a conveying cylinder connected to the hopper (1), and a confluence conveying pipe (4) connected to the hopper (1); an S-valve (5) is provided inside the hopper (1), the small end of the S-valve (5) is connected to the confluence conveying pipe (4), and the large end of the S-valve (5) is provided with a floating cutting ring, one end of which is a floating solid cutting ring (6) and the other end is a floating hollow cutting ring (7); the S-valve (5) is connected to the conveying cylinder through a spectacle plate (11) fixed inside the hopper (1), and the S-valve (5) The upper part is provided with a rotating shaft (8), and the spectacle plate (11) is provided with a connecting hole (10) and a cutting ring closing position. The conveying cylinder is connected to the connecting hole (10). The hopper (1) is provided with a rocker arm type swing valve cylinder (9) that drives the S valve (5) to swing along the rotating shaft (8). When the floating hollow cutting ring (7) of the floating cutting ring on the S valve (5) swings to the connecting hole (10), the S valve (5) is connected to the conveying cylinder. When the floating solid cutting ring (6) of the floating cutting ring on the S valve (5) swings to the connecting hole (10), the S valve (5) is not connected to the hopper.

2. The continuous flow pumping mechanism as described in claim 1, characterized in that, There are two S valves (5), and the conveying cylinders include conveying cylinder A (2) and conveying cylinder B (3).

3. The continuous flow pumping mechanism as described in claim 2, characterized in that, The spectacle plate (11) includes two mirror-arranged spectacle plates, which are respectively in sealed contact with two S valves (5).

4. The continuous flow pumping mechanism as described in claim 3, characterized in that, The cut ring closure position on the spectacle plate (11) includes a floating hollow cut ring closure position (12) and a floating solid cut ring closure position (13). The connecting hole (10) is located on one side of the spectacle plate (11), the middle of the spectacle plate (11) is the floating hollow cut ring closure position (12), and the other side of the spectacle plate (11) is the floating solid cut ring closure position (13). The floating hollow cut ring (7) switches between the connecting hole (10), the floating hollow cut ring closure position (12), and the floating solid cut ring closure position (13). The floating solid cut ring (6) switches between the outside of the spectacle plate (11), the connecting hole (10), the floating hollow cut ring closure position (12), and the floating solid cut ring closure position (13). When the floating hollow cut ring (7) swings to the connecting hole (10), the floating solid cut ring (6) swings to the outside of the spectacle plate (11).

5. The continuous flow pumping mechanism as described in claim 4, characterized in that, The conveying cylinders A (2) and B (3) are respectively connected to the connecting holes (10) on the two mirror-arranged spectacle plates (11).

6. The continuous flow pumping mechanism as described in claim 5, characterized in that, The conveying cylinders A (2) and B (3) are equipped with displacement sensors and speed sensors.

7. A control method applied to a continuous flow pumping mechanism as described in any one of claims 4 to 6, characterized in that, The continuous flow pumping mechanism is equipped with two S-valvees. The S-valve corresponding to conveying cylinder A is defined as S-valve A, and the S-valve corresponding to conveying cylinder B is defined as S-valve B. In the two mirror-arranged spectacle plates, the spectacle plate corresponding to conveying cylinder A is defined as spectacle plate A, and the spectacle plate corresponding to conveying cylinder B is defined as spectacle plate B. The control method includes the following steps: S1: Control of the feeding step of conveying cylinder A: conveying cylinder A pushes the slurry toward valve SA, and the small end of valve SA is connected to the confluence conveying pipe for pumping; S2: S valve B switching step control: When the conveying cylinder A moves to the designated position, the S valve B swings along the rotating shaft under the drive of the rocker arm type swing valve cylinder, so that the floating solid cutting ring and the floating hollow cutting ring of the S valve B switch positions; during the switching process, the S valve B is not connected to the hopper through the guiding and blocking effect of the spectacle plate B. S3: Material suction step control of conveying cylinder B: During the switching process of valve B, when conveying cylinder B is connected or partially connected to the hopper, it performs material suction. The material suction speed is faster than the material pushing speed, and the material pushing time is longer than the material suction time. After the material suction is completed, it enters the waiting state. S4: Seamless switching step control: After the conveying cylinder A moves to the designated position at the front end, the floating hollow cutting ring of the S valve B swings to align with the connecting hole, the S valve B and the conveying cylinder B are fully connected, and the conveying cylinder B begins to push forward to feed material, realizing the alternating seamless switching pumping of the two conveying cylinders. S5: Cyclic step control: Repeatedly execute steps S1 to S4, with S valve A and S valve B switching alternately to form a continuous flow pump.

8. The control method as described in claim 7, characterized in that, In step S3, the time used for material suction is at least 0.5 seconds shorter than the time used for material pushing; the material pushing time is at least 0.5 seconds longer than the sum of the material suction, swing valve switching, and system response time.

Images