A friction pair, a friction pair monitoring device and a monitoring method

Abstract

The application relates to the technical field of mechanical parts, in particular to a friction pair, a friction pair monitoring device and a monitoring method. The friction pair comprises a first friction part, a second friction part, the second friction part can move relative to the first friction part, a lubricant, the lubricant is used for lubricating the relative movement of the first friction part and the second friction part, the lubricant has a polymer powder in the lubricant, and a conductive structure is electrically connected with at least one of the first friction part and the second friction part. The friction pair, the friction pair monitoring device and the monitoring method are used for implementing in-situ monitoring on the lubricating state of the friction pair.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the field of mechanical parts technology, and in particular to a friction pair, a friction pair monitoring device, and a monitoring method. Background Technology

[0002] As modern high-end equipment continues to develop towards high speed, heavy load, and intelligence, the lubrication status of key friction pairs such as bearings directly affects the reliability, service life, and energy efficiency of the entire machine. Constructing a monitoring system capable of real-time, in-situ sensing of lubrication status has become a crucial technological foundation for achieving predictive maintenance and intelligent operation and maintenance of equipment.

[0003] Currently, lubrication condition monitoring mainly relies on methods such as vibration analysis, acoustic emission detection, temperature monitoring, and oil analysis. However, these methods generally suffer from problems in practical applications, including signal response lag, susceptibility to interference from mechanical structures and environmental noise, and difficulty in achieving truly in-situ real-time sensing. These limitations restrict their accuracy and timeliness under dynamic and varying operating conditions. Summary of the Invention

[0004] This application discloses a friction pair, a friction pair monitoring device, and a monitoring method for in-situ monitoring of the lubrication state of a friction pair.

[0005] To achieve the above objectives, this application provides the following technical solution: In a first aspect, this application provides a friction pair, comprising: First friction section; The second friction part is movable relative to the first friction part; A lubricant for lubricating the relative movement of the first and second friction parts, the lubricant containing polymer powder; A conductive structure is electrically connected to at least one of the first friction part and the second friction part.

[0006] In the above structure, a lubricant is used to lubricate the relative movement of the first and second friction parts, and the lubricant contains polymer powder. A conductive structure is electrically connected to at least one of the first and second friction parts to extract the electrical signal generated at the friction interface. Specifically, based on the principle of triboelectric nanogenerators, when the polymer powder comes into contact with or separates from the metal first or second friction part, charge transfer occurs due to the difference in their positions in the triboelectric sequence, thereby generating a triboelectric signal directly related to the contact state. When the lubricant-formed oil film is intact, the polymer powder is encapsulated by the oil film, resulting in a low probability of direct contact with the metal surface and a weak and stable electrical signal. When the oil film deteriorates or is lost, the polymer powder frequently comes into direct contact with the metal surface, and the amplitude of the triboelectric signal increases significantly. Therefore, by transmitting the changing characteristics of the triboelectric signal through the conductive structure, in-situ real-time sensing of the lubrication state of the friction pair can be achieved without changing the original mechanical structure of the friction pair.

[0007] In some embodiments, the polymer powder accounts for a percentage of the total mass of the lubricant between 1% and 10%.

[0008] In some embodiments, the polymer powder includes one or more of the following: polytetrafluoroethylene powder, polyvinylidene fluoride powder, fluorinated ethylene propylene powder, polyimide powder, polydimethylsiloxane powder, polyurethane powder, polyethylene terephthalate powder, polycarbonate powder, acrylonitrile-styrene-acrylate powder, and polyetheretherketone powder.

[0009] In some embodiments, the friction pair includes a rotary bearing, the first friction pair includes an inner ring body, the second friction pair includes an outer ring body, and the inner ring body is rotatable relative to the outer ring body; The conductive structure is electrically connected to the inner ring body; Alternatively, the conductive structure is electrically connected to the outer ring body; Alternatively, the conductive structure may be electrically connected to both the inner ring and the outer ring.

[0010] In some embodiments, the conductive structure includes a bearing housing and a wire. The bearing housing is fitted onto the rotating bearing. The inner ring is rotatable relative to the bearing housing. An insulating layer is provided between the bearing housing and the rotating bearing. The bearing housing has a wire groove. The wire is disposed in the wire groove and electrically connected to the rotating bearing.

[0011] In some embodiments, the bearing housing includes a sleeve and a cover plate. The sleeve is fitted onto the outer ring body and fixedly connected to the outer ring body. The cover plate is disposed at one end of the rotating bearing and fixedly connected to the sleeve. The cover plate is provided with a through-shaft hole, the diameter of which is greater than or equal to the inner diameter of the inner ring body. The wall of the through-shaft hole is provided with a wire groove opened along the axial direction of the through-shaft hole, and the wire extends into the wire groove and is electrically connected to the inner ring body. The surfaces of the sleeve and the cover plate that contact the rotating bearing are coated with an insulating layer.

[0012] Secondly, this application provides a friction pair monitoring device for monitoring the friction pair described in any of the above embodiments; the friction pair monitoring device includes: The circuit board, signal amplification module, system board, and serial port conversion module are disposed on the circuit board.

[0013] In some embodiments, the conductive structure of the friction pair is connected to the signal amplification module; the signal amplification module is connected to the system board; and the serial port conversion module is electrically connected to the communication port of the system board to transmit the signal to the host computer.

[0014] Thirdly, this application provides a method for monitoring friction pairs, applied to the friction pair monitoring devices of the above embodiments, the monitoring method comprising: The friction pair monitoring device acquires the electro-friction signal of the friction pair and transmits the electro-friction signal to the host computer. When the electro-friction signal is greater than a predetermined threshold, the motion state of the friction pair is determined to have deteriorated.

[0015] In some embodiments, the step of acquiring the electrofriction signal of the friction pair through the friction pair monitoring device includes: The triboelectric signal of the friction pair is amplified and enhanced by the signal amplification module; The triboelectric signal is preprocessed by the system board; The preprocessed triboelectric signal is converted into a signal using a serial port conversion module; The converted signal is transmitted to the host computer through the concentric port of the system board. Attached Figure Description

[0016] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of a first embodiment of a friction pair provided in this application. Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of a second embodiment of a friction pair provided in this application. Figure 3 A flowchart illustrating a friction pair monitoring method provided in this application embodiment; Figure 4 A flowchart illustrating the data processing and transmission method for a friction pair monitoring method provided in this application embodiment.

[0017] Figure label: 10-Friction pair; 100-First friction part; 110-Inner ring body; 200-Second friction part; 210-Outer ring body; 300-Conductive structure; 310-Bearing seat; 311-Sleeve; 312-Cover plate; 3121-Through shaft hole; 3122-Wire groove; 313-Mounting hole. Detailed Implementation

[0018] The technical solutions of the embodiments of this application will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of this application, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of this application, all other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of this application. In the description of the embodiments of this application, unless otherwise stated, " / " means "or", for example, A / B can mean A or B; "and / or" in the text is merely a description of the relationship between related objects, indicating that three relationships can exist. For example, A and / or B can represent: A alone, A and B simultaneously, and B alone.

[0019] Hereinafter, the terms "first" and "second" are used for descriptive purposes only and should not be construed as implying or suggesting relative importance or implicitly indicating the number of indicated technical features. Thus, a feature defined as "first" or "second" may explicitly or implicitly include one or more of that feature, and in the description of the embodiments of this application, unless otherwise stated, "multiple" means two or more.

[0020] Through long-term research, the inventors discovered that by utilizing the charge transfer and induced output electrical signals during the contact and separation process of two different materials, a sensitive response to external mechanical motion or state changes can be achieved. However, in the specific application scenario of monitoring the lubrication condition of friction pairs, especially when dealing with friction pairs made of the same metal material (such as bearing rollers and raceways), their positions in the triboelectric sequence are close, resulting in a weak interfacial contact electrification effect, making it difficult to directly generate a stable electrical signal that can be used for high-sensitivity state identification.

[0021] In view of this, the present application provides a friction pair that can perform in-situ monitoring of the friction pair and promptly detect any deterioration in the motion state of the friction pair.

[0022] like Figure 1 and Figure 2 As shown, the friction pair 10 of this application embodiment includes a first friction part 100, a second friction part 200, a lubricant, and a conductive structure 300.

[0023] The second friction part 200 and the first friction part 100 can move relative to each other; this relative movement can be either relative rotation or relative sliding. For example, as... Figure 1 As shown, when the friction pair 10 is a bearing structure, the second friction part 200 and the first friction part 100 can move relative to each other, i.e., rotate relative to each other. Figure 2 As shown, when the friction pair 10 is a groove and a slider, the second friction part 200 and the first friction part 100 can move relative to each other, which is relative sliding.

[0024] A lubricant is used to lubricate the relative motion of the first friction part 100 and the second friction part 200, and the lubricant contains polymer powder. A conductive structure 300 is electrically connected to at least one of the first friction part 100 and the second friction part 200 to extract the electrical signal generated at the friction interface. Specifically, based on the principle of triboelectric nanogenerators, when the polymer powder comes into contact with or separates from the metal first friction part 100 or the second friction part 200, charge transfer occurs due to the difference in their positions in the triboelectric sequence, thereby generating a triboelectric signal directly related to the contact state. When the oil film formed by the lubricant is intact, the polymer powder is wrapped by the oil film, and the probability of direct contact with the metal surface is low, resulting in a weak and stable electrical signal; when the oil film deteriorates or is lost, the polymer powder frequently comes into direct contact with the metal surface, and the amplitude of the triboelectric signal increases significantly. Therefore, by transmitting the changing characteristics of the triboelectric signal through the conductive structure 300, in-situ real-time sensing of the lubrication state of the friction pair 10 can be achieved without changing the original mechanical structure of the friction pair 10.

[0025] In some embodiments, the polymer powder accounts for 1% to 10% of the total mass of the lubricant. For example, in practical applications, if the amount of polymer powder added is less than 1%, such as only 0.5%, there are too few effective particles participating in charging per unit volume, resulting in extremely weak electrical signals that are easily overwhelmed by interference, making it impossible to effectively identify changes in lubrication status. If the amount added is higher than 10%, such as 15% or 20%, excessive polymer powder is prone to agglomeration in the lubricant, which not only leads to a sharp increase in lubricant viscosity and deterioration of rheology, increasing the operating resistance and temperature rise of the friction pair 10, but may also cause insufficient oil supply due to the agglomerates clogging the oil passages, thus accelerating the failure of the friction pair 10. Therefore, strictly controlling the amount added between 1% and 10% ensures the reliable operation of the monitoring system without impairing the normal lubrication performance of the friction pair 10.

[0026] It should be noted that the position of the polymer powder in the lubricant in the triboelectric series should differ significantly from the position of the material used in the friction pair 10. In terms of charge density difference, the absolute charge density difference should be greater than 100 μC / m². Taking the friction pair 10 as a rotating bearing as an example, the inner ring (first friction part 100) of the rotating bearing is made of GCr15 steel. The outer ring (second friction part 200) is also made of GCr15 steel, and the polymer powder added to the lubricant is made of PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene) powder.

[0027] In some embodiments, the polymer powder includes one or more of the following: polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) powder, polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) powder, fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) powder, polyimide (PI) powder, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) powder, polyurethane (PU) powder, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) powder, polycarbonate (PC) powder, acrylonitrile styrene acrylate (ASA) powder, and polyether ether ketone (PEEK) powder.

[0028] The aforementioned materials exhibit a significant potential difference compared to commonly used metallic materials (such as bearing steel and stainless steel) in the triboelectric series. Taking polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) as an example, it is located near the negative extreme in the triboelectric series, while metallic materials are typically located at the positive end or in the middle region. When the two come into contact, a high density of surface charge is generated, resulting in a highly sensitive sensing signal. Furthermore, the polymer materials listed above all possess excellent self-lubricating properties or low coefficients of friction, such as PTFE, polydimethylsiloxane, and polyetheretherketone (PEEK), effectively ensuring the tribological properties of the friction interface while serving as the sensing medium.

[0029] It should be understood that those skilled in the art can also select other polymer materials that have a sufficient potential difference with the metal in the triboelectric sequence and have certain lubricating properties, or mix the above-mentioned powders in a specific ratio to obtain better overall performance, depending on the actual working conditions. All these alternatives should be covered within the scope of protection of this application.

[0030] It should also be noted that the polymer powder can also be a positively charged material, but the sequence difference between it and the material used in the friction pair 10 must be greater than or equal to A, so that the monitoring agency can obtain the triboelectric signal.

[0031] Furthermore, such as Figure 1 As shown, the rotary bearing mainly includes an inner ring 110, an outer ring 210, and balls disposed between them. The inner ring 110 is rotatable relative to the outer ring 210. The first friction part 100 corresponds to the inner ring 110, and the second friction part 200 corresponds to the outer ring 210. For signal output from the rotary bearing, the conductive structure 300 can be electrically connected to the inner ring 110, or to the outer ring 210, or simultaneously to both the inner ring 110 and the outer ring 210. The conductive structure 300 can be connected to either the inner ring 110 or the outer ring 210 depending on the actual installation. The conductive structure 300 can also be electrically connected to both the inner ring 110 and the outer ring 210 separately to more thoroughly determine the lubrication state of the friction pair 10 through the individual friction electrical signals.

[0032] Furthermore, such as Figure 1 As shown, the conductive structure 300 includes a bearing housing 310 and a wire. The bearing housing 310 is sleeved on the rotating bearing. The inner ring 110 can rotate relative to the bearing housing 310. An insulating layer is provided between the bearing housing 310 and the rotating bearing. The bearing housing 310 has a wire groove 3122. The wire is disposed in the wire groove 3122 and is electrically connected to the rotating bearing.

[0033] Specifically, since triboelectric signals are inherently weak charge transfer signals, they are highly susceptible to leakage to ground through metal-to-metal contact paths. By placing an insulating layer at the contact interface between the bearing housing 310 and the rotating bearing, the leakage path of the signal through the bearing housing to the equipment casing or ground is physically cut off, thereby ensuring signal strength and signal-to-noise ratio. Simultaneously, the wire groove 3122 not only positions and protects the wires, preventing wear and breakage due to vibration or relative movement during bearing operation, but also avoids safety hazards and electromagnetic interference caused by external wiring.

[0034] Furthermore, such as Figure 1 As shown, the bearing housing 310 includes a sleeve 311 and a cover plate 312. Figure 2 As shown, sleeve 311 is fitted onto and fixedly connected to outer ring 210, and cover plate 312 is fitted onto one end of rotating bearing and fixedly connected to sleeve 311. Cover plate 312 has a through-shaft hole 3121, the diameter of which is greater than or equal to the inner diameter of inner ring 110, to allow the rotating shaft to pass through. Cover plate 312 has a mounting hole 313, and fasteners are installed in the mounting hole 313 to fix cover plate 312 to sleeve 311.

[0035] The wall of the through-hole 3121 is provided with a wire groove 3122 formed along the axial direction of the through-hole 3121. The wire extends into the wire groove 3122 and is electrically connected to the inner ring 110. The wire groove 3122 is integrated into the wall of the through-hole 3121 of the relatively stationary cover plate 312. In addition, the surfaces of the sleeve 311 and the cover plate 312 that contact the rotating bearing are coated with an insulating layer, which enables the triboelectric signal to be efficiently transmitted to the downstream detection circuit. It should be understood that the insulating layer can be made of materials with good insulation properties and oil and wear resistance, such as polyimide film, ceramic coating or epoxy resin coating.

[0036] Secondly, embodiments of this application also provide a friction pair monitoring device for monitoring the lubrication status of the friction pair 10. The friction pair monitoring device includes a circuit board, a signal amplification module, a system board, and a serial port conversion module, all mounted on the circuit board.

[0037] Specifically, the circuit board, serving as the physical carrier and electrical interconnection platform for each functional module, can be in the form of a printed circuit board or breadboard, integrating the originally dispersed signal conditioning, data processing, and communication units into a compact hardware system. For example, the signal amplification module can use the AD620 instrumentation amplifier chip, which features high input impedance and low noise characteristics and is specifically designed for weak sensor signals; the system board can use the STM32 series microcontroller minimum system board, with a built-in analog-to-digital converter and rich peripheral interfaces, responsible for data processing; the serial port conversion module can use the CH340 chip module to realize the conversion between TTL level and USB protocol. It should be understood that the specific models mentioned above are only illustrative examples. In other embodiments, other operational amplifiers, microprocessors, or communication interface chips with equivalent functions can also be selected, as long as they can meet the performance requirements of signal acquisition and transmission. This modular integrated design not only reduces the size of the device but also reduces interference to triboelectric signals by shortening the board-level trace distance, thus improving system compatibility.

[0038] In some embodiments, the conductive structure 300 of the friction pair 10 is connected to the signal amplification module, the signal amplification module is connected to the system board, and the serial port conversion module is electrically connected to the communication port of the system board to transmit the signal to the host computer.

[0039] Specifically, the original triboelectric signal from the conductive structure 300 first enters the input of the signal amplification module. Since this signal is typically a weak charge-induced signal accompanied by high common-mode interference, the signal amplification module uses a differential amplifier circuit to adjust its gain and suppress noise, outputting an analog voltage signal adapted to the subsequent acquisition range. The amplified analog signal is then sent to the analog input pin of the system board, where the system board internally performs preprocessing operations such as analog-to-digital conversion, digital filtering, and feature extraction. Finally, the preprocessed digital signal is transmitted to the serial port conversion module via the system board's communication port (such as a UART interface). After protocol conversion, it is uploaded to the host computer via USB or other standard communication interfaces for storage, display, and in-depth analysis. This multi-level cascaded signal processing architecture ensures the fidelity of the weak triboelectric signal during transmission and provides a stable and reliable data foundation for the host computer's real-time status determination, thus guaranteeing the high sensitivity and practicality of the entire monitoring system.

[0040] Thirdly, this embodiment also provides a method for monitoring friction pairs, applied to the aforementioned friction pair 10 monitoring device. For example... Figure 3 As shown, the monitoring method includes: S110: The electro-friction signal of friction pair 10 is acquired through the friction pair monitoring device and transmitted to the host computer. Specifically, this step includes multi-level conditioning and digital processing of the original weak signal to ensure the fidelity and availability of the uploaded data.

[0041] S120, when the electro-friction signal exceeds a predetermined threshold, the motion state of friction pair 10 is determined to have deteriorated. The aforementioned "predetermined threshold" corresponds to the critical signal amplitude at which the oil film at the interface of friction pair 10 breaks, leading to direct contact friction between the metal surface and the polymer powder in the lubricant. Under normal lubrication conditions, the intact oil film separates the polymer powder from the metal surface, and the electro-friction signal remains at a low and stable level. However, when lubrication fails or the oil film thickness falls below the critical value, the contact frequency and intensity between the polymer powder and the metal surface increase sharply, and the amplitude of the electrical signal generated based on the principle of triboelectric nanogenerators increases significantly. Therefore, by comparing the real-time acquired signal amplitude with this predetermined threshold, the deterioration trend of the lubrication state can be accurately identified. When the signal is detected to continuously exceed the predetermined threshold, the system determines that friction pair 10 is in a stage of deteriorating motion state and can trigger corresponding alarm mechanisms or maintenance recommendations. This threshold determination method based on physical mechanisms, compared to traditional vibration or temperature monitoring, can detect lubrication anomalies earlier, providing a reliable source of information for predictive maintenance and early warning of equipment.

[0042] like Figure 4 As shown, in some embodiments, S110 specifically includes the following steps: S210: The triboelectric signal of the friction pair 10 is amplified and enhanced by the signal amplification module. Since the original triboelectric signal generated at the interface of the friction pair 10 is usually weak and accompanied by strong environmental electromagnetic noise, direct acquisition is prone to distortion. This step utilizes the high input impedance and differential amplification characteristics of the signal amplification module (e.g., the AD620 instrumentation amplifier) ​​to increase the signal amplitude to match the subsequent acquisition range while effectively filtering out interference, significantly improving the signal-to-noise ratio.

[0043] The S220 preprocesses the triboelectric signal through the system board. The amplified analog signal is sent to the system board (e.g., an STM32 microcontroller), where the integrated analog-to-digital converter converts it into a digital signal and performs further preprocessing operations, providing a standardized data basis for subsequent state determination.

[0044] The S230 uses a serial port conversion module to convert the pre-processed triboelectric signal into a signal. The TTL level digital signal output by the system board is converted into USB protocol or other standard communication protocol signals via a serial port conversion module (such as CH340), realizing interface adaptation with general-purpose computer terminals.

[0045] S240 transmits the converted signal to the host computer via the system board's communication port. Finally, the high-quality triboelectric signal, after passing through a complete conditioning link, is transmitted in real-time to the host computer software platform for waveform display, data storage, and in-depth analysis. It should be understood that although this embodiment uses serial communication as an example, other implementations may also use wireless transmission, Ethernet communication, etc., as long as reliable signal transmission from the monitoring device to the host computer can be achieved.

[0046] Obviously, those skilled in the art can make various modifications and variations to the embodiments of this application without departing from the spirit and scope of this application. Therefore, if these modifications and variations of this application fall within the scope of the claims of this application and their equivalents, this application also intends to include these modifications and variations.

Claims

1. A friction pair, characterized in that include: First friction section; The second friction part is movable relative to the first friction part; A lubricant for lubricating the relative movement of the first and second friction parts, the lubricant containing polymer powder; A conductive structure is electrically connected to at least one of the first friction part and the second friction part.

2. The friction pair of claim 1, wherein The polymer powder constitutes between 1% and 10% of the total mass of the lubricant.

3. The frictional pair according to claim 1, characterized in that The polymer powder includes one or more of the following: polytetrafluoroethylene powder, polyvinylidene fluoride powder, fluorinated ethylene propylene powder, polyimide powder, polydimethylsiloxane powder, polyurethane powder, polyethylene terephthalate powder, polycarbonate powder, acrylonitrile-styrene-acrylate powder, and polyetheretherketone powder.

4. The friction pair according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that The friction pair includes a rotary bearing, the first friction pair includes an inner ring body, the second friction pair includes an outer ring body, and the inner ring body is rotatable relative to the outer ring body; The conductive structure is electrically connected to the inner ring body; Alternatively, the conductive structure is electrically connected to the outer ring body; Alternatively, the conductive structure may be electrically connected to both the inner ring and the outer ring.

5. The friction pair of claim 4, wherein, The conductive structure includes a bearing housing and a wire. The bearing housing is sleeved on the rotating bearing. The inner ring body can rotate relative to the bearing housing. An insulating layer is provided between the bearing housing and the rotating bearing. The bearing housing has a wire groove. The wire is disposed in the wire groove and electrically connected to the rotating bearing.

6. The friction pair of claim 5, wherein, The bearing housing includes a sleeve and a cover plate. The sleeve is fitted onto the outer ring body and fixedly connected to the outer ring body. The cover plate is moved to one end of the rotating bearing and fixedly connected to the sleeve. The cover plate is provided with a through-shaft hole. The diameter of the through-shaft hole is greater than or equal to the inner diameter of the inner ring body. The wall of the through-shaft hole is provided with a wire groove opened along the axial direction of the through-shaft hole, and the wire extends into the wire groove and is electrically connected to the inner ring body. The surfaces of the sleeve and the cover plate that contact the rotating bearing are coated with an insulating layer.

7. A frictional pair monitoring device, characterized by For monitoring the friction pair according to any one of claims 1-6; the friction pair monitoring device comprises: The circuit board, signal amplification module, system board, and serial port conversion module are disposed on the circuit board.

8. The friction pair monitoring device according to claim 7, characterized in that, The conductive structure of the friction pair is connected to the signal amplification module; the signal amplification module is connected to the system board; the serial port conversion module is electrically connected to the communication port of the system board to transmit the signal to the host computer.

9. A method for monitoring friction pairs, characterized in that, The friction pair monitoring device according to claim 7 or 8, wherein the monitoring method comprises: The friction pair monitoring device acquires the electro-friction signal of the friction pair and transmits the electro-friction signal to the host computer. When the electro-friction signal is greater than a predetermined threshold, the motion state of the friction pair is determined to have deteriorated.

10. The method for monitoring friction pairs according to claim 9, characterized in that, The steps for obtaining the electro-friction signal of a friction pair using a friction pair monitoring device include: The triboelectric signal of the friction pair is amplified and enhanced by the signal amplification module; The triboelectric signal is preprocessed by the system board; The preprocessed triboelectric signal is converted into a signal using a serial port conversion module; The converted signal is transmitted to the host computer through the concentric port of the system board.

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