Motion vector as an intra block merge candidate

Abstract

Motion vectors (MVs) can be used as merging candidates for intra-frame blocks. Merging candidates encoded with motion vectors (e.g., in non-intra-frame slices) can be used in merging operations of block vector tools such as Intra-Block Copying (IBC) and Intra-Template Matching Prediction (IntraTMP). Motion vectors can be viewed as block vectors with different temporal identifiers. Adaptive selection between block vectors and motion vectors can be implemented to improve prediction quality. In the example, the decoding device can determine that a first merging candidate block of a video block is associated with an MV. The device can determine the template cost associated with the MV based on the template of the video block. The device can generate a template matching candidate list for the video block based on the template cost associated with the MV. The device can decode the video block based on the template matching candidate list.

Description

[0001] Cross-reference to related applications This application claims the benefit of European Patent Application No. 24305531.6, filed on 4 April 2024, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Background Technology

[0002] Video coding systems can be used to compress digital video signals, for example, to reduce the storage and / or transmission bandwidth required for such signals. Video coding systems can include, for example, block-based, wavelet-based, and / or object-based systems. Summary of the Invention

[0003] Systems, methods, and means for use with devices configured for one or more of video encoding (e.g., encoding and / or decoding), distribution, or consumption are disclosed. Motion vectors can be used as merging candidates for intra-frame blocks. Merging candidates encoded with motion vectors (e.g., in non-intra-frame slices) can be used in merging operations of block vector tools (e.g., IBC and IntraTMP). In some examples, motion vectors can be viewed as block vectors with different temporal identifiers. Adaptive selection between block vectors and motion vectors can be implemented, which can improve prediction quality.

[0004] In the example, a device (e.g., a decoder for video decoding) can determine that a first merge candidate block of a video block is associated with a motion vector (MV). The device can determine the template cost associated with the MV, for example, based on a template of the video block. The device can generate a template matching candidate list for the video block based on the template cost associated with the MV. The template matching candidate list can include one or more MVs, one or more BVs, or a mixture of one or more MVs and one or more BVs. The template matching candidate list can be a BV candidate list or an MV candidate list. The device can decode the video block based on the template matching candidate list (e.g., by performing intra-frame TMP or IBC using the template matching candidate list).

[0005] In the example, a device (e.g., an encoder for video encoding) can determine that a first candidate block for merging a video block is associated with a motion vector (MV). The device can determine the template cost associated with the MV, for example, based on a template of the video block. The device can generate a template matching candidate list for the video block based on the template cost associated with the MV. The device can encode the video block based on the template matching candidate list (e.g., by performing intra-frame TMP or IBC using the template matching candidate list).

[0006] In the example, the template matching candidate list may include the MV associated with the first merge candidate block of the video block and the block vector (BV) associated with the second merge candidate block of the video block.

[0007] In the example, the device can (e.g., further) determine a reference block for a video block. The device can determine the difference between the template of the reference block and the template of the video block, wherein the template cost associated with the MV is determined based on the difference between the template of the reference block and the template of the video block. For example, this difference can be determined based on the sum of absolute differences (SAD) between the template of the reference block (e.g., the predicted block) and the template of the current block.

[0008] In the example, the reference block may be in a second image that is different from the first image that includes the video block, and is determined based on the MV associated with the first merge candidate block of the video block.

[0009] In the example, the reference block can be in the reference image of the video block or in the reference image of the first merge candidate block of the video block.

[0010] In the example, the device can (e.g., further) determine the block vector (BV) associated with the second picture based on the MV associated with the first merge candidate block of the video block. For example, a reference block can be determined based on the BV associated with the second picture. For example, the reference block can be determined by determining the juxtaposed picture of the current picture and using the MV as the BV pointed to from the juxtaposed picture.

[0011] In the example, the reference block could be in the same image as the image that includes the video block. The device could (e.g., further) determine the block vector (BV) based on the MV associated with the first merge candidate block of the video block. For example, the reference block could be determined based on the BV.

[0012] In the example, the device can determine that a second merge candidate block of a video block is associated with a block vector (BV). The device can determine the template cost associated with the BV, for example, based on the template of the video block. For example, a template matching candidate list of the video block can be generated based on the template cost associated with the BV. For example, the template matching candidate list may include the BV associated with the second merge candidate block of the video block.

[0013] In the example, the device can determine that intra-template matching prediction (intra-TMP) is enabled for a video block. For example, the template matching candidate list can be an intra-TMP candidate list. The device can determine the block value (BV) associated with the video block based on template matching. For example, the intra-TMP candidate list can include BVs associated with video blocks. The device can reorder the intra-TMP candidate list based on the template cost associated with the corresponding intra-TMP candidate in the intra-TMP candidate list.

[0014] In the example, the device can determine that intra-block copying (IBC) is enabled for a video block. For example, the template matching candidate list could be an IBC merge candidate list. The device can, for example, reorder the IBC merge candidate list based on the template cost associated with the corresponding IBC merge candidate in the IBC merge candidate list.

[0015] In the example, the first merge candidate block can be a neighboring video block or a non-neighboring video block of the video block. The first merge candidate block can be in the same picture as the picture that includes the video block. For example, one or more of Spatial Geometry Partitioning (SGPM), Decoder-Side Intra-Frame Mode Derivation (DIMD), Template-Based Intra-Frame Mode Derivation (TIMD), or Intra-Frame Block Copying (IBC)-Geometry Partitioning (GPM) can be enabled for the picture that includes the video block. For example, the template matching candidate list includes BVs associated with one or more of SGPM, DIMD, TIMD, or IBC-GPM. Attached Figure Description

[0016] Figure 1A This is a system diagram illustrating an example communication system in which one or more of the disclosed embodiments may be implemented.

[0017] Figure 1B The illustration shows a method according to one embodiment. Figure 1A The diagram shows a system diagram of an example wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) used in a communication system.

[0018] Figure 1C The illustration shows a method according to one embodiment. Figure 1A The diagram illustrates a system diagram of an example radio access network (RAN) and an example core network (CN) used in the communication system.

[0019] Figure 1D The illustration shows a method according to one embodiment. Figure 1A The illustrated system diagram shows yet another example RAN and yet another example CN used in the communication system.

[0020] Figure 2 The illustration shows a sample video encoder.

[0021] Figure 3 The illustration shows an example video decoder.

[0022] Figure 4 The illustration shows an example of a system that can implement various aspects and examples.

[0023] Figure 5 The illustration shows an example of an intra-template matching search region that can be used in intra-template matching prediction.

[0024] Figure 6 The illustration shows an example of selecting two optimal prediction values ​​for IntraTMP.

[0025] Figure 7 Examples of template shapes on the left and top are shown in the illustration.

[0026] Figure 8 An example of the IBC reference area depending on the current CU location is illustrated.

[0027] Figure 9 An example of adjacent merge candidates is illustrated.

[0028] Figure 10 The illustration shows an example of a non-adjacent neighborhood.

[0029] Figure 11 The illustration shows a flowchart of an example of a process for generating an IntraTMP merge candidate list based on motion vectors associated with neighboring blocks.

[0030] Figure 12 The illustration shows a flowchart of an example of a process for generating an IBC merge candidate list based on motion vectors associated with neighboring blocks. Detailed Implementation

[0031] A more detailed understanding can be obtained from the description given below with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples.

[0032] Figure 1A This diagram illustrates an example communication system 100 in which one or more of the disclosed embodiments may be implemented. The communication system 100 may be a multi-access system that provides content such as voice, data, video, messaging, and broadcasting to multiple wireless users. The communication system 100 enables multiple wireless users to access such content by sharing system resources, including wireless bandwidth. For example, the communication system 100 may employ one or more channel access methods, such as Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), Zero-Tail Unique Word DFT-Spread Spectrum OFDM (ZT UW DTS-s OFDM), Unique Word OFDM (UW-OFDM), Resource Block Filtered OFDM, Filter Bank Multicarrier (FBMC), and so on.

[0033] like Figure 1AAs shown, the communication system 100 may include wireless transmit / receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, RAN 104 / 113, CN 106 / 115, Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) 108, Internet 110, and other networks 112. However, it should be understood that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and / or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may be any type of device configured to operate and / or communicate in a wireless environment. For example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d (any of which may be referred to as a “station” and / or “STA”) may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals and may include user equipment (UE), mobile stations, fixed or mobile subscriber units, subscription-based units, pagers, cellular phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), smartphones, laptops, netbooks, personal computers, wireless sensors, hotspots or Mi-Fi devices, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, watches or other wearable devices, head-mounted displays (HMDs), vehicles, drones, medical devices and applications (e.g., remote surgery), industrial devices and applications (e.g., robots and / or other wireless devices operating in industrial and / or automated processing chain environments), consumer electronics devices, devices operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, and so on. Any of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may be interchangeably referred to as a UE.

[0034] The communication system 100 may also include base station 114a and / or base station 114b. Each of base stations 114a and 114b may be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as CN 106 / 115, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. For example, base stations 114a and 114b may be base transceiver stations (BTS), Node-B, eNode B, home Node B, home eNode B, gNB, NR Node B, site controller, access point (AP), wireless router, etc. Although base stations 114a and 114b are each depicted as a single element, it should be understood that base stations 114a and 114b may include any number of interconnected base station and / or network elements.

[0035] Base station 114a may be part of RAN 104 / 113, which may also include other base stations and / or network elements (not shown), such as base station controllers (BSCs), radio network controllers (RNCs), relay nodes, etc. Base station 114a and / or base station 114b may be configured to transmit and / or receive radio signals on one or more carrier frequencies, which may be referred to as cells (not shown). These frequencies may be in licensed spectrum, unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrum. A cell may provide coverage of a specific geographic area, which may be relatively fixed or may change over time. The cell may be further divided into cell sectors. For example, the cell associated with base station 114a may be divided into three sectors. Therefore, in one embodiment, base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e., one transceiver for each sector of the cell. In one embodiment, base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology and may use multiple transceivers for each sector of the cell. For example, beamforming can be used to transmit and / or receive signals in a desired spatial direction.

[0036] Base stations 114a and 114b can communicate with one or more of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d via air interface 116. Air interface 116 can be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). Any suitable radio access technology (RAT) can be used to establish air interface 116.

[0037] More specifically, as described above, the communication system 100 can be a multi-access system and can employ one or more channel access schemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, etc. For example, base stations 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c in RAN 104 / 113 can implement radio technologies such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which can establish air interfaces 115 / 116 / 117 using Wideband CDMA (WCDMA). WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High-Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA) and / or evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include High-Speed ​​Downlink (DL) Packet Access (HSDPA) and / or High-Speed ​​UL Packet Access (HSUPA).

[0038] In one embodiment, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement radio technologies such as evolved UMTS terrestrial radio access (E-UTRA), which may use Long Term Evolution (LTE) and / or Advanced LTE (LTE-A) and / or Advanced LTE Pro (LTE-A Pro) to establish air interface 116.

[0039] In one embodiment, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can implement radio technologies such as NR radio access, which can use New Radio (NR) to establish air interface 116.

[0040] In one embodiment, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can jointly implement LTE radio access and NR radio access, for example, using the dual connectivity (DC) principle. Therefore, the air interface used by WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and / or transmissions sent to / from multiple types of base stations (e.g., eNBs and gNBs).

[0041] In other embodiments, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., WiMAX), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Provisional Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Provisional Standard 95 (IS-95), Provisional Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced Data Rate GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), etc.

[0042] For example, Figure 1ABase station 114b can be a wireless router, home Node B, home eNodeB, or access point, and can utilize any suitable RAT to facilitate wireless connectivity in a localized area, such as commercial locations, homes, vehicles, campuses, industrial facilities, air corridors (e.g., for drone use), roads, etc. In one embodiment, base station 114b and WTRUs 102c, 102d can implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In one embodiment, base station 114b and WTRUs 102c, 102d can implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In yet another embodiment, base station 114b and WTRUs 102c, 102d can utilize cellular-based RATs (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR, etc.) to establish picocells or femtocells. Figure 1A As shown, base station 114b can be directly connected to the Internet 110. Therefore, base station 114b may not need to access the Internet 110 via CN 106 / 115.

[0043] RAN 104 / 113 can communicate with CN 106 / 115, which can be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, application, and / or Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d. Data can have different Quality of Service (QoS) requirements, such as different throughput requirements, latency requirements, fault tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, etc. CN 106 / 115 can provide call control, billing services, location-based services, prepaid calling, internet connectivity, video distribution, and / or perform advanced security functions such as user authentication. Although in Figure 1A Although not shown, it should be understood that RAN104 / 113 and / or CN 106 / 115 can communicate directly or indirectly with other RANs that use the same RAT as or a different RAT than RAN 104 / 113. For example, in addition to being connected to RAN 104 / 113, which may utilize NR radio technology, CN 106 / 115 can also communicate with another RAN (not shown) that uses GSM, UMTS, CDMA 2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or WiFi radio technology.

[0044] CN 106 / 115 can also serve as a gateway for WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. PSTN 108 may include a circuit-switched telephone network providing Common Old-Style Telephone Service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices using common communication protocols such as Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP), and / or Internet Protocol (IP) from the TCP / IP Internet Protocol suite. Network 112 may include wired and / or wireless communication networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. For example, network 112 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may use the same RAT as RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT.

[0045] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d in the communication system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities (e.g., WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks via different wireless links). For example... Figure 1A The WTRU 102c shown can be configured to communicate with base station 114a, which may employ cellular-based radio technology, and to communicate with base station 114b, which may employ IEEE 802 radio technology.

[0046] Figure 1B This is a system diagram illustrating example WTRU 102. (Example:) Figure 1B As shown, among other things, WTRU 102 may include, in particular, a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit / receive element 122, a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, a display / touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power supply 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136, and / or other peripheral devices 138, etc. It should be understood that WTRU 102 may include any sub-combination of the foregoing elements while remaining consistent with the embodiments.

[0047] Processor 118 may be a general-purpose processor, a special-purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors associated with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) circuit, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, etc. Processor 118 may perform signal encoding, data processing, power control, input / output processing, and / or any other functions that enable WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. Processor 118 may be coupled to transceiver 120, which may be coupled to transmitting / receiving element 122. Although Figure 1B The processor 118 and transceiver 120 are depicted as separate components, but it should be understood that the processor 118 and transceiver 120 may be integrated together in an electronic package or chip.

[0048] Transmitting / receiving element 122 can be configured to transmit signals to or receive signals from a base station (e.g., base station 114a) over air interface 116. For example, in one embodiment, transmitting / receiving element 122 can be an antenna configured to transmit and / or receive RF signals. In one embodiment, transmitting / receiving element 122 can be, for example, a transmitter / detector configured to transmit and / or receive IR, UV, or visible light signals. In yet another embodiment, transmitting / receiving element 122 can be configured to transmit and / or receive both RF and optical signals. It should be understood that transmitting / receiving element 122 can be configured to transmit and / or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[0049] Although the transmitting / receiving element 122 is in Figure 1B While depicted as a single element, WTRU 102 may include any number of transmit / receive elements 122. More specifically, WTRU 102 may employ MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, WTRU 102 may include two or more transmit / receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals on air interface 116.

[0050] Transceiver 120 can be configured to modulate signals transmitted by transmitting / receiving element 122 and demodulate signals received by transmitting / receiving element 122. As described above, WTRU 102 can have multi-mode capability. Thus, for example, transceiver 120 can include multiple transceivers to enable WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs such as NR and IEEE 802.11.

[0051] The processor 118 of WTRU 102 can be coupled to a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, and / or a display / touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) unit or an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit) and can receive user input data therefrom. The processor 118 can also output user data to the speaker / microphone 124, keypad 126, and / or display / touchpad 128. Furthermore, the processor 118 can access and store information from any type of suitable memory, such as non-removable memory 130 and / or removable memory 132. Non-removable memory 130 may include random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. Removable memory 132 may include a user identification module (SIM) card, memory stick, secure digital storage (SD) card, etc. In other embodiments, the processor 118 can access and store information from memory that is not physically located on WTRU 102, such as a server or home computer (not shown).

[0052] The processor 118 can receive power from the power supply 134 and can be configured to distribute and / or control power to other components in the WTRU 102. The power supply 134 can be any suitable device that powers the WTRU 102. For example, the power supply 134 may include one or more dry cell battery packs (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, etc.

[0053] The processor 118 may also be coupled to a GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) about the current location of the WTRU 102. In addition to, or instead of, information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU 102 may receive location information on the air interface 116 from base stations (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) and / or determine its location based on the timing of signals received from two or more nearby base stations. It should be understood that the WTRU 102 may acquire location information using any suitable location determination method while remaining consistent with the embodiments.

[0054] The processor 118 may be further coupled to other peripheral devices 138, which may include one or more software and / or hardware modules providing additional features, functions, and / or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, peripheral devices 138 may include accelerometers, electronic compasses, satellite transceivers, digital cameras (for photos and / or videos), Universal Serial Bus (USB) ports, vibration devices, television transceivers, hands-free headsets, Bluetooth® modules, FM radio units, digital music players, media players, video game player modules, internet browsers, virtual reality and / or augmented reality (VR / AR) devices, activity trackers, and so on. Peripheral devices 138 may include one or more sensors, such as gyroscopes, accelerometers, Hall effect sensors, magnetometers, orientation sensors, proximity sensors, temperature sensors, time sensors; geolocation sensors, altimeters, light sensors, touch sensors, magnetometers, barometers, attitude sensors, biosensors, and / or humidity sensors.

[0055] WTRU 102 may include a full-duplex radio for which the transmission and reception of some or all signals (e.g., signals associated with specific subframes for UL (e.g., for transmission) and downlink (e.g., for reception)) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous. The full-duplex radio may include an interference management unit to reduce and / or substantially eliminate self-interference via hardware (e.g., chokes) or via signal processing by a processor (e.g., a separate processor (not shown) or via processor 118). In one embodiment, WTRU 102 may include a half-duplex radio for which the transmission and reception of some or all signals (e.g., signals associated with specific subframes for UL (e.g., for transmission) or downlink (e.g., for reception)) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous.

[0056] Figure 1C The diagram illustrates a system diagram of RAN 104 and CN 106 according to an embodiment. As described above, RAN 104 can communicate with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c via air interface 116 using E-UTRA radio technology. RAN 104 can also communicate with CN 106.

[0057] RAN 104 may include eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c; however, it should be understood that RAN 104 may include any number of eNode-Bs while remaining consistent with the embodiments. eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c on air interface 116. In one embodiment, eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c may implement MIMO technology. Therefore, for example, eNode-B 160a may use multiple antennas to transmit and / or receive radio signals from WTRU 102a.

[0058] Each of the eNode-B 160a, 160b, and 160c can be associated with a specific cell (not shown) and can be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, user scheduling in UL and / or DL, etc. Figure 1C As shown, eNode-B 160a, 160b, and 160c can communicate with each other on the X2 interface.

[0059] Figure 1C The CN 106 shown may include a Mobility Management Entity (MME) 162, a Serving Gateway (SGW) 164, and a Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway (or PGW) 166. While each of the foregoing elements is described as part of CN 106, it should be understood that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0060] The MME 162 can connect to each of the eNode-Bs 162a, 162b, and 162c in RAN 104 via the S1 interface and can act as a control node. For example, the MME 162 can be responsible for authenticating users of WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c, bearer activation / deactivation, selecting a specific serving gateway during the initial attachment of WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c, and so on. The MME 162 can provide control plane functions for handover between RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) employing other radio technologies such as GSM and / or WCDMA.

[0061] The SGW 164 can connect to each of the eNode Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c in RAN 104 via the S1 interface. The SGW 164 can typically route and forward user data packets to / from WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c. The SGW 164 can perform other functions such as anchoring the user plane during inter-eNode B handover, triggering paging when DL data is available for WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c, managing and storing the context of WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c, etc.

[0062] SGW 164 can connect to PGW 166, which can provide WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks such as Internet 110, so as to facilitate communication between WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.

[0063] CN 106 can facilitate communication with other networks. For example, CN 106 can provide WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c with access to a circuit-switched network such as PSTN 108, facilitating communication between WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c and traditional landline communication equipment. For example, CN 106 may include, or be able to communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) that acts as an interface between CN 106 and PSTN 108. Furthermore, CN 106 can provide WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers.

[0064] Despite WTRU in Figure 1A-1D While described as a wireless terminal, it is conceivable that in some representative embodiments, such a terminal may use (e.g., temporarily or permanently) a wired communication interface with a communication network.

[0065] In a representative embodiment, another network 112 may be a WLAN.

[0066] A WLAN in Infrastructure Basic Services Set (BSS) mode can have an access point (AP) for the BSS and one or more stations (STAs) associated with the AP. The AP can access or interface with a distributed system (DS) or another type of wired / wireless network that carries traffic to and / or out of the BSS. Traffic originating outside the BSS destined for a STA can reach and be delivered to the STA via the AP. Traffic originating from a STA destined for an external BSS can be sent to the AP for delivery to the appropriate destination. For example, traffic between STAs within the BSS can be sent via the AP, where the source STA can send traffic to the AP, and the AP can deliver traffic to the destination STA. Traffic between STAs within the BSS can be considered and / or referred to as peer-to-peer traffic. Peer-to-peer traffic can be sent between source and destination STAs (e.g., directly between them) using Direct Link Establishment (DLS). In some representative embodiments, the DLS can use 802.11e DLS or 802.11z Tunneled DLS (TDLS). A WLAN using the Standalone BSS (IBSS) mode may not have an access point (AP), and STAs within the IBSS or using the IBSS (e.g., all STAs) can communicate directly with each other. The IBSS communication mode is sometimes referred to as the "ad-hoc" communication mode in this document.

[0067] When using 802.11ac infrastructure operating mode or a similar operating mode, the AP can transmit beacons on a fixed channel, such as the primary channel. The primary channel can be of a fixed width (e.g., a 20 MHz bandwidth) or dynamically set via signaling. The primary channel can be the operating channel of the BSS and can be used by the STA to establish a connection with the AP. In some representative embodiments, such as in an 802.11 system, Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA / CA) with collision avoidance can be implemented. For CSMA / CA, each STA, including the AP, can sense the primary channel. If a particular STA senses / detects and / or determines that the primary channel is busy, that particular STA can back off. A single STA (e.g., only one station) can transmit at any given time within a given BSS.

[0068] High-throughput (HT) STAs can communicate using a 40 MHz wide channel, for example, by combining a primary 20 MHz channel with adjacent or non-adjacent 20 MHz channels.

[0069] Very High Throughput (VHT) STAs can support channels with widths of 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and / or 160 MHz. 40 MHz and / or 80 MHz channels can be formed by combining consecutive 20 MHz channels. A 160 MHz channel can be formed by combining eight consecutive 20 MHz channels, or by combining two non-consecutive 80 MHz channels, which can be referred to as an 80+80 configuration. For the 80+80 configuration, after channel coding, the data passes through a segment resolver, which splits the data into two streams. Each stream can be processed separately using Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) and time-domain processing. The streams can be mapped onto two 80 MHz channels, and the data can be transmitted by the transmitting STA. At the receiver of the receiving STA, the above operations for the 80+80 configuration can be reversed, and the combined data can be sent to the Media Access Control (MAC).

[0070] 802.11af and 802.11ah support operating modes below 1 GHz. The channel operating bandwidth and carrier in 802.11af and 802.11ah are reduced compared to those used in 802.11n and 802.11ac. 802.11af supports 5 MHz, 10 MHz, and 20 MHz bandwidths in the TV whitespace (TVWS) spectrum, while 802.11ah supports 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz bandwidths using non-TVWS spectrum. According to a representative embodiment, 802.11ah can support metering-type control / machine-type communications, such as MTC devices in macro coverage areas. MTC devices may have certain capabilities, such as limited capabilities, including support for (e.g., only) certain and / or limited bandwidths. MTC devices may include batteries with a battery life exceeding a threshold (e.g., to maintain a very long battery life).

[0071] WLAN systems that can support multiple channels and channel bandwidths (such as 802.11n, 802.11ac, 802.11af, and 802.11ah) include a channel that can be designated as the primary channel. The bandwidth of the primary channel can be equal to the maximum common operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel can be set and / or limited by the STA among all STAs operating in the BSS that supports the minimum bandwidth operating mode. In the example of 802.11ah, for a STA that supports (e.g., only supports) the 1 MHz mode (e.g., an MTC type device), the primary channel can be 1 MHz wide, even if the AP and other STAs in the BSS support 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, 16 MHz, and / or other channel bandwidth operating modes. Carrier Sense and / or Network Allocation Vector (NAV) settings may depend on the status of the primary channel. If the primary channel is busy, for example, because an STA (which only supports the 1 MHz operating mode) is transmitting to the AP, the entire available band can be considered busy, even if most of the band remains idle and can be available.

[0072] In the United States, the available frequency band for 802.11ah is from 902 MHz to 928 MHz. In South Korea, the available frequency band is from 917.5 MHz to 923.5 MHz. In Japan, the available frequency band is from 916.5 MHz to 927.5 MHz. The total available bandwidth for 802.11ah is 6 MHz to 26 MHz, depending on the country code.

[0073] Figure 1D This diagram illustrates a system diagram of RAN 113 and CN 115 according to one embodiment. As described above, RAN 113 can communicate with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c via air interface 116 using NR radio technology. RAN 113 can also communicate with CN 115.

[0074] RAN 113 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c; however, it should be understood that RAN 113 may include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with the embodiments. gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c on air interface 116. In one embodiment, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may implement MIMO technology. For example, gNBs 180a and 180b may utilize beamforming to transmit signals to and / or receive signals from gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c. Therefore, for example, gNB 180a may use multiple antennas to transmit radio signals to and / or receive radio signals from WTRU 102a. In one embodiment, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can implement carrier aggregation technology. For example, gNB 180a can transmit multiple component carriers (not shown) to WTRU 102a. A subset of these component carriers can be on unlicensed spectrum, while the remaining component carriers can be on licensed spectrum. In one embodiment, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can implement Coordinated Multipoint (CoMP) technology. For example, WTRU 102a can receive coordinated transmissions from gNBs 180a and 180b (and / or gNB 180c).

[0075] WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c using transmissions associated with scalable digitization. For example, the OFDM symbol spacing and / or OFDM subcarrier spacing can differ for different transmissions, different cells, and / or different portions of the radio transmission spectrum. WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c using subframes or transmission time intervals (TTIs) of various or scalable lengths (e.g., containing a variable number of OFDM symbols and / or a continuously variable absolute time).

[0076] gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can be configured to communicate with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c in standalone and / or non-standalone configurations. In standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c without accessing other RANs (e.g., eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c). In standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can utilize one or more of gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c as mobility anchors. In standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c using signals in unlicensed frequency bands. In a non-standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate / connect with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c, while also communicating / connecting with another RAN such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c. For example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can implement DC principles to communicate substantially simultaneously with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c, as well as one or more eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c. In a non-standalone configuration, eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c can act as mobility anchors for WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c, and gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can provide additional coverage and / or throughput for serving WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c.

[0077] Each of gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can be associated with a specific cell (not shown) and can be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, user scheduling in UL and / or DL, network slicing support, dual connectivity, interoperability between NR and E-UTRA, routing user plane data to User Plane Functions (UPF) 184a and 184b, routing control plane information to Access and Mobility Management Functions (AMF) 182a and 182b, etc. Figure 1D As shown, gNB 180a, 180b, and 180c can communicate with each other on the Xn interface.

[0078] Figure 1DThe CN 115 shown may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one Session Management Function (SMF) 183a, 183b, and possibly a Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b. Although each of the foregoing elements is depicted as part of the CN 115, it should be understood that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0079] AMF 182a and 182b can connect to one or more of gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c in RAN 113 via the N2 interface and can act as control nodes. For example, AMF 182a and 182b can be responsible for authenticating users of WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c, supporting network slicing (e.g., handling different PDU sessions with different requirements), selecting specific SMF183a and 183b, managing registration areas, terminating NAS signaling, mobility management, and so on. AMF 182a and 182b can use network slicing to customize CN support for WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c based on the service types used by WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c. For example, different network slices can be established for different use cases, such as services relying on Ultra Reliable Low Latency Time (URLLC) access, services relying on Enhanced Massive Mobile Broadband (eMBB) access, services for Machine Type Communication (MTC) access, and / or so on. AMF 162 can provide control plane functions for handover between RAN 113 and other RANs (not shown) employing other radio technologies such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro and / or non-3GPP access technologies such as WiFi.

[0080] SMFs 183a and 183b can connect to AMFs 182a and 182b in CN 115 via the N11 interface. SMFs 183a and 183b can also connect to UPFs 184a and 184b in CN 115 via the N4 interface. SMFs 183a and 183b can select and control UPFs 184a and 184b, and configure the routing of services through UPFs 184a and 184b. SMFs 183a and 183b can perform other functions, such as managing and allocating UE IP addresses, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy enforcement and QoS, providing downlink data notifications, etc. PDU session types can be IP-based, non-IP-based, Ethernet-based, etc.

[0081] UPF 184a and 184b can be connected to one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c in RAN 113 via the N3 interface. This N3 interface provides WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c with access to packet-switched networks (such as Internet 110) to facilitate communication between WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. UPF 184 and 184b can perform other functions such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multi-homed PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering downlink packets, providing mobility anchoring, and so on.

[0082] CN 115 can facilitate communication with other networks. For example, CN 115 may include, or be able to communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) that acts as an interface between CN 115 and PSTN 108. Furthermore, CN 115 can provide WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. In one embodiment, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c may be connected to the local data network (DN) 185a and 185b via the N3 interface to UPFs 184a and 184b and the N6 interface between UPFs 184a and 184b and DNs 185a and 185b.

[0083] Given Figure 1A-1D as well as Figure 1A-1D The corresponding descriptions herein indicate that one or more, or all, of the functions described herein with respect to one or more of the following can be performed by one or more emulation devices (not shown): WTRU 102a-d, Base Station 114a-b, eNode-B 160a-c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNB 180a-c, AMF 182a-b, UPF 184a-b, SMF 183a-b, DN 185a-b, and / or one or more other devices described herein. An emulation device can be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more, or all, of the functions described herein. For example, an emulation device can be used to test other devices and / or simulate network and / or WTRU functions.

[0084] Simulation devices can be designed to perform tests on one or more other devices in laboratory and / or carrier network environments. For example, one or more simulation devices can perform one or more or all functions while being fully or partially implemented and / or deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network to test other devices within the communication network. One or more simulation devices can perform one or more or all functions while being temporarily implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. Simulation devices can be directly coupled to another device for testing purposes and / or can perform tests using over-the-air wireless communication.

[0085] One or more simulation devices may perform one or more functions, including all functions, rather than being implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. For example, simulation devices may be used to test test scenarios in laboratory and / or non-deployment (e.g., testing) wired and / or wireless communication networks to implement the testing of one or more components. One or more simulation devices may be test devices. Simulation devices may transmit and / or receive data using direct RF coupling and / or wireless communication via RF circuitry (e.g., which may include one or more antennas).

[0086] This application describes various aspects, including tools, features, examples, models, methods, etc. Many of these aspects are described in detail, and often in a manner that may seem restrictive, at least to illustrate individual characteristics. However, this is for clarity and not to limit the application or scope of those aspects. In fact, all the different aspects can be combined and interchanged to provide further aspects. Furthermore, this aspect can also be combined and interchanged with aspects described in earlier applications.

[0087] The aspects described and contemplated in this application can be implemented in many different forms. Figure 5-12 Some examples can be provided, but other examples are envisioned. Figure 5-12 The discussion does not limit the breadth of implementation. At least one aspect typically relates to video encoding and decoding, and at least one other aspect typically relates to the transmission of generated or encoded bitstreams. These and other aspects can be implemented as methods, apparatus, computer-readable storage media having instructions stored thereon for encoding or decoding video data according to any of the methods, and / or computer-readable storage media having a bitstream generated according to any of the methods stored thereon.

[0088] In this application, the terms “reconstructed” and “decoded” are used interchangeably, the terms “pixel” and “sample” are used interchangeably, and the terms “image”, “picture” and “frame” are used interchangeably.

[0089] This document describes various methods, and each method includes one or more steps or actions for implementing the method. Unless the correct operation of the method requires a specific order of steps or actions, the order and / or use of specific steps and / or actions can be modified or combined. Furthermore, terms such as "first," "second," etc., can be used in various examples to modify elements, components, steps, operations, etc., such as, for example, "first decoding" and "second decoding." Unless specifically required, the use of such terms does not imply an ordering of the modified operations. Therefore, in this example, the first decoding does not need to be performed before the second decoding and can occur, for example, before, during, or in a time period overlapping with the second decoding.

[0090] The various methods and other aspects described in this application can be used to modify, for example... Figure 2 and Figure 3 The illustrated video encoder 200 and decoder 300 modules are, for example, decoding modules. Furthermore, the subject matter disclosed herein can be applied to, for example, any type, format, or version of video encoding, whether described in standards or recommendations, whether pre-existing or future-developed, and any extensions to such standards and recommendations. Unless otherwise stated or technically excluded, the aspects described in this application may be used individually or in combination.

[0091] Various numerical values ​​are used in the examples described in this application, such as chroma format (e.g., 4:2:0, 4:2:2, 4:4:4), block size or coding unit size (e.g., height, width), partition size, number of search regions, number of sub-regions or sub-areas, search step size, number of reconstructed blocks, number of entries in the list, precision, number of directions, number of patterns, number of candidates, candidate order, number of samples, number of references, number of bits, bit value, sub-block size, number of parameters, multiplier value, constant value, range value, minimum value, maximum value, threshold, index value, number of prediction units, number of prediction patterns, number of reference lines, index value, flag value, weight value, minimum value, maximum value, etc. These and other specific values ​​are for the purpose of describing the example, and the aspects described are not limited to these specific values.

[0092] Figure 2 This is a diagram illustrating an example video encoder. Variations of the example encoder 200 are envisioned, but for clarity, encoder 200 is described below without describing all anticipated variations.

[0093] Before being encoded, the video sequence may undergo pre-coding (201), for example, applying color transformations to the input color image (e.g., a conversion from RGB 4:4:4 to YCbCr 4:2:0), or performing remapping of the input image components to obtain a signal distribution more resilient to compression (e.g., histogram equalization using one of the color components). Metadata may be associated with pre-processing and attached to the bitstream.

[0094] In encoder 200, as described below, the image is encoded by encoder elements. The image to be encoded is partitioned (202) and processed in units, for example, coding units (CUs). Each unit is encoded using, for example, an intra-frame mode or an inter-frame mode. When a unit is encoded in intra-frame mode, it performs intra-frame prediction (260). In inter-frame mode, motion estimation (275) and compensation (270) are performed. The encoder determines (205) which of the intra-frame or inter-frame modes is used to encode the unit and indicates the intra-frame / inter-frame decision by, for example, a prediction mode flag. For example, the prediction residual is calculated by subtracting (210) the prediction block from the original image block.

[0095] The predicted residual is then transformed (225) and quantized (230). The quantized transform coefficients, along with motion vectors and other syntax elements (such as image partitioning information), are entropy encoded (245) to output a bitstream. The encoder can skip the transform and apply quantization directly to the untransformed residual signal. The encoder can bypass both the transform and quantization, i.e., directly encode the residual without applying either the transform or quantization process.

[0096] The encoder decodes the encoded blocks to provide a reference for further prediction. The quantized transform coefficients are dequantized (240) and inversely transformed (250) to decode the prediction residuals. The image blocks are reconstructed by combining (255) the decoded prediction residuals and the prediction blocks. An in-loop filter (265) is applied to the reconstructed image to perform, for example, deblocking / SAO (Sample Adaptive Shift) / ALF (Adaptive Loop Filtering) filtering to reduce coding artifacts. The filtered image is stored at the reference image buffer (280).

[0097] Figure 3 This is a diagram illustrating an example video decoder. In the example decoder 300, as described below, the bitstream is decoded by decoder elements. The video decoder 300 typically performs operations similar to... Figure 2 The decoding rounds are the inverse of the encoding rounds described in the diagram. Encoder 200 typically also performs video decoding as part of the encoding of the video data.

[0098] Specifically, the input to the decoder includes a video bitstream, which can be generated by the video encoder 200. The bitstream is first entropy decoded (330) to obtain transform coefficients, prediction modes, motion vectors, and other encoded information. Picture partitioning information indicates how the picture is partitioned. Therefore, the decoder can partition (335) the picture based on the decoded picture partitioning information. The transform coefficients are dequantized (340) and inverse transformed (350) to decode the prediction residuals. By combining (355) the decoded prediction residuals and prediction blocks, the image blocks are reconstructed. The prediction blocks can be obtained (370) from intra-frame prediction (360) or motion-compensated prediction (i.e., inter-frame prediction) (375). An in-loop filter (365) is applied to the reconstructed image. The filtered image is stored at a reference picture buffer (380). In some examples (e.g., for a given picture), the contents of the reference picture buffer 380 on the decoder 300 side can be the same as the contents of the reference picture buffer 280 on the encoder 200 side (e.g., for the same picture).

[0099] The decoded image can undergo further post-decoding processing (385), such as inverse color transformation (e.g., a conversion from YCbCr4:2:0 to RGB4:4:4) or inverse remapping of the remapping process performed in pre-encoding processing (201). Post-decoding processing can utilize metadata derived in pre-encoding processing and signaled in the bitstream. In one example, the decoded image (e.g., after applying an in-loop filter (365) and / or after post-decoding processing (385), if post-decoding processing is used) can be sent to a display device for presentation to the user.

[0100] Figure 4 This is a diagram illustrating examples of systems in which the various aspects and examples described herein may be implemented. System 400 may be embodied as a device including the various components described below and configured to perform one or more of the aspects described in this document. Examples of such devices include, but are not limited to, various electronic devices such as personal computers, laptop computers, smartphones, tablet computers, digital multimedia set-top boxes, digital television receivers, personal video recording systems, connected home appliances, and servers. Elements of system 400 may be embodied individually or in combination in a single integrated circuit (IC), multiple ICs, and / or discrete components. For example, in at least one example, the processing and encoder / decoder elements of system 400 are distributed across multiple ICs and / or discrete components. In various examples, system 400 is communicatively coupled to one or more other systems or other electronic devices via, for example, a communication bus or through dedicated input and / or output ports. In various examples, system 400 is configured to implement one or more of the aspects described in this document.

[0101] System 400 includes at least one processor 410 configured to execute instructions loaded thereon to implement various aspects, such as those described in this document. Processor 410 may include embedded memory, input / output interfaces, and various other circuitry as known in the art. System 400 includes at least one memory 420 (e.g., a volatile memory device and / or a non-volatile memory device). System 400 includes a storage device 440 which may include non-volatile memory and / or volatile memory, including but not limited to electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), read-only memory (ROM), programmable read-only memory (PROM), random access memory (RAM), dynamic random access memory (DRAM), static random access memory (SRAM), flash memory, disk drives, and / or optical disk drives. As a non-limiting example, storage device 440 may include internal storage devices, attached storage devices (including removable and non-removable storage devices), and / or network-accessible storage devices.

[0102] System 400 includes an encoder / decoder module 430 configured to, for example, process data to provide encoded or decoded video, and the encoder / decoder module 430 may include its own processor and memory. The encoder / decoder module 430 represents one or more modules that can be included in a device to perform encoding and / or decoding functions. As is known, a device may include one or both of an encoding module and a decoding module. Furthermore, as is known to those skilled in the art, the encoder / decoder module 430 may be implemented as a separate element of system 400, or it may be incorporated within processor 410 as a combination of hardware and software.

[0103] Program code to be loaded onto processor 410 or encoder / decoder 430 to execute the various aspects described in this document may be stored in storage device 440 and subsequently loaded onto memory 420 for execution by processor 410. According to various examples, one or more of processor 410, memory 420, storage device 440, and encoder / decoder module 430 may store one or more various items during the execution of the processes described in this document. Such stored items may include, but are not limited to, input video, decoded video or portions of decoded video, bitstreams, matrices, variables, and intermediate or final results from the processing of equations, formulas, operations, and operational logic.

[0104] In some examples, the memory within processor 410 and / or encoder / decoder module 430 is used to store instructions and provide working memory for processing required during encoding or decoding. However, in other examples, external memory (e.g., the processing device may be processor 410 or encoder / decoder module 430) is used for one or more of these functions. External memory may be memory 420 and / or storage device 440, such as dynamically volatile memory and / or non-volatile flash memory. In several examples, external non-volatile flash memory is used to store, for example, the operating system of a television. In at least one example, fast external dynamically volatile memory, such as RAM, is used as working memory for video encoding and decoding operations.

[0105] Inputs to the components of system 400 may be provided by various input devices, as indicated in block 445. Such input devices include, but are not limited to: (i) an RF section that receives radio frequency (RF) signals transmitted over the air, for example by a broadcasting device; (ii) a component (COMP) input terminal (or a set of COMP input terminals); (iii) a universal serial bus (USB) input terminal; and / or (iv) a high-definition multimedia interface (HDMI) input terminal. Figure 4 Other examples not shown include composite videos.

[0106] In various examples, as is known in the art, the input device of block 445 has associated respective input processing elements. For example, the RF section may be associated with elements suitable for: (i) selecting a desired frequency (also known as selecting a signal, or limiting the signal band to a band), (ii) down-converting the selected signal, (iii) band-limiting it again to a narrower band to select, for example, a signal band that may be referred to as a channel in some examples, (iv) demodulating the down-converted and band-limited signal, (v) performing error correction, and / or (vi) demultiplexing to select a desired data packet stream. The RF section of various examples includes one or more elements to perform these functions, such as frequency selectors, signal selectors, band limiters, channel selectors, filters, downconverters, demodulators, error correctors, and demultiplexers. The RF section may include a tuner that performs various of these functions, including, for example, down-converting a received signal to a lower frequency (e.g., intermediate frequency or near-baseband frequency) or baseband. In one set-top box example, the RF section and its associated input processing elements receive RF signals transmitted via a wired (e.g., cable) medium and perform frequency selection by filtering, down-converting, and re-filtering to the desired frequency band. Various examples rearrange the order of the above (and other) components, remove some of these components, and / or add other components that perform similar or different functions. Adding components may include inserting components between existing components, such as, for example, inserting an amplifier and an analog-to-digital converter. In various examples, the RF section includes an antenna.

[0107] USB and / or HDMI terminals may include their respective interface processors for connecting system 400 to other electronic devices across USB and / or HDMI connections. It should be understood that various aspects of input processing (e.g., Reed Solomon error correction) can be implemented as needed, for example, within a separate input processing IC or within processor 410. Similarly, various aspects of USB or HDMI interface processing can be implemented as needed, either within a separate interface IC or within processor 410. Demodulated, error-corrected, and demultiplexed streams are provided to various processing elements, including, for example, processor 410 and encoder / decoder 430, to operate in conjunction with memory and storage elements to process the data streams as needed for presentation on the output device.

[0108] Various components of system 400 can be housed within an integrated housing. Within the integrated housing, various components can be interconnected and transmit data between them using suitable connection arrangements 425 (e.g., internal buses as known in the art, including inter-IC (I2C) buses, wiring, and printed circuit boards).

[0109] System 400 includes a communication interface 450 that enables communication with other devices via a communication channel 460. The communication interface 450 may include, but is not limited to, a transceiver configured to transmit and receive data via the communication channel 460. The communication interface 450 may include, but is not limited to, a modem or network interface card (NIC), and the communication channel 460 may be implemented, for example, in a wired and / or wireless medium.

[0110] In various examples, data is streamed to or otherwise provided to system 400 using a wireless network such as a Wi-Fi network (e.g., IEEE 802.11 (IEEE refers to the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)). In these examples, the Wi-Fi signal is received via a communication channel 460 and a communication interface 450 suitable for Wi-Fi communication. The communication channel 460 in these examples is typically connected to an access point or router that provides access to external networks, including the Internet, to allow streaming applications and other over-the-top communications. Other examples use a set-top box that delivers data via an HDMI connection to input block 445 to provide streaming data to system 400. Still other examples use an RF connection to input block 445 to provide streaming data to system 400. As indicated above, various examples provide data in a non-streaming manner. Furthermore, various examples use wireless networks other than Wi-Fi, such as cellular networks or Bluetooth® networks.

[0111] System 400 can provide output signals to various output devices, including display 475, speaker 485, and other peripheral devices 495. Display 475, in various examples, includes one or more of, for example, a touchscreen display, an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display, a curved display, and / or a foldable display. Display 475 can be used in televisions, tablets, laptops, cellular phones (mobile phones), or other devices. Display 475 can also be integrated with other components (e.g., as in a smartphone) or separate (e.g., an external monitor for a laptop). In various examples, other peripheral devices 495 include one or more of a standalone digital video disc (or digital multifunction disc) (both terms refer to DVDs), a disc player, a stereo system, and / or a lighting system. Various examples use one or more peripheral devices 495 that provide functionality based on the output of system 400. For example, a disc player performs the function of playing the output of system 400.

[0112] In various examples, signaling such as AV.Link, Consumer Electronics Control (CEC), or other communication protocols that enable device-to-device control with or without user intervention is used to communicate control signals between system 400 and display 475, speaker 485, or other peripheral devices 495. Output devices can be communicatively coupled to system 400 via dedicated connections through their respective interfaces 470, 480, and 490. Alternatively, output devices can be connected to system 400 via communication interface 450 using communication channel 460. Display 475 and speaker 485 can be integrated into a single unit with other components of system 400 in electronic devices such as, for example, a television set. In various examples, display interface 470 includes display drivers, such as, for example, a timing controller (TCon) chip.

[0113] For example, if the RF section of input 445 is part of a standalone set-top box, then display 475 and speaker 485 can alternatively be separate from one or more other components. In various examples where display 475 and speaker 485 are external components, the output signal can be provided via dedicated output connections, including, for example, an HDMI port, a USB port, or a COMP output.

[0114] The example can be implemented by computer software implemented by processor 410, or by hardware, or by a combination of hardware and software. As a non-limiting example, the example can be implemented by one or more integrated circuits. As a non-limiting example, memory 420 can be of any type suitable for the technical environment and can be implemented using any suitable data storage technology, such as optical storage devices, magnetic storage devices, semiconductor-based memory devices, fixed memory, and removable memory. As a non-limiting example, processor 410 can be of any type suitable for the technical environment and can encompass one or more of microprocessors, general-purpose computers, special-purpose computers, and processors based on multi-core architectures.

[0115] Various implementations involve decoding. As used herein, "decoding" can include, for example, all or part of a process performed on a received encoded sequence to produce a final output suitable for display. In various examples, such a process includes one or more processes typically performed by a decoder, such as entropy decoding, inverse quantization, inverse transform, and differential decoding. In various examples, such a process also or alternatively includes processes performed by a decoder of the various implementations described herein, such as determining a first merge candidate block of a video block associated with a motion vector (MV); determining a template cost associated with the MV based on the template of the video block; generating a template matching candidate list of the video block based on the template cost associated with the MV; decoding the video block based on the template matching candidate list, etc.

[0116] As further examples, in one example, "decoding" refers only to entropy decoding; in another example, "decoding" refers only to differential decoding; and in yet another example, "decoding" refers to a combination of entropy decoding and differential decoding. It will be clear, and is considered well understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, whether the phrase "decoding process" is intended to refer specifically to a subset of operations or to a broader decoding process, based on the specific context of the description.

[0117] Various implementations involve encoding. In a manner similar to the discussion above regarding “decoding,” “encoding,” as used herein, can include, for example, all or part of a process performed on an input video sequence to produce an encoded bitstream. In various examples, such a process includes one or more processes typically performed by an encoder, such as partitioning, differential coding, transform, quantization, and entropy coding. In various examples, such a process also or alternatively includes processes performed by an encoder of the various implementations described herein, such as determining a first merge candidate block of a video block associated with a motion vector (MV); determining a template cost associated with the MV based on a template of the video block; generating a template matching candidate list of the video block based on the template cost associated with the MV; encoding the video block based on the template matching candidate list, etc.

[0118] As further examples, in one example, "encoding" refers only to entropy encoding; in another, "encoding" refers only to differential encoding; and in yet another, "encoding" refers to a combination of differential and entropy encoding. It will be clear, and is considered well understood by those skilled in the art, whether the phrase "encoding process" is intended to specifically refer to a subset of operations or to refer generally to the broader decoding process, based on the specific context of the description.

[0119] Note that the syntax elements used in this article (such as BlkW, BlkH, SearchRange_w, SearchRange_h, etc.) are descriptive terms. Therefore, the use of other syntax element names is not excluded.

[0120] When a diagram is presented as a flowchart, it should be understood that it also provides a block diagram of the corresponding device. Similarly, when a diagram is presented as a block diagram, it should be understood that it also provides a flowchart of the corresponding method / process.

[0121] The implementations and aspects described herein can be implemented, for example, in a method or process, apparatus, software program, data stream, or signal. Even if discussed only in the context of a single implementation (e.g., discussed only as a method), the implementation of the discussed features can also be implemented in other forms (e.g., apparatus or program). An apparatus can be implemented, for example, in appropriate hardware, software, and firmware. A method can be implemented, for example, in a processor, which generally refers to a processing device, including, for example, a computer, microprocessor, integrated circuit, or programmable logic device. A processor also includes communication devices, such as, for example, a computer, a cellular phone, a portable / personal digital assistant (“PDA”), and other devices that facilitate information communication between end users.

[0122] References to “an example” or “an example” or “an implementation” or “an implementation”, and their other variations, mean that the specific feature, structure, characteristic, etc., described in connection with the example is included in at least one example. Therefore, the appearance of the phrase “in an example” or “in the example” or “in an implementation” or “in the implementation”, and any other variations appearing in different places throughout the application, do not necessarily refer to the same example.

[0123] Additionally, this application may refer to "determining" various information pieces. Determining information may include, for example, one or more of estimation information, calculation information, prediction information, or information retrieved from memory. Obtaining may include receiving, retrieving, constructing, generating, and / or determining.

[0124] Furthermore, this application may refer to "accessing" various information fragments. Accessing information may include, for example, receiving information, retrieving information (e.g., from memory), storing information, moving information, copying information, calculating information, determining information, predicting information, or estimating information, or one or more of these.

[0125] Additionally, this application may refer to "receiving" various pieces of information. Like "access," "receiving" is intended to be a broad term. Receiving information may include, for example, accessing information or retrieving information (e.g., from memory) one or more. Furthermore, "receiving" is generally referred to in one way or another during operations such as, for example, storing information, processing information, transmitting information, moving information, copying information, erasing information, calculating information, determining information, predicting information, or estimating information.

[0126] It will be understood that the use of any of the following “ / ”, “and / or”, and “at least one”, for example, in the cases of “A / B”, “A and / or B”, and “at least one of A and B”, is intended to include selecting only the first listed option (A), or only the second listed option (B), or selecting both options (A and B). As another example, in the cases of “A, B, and / or C” and “at least one of A, B, and C”, such wording is intended to include selecting only the first listed option (A), or only the second listed option (B), or only the third listed option (C), or only the first and second listed options (A and B), or only the first and third listed options (A and C), or only the second and third listed options (B and C), or selecting all three options (A, B, and C). As will be apparent to those skilled in the art and related fields, this can be extended to as many items as listed.

[0127] Furthermore, as used herein, the term "signal" specifically refers, among other things, to instructing the corresponding decoder to do something. Encoder signals can include, for example, prediction modes, prediction signals, residual signals, metadata, encoded or motion representation modes and associated signals (e.g., ITMP associated flags, LIC associated flags), partitioning modes, merging modes (e.g., IBC merge mode flags, TM merge flags), DBV flags, reference pictures, motion vector predictors (MVP), motion vector differences (MVD), indexes, candidate lists, etc. In this way, in the examples, the same parameters can be used on both the encoder and decoder sides. Thus, for example, the encoder can transmit (explicitly signal) specific parameters to the decoder so that the decoder can use the same specific parameters. Conversely, if the decoder already has specific parameters as well as other parameters, signaling can be used without transmission (implicitly signaling) to simply allow the decoder to know and select specific parameters. Bit savings are achieved in various examples by avoiding the transmission of any actual functionality. It will be understood that signaling can be implemented in many ways. For example, in various examples, one or more syntax elements, flags, etc., are used to signal information to the corresponding decoder. Although the verb form of the word "signal" was mentioned earlier, the word "signal" can also be used as a noun in this article.

[0128] As will be apparent to those skilled in the art, the implementation can generate various signals, which are formatted to carry information, for example, that can be stored or transmitted. This information may include, for example, instructions for performing a method, or data generated by one of the implementations. For example, the signal may be formatted to carry a bit stream of the example. Such a signal may be formatted as, for example, electromagnetic waves (e.g., using the radio frequency portion of the spectrum) or baseband signals. Formatting may include, for example, encoding the data stream and modulating a carrier wave with the encoded data stream. The information carried by the signal may be, for example, analog or digital information. As is known, the signal can be transmitted via a variety of different wired or wireless links. The signal may be stored on, accessed from, or received from a processor-readable medium.

[0129] This document describes numerous examples. Features of the examples may be provided individually or in any combination across various claim classes and types. Furthermore, examples may include one or more of the features, devices, or aspects described herein, individually or in any combination across various claim classes and types. For example, the features described herein may be implemented in a bitstream or signal including information generated as described herein. According to any of the described embodiments, this information may allow a decoder to decode the bitstream, encoder, bitstream, and / or decoder. For example, the features described herein may be implemented by creating and / or transmitting and / or receiving and / or decoding a bitstream or signal. For example, the features described herein may be implemented as a method, process, apparatus, medium storing instructions, medium storing data, or signal. For example, the features described herein may be implemented by a TV, set-top box, cellular phone, tablet computer, or other electronic device performing decoding. The TV, set-top box, cellular phone, tablet computer, or other electronic device may display (e.g., using a monitor, screen, or other type of display) the resulting image (e.g., an image reconstructed from the residual of a video bitstream). The TV, set-top box, cellular phone, tablet computer, or other electronic device may receive a signal including an encoded image and perform decoding.

[0130] Systems, methods, and means for use with devices configured for one or more of video encoding (e.g., encoding and / or decoding), distribution, or consumption are disclosed. Motion vectors can be used as merging candidates for intra-frame blocks. Merging candidates encoded with motion vectors (e.g., in non-intra-frame slices) can be used in merging operations of block vector tools (e.g., IBC and IntraTMP). In some examples, motion vectors can be viewed as block vectors with different temporal identifiers. Adaptive selection between block vectors and motion vectors can be implemented, which can improve prediction quality.

[0131] In the example, a device (e.g., a decoder for video decoding) can determine that a first merge candidate block of a video block is associated with a motion vector (MV). The device can determine the template cost associated with the MV, for example, based on a template of the video block. The device can generate a template matching candidate list for the video block based on the template cost associated with the MV. The template matching candidate list can include one or more MVs, one or more BVs, or a mixture of one or more MVs and one or more BVs. The template matching candidate list can be a BV candidate list or an MV candidate list. The device can decode the video block based on the template matching candidate list (e.g., by performing intra-frame TMP or IBC using the template matching candidate list).

[0132] In the example, a device (e.g., an encoder for video encoding) can determine that a first candidate block for merging a video block is associated with a motion vector (MV). The device can determine the template cost associated with the MV, for example, based on a template of the video block. The device can generate a template matching candidate list for the video block based on the template cost associated with the MV. The device can encode the video block based on the template matching candidate list (e.g., by performing intra-frame TMP or IBC using the template matching candidate list).

[0133] In the example, the template matching candidate list may include the MV associated with the first merge candidate block of the video block and the block vector (BV) associated with the second merge candidate block of the video block.

[0134] In the example, the device can (e.g., further) determine a reference block for a video block. The device can determine the difference between the template of the reference block and the template of the video block, wherein the template cost associated with the MV is determined based on the difference between the template of the reference block and the template of the video block. For example, this difference can be determined based on the sum of absolute differences (SAD) between the template of the reference block (e.g., the predicted block) and the template of the current block.

[0135] In the example, the reference block may be in a second image that is different from the first image that includes the video block, and is determined based on the MV associated with the first merge candidate block of the video block.

[0136] In the example, the reference block can be in the reference image of the video block or in the reference image of the first merge candidate block of the video block.

[0137] In the example, the device can (e.g., further) determine the block vector (BV) associated with the second picture based on the MV associated with the first merge candidate block of the video block. For example, a reference block can be determined based on the BV associated with the second picture. For example, the reference block can be determined by determining the juxtaposed picture of the current picture and using the MV as the BV pointed to from the juxtaposed picture.

[0138] In the example, the reference block could be in the same image as the image that includes the video block. The device could (e.g., further) determine the block vector (BV) based on the MV associated with the first merge candidate block of the video block. For example, the reference block could be determined based on the BV.

[0139] In the example, the device can determine that a second merge candidate block of a video block is associated with a block vector (BV). The device can determine the template cost associated with the BV, for example, based on the template of the video block. For example, a template matching candidate list of the video block can be generated based on the template cost associated with the BV. For example, the template matching candidate list may include the BV associated with the second merge candidate block of the video block.

[0140] In the example, the device can determine that intra-template matching prediction (intra-TMP) is enabled for a video block. For example, the template matching candidate list can be an intra-TMP candidate list. The device can determine the block value (BV) associated with the video block based on template matching. For example, the intra-TMP candidate list can include BVs associated with video blocks. The device can reorder the intra-TMP candidate list based on the template cost associated with the corresponding intra-TMP candidate in the intra-TMP candidate list.

[0141] In the example, the device can determine that intra-block copying (IBC) is enabled for a video block. For example, the template matching candidate list could be an IBC merge candidate list. The device can, for example, reorder the IBC merge candidate list based on the template cost associated with the corresponding IBC merge candidate in the IBC merge candidate list.

[0142] In the example, the first merge candidate block can be a neighboring video block or a non-neighboring video block of the video block. The first merge candidate block can be in the same picture as the picture that includes the video block. For example, one or more of Spatial Geometry Partitioning (SGPM), Decoder-Side Intra-Frame Mode Derivation (DIMD), Template-Based Intra-Frame Mode Derivation (TIMD), or Intra-Frame Block Copying (IBC)-Geometry Partitioning (GPM) can be enabled for the picture that includes the video block. For example, the template matching candidate list includes BVs associated with one or more of SGPM, DIMD, TIMD, or IBC-GPM.

[0143] Figure 5The illustration shows an example of an intra-template matching search region used in IntraTMP (Intra-Temporal Matching Prediction). IntraTMP is an intra-prediction mode that copies the best prediction block from the reconstructed portion of the current image (e.g., the current frame), with its L-shaped template matching the current template. For a predefined search range, the encoder searches for the template most similar to the current template in the reconstructed portion of the current image and uses the corresponding block as the prediction block. The encoder can (e.g., then can) signal the use of this mode. The same prediction operation can be performed on the decoder side.

[0144] By connecting the L-shaped causal neighborhood of the current block with... Figure 5 The predicted signal is generated by matching another block within a predefined search region, which includes: R1: Current CTU R2: Top Left CTU R3: CTU above R4: Left CTU.

[0145] The sum of absolute differences (SAD) can be used as a cost function. Within a region (e.g., within each region), the decoder can search for the template with the minimum SAD relative to the current template and use its corresponding block as the prediction block. The region size (e.g., SearchRange_w, SearchRange_h) can be set to be proportional to the block size (e.g., BlkW, BlkH) to have a fixed number of SAD comparisons per pixel. That is: SearchRange_w = a * BlkW SearchRange_h = a * BlkH, Here, 'a' can be a constant that controls the gain / complexity tradeoff. For example, 'a' can be equal to 5.

[0146] For CUs with a width and height of 64 or less, the intraTMP tool can be enabled. This maximum CU size for intraTMP is configurable. IntraTMP mode can be signaled at the CU level via a dedicated flag.

[0147] Multiple candidates can be selected for IntraTMP. The index indicating the best candidate can be encoded into the bitstream.

[0148] The fusion method of IntraTMP can be used (e.g., where the fusion weights are derived from template cost or a fixed value). The number of fusion blocks can be determined by a threshold. Candidate blocks (e.g., up to three candidate blocks) can be fused. If one block is selected (e.g., only one) for fusion, the final predictor can be a fusion of the selected matching block and the intra predictor derived from the planar pattern.

[0149] IntraTMP supports subpixel precision. Subpixel positions around integer pixel positions obtained through template matching can be enabled for IntraTMP. DCT-IF filters can be used for subpixel interpolation.

[0150] Figure 6 The illustration shows an example of selecting two optimal predictors for IntraTMP.

[0151] For example, such as Figure 6 As shown, adaptive IntraTMP fusion (e.g., with up to two prediction blocks corresponding to the best and second-best TM costs) can be used, where P1 is the prediction data with the lowest TM cost and P2 is the prediction data with the second-lowest TM cost. Conditions (e.g., two conditions) can be applied to determine whether fusion is applied. The weight derivation can be the same as in TIMD. The fused prediction (e.g., the final fused prediction) can be a weighted sum of P1 and P2.

[0152] Other (e.g., three additional) IntraTMP modes (e.g., left-side template mode, top-side template mode, and L-shaped fusion mode) can be used. The left-side and top-side template modes can derive template matching candidates using (e.g., using only) the left and top sides respectively. The L-shaped fusion mode can fuse the two best template matching candidates according to a cost-based linear combination formula. Figure 7 Examples of the left and top template shapes are shown in the illustration.

[0153] IntraTMP can be implemented using candidate merging. For example, the IntraTMP search process can incorporate additional candidates from neighboring blocks encoded in IntraTMP or IBC mode. These additional candidates can be referred to as IntraTMP merge candidates. The template matching cost process used to rank the additional candidates (such as those from sparse search) among the already computed candidates can be the same template matching cost process used to rank the already computed candidates. There may be (e.g., up to 25) local and non-local PUs that can be examined during the selection of additional (e.g., merging) candidates. The processing order of neighboring PUs can be the same as in the IBC merging mode. For example, if / when a block vector is found within the local or non-local neighborhood of the current PU, that block vector can be added to the current IntraTMP candidate list.

[0154] For other IntraTMP candidates, the template cost of the block vector can be obtained in the same way. Candidates can be merged and ranked together with other candidates. For example, the top 30 candidates can be selected for further refinement.

[0155] IBC can be implemented using template matching. For example, template matching can be used in IBC merge mode and / or IBC AMVP mode.

[0156] The IBC-TM merge list can be modified compared to the merge list available in the regular IBC merge mode. For example, candidates can be selected based on a pruning method with motion distances between them, as in the regular TM merge mode. The zero motion implementation at the end can be replaced by motion vectors for the left (-W,0), top (0,-H), and top-left (-W,-H), where W can be the width of the current CU and H can be the height of the current CU.

[0157] In IBC-TM merging mode, for example, template matching methods can be used to refine the selected candidates before rate-distortion optimization (RDO) or decoding. IBC-TM merging mode can compete with regular IBC merging mode. A signal (e.g., to the decoder) can be used to notify the TM-merge flag.

[0158] In the IBC-TM AMVP mode, candidates can be selected from the IBC-TM merge list (e.g., up to three (3)). For example, template matching methods can be used to refine the selected candidates (e.g., each of the three (3) selected candidates). For example, the candidates can be ranked (e.g., refined) based on their resulting template matching costs. During motion estimation, top or best (e.g., only the top two (2)) candidates can be considered.

[0159] Template matching refinement for IBC-TM merging and AMVP patterns can be simplified (e.g., simple). IBC motion vectors can be constrained, for example, (i) to be integers and / or (ii) within the reference region, e.g., as... Figure 8 As shown. For example, in IBC-TM merge mode, thinning can be performed with integer precision (e.g., all thinning). In IBC-TM AMVP mode, for example, thinning can be performed with integer or 4-pixel precision (e.g., all thinning) depending on the AMVR value. For example, thinning can be performed (e.g., only) on samples without interpolation. The motion vectors for thinning and the template used (e.g., in each thinning operation) can take into account constraints on the reference region.

[0160] Figure 8The illustration shows an example of the IBC reference area based on the current CU position.

[0161] For example, if the merge candidate includes block vector information, it can be used in intra-frame prediction with block vectors (e.g., IBC or IntraTMP). In IntraTMP, the block vectors of the merge candidate can be evaluated based on template cost, for example, along with the derived block vectors. In IBC, the merge index can be signaled. For example, if the merge candidate is inter-frame coded, such as including motion vectors instead of block vectors, it may not be used. Although motion vectors may be a better predictor than block vectors, there may be no mechanism to utilize merge candidates that include motion vectors.

[0162] Merging candidates encoded with motion vectors (e.g., in non-intra-frame slices) can be used in merging mechanisms of block vector tools (e.g., IBC and IntraTMP). Motion vectors can be viewed as block vectors with different temporal identifiers (e.g., by using MV as the BV for the predicted video block). Adaptive selection between block vectors and motion vectors can be implemented, which can improve prediction quality.

[0163] In intra-frame coding, a distinction can be made between adjacent merge candidates and non-adjacent merge candidates. Adjacent merge candidates can be those corresponding to neighboring blocks near the current block. For example... Figure 10 As shown in the example, adjacent merge candidates may include one or more of the following: top block (A); top right block (AR); top left block (AL); bottom left block (BL); and / or left block (L).

[0164] Figure 9 An example of adjacent merge candidates is illustrated.

[0165] Non-adjacent merge candidates can be (e.g., readily available) candidates that are relatively far from the current block, such as... Figure 10 As shown in the example. Non-adjacent merge candidates can be, for example, up to five (5) CUs away from the current block (e.g., in all directions except for directions that may not have been decoded yet, such as the right and bottom right).

[0166] Figure 10 The illustration shows an example of a non-adjacent neighborhood.

[0167] Candidate block vectors can be evaluated on the current template and compared with block vectors obtained from an IntraTMP search performed during the IntraTMP merging process. For example, a block vector can be selected if its template cost is less than the template costs associated with other block vectors.

[0168] IntraTMP merging can be used in conjunction with motion vectors. IntraTMP with merging can reuse block vectors from neighboring blocks that can be encoded in IntraTMP mode. Template search can be augmented with (e.g., readily available) block vectors. Template cost can be used to rank the block vectors obtained from the template search (e.g., all block vectors) and neighboring blocks to construct (e.g., a candidate list of 19) block vectors. The index can be signaled to the decoder.

[0169] The motion vectors of neighboring blocks can (e.g., may also) be included in the candidate list, for example, such as Figure 11 Example 1100 illustrates this. MV can be available information for the current block, and in some examples, when using MV as an additional template matching candidate, additional signaling is not required. In some examples, inter-frame prediction can be a strong prediction of the current video block (e.g., a prediction as strong as or stronger than intra-frame prediction). For example, as... Figure 11 As shown in Example 1100, the motion vector of a merge candidate encoded in inter-frame mode can be considered as a candidate for IntraTMP merge. This motion vector can be considered as a block vector in a frame different from the current frame. In the example, a merge process (e.g., the same merge process) can be performed. For example, as... Figure 11 As shown in 1110, template cost can be used to rank merge candidates and non-merge candidates. Figure 11 An example method is described in the document. Figure 11The diagram illustrates an example flowchart of a process for generating an IntraTMP merge candidate list based on motion vectors associated with neighboring blocks. At 1102, the device can determine that IntraTMP is enabled for the current video block. At 1104, the device can determine one or more BVs (e.g., based on template matching) of the current video block. At 1108, the device can determine that a first merge candidate block of the current video block is associated with motion information (e.g., if the first merge candidate block is inter-frame coded). The motion information may include motion vectors associated with the first merge candidate block of the current video block. At 1106, the device can determine that a second merge candidate block of the current video block is associated with a BV. At 1110, the device may, for example, determine one or more of the following template costs based on the template of the current video block: the template cost associated with one or more BVs of the current video block determined at 1104, the template cost associated with a motion vector (which is associated with a first merge candidate block of the current video block determined at 1108), or the template cost associated with a BV (which is associated with a second merge candidate block of the current video block determined at 1106). As described herein at 1110, the device may rank one or more template costs. At 1112, the device may, for example, determine a template matching candidate list (e.g., an IntraTMP candidate list) for the current video block based on the ranking performed at 1110.

[0170] For example, such as Figure 2 As shown in Figure 1200, IBC merging can be used in conjunction with motion vectors. Block vectors from neighboring and non-neighboring neighborhoods can be placed into a merge candidate list and ranked according to template cost. Motion vectors may be considered in one or more examples in this paper (e.g., they may not be considered in some examples). Motion vectors of neighboring blocks can be considered as block vectors from different frames.

[0171] In the example, the merge list can be expanded using the motion vectors of neighboring blocks, for example, such as Figure 12 Example 1200 illustrates this. Template cost can be used to reorder (e.g., all) vectors (e.g., block and motion vectors) to construct the final merge list. An index can be used to indicate which merge candidate has been selected. Figure 12 Example methods are described in the document. Figure 12The diagram illustrates an example flowchart of a process for generating an IBC merge candidate list based on motion vectors associated with neighboring blocks. At 1202, the device may determine that IBC merge mode is enabled for the current video block. At 1206, the device may determine that a first merge candidate block for the current video block is associated with motion information (e.g., if the first merge candidate block is inter-frame coded). The motion information may include motion vectors associated with the first merge candidate block of the current video block. At 1204, the device may determine that a second merge candidate block for the current video block is associated with a BV. At 1208, the device may determine, for example, one or more of the following template costs based on the template of the current video block: a template cost associated with a motion vector (which is associated with the first merge candidate block of the current video block determined at 1206), or a template cost associated with a BV (which is associated with the second merge candidate block of the current video block determined at 1204). As described herein at 1208, the device may rank one or more template costs. At 1210, the device can determine, for example, a list of template matching candidates (e.g., an IBC merge list) for the current video block based on the ranking performed at 1208.

[0172] Other IBC / IntraTMP derivation modes that consider the block vectors of neighboring blocks (e.g., SGPM, DIMD, TIMD, IBC-GPM) can (e.g., may also) consider the motion vectors associated with neighboring blocks.

[0173] Spatial Geometric Partitioning (SGPM) can be used to predict coded blocks. SGPM can be considered an intra-frame mode and can be used with one or more inter-frame coding tools similar to Geometric Partitioning (GPM). Both prediction components can be generated from the intra-frame prediction process. In SGPM, a candidate list can be constructed using each entry containing partitioning and two intra-frame prediction modes. One or more (e.g., 26) partitioning modes and one or more (e.g., three) intra-frame prediction modes can be used to form a combination. The length of the candidate list can be set to 16. The selected candidate index can be signaled. For example, in addition to a predefined set of intra-frame modes and partitioning directions, SGPM modes can use block vectors from neighboring blocks. As described herein, SGPM modes can use block vectors and motion vectors from neighboring blocks.

[0174] The decoder-side Intra-Mode Derivation (DIMD) merging mode can merge the gradient histograms (HoGs) of neighboring blocks encoded in DIMD modes to derive the DIMD information of the current block. The DIMD information of multiple (e.g., up to 13) blocks or CUs in the surrounding region of the current CU can be used to derive the merged HoG (MHoG) of the current CU. As in non-merging-based DIMD modes, the MHoG can be used to derive intra-prediction modes and weights. Orientation modes and / or corresponding weights corresponding to multiple (e.g., five) highest amplitudes in the MHoG can be selected, and the corresponding predictors can be mixed (e.g., weight-based) as in non-merging-based DIMD modes. The DIMD merging list can be constructed based on the DIMD information of one or more neighboring blocks. For example, the DIMD merging list can use information from one or more of the following candidates: DIMD information from spatial neighborhoods, DIMD information from non-neighboring neighborhoods, or DIMD information derived from the MHoG. For example, in addition to a predefined set of (e.g., five (5)) intra-modes, the DIMD mode can use block vectors from neighboring blocks. As described in this article, the DIMD mode can use the block vectors and motion vectors of neighboring blocks.

[0175] Video encoding devices (e.g., encoders or decoders) can perform template-based intra-frame mode derivation (TIMD). Using TIMD, for example, for one or more intra-frame prediction modes in the most probable mode (MPM) (e.g., for each intra-frame prediction mode in the MPM) and / or one or more wide-angle modes (e.g., if upper-right and / or lower-left reference samples are available), the difference between the predicted and reconstructed samples of the template (such as the sum of absolute transform differences (SATD)) can be computed. Many (e.g., the first two) intra-frame prediction modes with the minimum SATD can be selected as TIMD modes. These TIMD modes can be fused (e.g., based on a weighted average and / or after applying a position-related intra-frame prediction combination (PDPC), and the intra-frame predictions resulting from the fusion (e.g., weighted intra-frame predictions) can be used to encode the current CU. PDPC can be performed to derive TIMD modes. For example, in addition to a predefined set of (e.g., two (2)) intra-frame modes, TIMD modes can also use block vectors from neighboring blocks. As described herein, TIMD can use block vectors and motion vectors from neighboring blocks.

[0176] Intra-Block Copy (IBC) - Geometric Partitioning (GPM) mode (IBC-GPM) can use block vectors from neighboring blocks. When a block is encoded in IBC-GPM mode, the coding unit can be divided into an intra-predictive portion and an IBC-predictive portion along geometric boundaries. A portion can include one or more 4×4 sub-blocks, where the sub-blocks can be designated as either intra-predictive or IBC-predictive. In the example, when at least one of the adjacent 4×4 sub-blocks is encoded and belongs to the intra-predictive portion of a coding unit using IBC-GPM mode, the boundary intensity of the luma component can be set to 2, and / or the boundary intensity of the chroma component can be set to 2.

[0177] One or more block vectors (BVs) derived via IntraTMP can be used in IntraBlock Copy (IBC) mode. For example, one or more stored IntraTMP BVs (derived from neighboring blocks of the current block) along with one or more IBC BVs can be used as spatial BV candidates to construct an IBC BV candidate list, and the current IBC block can be encoded based on the IBC BV candidate list. As described herein, IBC-GPM can use block vectors and motion vectors from neighboring blocks.

[0178] SGPM, DIMD, TIMD, and IBC-GPM modes use the block vectors of the current mode. SGPM, DIMD, TIMD, and IBC-GPM modes can be extended by (e.g., also) considering motion vectors in neighboring blocks (e.g., if they are available). SGPM, DIMD, TIMD, and IBC-GPM modes can treat motion vectors as block vectors within different frames.

[0179] The decoder can generate a template matching candidate list for a video block, which includes BV merge candidates associated with the video block and / or MVs associated with another merge candidate associated with the video block. This includes decoding tools and techniques such as entropy decoding, inverse quantization, inverse transform, and differential decoding (e.g., ...). Figure 3The diagrams shown can be used to implement one or more of the examples described herein in a decoder. For example, these decoding tools and techniques can be used to implement one or more of the following: determining a first merge candidate block of a video block associated with an MV; determining, for example, a template cost associated with an MV based on the template of the video block; generating a template matching candidate list of the video block based on the template cost associated with the MV (e.g., including one or more MVs, one or more BVs, or a mixture of one or more MVs and one or more BVs); decoding the video block based on the template matching candidate list (e.g., performing intra-frame TMP or IBC using the template matching candidate list); generating a template matching candidate list that includes the MVs associated with the first merge candidate block of the video block. And / or the BV associated with the second merge candidate block of the video block; determine a reference block for the video block; determine the difference between the template of the reference block and the template of the video block; determine the template cost associated with the MV based on the difference between the template of the reference block and the template of the video block; for example, determine the difference based on the SAD of the template of the reference block (e.g., the predicted block) and the template of the current block; determine a reference block in a second picture that is different from the first picture including the video block based on the MV associated with the first merge candidate block of the video block; determine the reference picture of the video block or the reference block in the reference picture of the first merge candidate block of the video block; determine the BV associated with the second picture based on the MV associated with the first merge candidate block of the video block; base Determine a reference block based on the BV associated with the second image; determine the reference block by determining the collocated image of the current image and / or using the MV as the BV pointed to from the collocated image; determine the BV based on the MV associated with the first merge candidate block of the video block; determine a reference block in the same image as the image that includes the video block based on the BV; determine a second merge candidate block of the video block associated with the BV; determine the template cost associated with the BV based on the template of the video block, for example; generate a template matching candidate list for the video block based on the template cost associated with the BV, which may include the BV associated with the second merge candidate block of the video block; determine that intra-frame TMP is enabled for the video block; determine intra-frame TMP. TMP candidate list; determine BV associated with the video block based on template matching; determine an intra-TMP candidate list including the BV associated with the video block; reorder the intra-TMP candidate list based on the template cost associated with the corresponding intra-TMP candidate in the intra-TMP candidate list; determine that IBC is enabled for the video block; determine an IBC merge candidate list; for example, reorder the IBC merge candidate list based on the template cost associated with the corresponding IBC merge candidate in the IBC merge candidate list; determine a first merge candidate block, which is either an adjacent video block or a non-adjacent video block of the video block; determine the first merge candidate block in the same picture as the picture including the video block;Determine if one or more of the following are enabled for the image including the video block: Spatial Geometry Partitioning (SGPM), Decoder-Side Intra-Frame Mode Derivation (DIMD), Template-Based Intra-Frame Mode Derivation (TIMD), or Intra-Frame Block Copying (IBC)-Geometry Partitioning (GPM); determine if a template matching candidate list is enabled for the BV associated with one or more of SGPM, DIMD, TIMD, or IBC-GPM; perform decoding of the current video block based on the template matching candidate list by using one or more of SGPM, DIMD, TIMD, or IBC-GPM; and so on.

[0180] The encoder can generate a template matching candidate list for a video block, which includes BV merge candidates associated with the video block and / or MVs associated with another merge candidate associated with the video block. Encoding tools and techniques including one or more of quantization, entropy coding, inverse quantization, inverse transform, and differential coding (e.g., ...) Figure 2The examples shown can be used in an encoder to implement one or more of the examples described herein. For example, these encoding tools and techniques can be used to implement one or more of the following: determining a first merge candidate block of a video block associated with an MV; determining a template cost associated with an MV based on the template of the video block, for example; generating a template matching candidate list of the video block based on the template cost associated with the MV (e.g., including one or more MVs, one or more BVs, or a mixture of one or more MVs and one or more BVs); encoding the video block based on the template matching candidate list (e.g., performing intra-frame TMP or IBC using the template matching candidate list); generating a template matching candidate list that includes the MVs associated with the first merge candidate block of the video block. And / or the BV associated with the second merge candidate block of the video block; determine a reference block for the video block; determine the difference between the template of the reference block and the template of the video block; determine the template cost associated with the MV based on the difference between the template of the reference block and the template of the video block; for example, determine the difference based on the SAD of the template of the reference block (e.g., the predicted block) and the template of the current block; determine a reference block in a second picture that is different from the first picture including the video block based on the MV associated with the first merge candidate block of the video block; determine the reference picture of the video block or the reference block in the reference picture of the first merge candidate block of the video block; determine the BV associated with the second picture based on the MV associated with the first merge candidate block of the video block; base Determine a reference block based on the BV associated with the second image; determine the reference block by determining the collocated image of the current image and / or using the MV as the BV pointed to from the collocated image; determine the BV based on the MV associated with the first merge candidate block of the video block; determine a reference block in the same image as the image that includes the video block based on the BV; determine a second merge candidate block of the video block associated with the BV; determine the template cost associated with the BV based on the template of the video block, for example; generate a template matching candidate list for the video block based on the template cost associated with the BV, which may include the BV associated with the second merge candidate block of the video block; determine that intra-frame TMP is enabled for the video block; determine intra-frame TMP. TMP candidate list; determine BV associated with the video block based on template matching; determine an intra-TMP candidate list including the BV associated with the video block; reorder the intra-TMP candidate list based on the template cost associated with the corresponding intra-TMP candidate in the intra-TMP candidate list; determine that IBC is enabled for the video block; determine an IBC merge candidate list; for example, reorder the IBC merge candidate list based on the template cost associated with the corresponding IBC merge candidate in the IBC merge candidate list; determine a first merge candidate block, which is either an adjacent video block or a non-adjacent video block of the video block; determine the first merge candidate block in the same picture as the picture including the video block;Determine if one or more of the following are enabled for the image including the video block: Spatial Geometry Partitioning (SGPM), Decoder-Side Intra-Frame Mode Derivation (DIMD), Template-Based Intra-Frame Mode Derivation (TIMD), or Intra-Frame Block Copying (IBC)-Geometry Partitioning (GPM); determine if a template matching candidate list is enabled for the BV associated with one or more of SGPM, DIMD, TIMD, or IBC-GPM; perform decoding of the current video block based on the template matching candidate list by using one or more of SGPM, DIMD, TIMD, or IBC-GPM; and so on.

[0181] Although the features and elements have been described above in specific combinations, those skilled in the art will understand that each feature or element can be used alone or in any combination with other features and elements. Furthermore, the methods described herein can be implemented as a computer program, software, or firmware incorporated in a computer-readable medium for execution by a computer or processor. Examples of computer-readable media include electronic signals (transmitted via a wired or wireless connection) and computer-readable storage media. Examples of computer-readable storage media include, but are not limited to, read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), registers, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media (such as internal hard disks and removable disks), magneto-optical media, and optical media (such as CD-ROMs and digital multifunction discs (DVDs)). The processor associated with the software can be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver used in a WTRU, UE, terminal, base station, RNC, or any host computer.

Claims

1. A device for video decoding, comprising: The processor is configured as follows: The first candidate block for merging video blocks is associated with a motion vector (MV); Based on the template of the video block, determine the template cost associated with the MV; A template matching candidate list for the video block is generated based on the template cost associated with the MV. as well as The video block is decoded based on the template matching candidate list.

2. A device for video encoding, comprising: The processor is configured as follows: The first candidate block for merging video blocks is associated with a motion vector (MV); Based on the template of the video block, determine the template cost associated with the MV; A template matching candidate list for the video block is generated based on the template cost associated with the MV. as well as The video block is encoded based on the template matching candidate list.

3. The device according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein, The template matching candidate list includes the MV associated with the first merge candidate block of the video block and the block vector (BV) associated with the second merge candidate block of the video block.

4. The device according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein, The processor is further configured to: Determine a reference block for the video block; and The difference between the template of the reference block and the template of the video block is determined, wherein the template cost associated with the MV is determined based on the difference between the template of the reference block and the template of the video block.

5. The device according to claim 4, wherein, The reference block is in a second image, different from the first image that includes the video block, and is determined based on the MV associated with the first merge candidate block of the video block.

6. The device according to claim 4, wherein, The reference block is in the same image as the image that includes the video block, and the processor is further configured to determine a block vector (BV) based on the MV associated with a first merge candidate block of the video block, wherein the reference block is determined based on the BV.

7. The device according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein, The processor is further configured to: The second candidate block for merging the video block is determined to be associated with a block vector (BV); and The template cost associated with the BV is determined based on the template of the video block, wherein the template matching candidate list of the video block is further generated based on the template cost associated with the BV, and wherein the template matching candidate list includes BVs associated with a second merge candidate block of the video block.

8. The device according to claim 7, wherein, The processor is further configured to: It is determined that intra-frame template matching prediction (intra-frame TMP) is enabled for the video block, wherein the template matching candidate list is the intra-frame TMP candidate list; The BV associated with the video block is determined based on template matching, wherein the intra-frame TMP candidate list includes the BV associated with the video block; and The intra-TMP candidate list is reordered based on the template cost associated with the corresponding intra-TMP candidate in the intra-TMP candidate list.

9. The device according to claim 7, wherein, The processor is further configured to: It was determined that intra-block copying (IBC) was enabled for the video block, wherein the template matching candidate list is an IBC merge candidate list; and The IBC merge candidate list is reordered based on the template cost associated with the corresponding IBC merge candidate in the IBC merge candidate list.

10. The device according to claim 7, wherein, The first merge candidate block is a neighboring or non-neighboring video block of the video block and is located in the same picture as the picture that includes the video block, wherein one or more of Spatial Geometry Partitioning (SGPM), Decoder-Side Intra-Frame Mode Derivation (DIMD), Template-Based Intra-Frame Mode Derivation (TIMD), or Intra-Frame Block Copying (IBC)-Geometry Partitioning (GPM) are enabled for the picture that includes the video block, and wherein the template matching candidate list includes BVs associated with one or more of SGPM, DIMD, TIMD, or IBC-GPM.

11. A method for video decoding, comprising: The first candidate block for merging video blocks is associated with a motion vector (MV); Based on the template of the video block, determine the template cost associated with the MV; A template matching candidate list for the video block is generated based on the template cost associated with the MV. as well as The video block is decoded based on the template matching candidate list.

12. A method for video encoding, comprising: The first candidate block for merging video blocks is associated with a motion vector (MV); Based on the template of the video block, determine the template cost associated with the MV; A template matching candidate list for the video block is generated based on the template cost associated with the MV. as well as The video block is encoded based on the template matching candidate list.

13. The method according to claim 11 or 12, wherein, The template matching candidate list includes the MV associated with the first merge candidate block of the video block and the block vector (BV) associated with the second merge candidate block of the video block.

14. The method of claim 11 or 12, further comprising: A reference block is determined for the video block; as well as The difference between the template of the reference block and the template of the video block is determined, wherein the template cost associated with the MV is determined based on the difference between the template of the reference block and the template of the video block.

15. The method according to claim 14, wherein, The reference block is in a second image, different from the first image that includes the video block, and is determined based on the MV associated with the first merge candidate block of the video block.

Images