Aquaculture water recirculating purification apparatus

Abstract

The utility model provides a kind of breeding water circulation purification equipment, including water tank, first microwave electrodeless lamp, second microwave electrodeless lamp and aerator, water tank is provided with water inlet, water outlet, with the water curtain structure that water inlet communicates, and the air vent located above water outlet, breeding water is in the form of water curtain and flows into water tank by water curtain structure;First microwave electrodeless lamp is used to generate first ultraviolet light, and the water curtain structure is uniformly arranged in the circumference of first microwave electrodeless lamp;Second microwave electrodeless lamp is used to generate second ultraviolet light, to generate ozone in water tank;Aerator is arranged on water tank, including the gas inlet pipe of series connection, air pump and aeration component, gas inlet pipe is inserted into water tank and is located above breeding water, to inhale ozone;Aeration component extends into breeding water, to pass ozone into breeding water.The utility model can realize the synergistic effect of ultraviolet photolysis, ozone oxidation and microwave, and be conducive to improving the purification effect on breeding water.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This utility model relates to the technical field of purification equipment for factory-scale aquaculture, and in particular to a water circulation purification device for aquaculture. Background Technology

[0002] The large-scale aquaculture industry currently faces the following core bottlenecks:

[0003] First, the accumulation of earthy-smelling substances leads to a deterioration in product flavor and low consumer acceptance. These substances are complex mixtures composed of various trace volatile compounds, with geosmin (GSM) and 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) being representative components. These two substances have extremely low odor thresholds; geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol have odor thresholds of 4 ng / L and 15 ng / L, respectively, meaning they can be perceived by consumers even at very low concentrations.

[0004] Secondly, the problem of excessive residues of antibiotics, disinfectants, and other drugs is prominent. These residues can persist for 20-30 days, violating food safety standards (such as GB 31650-2019), hindering export trade, and posing health risks to consumers. The harmful effects of antibiotic residues on the human body include immunosuppression, mutagenesis, teratogenicity, and carcinogenicity. Frequent consumption of food containing antibiotic residues can lead to the gradual accumulation of antibiotics in the body, causing organ damage.

[0005] Currently, the main methods for treating aquaculture water include chemical oxidation, ultrasonic treatment, and biodegradation. Chemical oxidation technology uses strong oxidants such as ozone and hydrogen peroxide to degrade odor compounds in water; while highly efficient, it may generate potentially harmful byproducts. Ultrasonic treatment relies on high-frequency sound waves to break down the cell walls of microorganisms, reducing odor formation; however, the equipment investment cost is high. Microbial degradation utilizes the metabolic activities of specific bacterial groups such as Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and Enterobacteriaceae to decompose earthy-smelling substances, while also reducing ammonia nitrogen and regulating pH; however, its effectiveness is limited by microbial growth conditions and system stability. Furthermore, ultraviolet (UV) photodegradation technology achieves degradation by generating OH free radicals. Studies show that 200nm UV light generated by 2.45GHz microwave discharge can effectively decompose malodorous gases, but UV radiation alone is insufficient to address complex pollutants.

[0006] The aforementioned methods for purifying aquaculture water all employ single purification techniques, resulting in limited effectiveness and difficulty in comprehensively improving water quality. Therefore, a new solution is needed to address these technical issues. Utility Model Content

[0007] This invention provides a water circulation and purification device for aquaculture to solve the technical problem of how to achieve efficient purification of aquaculture water.

[0008] This utility model provides a water circulation and purification device for aquaculture. The device includes a water tank, a first microwave electrodeless lamp, a second microwave electrodeless lamp, and an aeration device. The water tank holds the aquaculture water to be purified and is equipped with an inlet, an outlet, a water curtain structure connected to the inlet, and a vent above the outlet. The aquaculture water flows into the water tank in a curtain-like manner through the water curtain structure. The first microwave electrodeless lamp is partially inserted into the water tank and positioned above the aquaculture water to generate... The first ultraviolet light source includes a water curtain structure arranged circumferentially around the first microwave electrodeless lamp; the second microwave electrodeless lamp is partially inserted into the water tank and positioned above the aquaculture water to generate second ultraviolet light, thereby producing ozone in the water tank; the aeration device is installed on the water tank and includes an air inlet pipe, an air pump, and an aeration component connected in series. The air inlet pipe is inserted into the water tank and positioned above the aquaculture water to draw in the ozone; the aeration component extends into the aquaculture water to introduce the ozone into the aquaculture water.

[0009] In one embodiment of the present invention, the inlet and the outlet are respectively located on two opposite sides of the water tank. The first microwave electrodeless lamp, the second microwave electrodeless lamp and the aeration device are arranged sequentially along the direction from the inlet to the outlet. The air inlet of the air inlet pipe is located near the second microwave electrodeless lamp.

[0010] In one embodiment of the present invention, the water curtain structure is formed by multiple interconnected water cavities enclosing a U-shaped structure, the first microwave electrodeless lamp is located in the middle of the U-shaped structure, and multiple water outlet holes are provided on the side of the water cavity facing the first microwave electrodeless lamp.

[0011] In one embodiment of the present invention, both the first microwave electrodeless lamp and the second microwave electrodeless lamp include a microwave generator, a resonant cavity, and multiple electrodeless lamp tubes. The electrodeless lamp tubes are disposed in the resonant cavity, which is formed by multiple metal mesh plates. The water cavity is disposed around the resonant cavity of the first microwave electrodeless lamp.

[0012] In one embodiment of the present invention, a multi-layer lamp holder is provided inside the resonant cavity, and a plurality of horizontally arranged electrodeless lamp tubes are provided on each layer of the lamp holder.

[0013] In one embodiment of the present invention, the aeration end of the aeration component is located at the bottom of the water tank, and the aeration end is provided with at least one aeration pipe, and each aeration pipe is provided with multiple aeration discs.

[0014] In one embodiment of the present invention, the diameter of the water inlet is smaller than the diameter of the water outlet; multiple vents are provided and are located on the same side as the water inlet.

[0015] In one embodiment of the present invention, a partition is provided inside the water tank. The partition is located on the side near the water outlet, and the side of the partition facing the top of the water tank is higher than the water outlet. The partition is spaced apart from the bottom plate of the water tank.

[0016] In one embodiment of the present invention, the circumferential sidewall of the water tank is partially configured with a concave-convex structure, and the bottom of the water tank is provided with multiple feet.

[0017] In one embodiment of the present invention, a drain outlet is provided at the bottom of the water tank, a drain pipe is connected to the drain outlet, and a valve is provided on the drain pipe.

[0018] The beneficial effects of this utility model are as follows: This utility model proposes a water circulation and purification device for aquaculture. By installing a first microwave electrodeless lamp and a second microwave electrodeless lamp on a water tank, the first microwave electrodeless lamp has a circumferentially arranged water curtain structure and generates first ultraviolet light. When the aquaculture water to be purified enters the water tank through the water curtain structure, the water, in a water curtain shape, is irradiated by the first ultraviolet light, achieving the effect of disinfection and sterilization. Furthermore, the water curtain structure increases the contact area between the aquaculture water and the first ultraviolet light, which is beneficial for improving the aquaculture water's effectiveness. The purification effect of the aquaculture water: The second microwave electrodeless lamp generates a second ultraviolet light, which reacts with oxygen in the water tank to generate ozone. This ozone is introduced into the aquaculture water through the aeration components of an aeration device that extends into the aquaculture water, thereby achieving the effect of decolorizing and deodorizing the aquaculture water; and the microwaves generated by the first and second microwave electrodeless lamps can produce a thermal effect, increasing the temperature inside the water tank, which is beneficial to improving the purification efficiency of the aquaculture water by the first ultraviolet light and ozone; through the synergistic effect of the first ultraviolet light, ozone and microwaves, highly efficient purification of the aquaculture water is achieved. Attached Figure Description

[0019] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and form part of this specification, illustrate embodiments consistent with this application and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of this application. It is obvious that the drawings described below are merely some embodiments of this application, and those skilled in the art can obtain other drawings based on these drawings without any inventive effort.

[0020] In the attached diagram:

[0021] Figure 1 A water circulation and purification device for aquaculture provided in one embodiment of this utility model;

[0022] Figure 2 This is a water circulation and purification device for aquaculture provided in another embodiment of the present invention;

[0023] Figure 3This is a water curtain structure provided in one embodiment of the present invention;

[0024] Figure 4 This is a first microwave electrodeless lamp provided in one embodiment of the present invention.

[0025] The attached figures are labeled as follows:

[0026] 1-Water tank; 11-Inlet; 12-Outlet; 13-Ventilation port; 14-Water cavity; 141-Outlet hole; 15-Foot; 16-Baffle; 17-Drain outlet;

[0027] 2-First microwave electrodeless lamp; 21-Microwave generator; 22-Resonant cavity; 221-Metal mesh plate; 222-Lamp holder; 23-Electrodeless lamp tube;

[0028] 3-Second microwave electrodeless lamp;

[0029] 4-Aeration device; 41-Air inlet pipe; 42-Air pump; 43-Aeration pipe; 44-Aeration disc. Detailed Implementation

[0030] The following specific examples illustrate the implementation of this utility model. Those skilled in the art can easily understand other advantages and effects of this utility model from the content disclosed in this specification. This utility model can also be implemented or applied through other different specific embodiments. Various details in this specification can also be modified or changed based on different viewpoints and applications without departing from the spirit of this utility model. In the absence of conflict, the following embodiments and features in the embodiments can be combined with each other.

[0031] It should be noted that the illustrations provided in the following embodiments are only schematic representations of the basic concept of the present invention. The drawings only show the components related to the present invention and are not drawn according to the actual number, shape and size of the components. In actual implementation, the form, quantity and proportion of each component can be arbitrarily changed, and the layout of the components may also be more complex.

[0032] In the following description, numerous details are explored to provide a more thorough explanation of embodiments of the present invention. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that embodiments of the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other embodiments, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form rather than in detail to avoid obscuring embodiments of the present invention.

[0033] Please see Figure 1 and Figure 2This utility model provides an aquaculture water circulation and purification device, including a water tank 1, a first microwave electrodeless lamp 2, a second microwave electrodeless lamp 3, and an aeration device 4. The water tank 1 is used to hold the aquaculture water to be purified. Both the first microwave electrodeless lamp 2 and the second microwave electrodeless lamp 3 are installed on the water tank 1, partially extending into the interior of the water tank 1 and positioned above the aquaculture water inside. The aeration device 4 is also installed on the water tank 1.

[0034] The water tank 1 is equipped with an inlet 11, an outlet 12, a water curtain structure, and a vent 13. The aquaculture water to be purified enters the water tank 1 through the inlet 11 for purification, and the purified water in the water tank 1 flows into the aquaculture system through the outlet 12. The water curtain structure is connected to the inlet 11; the aquaculture water flowing in from the inlet 11 flows into the water tank 1 through the water curtain structure, and the aquaculture water flows out of the water curtain structure in a water curtain shape. The water tank 1 is connected to the outside environment through the vent 13, allowing outside air to enter the water tank 1 through the vent 13. Furthermore, to prevent aquaculture water from flowing out of the water tank 1 through the vent 13, the vent 13 is located above the outlet 12.

[0035] The first microwave electrodeless lamp 2 is equipped with a water curtain structure around its circumference. The first microwave electrodeless lamp 2 generates first ultraviolet light, which causes the aquaculture water flowing out of the water curtain structure to be irradiated by the first ultraviolet light before flowing into the water tank 1. It should be noted that the wavelength of the first ultraviolet light is 240-280nm, preferably 254nm. This first ultraviolet light can destroy the molecular structure of DNA or RNA in bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms in the aquaculture water, causing their vegetative or regenerative cells to die, thereby achieving disinfection and sterilization of the aquaculture water. Furthermore, due to the water curtain structure, the aquaculture water flows out of the water curtain in a curtain-like shape, increasing the contact area between the aquaculture water and the first ultraviolet light, which is beneficial for improving the purification effect of the aquaculture water.

[0036] The second microwave electrodeless lamp 3 is used to generate a second ultraviolet light with a wavelength of 185nm. Oxygen entering the water tank 1 through the vent 13 reacts with the second ultraviolet light to generate ozone.

[0037] The aeration device 4 includes an air inlet pipe 41, an air pump 42, and aeration components connected in series. The air pump 42 is installed on the top outer side of the water tank 1. The air inlet pipe 41 is inserted into the water tank 1 and positioned above the aquaculture water. Under the action of the air pump 42, the air inlet pipe 41 draws in ozone from the water tank 1. The aeration components are inserted into the water tank 1 and extend into the aquaculture water. Under the action of the air pump 42, the aeration components circulate the ozone drawn in by the air inlet pipe 41 into the aquaculture water. Ozone can directly decompose earthy-smelling substances already present in the aquaculture water, such as geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol released by actinomycetes, cyanobacteria, and other microorganisms. Simultaneously, ozone can oxidize and degrade pollutants such as ammonia nitrogen, phenols, and benzene compounds, thereby achieving decolorization and deodorization of the aquaculture water.

[0038] Furthermore, the microwaves generated by the first microwave electrodeless lamp 2 and the second microwave electrodeless lamp 3 can produce a thermal effect, increasing the temperature inside the water tank 1, thereby accelerating the molecular motion rate and increasing the apparent rate of the ultraviolet photolysis reaction by 2-3 times. This is beneficial to improving the purification efficiency of the first ultraviolet light and ozone on the aquaculture water.

[0039] This invention relates to aquaculture water circulation and purification equipment that achieves the synergistic effect of ultraviolet light, ozone, and microwaves. Ultraviolet photolysis primarily promotes the fragmentation of large molecules associated with earthy odors, while ozone oxidation completes the mineralization process of smaller molecules. Microwaves, through energy coupling, shorten the reaction time to equilibrium. These three elements work together to form a highly efficient "fragmentation-mineralization" treatment pathway, achieving efficient purification of aquaculture water. Furthermore, the diffuse nature of ozone effectively compensates for the disinfection dead zones created by the linear propagation of the first ultraviolet light, improving treatment uniformity. The first ultraviolet light inhibits the generation of new pollutants in the aquaculture water through sterilization.

[0040] It should be noted that the air inlet pipe 41 draws in air from the water tank 1 along with ozone, which helps to increase the oxygen content in the aquaculture water.

[0041] In one example, the inlet 11 and outlet 12 of the water tank 1 are located on opposite sides of the water tank 1. The first microwave electrodeless lamp 2, the second microwave electrodeless lamp 3, and the aeration device 4 are arranged between the inlet 11 and the outlet 12, and are arranged sequentially from the inlet 11 to the outlet 12, so that the aquaculture water to be purified entering the water tank 1 is first subjected to ultraviolet photolysis, then ozone treatment, and then flows out of the water tank 1 through the outlet 12.

[0042] Furthermore, the air inlet of the air inlet pipe 41 of the aeration device 4 is located near the second microwave electrodeless lamp 3, so that the ozone generated below the second microwave electrodeless lamp 3 is drawn into the air inlet pipe 41, which is beneficial to increase the ozone concentration drawn into the air inlet pipe 41.

[0043] For example, the vent 13 is located on the side away from the aeration device 4, that is, the vent 13 is set on the same side as the water inlet 11, which is beneficial to increase the ozone concentration drawn in through the air inlet pipe 41. Furthermore, multiple vents 13 are provided, which helps to ensure that the air pressure inside the water tank 1 is consistent with the outside air pressure. It should be noted that each vent 13 can be equipped with a louvered structure, which not only meets the ventilation requirements but also serves as a dust prevention function.

[0044] In some embodiments, to prevent the aquaculture water in the water tank 1 from overflowing, the diameter of the inlet 11 is set smaller than the diameter of the outlet 12, so that the flow rate of the aquaculture water entering the water tank 1 is less than the flow rate of the aquaculture water flowing out of the water tank 1. It should be noted that both the inlet 11 and the outlet 12 are connected to pipes for connection to the aquaculture system.

[0045] Please see Figure 3 In one example, the water curtain structure is formed by multiple interconnected water cavities 14 enclosing a U-shaped structure. The first microwave electrodeless lamp 2 is located in the middle of the U-shaped structure, and multiple water outlet holes 141 are provided on the side of the water cavity 14 facing the first microwave electrodeless lamp 2, so that water curtain-like aquaculture water flows out from all sides of the first microwave electrodeless lamp 2, which helps to increase the contact area between the aquaculture water and the first ultraviolet light, and thus helps to improve the purification effect of the first microwave electrodeless lamp 2 on the aquaculture water.

[0046] For example, the water outlet 141 can be configured as a strip-shaped hole, the length direction of which is parallel to the horizontal plane of the aquaculture water in the water tank 1.

[0047] In one example, the water curtain structure can be installed on the top inner side of the water tank 1 by welding, and the water cavity 14 is connected to the water inlet 11 through a pipe so that the aquaculture water flows into the water cavity 14 through the water inlet 11.

[0048] Please see Figure 4 In some embodiments, the first microwave electrodeless lamp 2 and the second microwave electrodeless lamp 3 both include a microwave generator 21, a resonant cavity 22 and a plurality of electrodeless lamp tubes 23. The electrodeless lamp tubes 23 are disposed in the resonant cavity 22. The high-frequency electromagnetic waves generated by the microwave generator 21 are transmitted to the resonant cavity 22. The microwaves are reflected in the resonant cavity 22 to form a stable standing wave electric field. The electrodeless lamp tubes 23 located in the resonant cavity 22 emit light under the action of the standing wave electric field.

[0049] The resonant cavity 22 is formed by multiple metal mesh plates 221. These metal mesh plates 221 not only provide resonance but also shield most of the microwaves emitted by the microwave generator 21, which helps to increase the average power density inside the resonant cavity 22. The water chamber 14 of the water curtain structure is located around the resonant cavity 22 of the first microwave electrodeless lamp 2. The first ultraviolet light emitted by the electrodeless lamp tube 23 passes through the metal mesh plates 221 to irradiate the aquaculture water flowing out of the water chamber 14, achieving disinfection and sterilization of the aquaculture water.

[0050] In one example, a multi-layer lamp holder 222 is arranged inside the resonant cavity 22, and multiple electrodeless lamps 23 are arranged on each layer of the lamp holder 222. This optimizes the space utilization of the resonant cavity 22 and helps to improve the uniformity of ultraviolet light output, as well as enhance radiation intensity and stability. It should be noted that the electrodeless lamps 23 are arranged laterally on the lamp holder 222, that is, the length direction of the electrodeless lamps 23 is parallel to the horizontal plane of the aquaculture water in the water tank 1. This helps to ensure that all the electrodeless lamps 23 located in the resonant cavity 22 emit light.

[0051] For example, the first microwave electrodeless lamp 2 and the second microwave electrodeless lamp 3 are both installed on the top of the water tank 1 by welding, and the first microwave electrodeless lamp 2 and the second microwave electrodeless lamp 3 are sealed to the water tank 1.

[0052] Please see Figure 2 In some embodiments, the aeration end of the aeration component is located at the bottom of the water tank 1. The aeration end is equipped with at least one aeration pipe 43, and the number of aeration pipes 43 can be one, two, three, etc., adapted to actual needs. Furthermore, each aeration pipe 43 is equipped with multiple equally spaced aeration discs 44, which helps to improve the solubility of ozone in the aquaculture water, thereby improving the purification effect on the aquaculture water.

[0053] For example, the aeration disc 44 can be a micro-nano aeration disc 44.

[0054] Please see Figure 1 and Figure 2 In some embodiments, to improve the structural strength of the water tank 1 and enable it to hold a larger volume of aquaculture water, the circumferential sidewalls of the water tank 1 are partially designed with interlocking concave and convex structures. This interlocking structure increases the contact area between the sidewalls of the water tank 1 and the aquaculture water, thereby reducing the pressure exerted by the aquaculture water on the sidewalls per unit area, which in turn helps to improve the structural strength of the water tank 1. Furthermore, the bottom of the water tank 1 is provided with multiple feet 15 for support.

[0055] In one example, to further improve the structural strength of the water tank 1, a partition 16 is provided inside the water tank 1. This partition 16 is located near the outlet 12 and is connected to the inner wall of the water tank 1 by welding or other means. The side of the partition 16 facing the top of the water tank 1 is higher than the outlet 12, which helps ensure that the aquaculture water flowing into the water tank 1 is purified before flowing out of the water tank 1. Furthermore, to allow the purified aquaculture water to flow out from the outlet 12, the partition 16 is spaced apart from the bottom plate of the water tank 1, forming a channel for the purified aquaculture water to pass through.

[0056] In some embodiments, sediment may accumulate at the bottom of the water tank 1 during the purification process. After the aquaculture water circulation and purification equipment has been operating for a period of time, the water tank 1 needs to be cleaned. To achieve this, a drain outlet 17 is provided at the bottom of the water tank 1, and a drain pipe is installed at the drain outlet 17, with a valve on the drain pipe. When it is necessary to clean the water tank 1, the valve on the drain pipe is opened to discharge the wastewater and sediment from the water tank 1.

[0057] The above embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles and effects of this utility model and are not intended to limit the scope of this utility model. Any person skilled in the art can modify or alter the above embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of this utility model. Therefore, all equivalent modifications or alterations made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and technical concept disclosed in this utility model should still be covered by the claims of this utility model.

Claims

1. A water circulation and purification device for aquaculture, characterized in that, include: A water tank is used to hold aquaculture water that needs to be purified. It is equipped with an inlet, an outlet, a water curtain structure connected to the inlet, and a vent located above the outlet. The aquaculture water flows into the water tank in a water curtain shape through the water curtain structure. A first microwave electrodeless lamp is partially inserted into the water tank and positioned above the aquaculture water to generate first ultraviolet light. The first microwave electrodeless lamp is provided with the water curtain structure around its circumference. A second microwave electrodeless lamp is partially inserted into the water tank and positioned above the aquaculture water to generate a second ultraviolet light, thereby producing ozone in the water tank. An aeration device, installed on the water tank, includes an air inlet pipe, an air pump, and an aeration component connected in series. The air inlet pipe is inserted into the water tank and positioned above the aquaculture water to draw in the ozone. The aeration component extends into the aquaculture water to introduce the ozone into the aquaculture water.

2. The aquaculture water circulation and purification equipment according to claim 1, characterized in that: The inlet and outlet are respectively located on opposite sides of the water tank. The first microwave electrodeless lamp, the second microwave electrodeless lamp, and the aeration device are arranged sequentially along the direction from the inlet to the outlet. The air inlet of the air inlet pipe is located near the second microwave electrodeless lamp.

3. The aquaculture water circulation and purification equipment according to claim 1, characterized in that: The water curtain structure is formed by multiple interconnected water cavities enclosing a U-shaped structure. The first microwave electrodeless lamp is located in the middle of the U-shaped structure, and multiple water outlets are provided on the side of the water cavity facing the first microwave electrodeless lamp.

4. The aquaculture water circulation and purification equipment according to claim 3, characterized in that: Both the first microwave electrodeless lamp and the second microwave electrodeless lamp include a microwave generator, a resonant cavity, and multiple electrodeless lamp tubes. The electrodeless lamp tubes are disposed inside the resonant cavity, which is formed by multiple metal mesh plates. The water cavity is disposed around the resonant cavity of the first microwave electrodeless lamp.

5. The aquaculture water circulation and purification equipment according to claim 4, characterized in that: The resonant cavity is equipped with multiple lamp holders, and each lamp holder has multiple horizontally arranged electrodeless lamp tubes.

6. The aquaculture water circulation and purification equipment according to claim 1, characterized in that: The aeration end of the aeration component is located at the bottom of the water tank, and the aeration end is provided with at least one aeration pipe, with multiple aeration discs on each aeration pipe.

7. The aquaculture water circulation and purification equipment according to any one of claims 1-6, characterized in that: The diameter of the inlet is smaller than the diameter of the outlet; multiple vents are provided and are located on the same side as the inlet.

8. The aquaculture water circulation and purification equipment according to claim 7, characterized in that: The water tank is equipped with a partition, which is located on the side near the water outlet. The side of the partition facing the top of the water tank is higher than the water outlet, and the partition is spaced apart from the bottom plate of the water tank.

9. The aquaculture water circulation and purification equipment according to claim 8, characterized in that: The circumferential sidewalls of the water tank are partially designed with interlocking concave and convex structures, and the bottom of the water tank is provided with multiple feet.

10. The aquaculture water circulation and purification equipment according to claim 9, characterized in that: The bottom of the water tank is provided with a drain outlet, a drain pipe is connected to the drain outlet, and a valve is provided on the drain pipe.

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