A full-automatic oxygen extraction and packaging equipment for quick-frozen meat

Abstract

The utility model discloses a kind of quick-frozen meat full-automatic oxygen extraction packaging equipment, using upper packaging roller, lower packaging roller respectively winding upper packaging film, lower packaging film and laying to the mode of conveyor belt, no longer need to separate packaging bag one by one, avoid the problem that packaging bag mutually adheres, it is convenient to separate packaging bag, after mechanical arm carries the quick-frozen meat to be packaged to workbench, quick-frozen meat is located between lower packaging film and upper packaging film, avoid the operation of opening bag mouth, improve packaging efficiency, reduce the labor intensity of worker bagging, upper cover moves downward along vertical direction, until with upper packaging film and lower packaging film on workbench contact and exert pressure force;Subsequently, vacuumizing device under workbench starts, and the space between upper packaging film and lower packaging film is extracted oxygen treatment;After using sealing heating strip to seal upper packaging film and lower packaging film, the packaging work of quick-frozen meat is completed.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This utility model relates to the field of packaging equipment technology, specifically to a fully automatic oxygen-extraction packaging equipment for quick-frozen meat. Background Technology

[0002] In the food processing industry, frozen meat products are favored because they can better maintain the freshness and nutritional content of the meat, meeting consumers' demand for convenient and fresh ingredients. To facilitate the transportation of frozen meat, it is necessary to use oxygen-free packaging.

[0003] In existing technology, frozen meat is first transferred to a vacuum sealing machine via a conveyor belt. Workers then take the packaging bags, open the bags, and fill them with the frozen meat. The vacuum sealing machine then removes oxygen from the bags and seals them. Because the packaging bags easily stick together due to static electricity, workers need to spend considerable time separating each bag individually and opening the bags, resulting in high labor intensity. Therefore, there is a need to design a sampling and packaging device that facilitates the separation and opening of packaging bags and can automatically complete the bagging of frozen meat. Utility Model Content

[0004] The purpose of this invention is to provide a fully automatic oxygen-extraction packaging device for quick-frozen meat to solve the problems mentioned in the background art.

[0005] To achieve the above objectives, this utility model provides the following technical solution: a fully automatic oxygen degassing packaging device for quick-frozen meat, comprising an upper packaging roller and a lower packaging roller, wherein an upper packaging film is wound on the upper packaging roller and a lower packaging film is wound on the lower packaging roller, the upper packaging roller and the lower packaging roller are rotatably mounted on a packaging support, and a braking device is respectively installed on the upper packaging roller and the lower packaging roller.

[0006] A workbench is set in front of the packaging support, a vacuum device is installed under the workbench, and an upper cover is set above the workbench. The upper cover is mounted on a sealing support and a sealing heating strip is installed inside the upper cover.

[0007] A conveyor belt is installed in front of the workbench. The lower packaging film is laid from the lower packaging roller onto the conveyor belt via the workbench surface, and the upper packaging film is laid from the upper packaging roller onto the conveyor belt via the top of the workbench.

[0008] A robotic arm is installed on the side of the workbench, which can move frozen meat to be packaged onto the workbench.

[0009] Packaging supports, sealing supports, and robotic arms can be fixed to the ground.

[0010] Preferably, the robotic arm includes a base for fixing to the ground, and a large arm is slidably disposed within the base. One end of the large arm is fixed with a tray for placing frozen meat to be packaged.

[0011] A forearm is slidably mounted inside the base. One end of the forearm is fixed with a baffle, and the other end of the forearm is equipped with a spring pin. A positioning hole is opened inside the base. After the spring pin moves to the positioning hole, the pin inside can extend out and get into the positioning hole.

[0012] A push plate is fixed on the tray, and the push plate can push the baffle.

[0013] The base is equipped with a sliding unlocking pin that can extend into the positioning hole. The upper arm is fixed with an unlocking wedge that can push the unlocking pin.

[0014] One end of a tension spring is fixed to the baffle of the forearm, and the other end of the tension spring is fixed to the base.

[0015] Preferably, a rack is fixed on the boom, the rack is meshed with a drive gear, the drive gear is fixed on the output shaft of the telescopic motor, and the telescopic motor is fixed on the base.

[0016] Preferably, a support roller is rotatably mounted on the packaging support, and the upper packaging film is laid from the upper packaging roller through the support roller onto the conveyor belt.

[0017] Preferably, the braking device is a drum brake, which is installed on the packaging support. The drum brake of the upper packaging roller can clamp the shaft of the upper packaging roller, and the drum brake of the lower packaging roller can clamp the shaft of the lower packaging roller.

[0018] Preferably, a guardrail is provided on one side of the pallet, which can be fixed to the ground, and a material discharge ramp is provided on the other side of the pallet, which can be fixed to the ground.

[0019] Preferably, the conveyor belt, braking device, vacuum device, sealing heating strip, and telescopic motor are all electrically connected to the controller.

[0020] Preferably, one end of an electric push rod is fixed inside the top cover, and the other end of the electric push rod is fixed with a sealing heating strip. The electric push rod is electrically connected to the controller.

[0021] Preferably, the controller is fixed to the side of the workbench, and the controller is a 32-bit microcontroller.

[0022] Preferably, a sealing gasket is fixed under the top cover.

[0023] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of this utility model are: by using the upper packaging roller and the lower packaging roller to wind the upper packaging film and the lower packaging film respectively and lay them on the conveyor belt, it is no longer necessary to separate the packaging bags one by one, thus avoiding the problem of packaging bags sticking to each other and making it easier to separate the packaging bags.

[0024] After the robotic arm moves the frozen meat to be packaged onto the worktable, the frozen meat is positioned between the lower and upper packaging films, avoiding the need to open the bag, improving packaging efficiency, and reducing the labor intensity of workers bagging the meat.

[0025] The top cover moves vertically downwards until it contacts and presses against the upper and lower packaging films on the worktable. Then, a vacuum device below the worktable activates to remove oxygen from the space between the upper and lower packaging films. A sealing heating strip then seals the upper and lower packaging films, completing the packaging of the frozen meat. The conveyor belt is then activated, driving the frozen meat to be cut from the worktable onto the belt. The meat is then transferred to the cutting device for bag cutting. Simultaneously, since both the upper and lower packaging films are laid on the conveyor belt, its movement also causes the upper and lower packaging rollers to release the films. When the upper and lower packaging rollers brake, the conveyor belt continues to run, effectively tightening the upper and lower packaging films. The coordination of these components improves the automation level of frozen meat packaging. Attached Figure Description

[0026] Figure 1 This is an isometric view of the present invention;

[0027] Figure 2 This is the front view of the present invention, with the robotic arm and part of the packaging support removed;

[0028] Figure 3 This is a sectional view of the top cover of this utility model;

[0029] Figure 4 This is an isometric drawing of the robotic arm of this utility model;

[0030] Figure 5 This is a cross-sectional view of the robotic arm of this utility model;

[0031] Figure 6 For the present utility model Figure 5 A magnified view of part A.

[0032] In the diagram: 1. Upper packaging roller, 2. Lower packaging roller, 3. Upper packaging film, 4. Lower packaging film, 5. Packaging support, 6. Braking device, 7. Workbench, 8. Top cover, 9. Sealing support, 10. Sealing heating strip, 11. Conveyor belt, 12. Frozen meat to be cut into packaging bags, 13. Support roller, 14. Guardrail, 15. Material discharge ramp, 16. Electric push rod, 20. Robotic arm, 21. Base, 22. Upper arm, 23. Pallet, 24. Lower arm, 25. Baffle, 26. Spring pin, 27. Positioning hole, 28. Push plate, 29. Unlocking pin, 30. Unlocking wedge, 31. Tension spring, 32. Rack, 33. Drive gear, 34. Telescopic motor. Detailed Implementation

[0033] The technical solutions of the present utility model will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings of the embodiments. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present utility model, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present utility model, all other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without creative effort are within the protection scope of the present utility model.

[0034] This utility model provides a technical solution: such as Figure 1 , 2 As shown, a fully automatic oxygen-depleting packaging device for quick-frozen meat includes an upper packaging roller 1 and a lower packaging roller 2. An upper packaging film 3 is wound on the upper packaging roller 1, and a lower packaging film 4 is wound on the lower packaging roller 2. The upper packaging roller 1 and the lower packaging roller 2 are rotatably mounted on a packaging support 5, and a braking device 6 is installed on the upper packaging roller 1 and the lower packaging roller 2 respectively.

[0035] like Figure 1 , 3 As shown, a workbench 7 is provided in front of the packaging support 5, and a vacuum device is installed under the workbench 7. The vacuum device in this embodiment adopts existing technology, so it will not be described in detail. An upper cover 8 is provided above the workbench 7. The upper cover 8 is mounted on the sealing support 9. In this embodiment, the lifting of the upper cover 8 adopts the existing column lifting slide. The column lifting slide is a common device in which the slide moves up and down along the column. The column is fixed on the sealing support 9, and the slide is fixed on the upper cover 8. A sealing heating strip 10 is installed inside the upper cover 8. The sealing heating strip is a common part in packaging machinery, so it will not be described in detail.

[0036] like Figure 2As shown, a conveyor belt 11 is provided in front of the workbench 7. The lower packaging film 4 is laid from the lower packaging roller 2 across the workbench 7 onto the conveyor belt 11, and the upper packaging film 3 is laid from the upper packaging roller 1 across the workbench 7 onto the conveyor belt 11. In this embodiment, the conveyor belt 11 leads to the packaging bag cutting device. The packaging bag cutting device is existing technology and will not be described in detail.

[0037] like Figure 1 As shown, a robotic arm 20 is provided on the side of the workbench 7, which can transport frozen meat to be packaged onto the workbench 7.

[0038] like Figure 1 , 2 As shown, the packaging bracket 5, sealing bracket 9, and robotic arm 20 can be fixed to the ground.

[0039] By using the upper packaging roller 1 and the lower packaging roller 2 to wind the upper packaging film 3 and the lower packaging film 4 respectively and lay them on the conveyor belt 11, it is no longer necessary to separate the packaging bags one by one, thus avoiding the problem of packaging bags sticking together and making it easier to separate the packaging bags.

[0040] After the robotic arm 20 moves the frozen meat to be packaged onto the workbench 7, the frozen meat is located between the lower packaging film 4 and the upper packaging film 3, avoiding the operation of opening the bag, improving packaging efficiency, and reducing the labor intensity of workers bagging.

[0041] The top cover 8 moves vertically downwards until it contacts and presses against the upper packaging film 3 and lower packaging film 4 on the workbench 7. Then, a vacuum device below the workbench 7 is activated to remove oxygen from the space between the upper packaging film 3 and lower packaging film 4. Afterwards, the sealing heating strip 10 seals the upper packaging film 3 and lower packaging film 4, completing the packaging of the frozen meat. The conveyor belt 11 is then activated, driving the frozen meat 12, which is to be cut into bags, away from the workbench 7 and onto the conveyor belt 11. The frozen meat 12 is then conveyed to the cutting device for bag cutting. Simultaneously, since both the lower packaging film 4 and the upper packaging film 3 are laid on the conveyor belt 11, the movement of the conveyor belt 11 also drives the upper packaging roller 1 and lower packaging roller 2 to release the upper and lower packaging films. When the upper packaging roller 1 and lower packaging roller 2 brake, the conveyor belt 11 continues to run, effectively tightening the upper and lower packaging films. The coordination of these components improves the automation level of frozen meat packaging.

[0042] like Figure 4 As shown, the robotic arm 20 includes a base 21, which is used to fix it on the ground. A large arm 22 is slidably disposed inside the base 21. One end of the large arm 22 is fixed with a tray 23 for placing frozen meat to be packaged. The tray 23 is used to hold the frozen meat to be packaged.

[0043] like Figure 4 ,5 As shown, a forearm 24 is slidably disposed inside the base 21. A baffle 25 is fixed to one end of the forearm 24, and a spring pin 26 is installed at the other end of the forearm 24. The spring pin is a commonly used positioning part. In the free state, the spring causes the pin inside to extend out. A positioning hole 27 is provided inside the base 21. After the spring pin 26 moves to the positioning hole 27, the pin inside can extend out and be engaged in the positioning hole 27.

[0044] like Figure 4 As shown, a push plate 28 is fixed on the tray 23, and the push plate 28 can push the baffle 25.

[0045] like Figure 6 As shown, a locking pin 29 is slidably mounted on the base 21. The locking pin 29 can extend into the positioning hole 27. A locking wedge 30 is fixed on the upper arm 22. The locking wedge 30 can push the locking pin 29.

[0046] like Figure 4 As shown, one end of a tension spring 31 is fixed on the baffle 25 of the forearm 24, and the other end of the tension spring 31 is fixed on the base 21.

[0047] The initial state of the robotic arm 20 is as follows Figure 4 As shown, when the upper arm 22 extends, it can drive the tray 23 to move, which in turn drives the push plate 28 to move, which in turn drives the baffle 25 to move, which in turn drives the tension spring 31 to extend, which in turn drives the lower arm 24 to extend, which in turn drives the spring pin 26 to move. The movement of the baffle 25 and the tray 23 pushes the frozen meat to be packaged placed on the tray 23 onto the worktable 7.

[0048] After the frozen meat to be packaged arrives at the workbench 7, the spring pin 26 moves to the positioning hole 27, then the spring pin 26 extends and engages in the positioning hole 27, thereby locking the position of the forearm 24. After the spring pin 26 engages in the positioning hole 27, the upper arm 22 can retract, thereby driving the tray 23 to move in the opposite direction, thereby driving the push plate 28 to move in the opposite direction, thereby separating the push plate 28 from the baffle 25, and thus causing the frozen meat to be packaged to fall onto the lower packaging film 4.

[0049] After the upper arm 22 retracts to the point where the unlocking wedge 30 contacts the unlocking pin 29, the unlocking wedge 30 can drive the unlocking pin 29 to move upward as the upper arm 22 continues to retract. When the unlocking pin 29 moves upward, it drives the spring pin 26 to retract. After the spring pin 26 is fully retracted, the lower arm 24 starts to move again. The lower arm 24 retracts under the action of the tension spring 31, which in turn drives the baffle 25 to retract, which in turn drives the spring pin 26 to move in the opposite direction.

[0050] The frozen meat to be packaged is moved above the workbench 7 by the tray 23, which prevents the frozen meat from falling. The spring pin 26 and the positioning hole 27 work together to effectively separate the tray 23 and the frozen meat when the tray 23 is retracted. The locking wedge 30, the locking pin 29 and the tension spring 31 work together to automatically retract the baffle 25 after the tray 23 is retracted, which facilitates the driving and control of the tray 23 and the baffle 25.

[0051] like Figure 4 As shown, in order to facilitate the driving of the boom 22, a rack 32 is fixed on the boom 22. The rack 32 is meshed with the drive gear 33. The drive gear 33 is fixed on the output shaft of the telescopic motor 34. The telescopic motor 34 is fixed on the base 21. The telescopic motor 34 can drive the drive gear 33 to rotate, thereby driving the rack 32 to move, and thus driving the boom 22 to move.

[0052] like Figure 2 As shown, in order to stabilize the upper packaging film 3, a support roller 13 is rotatably mounted on the packaging support 5. The upper packaging film 3 is laid from the upper packaging roller 1 onto the conveyor belt 11 via the support roller 13.

[0053] To facilitate braking of the upper packaging roller 1 and the lower packaging roller 2, the braking device 6 is a drum brake. A drum brake is a type of brake in which the brake shoes grip the shaft during braking, thereby generating braking force. The drum brake is installed on the packaging bracket 5. The drum brake of the upper packaging roller 1 can clamp the shaft of the upper packaging roller 1, and the drum brake of the lower packaging roller 2 can clamp the shaft of the lower packaging roller 2.

[0054] like Figure 4 As shown, in order to facilitate the movement of frozen meat to be packaged onto the tray 23, a guardrail 14 is provided on one side of the tray 23, which can be fixed to the ground. A discharge ramp 15 is provided on the other side of the tray 23, which can be fixed to the ground. In this embodiment, the discharge ramp 15 is located at the end of the conveyor belt (not shown in the attached figure).

[0055] For ease of control, the conveyor belt 11, braking device 6, vacuum device, sealing heating strip 10 and telescopic motor 34 are all electrically connected to the controller.

[0056] like Figure 3 As shown, one end of an electric push rod 16 is fixed inside the upper cover 8, and the other end of the electric push rod 16 is fixed with a sealing heating strip 10. The electric push rod 16 is electrically connected to the controller. When the electric push rod 16 is shortened, the sealing heating strip 10 can be raised. When the electric push rod 16 is extended, the sealing heating strip 10 can be lowered.

[0057] For ease of control, the controller is fixed to the side of the workbench 7. The controller is a 32-bit microcontroller.

[0058] To improve the sealing effect, a sealing gasket is fixed under the top cover.

[0059] Working process: The frozen meat to be packaged is transferred to the discharge ramp 15 via the conveyor belt. Then, the frozen meat to be packaged falls from the discharge ramp 15 onto the tray 23 of the robotic arm 20. At the same time, the conveyor belt 11 starts to move the frozen meat 12 to be packaged and cut forward, thereby driving the packaged frozen meat to leave the worktable 7, and then driving the upper packaging roller 1 and the lower packaging roller 2 to release the upper packaging film 3 and the lower packaging film 4.

[0060] After the packaging film is released to the set length, the upper packaging roller 1 and the lower packaging roller 2 brake, and the conveyor belt 11 continues to move the frozen meat 12 to be cut into packaging bags, thereby moving the packaged frozen meat and tightening the upper packaging film 3 and the lower packaging film 4 until the conveyor belt 11 slips and the tension of the upper packaging film 3 and the lower packaging film 4 reaches its maximum.

[0061] Subsequently, the telescopic motor 34 of the robotic arm 20 is activated, which drives the drive gear 33 to rotate, which in turn drives the rack 32 to move, which in turn drives the upper arm 22 to extend, which in turn drives the tray 23 to move, which in turn drives the push plate 28 to move, which in turn drives the baffle 25 to move, which in turn drives the tension spring 31 to extend, which in turn drives the forearm 24 to extend, which in turn drives the spring pin 26 to move. The movement of the baffle 25 and the tray 23 pushes the frozen meat to be packaged onto the worktable 7.

[0062] After the packaged frozen meat arrives at the workbench 7, the spring pin 26 moves to the positioning hole 27, then the spring pin 26 extends and engages in the positioning hole 27, thereby locking the position of the forearm 24.

[0063] After the spring pin 26 is inserted into the positioning hole 27, the telescopic motor 34 drives the drive gear 33 to reverse, which in turn drives the rack 32 to move in the opposite direction, which in turn drives the large arm 22 to retract, which in turn drives the tray 23 to move in the opposite direction, which in turn drives the push plate 28 to move in the opposite direction, which in turn causes the push plate 28 to separate from the baffle 25, and then causes the frozen meat to be packaged to fall onto the lower packaging film 4.

[0064] After the upper arm 22 retracts to the point where the unlocking wedge 30 contacts the unlocking pin 29, the unlocking wedge 30 can drive the unlocking pin 29 to move upward as the upper arm 22 continues to retract. When the unlocking pin 29 moves upward, it drives the spring pin 26 to retract. After the spring pin 26 is fully retracted, the lower arm 24 starts to move again. The lower arm 24 retracts under the action of the tension spring 31, which in turn drives the baffle 25 to retract, which in turn drives the spring pin 26 to move in the opposite direction.

[0065] After the forearm 24 is fully retracted, the upper packaging roller 1 and the lower packaging roller 2 release their brakes, the upper cover 8 descends and forms a sealed space with the worktable 7, and then the worktable 7 begins to vacuum, causing the upper packaging film 3 and the lower packaging film 4 to adhere together.

[0066] Once the set vacuum level is reached, the sealing heating strip 10 inside the upper cover 8 falls down, heat-sealing the upper packaging film 3 and the lower packaging film 4, so that the upper packaging film 3 and the lower packaging film 4 under the upper cover 8 form a complete packaging bag, and then the upper cover 8 rises.

[0067] Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made to these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the present invention, the scope of which is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A fully automatic oxygen-extraction packaging equipment for quick-frozen meat, characterized in that: It includes an upper packaging roller (1) and a lower packaging roller (2). An upper packaging film (3) is wound on the upper packaging roller (1), and a lower packaging film (4) is wound on the lower packaging roller (2). The upper packaging roller (1) and the lower packaging roller (2) are rotatably mounted on a packaging support (5). Braking devices (6) are respectively installed on the upper packaging roller (1) and the lower packaging roller (2). A workbench (7) is provided in front of the packaging support (5). A vacuum device is installed under the workbench (7). An upper cover (8) is provided above the workbench (7). The upper cover (8) is mounted on the sealing support (9) and a sealing heating strip (10) is mounted inside the upper cover (8). A conveyor belt (11) is set in front of the workbench (7). The lower packaging film (4) is laid from the lower packaging roller (2) across the workbench (7) onto the conveyor belt (11), and the upper packaging film (3) is laid from the upper packaging roller (1) across the workbench (7) onto the conveyor belt (11). A robotic arm (20) is provided on the side of the workbench (7). The robotic arm (20) can transport the frozen meat to be packaged onto the workbench (7). The packaging bracket (5), sealing bracket (9) and robotic arm (20) can be fixed to the ground.

2. The fully automatic oxygen-depleting packaging equipment for quick-frozen meat according to claim 1, characterized in that: The robotic arm (20) includes a base (21) for fixing to the ground, and a large arm (22) is slidably arranged inside the base (21). One end of the large arm (22) is fixed with a tray (23) for placing frozen meat to be packaged. The tray (23) is used to hold the frozen meat to be packaged. A forearm (24) is slidably provided inside the base (21). A baffle (25) is fixed at one end of the forearm (24), and a spring pin (26) is installed at the other end of the forearm (24). A positioning hole (27) is provided inside the base (21). After the spring pin (26) moves to the positioning hole (27), the pin inside it can extend out and be inserted into the positioning hole (27). A push plate (28) is fixed on the tray (23), and the push plate (28) can push the baffle (25); A locking pin (29) is slidably mounted on the base (21). The locking pin (29) can be inserted into the positioning hole (27). A locking wedge (30) is fixed on the upper arm (22). The locking wedge (30) can push the locking pin (29). One end of a tension spring (31) is fixed on the baffle (25) of the forearm (24), and the other end of the tension spring (31) is fixed on the base (21).

3. The fully automatic oxygen-extraction packaging equipment for quick-frozen meat according to claim 2, characterized in that: A rack (32) is fixed on the boom (22), and the rack (32) is meshed with the drive gear (33). The drive gear (33) is fixed on the output shaft of the telescopic motor (34), and the telescopic motor (34) is fixed on the base (21).

4. The fully automatic oxygen-extraction packaging equipment for quick-frozen meat according to claim 1, characterized in that: The packaging support (5) is equipped with a rotating support roller (13), and the upper packaging film (3) is laid from the upper packaging roller (1) through the support roller (13) onto the conveyor belt (11).

5. The fully automatic oxygen-extraction packaging equipment for quick-frozen meat according to claim 1, characterized in that: The braking device (6) is a drum brake. The drum brake is installed on the packaging bracket (5). The drum brake of the upper packaging roller (1) can clamp the shaft of the upper packaging roller (1), and the drum brake of the lower packaging roller (2) can clamp the shaft of the lower packaging roller (2).

6. The fully automatic oxygen-extraction packaging equipment for quick-frozen meat according to claim 2, characterized in that: A guardrail (14) is provided on one side of the pallet (23), which can be fixed to the ground. A material discharge ramp (15) is provided on the other side of the pallet (23), which can be fixed to the ground.

7. The fully automatic oxygen-extraction packaging equipment for quick-frozen meat according to claim 3, characterized in that: The conveyor belt (11), brake device (6), vacuum device, sealing heating strip (10) and telescopic motor (34) are all electrically connected to the controller.

8. The fully automatic oxygen-extraction packaging equipment for quick-frozen meat according to claim 7, characterized in that: One end of an electric push rod (16) is fixed inside the top cover (8), and the other end of the electric push rod (16) is fixed with a sealing heating strip (10). The electric push rod (16) is electrically connected to the controller.

9. The fully automatic oxygen-extraction packaging equipment for quick-frozen meat according to claim 7, characterized in that: The controller is fixed on the side of the workbench (7) and is a 32-bit microcontroller.

10. The fully automatic oxygen-depleting packaging equipment for quick-frozen meat according to claim 1, characterized in that: A sealing gasket is fixed under the top cover (8).

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