A labelling apparatus
By introducing adapter fixtures and barcode readers into the labeling equipment, the problems of labeling accuracy and label information detection for complex-shaped automotive parts have been solved, achieving efficient and accurate labeling and automated detection, and improving the equipment's versatility and product quality.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Utility models(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- 宁海建新自动化设备有限公司
- Filing Date
- 2025-08-08
- Publication Date
- 2026-07-21
AI Technical Summary
Existing labeling equipment is unable to meet the high-precision labeling requirements of complex-shaped automotive parts, and it cannot automatically detect the correctness of label information, which affects product quality and traceability.
Add a fixture adapted to the product to be labeled to the labeling equipment. The fixture is customized to fit the surface of the parts tightly. Introduce a barcode reader into the equipment to automatically detect and compare the label information to ensure the accuracy of the label information.
It enables high-precision labeling of automotive parts, reduces positional errors, improves labeling quality and reliability, ensures the accuracy of label information, and enhances production efficiency and product quality.
Smart Images
Figure CN224529276U_ABST
Abstract
Description
Technical Field
[0001] This application relates to the field of labeling machine technology, and in particular to a labeling device. Background Technology
[0002] Labels are primarily used to identify product information, production dates, batch numbers, and anti-counterfeiting features to meet the needs of product traceability, quality control, and marketing. Before the widespread adoption of industrial automation, labeling was mainly done manually. Workers would manually peel labels from label paper and paste them onto the product surface. This method was inefficient, prone to problems such as inaccurate label placement and weak adhesion, and difficult to meet the needs of large-scale production. With the development of mechanical technology, labeling equipment emerged. With the rapid development of the automotive industry, the requirements for production efficiency, quality control, and traceability of parts are becoming increasingly stringent, and labeling equipment plays a crucial role. By printing QR codes or barcodes on the labels, quality control and anti-counterfeiting functions of parts can be achieved. During the production process, labeling equipment can interact with other equipment on the production line to record parts production information in real time; in sales and after-sales stages, by scanning the QR code or barcode on the label, information such as the parts' production date, batch number, and quality inspection results can be quickly queried, effectively preventing the circulation of counterfeit and substandard products. Automotive parts are diverse in type and shape, including curved surfaces and complex irregular structures. Most existing labeling equipment is based on a planar design, making it difficult to meet the complex shapes and curvature requirements of curved parts. Curved parts have complex shapes with significant variations in curvature and radius, making it difficult for traditional positioning technologies to meet high-precision requirements. Furthermore, traditional labeling equipment cannot automatically check the accuracy of the information on the label after application. If the label information is printed incorrectly or placed in the wrong position, the equipment cannot recognize it, which may lead to erroneous information flowing into subsequent production stages, affecting product quality and traceability. Therefore, there is still a need for a labeling device that can not only accurately label automotive parts but also detect the accuracy of the label information. Utility Model Content
[0003] The technical problem to be solved by this application is to provide a labeling device, which adds a clamp adapted to the product to be labeled to a moving fixture for holding the product to be labeled and keeping it stable during movement. The clamp is customized according to the shape and size of the automotive parts and can closely fit the surface of the parts to ensure the positioning accuracy of the parts during the labeling process.
[0004] The technical solution adopted in this application is as follows: a labeling device, including a frame, on which a labeling component and a conveying component are installed. The conveying component includes a conveying track and a movable fixture. The movable fixture is slidably installed on the conveying track. The movable fixture is used to install the product to be labeled and to move the product to be labeled back and forth. The movable fixture transfers the product to be labeled to the labeling position through the conveying track. The labeling component performs a labeling operation on the product to be labeled at the labeling position. The movable fixture is provided with a clamp adapted to the product to be labeled. The clamp is used to hold the product to be labeled so that it is positioned on the movable fixture.
[0005] Compared with existing technologies, the advantages of this application are as follows: the frame serves as the supporting structure for the entire equipment, providing an installation foundation for the labeling and conveying components, ensuring the overall stability of the equipment, and guaranteeing that labeling accuracy will not be affected by vibration or external forces during operation. The labeling component is used to label products in the labeling position. The labeling component adopts a conventional labeling machine, including a label feeding mechanism, labeling head, pressure regulating device, etc., to achieve accurate label application. This application adds a conveying component, including a conveyor track and a moving fixture. The conveyor track provides guidance for the moving fixture, ensuring its... The device moves smoothly along a predetermined path, precisely controlling the movement path and position of the product to be labeled, ensuring accurate positioning of the product at the labeling location. The moving fixture is used to install the product to be labeled and move it back and forth. A clamp adapted to the product to be labeled is added to the moving fixture to hold the product and keep it stable during movement. The clamp is customized according to the shape and size of the automotive parts, and can closely fit the surface of the parts to ensure the positioning accuracy of the parts during the labeling process, meeting the needs of modern automotive parts production for efficient, high-quality and intelligent labeling.
[0006] In some embodiments of this application, the fixture is provided with an arc-shaped clamping surface, which is used to adhere to the product to be labeled. In this application, the arc-shaped clamping surface of the fixture is designed according to the shape of the product to be labeled, especially for automotive parts with curved or arc-shaped surfaces. The arc-shaped clamping surface can closely fit the curved surface of the part, providing uniform clamping force and ensuring that the part will not loosen or shift during the labeling process. Through the precise adaptation of the arc-shaped clamping surface, the positional error during the labeling process can be significantly reduced, thereby improving the accuracy and quality of labeling.
[0007] In some embodiments of this application, the fixture includes a first clamping member and a second clamping member distributed relatively apart. The first clamping member is connected to a cylinder, which drives the first clamping member to extend and retract to clamp or release the product to be labeled. The arc-shaped clamping surface is disposed on the first clamping member. In this application, the fixture is composed of a first clamping member and a second clamping member distributed relatively apart. The symmetrical distribution design can evenly clamp the product to be labeled from both sides, ensuring the balance and stability of the clamping force. The first clamping member is connected to the cylinder. Through the driving action of the cylinder, the first clamping member extends and retracts towards the second clamping member, reducing or increasing the distance between the first clamping member and the second clamping member, thereby clamping or releasing the product to be labeled, ensuring the accurate positioning of the product to be labeled at the labeling position, thereby improving the accuracy and quality of labeling. The arc-shaped clamping surface is disposed on the first clamping member and is used to conform to the curved or arc-shaped surface of the product to be labeled, which is suitable for products with complex curved surfaces such as automotive parts, improving the versatility and flexibility of the equipment.
[0008] In some embodiments of this application, a barcode reader is provided on the rack. The barcode reader is used to read the label information on the product to be labeled and compare the label information with preset information. In this application, the barcode reader is fixedly installed on the rack to ensure that the label information, such as QR codes, barcodes, numbers, or text information, can be read after the labeling operation is completed. The barcode reader compares the read label information with the preset information, which can be standard data stored in the equipment control system to verify the correctness of the label information. After reading and comparing the label information, the barcode reader can feed back the result to the equipment control system in real time. If the label information matches the preset information, the subsequent operation continues; if the information does not match or cannot be read, an alarm is triggered and the labeling operation is suspended. This avoids defective products caused by incorrect label information from flowing into subsequent production stages, improves the overall quality of the product, and the automatic detection function of the barcode reader reduces the need for manual inspection, reduces errors caused by human negligence, and improves the reliability of labeling quality.
[0009] In some embodiments of this application, a detection probe is provided on the frame. This detection probe detects the movement position of the moving fixture. When the detection probe detects that the moving fixture has moved to the labeling position, it transmits a detection signal to the labeling assembly, enabling the labeling assembly to perform a labeling operation on the product to be labeled at the labeling position. In this application, the detection probe is fixedly mounted on the frame, enabling real-time monitoring of the moving fixture's position. This ensures that the labeling operation is triggered promptly when the moving fixture reaches the labeling position. The detection probe is integrated with the equipment's control system, automatically triggering the labeling assembly's action based on the detection results. This achieves automated and intelligent management of the labeling process, improving production efficiency.
[0010] In some embodiments of this application, at least two detection probes are provided, and the detection probes are sequentially distributed along the length of the conveyor track. In this application, at least two detection probes are provided to achieve multi-point detection, enabling more comprehensive position detection and monitoring. Multiple detection probes are sequentially distributed along the length of the conveyor track to detect the position of the moving tooling at different stages. The sequentially distributed detection probes can detect the position of the moving tooling at different stages, such as preliminary detection when approaching the labeling position and precise detection when reaching the labeling position. Each detection probe can transmit the detected position signal to the central control system of the equipment. The control system determines the position of the moving tooling based on these signals and triggers corresponding operations (such as starting the labeling component), ensuring the accuracy and efficiency of the labeling process.
[0011] In some embodiments of this application, one end of the conveyor track is designated as the starting end, and the other end is designated as the labeling position. The moving fixture moves from the starting end to the labeling position to complete the labeling operation and then returns to the starting end. In this application, one end of the conveyor track is defined as the starting end, and the other end is defined as the labeling position. The moving fixture starts from the starting end, moves along the conveyor track to the labeling position to complete the labeling operation, and then returns to the starting end, forming a complete motion cycle. The cyclical movement of the moving fixture ensures the continuity of the labeling process, improves the production efficiency of the equipment, and the starting end is also the ending end, which shortens the length of the conveyor track, reduces the overall size of the equipment, lowers costs, and improves the flexibility of the equipment.
[0012] In some embodiments of this application, the barcode reader is disposed on the side of the frame near the starting end. In this application, the barcode reader is mounted on the side of the frame near the starting end, enabling it to read and verify the label information when the moving fixture returns to the starting end. This ensures that the correctness of the label information can be detected immediately after the labeling operation is completed, preventing defective products due to incorrect label information from entering subsequent production stages, improving the overall product quality, and avoiding interference with the position detection of the detection probe, ensuring the reliability of position detection.
[0013] In some embodiments of this application, the mobile fixture is provided with an installation position adapted to the product to be labeled. The installation position has an arc-shaped groove structure, and the product to be labeled is installed in the installation position and positioned by a clamp. In this application, the mobile fixture is provided with an installation position, which has an arc-shaped groove structure. This is suitable for products to be labeled with curved or arc-shaped surfaces, such as automotive parts. The arc-shaped groove structure can better fit the shape of the product, provide stable support, and ensure the accurate positioning of the product on the mobile fixture. After the product to be labeled is installed in the arc-shaped groove, it is positioned by a clamp, ensuring that the product remains stable during movement and labeling, and avoiding product displacement due to vibration or external force. The design of the arc-shaped groove structure and the adjustable clamp allows the mobile fixture to adapt to products to be labeled with different shapes and sizes, improving the versatility and flexibility of the equipment.
[0014] In some embodiments of this application, at least two mounting positions are provided, and the mounting positions are sequentially arranged along the moving direction of the moving fixture. In this application, the moving fixture is provided with at least two mounting positions, and the moving fixture can simultaneously carry multiple products to be labeled. The multiple mounting positions are arranged on the moving fixture in a certain order and at certain intervals, ensuring that each product to be labeled can reach the labeling position sequentially during the movement, which significantly improves the production efficiency of the equipment. In one cycle, multiple products can complete the labeling operation sequentially, reducing the idle time of the equipment.
[0015] Based on common knowledge in the field, the above-described embodiments can be combined arbitrarily. Attached Figure Description
[0016] The present application will be described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and preferred embodiments. However, those skilled in the art will understand that these drawings are drawn only for the purpose of explaining the preferred embodiments and therefore should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present application. Furthermore, unless specifically indicated, the drawings are only schematic representations of the composition or structure of the described objects and may contain exaggerated depictions, and the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale.
[0017] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of this application; Figure 2 This is a partial structural diagram of this application; Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the mobile tooling used in this application for installing products to be labeled.
[0018] The specific explanations of the reference numerals in the attached drawings are as follows: 1. Frame; 2. Labeling assembly; 3. Conveyor track; 31. Starting end; 4. Moving fixture; 41. Mounting position; 5. Product to be labeled; 6. Fixture; 61. First clamping component; 611. Arc-shaped clamping surface; 62. Second clamping component; 63. Cylinder; 7. Code reader; 8. Detection probe. Detailed Implementation
[0019] The present application will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
[0020] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of this application clearer, the following detailed description is provided in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative and not intended to limit the scope of this application.
[0021] A labeling device, as described in Embodiment 1 Figures 1 to 3 As shown: The system includes a frame 1, on which a labeling assembly 2 and a conveying assembly are mounted. The frame 1 is the supporting structure of the entire equipment, providing the mounting foundation for the labeling assembly 2 and the conveying assembly, ensuring the overall stability of the equipment, and ensuring that the labeling accuracy is not affected by vibration or external forces during operation. The labeling assembly 2 is used to label products at the labeling position. The labeling assembly 2 adopts a conventional labeling machine, including a label feeding mechanism, a labeling head, a pressure regulating device, etc., to achieve accurate label application. The conveying assembly includes a conveying track 3 and a moving fixture 4. The moving fixture 4 is slidably mounted on the conveying track 3. The moving fixture 4 is used to mount the product 5 to be labeled and move the product 5 back and forth. The moving fixture 4 transfers the product 5 to be labeled to the labeling position via the conveying track 3. The labeling assembly 2 then applies the label to the product at the labeling position. 5. The labeling operation is performed. The conveyor track 3 provides guidance for the moving fixture 4, ensuring its smooth movement along the predetermined path. It can accurately control the movement path and position of the product to be labeled 5, ensuring the precise positioning of the product at the labeling position. The moving fixture 4 is used to install the product to be labeled 5 and drive the product to move back and forth. The moving fixture 4 is equipped with a clamp 6 adapted to the product to be labeled 5. The clamp 6 is used to hold the product to be labeled 5 and position it on the moving fixture 4. The clamp 6 adapted to the product to be labeled 5 is added to the moving fixture 4 to hold the product to be labeled 5 and keep it stable during movement. The clamp 6 is customized according to the shape and size of the automotive parts, and can closely fit the surface of the parts to ensure the positioning accuracy of the parts during the labeling process, meeting the needs of modern automotive parts production for efficient, high-quality and intelligent labeling.
[0022] More specifically, the fixture 6 is provided with an arc-shaped clamping surface 611, which is used to adhere to the product 5 to be labeled. The arc-shaped clamping surface 611 of the fixture 6 is designed according to the shape of the product 5 to be labeled. Especially for automotive parts with curved or arc-shaped surfaces, the arc-shaped clamping surface 611 can closely fit the curved surface of the parts, provide uniform clamping force, and ensure that the parts will not loosen or shift during the labeling process. Through the precise adaptation of the arc-shaped clamping surface 611, the positional error during the labeling process can be significantly reduced, thereby improving the accuracy and quality of labeling.
[0023] More specifically, such as Figure 3 As shown, the clamp 6 includes a first clamping member 61 and a second clamping member 62 that are relatively distributed. The first clamping member 61 is connected to a cylinder 63, which drives the first clamping member 61 to extend or retract to clamp or release the product 5 to be labeled. An arc-shaped clamping surface 611 is provided on the first clamping member 61. The clamp 6 is composed of the first clamping member 61 and the second clamping member 62 that are relatively distributed. The symmetrical distribution design can evenly clamp the product 5 to be labeled from both sides, ensuring the balance and stability of the clamping force. The first clamping member 61 is connected to the cylinder 63, which drives the first clamping member 61 to extend or retract to clamp or release the product 5 to be labeled. Driven by cylinder 63, the first clamping member 61 extends and retracts towards the second clamping member 62, reducing or increasing the distance between the first clamping member 61 and the second clamping member 62, thereby clamping or releasing the product 5 to be labeled, ensuring the precise positioning of the product 5 to be labeled at the labeling position, thus improving the accuracy and quality of labeling; the arc-shaped clamping surface 611 is provided on the first clamping member 61, used to conform to the curved or arc-shaped surface of the product 5 to be labeled, suitable for products with complex curved surfaces such as automotive parts, improving the versatility and flexibility of the equipment.
[0024] Example 2, as Figure 2 As shown, a barcode reader 7 is installed on the frame 1. The barcode reader 7 is used to read the label information on the product 5 to be labeled and compare the label information with preset information. The barcode reader 7 is fixedly installed on the frame 1 to ensure that the label information, such as QR code, barcode, number or text information, can be read after the labeling operation is completed. The barcode reader 7 compares the read label information with the preset information, which can be standard data stored in the equipment control system to verify the correctness of the label information. After reading and comparing the label information, the barcode reader 7 can feed back the result to the equipment control system in real time. If the label information is consistent with the preset information, the subsequent operation continues; if the information is inconsistent or cannot be read, an alarm is triggered and the labeling operation is suspended. This avoids defective products caused by incorrect label information from flowing into the subsequent production process, improves the overall quality of the product, and the automatic detection function of the barcode reader 7 reduces the need for manual inspection, reduces errors caused by human negligence, and improves the reliability of labeling quality.
[0025] More specifically, such as Figure 2As shown, a detection probe 8 is provided on the frame 1. The detection probe 8 is used to detect the moving position of the moving fixture 4. When the detection probe 8 detects that the moving fixture 4 has moved to the labeling position, the detection probe 8 transmits the detection signal to the labeling component 2, so that the labeling component 2 can perform the labeling operation on the product 5 to be labeled at the labeling position. The detection probe 8 is fixedly installed on the frame 1 and can monitor the moving position of the moving fixture 4 in real time, ensuring that the labeling operation can be triggered in time when the moving fixture 4 reaches the labeling position. The detection probe 8 is integrated with the control system of the equipment and can automatically trigger the action of the labeling component 2 according to the detection result, realizing the automation and intelligent management of the labeling process and improving production efficiency.
[0026] More specifically, such as Figure 2 As shown, at least two detection probes 8 are provided, and the detection probes 8 are sequentially distributed along the length direction of the conveying track 3. The provision of at least two detection probes 8 enables multi-point detection, providing more comprehensive position detection and monitoring. The sequential distribution of multiple detection probes 8 along the length direction of the conveying track 3 enables position detection of the moving tool 4 at different stages. The sequentially distributed detection probes 8 can detect the position of the moving tool 4 at different stages, such as preliminary detection when approaching the labeling position and precise detection when reaching the labeling position. Each detection probe 8 can transmit the detected position signal to the central control system of the equipment. The control system determines the position of the moving tool 4 based on these signals and triggers corresponding operations to ensure the accuracy and efficiency of the labeling process.
[0027] More specifically, such as Figure 2 As shown, one end of the conveyor track 3 is set as the starting end 31, and the other end of the conveyor track 3 is set as the labeling position. The moving fixture 4 moves from the starting end 31 to the labeling position to complete the labeling operation and then returns to the starting end 31. One end of the conveyor track 3 is defined as the starting end 31, and the other end is defined as the labeling position. The moving fixture 4 starts from the starting end 31, moves along the conveyor track 3 to the labeling position to complete the labeling operation, and then returns to the starting end 31, forming a complete motion cycle. The cyclical movement of the moving fixture 4 ensures the continuity of the labeling process and improves the production efficiency of the equipment. The starting end 31 is also the ending end, which shortens the length of the conveyor track 3, reduces the overall size of the equipment, lowers the cost, and improves the flexibility of the equipment.
[0028] More specifically, such as Figure 2As shown, the barcode reader 7 is located on the side of the frame 1 near the starting end 31. The barcode reader 7 is installed on the side of the frame 1 near the starting end 31 so that the barcode reader 7 can read and verify the label information when the moving fixture 4 returns to the starting end 31. This ensures that the correctness of the label information can be detected immediately after the labeling operation is completed, avoiding defective products caused by incorrect label information from flowing into subsequent production stages, improving the overall quality of the product, and avoiding interference with the position detection of the detection probe 8, ensuring the reliability of the position detection.
[0029] The rest of the contents of Example 2 are the same as those of Example 1.
[0030] Example 3, as Figure 3 As shown, the mobile fixture 4 is provided with a mounting position 41 adapted to the product 5 to be labeled. The mounting position 41 has an arc-shaped groove structure. The product 5 to be labeled is installed in the mounting position 41 and clamped and positioned by the clamp 6. The mounting position 41 on the mobile fixture 4 has an arc-shaped groove structure, which is suitable for products 5 to be labeled with curved or arc-shaped surfaces, such as automotive parts. The arc-shaped groove structure can better fit the shape of the product, provide stable support, and ensure the accurate positioning of the product on the mobile fixture 4. After the product 5 to be labeled is installed in the arc-shaped groove, it is clamped and positioned by the clamp 6 to ensure that the product remains stable during movement and labeling, and to avoid product displacement due to vibration or external force. The design of the arc-shaped groove structure and the adjustable clamp 6 makes the mobile fixture 4 adaptable to products 5 to be labeled with different shapes and sizes, improving the versatility and flexibility of the equipment.
[0031] More specifically, such as Figure 3 As shown, there are at least two mounting positions 41, which are arranged sequentially along the moving direction of the moving fixture 4. The moving fixture 4 is provided with at least two mounting positions 41, and can simultaneously carry multiple products 5 to be labeled. The multiple mounting positions 41 are arranged on the moving fixture 4 in a certain order and at a certain interval, ensuring that each product 5 to be labeled can reach the labeling position in sequence during the movement, which significantly improves the production efficiency of the equipment. In one cycle, multiple products can complete the labeling operation in sequence, reducing the idle time of the equipment.
[0032] The other contents of Example 3 are the same as those of Example 1 or Example 2.
[0033] The present application has been described in detail above. Specific examples have been used to illustrate the principles and implementation methods of the present application. The descriptions of the embodiments above are only for the purpose of helping to understand the present application and its core ideas. It should be noted that those skilled in the art can make several improvements and modifications to the present application without departing from the principles of the present application, and these improvements and modifications also fall within the protection scope of the claims of the present application.
Claims
1. A labeling device, characterized in that, The system includes a frame (1), on which a labeling assembly (2) and a conveying assembly are mounted. The conveying assembly includes a conveying track (3) and a moving fixture (4). The moving fixture (4) is slidably mounted on the conveying track (3). The moving fixture (4) is used to install the product to be labeled (5) and drive the product to be labeled (5) to move back and forth. The moving fixture (4) transfers the product to be labeled (5) to the labeling position through the conveying track (3). The labeling assembly (2) performs labeling operation on the product to be labeled (5) at the labeling position. The moving fixture (4) is provided with a clamp (6) adapted to the product to be labeled (5). The clamp (6) is used to clamp the product to be labeled (5) so that it is positioned on the moving fixture (4).
2. The labeling equipment according to claim 1, characterized in that, The fixture (6) is provided with an arc-shaped clamping surface (611), which is used to attach the product (5) to be labeled.
3. The labeling equipment according to claim 2, characterized in that, The clamp (6) includes a first clamping member (61) and a second clamping member (62) that are relatively distributed. The first clamping member (61) is connected to a cylinder (63). The cylinder (63) is used to drive the first clamping member (61) to extend and retract to clamp or release the product (5) to be labeled. The arc-shaped clamping surface (611) is provided on the first clamping member (61).
4. A labeling device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The rack (1) is equipped with a barcode reader (7), which is used to read the label information on the product (5) to be labeled and compare the label information with the preset information.
5. A labeling device according to claim 4, characterized in that, The frame (1) is equipped with a detection probe (8), which is used to detect the moving position of the moving fixture (4). When the detection probe (8) detects that the moving fixture (4) has moved to the labeling position, the detection probe (8) transmits the detection signal to the labeling assembly (2) so that the labeling assembly (2) can perform labeling operation on the product (5) to be labeled at the labeling position.
6. A labeling device according to claim 5, characterized in that, At least two detection probes (8) are provided, and the detection probes (8) are distributed sequentially along the length direction of the conveying track (3).
7. A labeling device according to claim 4 or 5, characterized in that, One end of the conveying track (3) is set as the starting end (31), and the other end of the conveying track (3) is set as the labeling position. The moving fixture (4) moves from the starting end (31) to the labeling position to complete the labeling and then returns to the starting end (31).
8. A labeling device according to claim 7, characterized in that, The code reader (7) is located on the side of the frame (1) near the starting end (31).
9. A labeling device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The mobile fixture (4) is provided with an installation position (41) adapted to the product (5) to be labeled. The installation position (41) has an arc-shaped groove structure. The product (5) to be labeled is installed in the installation position (41) and clamped and positioned by the fixture (6).
10. A labeling device according to claim 9, characterized in that, The mounting positions (41) are provided in at least two, and the mounting positions (41) are arranged sequentially along the moving direction of the movable tooling (4).