A temperature-controlled adiabatic coupling type ammonia synthesis reactor

Abstract

This invention discloses a temperature-controlled adiabatic coupling type ammonia synthesis reactor, which includes an outer shell, an inner shell, a first end plate, a second end plate, a third end plate, an upper catalyst frame assembly, an intermediate catalyst frame assembly, a lower catalyst frame assembly, a first heat exchanger, and a second heat exchanger. In the ammonia synthesis reactor of this invention, the upper region where the upper catalyst frame assembly is located is an adiabatic reaction zone, and the middle region where the intermediate catalyst frame assembly is located is a relatively isothermal reaction zone. The molar concentration of hydrogen-nitrogen conversion rate in the upper region can be controlled at about 13.40%, which increases the partial pressure of ammonia gas at the inlet gas in the middle region, making the ammonia synthesis reaction in the middle reaction zone more stable, and the temperature of the reaction hot spot in the middle reaction zone is easier to control.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This utility model belongs to the technical field of ammonia synthesis equipment, and relates to equipment involved in the ammonia synthesis reaction in industries such as coal chemical ammonia synthesis process and green ammonia synthesis, specifically a temperature-controlled adiabatic coupling type ammonia synthesis reactor. Background Technology

[0002] Since the discovery of ammonia by British chemist Hals in 1927, and the invention of an iron-based ammonia synthesis catalyst by German scientist Karl Bosch in the early 20th century, ammonia synthesis reactor technology has undergone significant changes. In my country, ammonia synthesis has evolved from small-scale nitrogen fertilizer production to large-scale ammonia synthesis. With changes in the inert gas content of the ammonia synthesis feedstock, ammonia synthesis reactors have evolved from initially built-in cold-tube ammonia synthesis thermal reactors to later multi-stage quench ammonia synthesis reactors, and now to multi-stage interlayer heat exchange ammonia synthesis reactors. However, these reactors all have certain limitations to varying degrees.

[0003] Among them, the built-in cold-tube reactor has cold gas heat exchange tubes installed inside the catalyst bed, which both heats the temperature of the incoming reaction gas and removes the heat of reaction for ammonia synthesis within the catalyst bed. However, due to the large temperature difference between the gas inside and outside the heat exchange tubes, the gas temperature around the heat exchange tubes on the catalyst ammonia synthesis reaction zone outside the tubes is low (below the catalyst activation temperature), causing some catalyst to be ineffective, wasting reaction space within the reactor, reducing the ammonia synthesis efficiency, and resulting in a low net ammonia value (the difference between the ammonia content of the reactor outlet gas and the inlet gas) for the overall ammonia synthesis reaction of the reactor. The net ammonia value of this type of reactor is only about 8.5%.

[0004] Multi-stage quench reactors divide the ammonia synthesis catalyst bed into multiple reaction stages. Between each two stages, unreacted cold gas is directly mixed with the reacted gas to remove the heat of reaction and lower the inlet temperature required for the next catalyst bed stage. Because unreacted gas directly enters each reaction bed, the ammonia content of the reactant gas is diluted. Furthermore, the temperature rise of each ammonia synthesis catalyst bed stage is limited (affected by the thermal stability of the catalyst), thus limiting the ammonia synthesis conversion rate. Consequently, it is difficult to improve the net ammonia value of the overall reactor; the net ammonia value of this type of reactor is only around 12.0%.

[0005] Multi-stage ammonia synthesis reactors with interlayer heat exchange employ shell-and-tube heat exchangers between every two catalyst beds. These exchange heat between unreacted cold gas and hot gas removed from the reaction, thus lowering the inlet temperature of the next catalyst bed and allowing the reaction to continue. However, ammonia synthesis is exothermic, and due to thermodynamic factors, the conversion rate decreases in the high-temperature region as the reactant gas temperature rises. Consequently, it is difficult to improve the overall net ammonia value of the ammonia synthesis reaction; the net ammonia value of this type of reactor is only around 17.5%. Utility Model Content

[0006] The purpose of this invention is to solve the problem of low ammonia synthesis efficiency or low ammonia conversion rate in existing ammonia synthesis reactions, resulting in low net ammonia value. This invention provides a temperature-controlled adiabatic coupling ammonia synthesis reactor. In this reactor, the upper region containing the upper catalyst frame assembly forms an adiabatic reaction zone, while the middle region containing the middle catalyst frame assembly forms a relatively isothermal reaction zone, resulting in high hydrogen and nitrogen conversion rates and high net ammonia value during ammonia synthesis.

[0007] This utility model solves the above-mentioned technical problems through the following technical solutions:

[0008] This utility model provides a temperature-controlled adiabatic coupling type ammonia synthesis reactor, characterized in that it includes an outer shell, an inner shell, a first end plate, a second end plate, a third end plate, an upper catalyst frame assembly, an intermediate catalyst frame assembly, a lower catalyst frame assembly, a first heat exchanger, and a second heat exchanger.

[0009] The inner shell is coaxially sleeved inside the outer shell. A first annular channel is provided between the side of the inner shell and the side of the outer shell. A first air inlet is provided at the upper part of the outer shell, and a second air inlet and an air outlet are provided at the bottom of the outer shell. The second air inlet communicates with the bottom of the first annular channel. The first end plate, the second end plate, and the third end plate are sequentially arranged in the inner shell along the axial direction of the inner shell. A second top space is provided between the first end plate and the top of the inner shell. The upper catalyst frame assembly and the first heat exchanger are arranged in a first region between the first end plate and the second end plate. The middle catalyst frame assembly and the second heat exchanger are arranged in a second region between the second end plate and the third end plate. The lower catalyst frame assembly is arranged in a third region between the third end plate and the bottom of the inner shell.

[0010] The upper catalyst frame assembly is provided with a first space for filling the catalyst. The first heat exchanger includes a shell-and-tube heat exchanger. The second top space, the inlet of the first space, the outlet of the first space, and the inlet of the shell side of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger are connected in sequence. The two ends of the tube side of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger are connected to the first inlet and the second top space, so that the reaction gas flowing out from the first space enters the shell side of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger and exchanges heat with the unreacted gas in the tube side of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger that enters from the first inlet. After heat exchange, the unreacted gas in the tube side enters the second top space.

[0011] The intermediate catalyst frame assembly is provided with a second space for filling the catalyst. The inlet of the second space is connected to the outlet of the shell side of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger. The second heat exchanger is disposed in the second space. The second heat exchanger includes a shell-and-tube heat exchanger. The inlet of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger is connected to the top of the first annular channel. The outlet of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger is connected to the second top space, so that the unreacted gas entering from the second inlet enters the shell-and-tube heat exchanger and exchanges heat with the reacted gas in the second space. The unreacted gas after heat exchange enters the second top space.

[0012] The lower catalyst frame assembly is provided with a third space for filling the catalyst. The air inlet of the third space is connected to the air outlet of the second space, and the air outlet of the third space is connected to the air outlet on the outer shell.

[0013] In this utility model, preferably, the upper catalyst frame assembly includes a first gas distribution cylinder and a second gas distribution cylinder, which are coaxially sleeved from the outside to the inside. The top of the first gas distribution cylinder and the top of the second gas distribution cylinder are both connected to the first end plate, and the bottom of the first gas distribution cylinder and the bottom of the second gas distribution cylinder are both connected to the second end plate. The first gas distribution cylinder, the second gas distribution cylinder, the first end plate, and the second end plate enclose and form the first space. A second annular channel is provided between the side of the first gas distribution cylinder and the side of the inner shell. The upper end of the second annular channel is connected to the second top space, and the lower end of the second annular channel is sealed. A plurality of first through holes are provided on the cylinder wall of the first gas distribution cylinder, and a plurality of second through holes are provided on the second gas distribution cylinder. The second annular channel, the first through holes, the first space, and the second through holes are sequentially connected. The first through holes form the air inlet of the first space, and the second through holes form the air outlet of the first space.

[0014] The shell-and-tube heat exchanger is disposed inside the second gas distribution cylinder. A third annular channel is provided between the shell side wall of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger and the second gas distribution cylinder. A first channel and a second channel are provided on the shell side wall of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger. The first channel is connected to the third annular channel. The first channel forms the air inlet of the shell side of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger, and the second channel forms the air outlet of the shell side of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger.

[0015] More preferably, the shell-and-tube heat exchanger includes an outer cylinder, an inner cylinder, a gas collection box, a first heat exchanger inlet pipe, and a plurality of heat exchange tubes. The inner cylinder is coaxially sleeved within the outer cylinder. A fourth space is provided between the outer and inner cylinders. The gas collection box is connected to the outer wall of the inner cylinder. The first heat exchanger inlet pipe is disposed in the fourth space. A plurality of heat exchange tubes are arranged side-by-side around the first inlet pipe in the fourth space. A first connecting hole is provided on the first end plate. A second connecting hole is provided on the gas collection box. One end of each heat exchange tube is sealed and connected to the first connecting hole and communicates with the second top space. The other ends of several heat exchange tubes are sealed and connected to the second connecting hole and communicate with the gas collecting box; a third annular channel is provided between the outer cylinder of the heat exchanger and the second gas distribution cylinder, a first channel is provided at the top of the outer cylinder of the heat exchanger, a second channel is provided at the bottom of the outer cylinder of the heat exchanger, and a gap is provided between the heat exchange tubes and the outer cylinder of the heat exchanger. The third annular channel, the first channel, the gap, and the second channel are sequentially connected; the outer cylinder of the heat exchanger, the inner cylinder of the heat exchanger, the first end plate, the bottom of the gas collecting box, and the heat exchange tubes enclose and form the shell side of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger, and the interior of the heat exchange tubes forms the tube side of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger. In this preferred embodiment, the shell-and-tube heat exchanger has a compact structure, sufficient contact between the fluid and the tube bundle, good heat exchange effect, and can also reduce the resistance of the internal components of the reactor.

[0016] Even more preferably, a baffle rod is provided in the shell side of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger, and the baffle rod is perpendicular to the heat exchange tube.

[0017] In this invention, preferably, the intermediate catalyst frame assembly includes a third gas distribution cylinder and a fourth gas distribution cylinder coaxially sleeved from the outside to the inside. The top of the third gas distribution cylinder is connected to the second end plate. The upper part of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger is connected to the bottom of the shell side of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger. The top of the fourth gas distribution cylinder is connected to the bottom of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger. The bottoms of both the third and fourth gas distribution cylinders are connected to the third end plate. The third gas distribution cylinder, the fourth gas distribution cylinder, the second end plate, the third end plate, and the tube... The shell side of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger and the shell-and-tube heat exchanger enclose and form the second space; the third gas distribution cylinder has several third through holes on its wall, the fourth gas distribution cylinder has several fourth through holes, and a fifth annular channel is provided between the third gas distribution cylinder and the inner shell. The upper and lower ends of the fifth annular channel are sealed. The upper part of the third gas distribution cylinder has a first vent hole, which is connected to the vent of the shell side of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger, so that the gas flowing out from the second channel enters the fifth annular channel through the first vent hole.

[0018] More preferably, the intermediate catalyst frame assembly further includes an intermediate central tube disposed inside the fourth gas distribution cylinder. The top of the intermediate central tube is connected to the bottom of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger, and the top of the fourth gas distribution cylinder is connected to the side wall of the intermediate central tube. A sixth annular channel is provided between the fourth gas distribution cylinder and the intermediate central tube. The sixth annular channel communicates with the fourth through hole, and the top of the sixth annular channel is sealed. The sixth annular channel forms the gas outlet of the second space.

[0019] In this utility model, preferably, the shell-and-tube heat exchanger includes a second heat exchanger inlet pipe, an inlet collection box, a second heat exchanger outlet pipe, an outlet collection box, and a plurality of heat exchanger sleeves. The second heat exchanger inlet pipe is sleeved inside the second heat exchanger outlet pipe, and a first annular gap is provided between the second heat exchanger inlet pipe and the second heat exchanger outlet pipe. The inlet collection box is sleeved inside the outlet collection box, and a second annular gap is provided between the inlet collection box and the outlet collection box. One end of the second heat exchanger inlet pipe is connected to the inlet collection box, and the other end of the second heat exchanger inlet pipe is connected to the top of the first annular channel. One end of the second heat exchanger outlet pipe is connected to the outlet collection box, and the other end of the second heat exchanger outlet pipe is connected to the shell-and-tube heat exchanger. The second annular gap, the first annular gap, and the second top space are sequentially connected.

[0020] The heat exchange sleeve includes an outer heat exchange tube and an inner heat exchange tube coaxially sleeved inside the outer heat exchange tube. One end of the outer heat exchange tube is connected to the outlet gas collection box and communicates with the second annular gap. The other end of the outer heat exchange tube is closed and is a free end. A third annular gap is provided between the outer heat exchange tube and the inner heat exchange tube. One end of the inner heat exchange tube communicates with the inlet gas collection box, and the other end of the inner heat exchange tube communicates with the third annular gap. This allows the gas in the inlet gas collection box to sequentially enter the inner heat exchange tube and the third annular gap, exchange heat with the gas outside the heat exchange sleeve, and then flow out from the second annular gap and the first annular gap.

[0021] This preferred solution can reduce the heat transfer gradient and increase the metal wall temperature of the outer heat exchange tube. The reaction temperature of the catalyst layer around the outer heat exchange tube will not be lower than the activation temperature of the catalyst, thus eliminating the cold tube effect of the built-in catalyst bed heat exchanger. Moreover, in this solution, the heat exchange sleeve has only one fixed end, while the other end can be freely expanded and contracted, which solves the stress relief problem of the heat exchange tube inside the catalyst bed and will not cause the heat exchange tube to detach from the tube sheet and form a leak.

[0022] In one specific embodiment, the other end of the second heat exchanger outlet pipe is connected to the inner wall of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger, and the gas flows through the second annular gap, the first annular gap, and the fourth annular channel to the second top space.

[0023] More preferably, the shell-and-tube heat exchanger further includes an upper central tube, one end of which is connected to the air inlet pipe of the second heat exchanger, and the other end of which is connected to the first annular channel; the shell side of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger has an annular structure, the upper central tube is sleeved in the inner ring of the shell side of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger, and a fourth annular channel is provided between the upper central tube and the inner annular wall of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger, the fourth annular channel connecting the second top space and the first annular gap.

[0024] More preferably, both the inlet and outlet air collection boxes are spherical to increase the opening area and facilitate the arrangement of vertical heat exchange sleeves.

[0025] More preferably, at least two, for example four, intake collection boxes are evenly spaced around the axis of the inner shell, and the number of exhaust collection boxes is the same as that of the intake collection boxes.

[0026] More preferably, several of the heat exchange tubes are arranged side by side along the axial direction of the inner shell.

[0027] In this invention, preferably, the lower catalyst frame assembly includes a fifth gas distribution cylinder and a sixth gas distribution cylinder coaxially sleeved from the outside to the inside. A seventh annular channel is provided between the side of the fifth gas distribution cylinder and the side of the inner shell, and both the upper and lower ends of the seventh annular channel are sealed. The top of the fifth gas distribution cylinder is connected to the second end plate, and the top of the sixth gas distribution cylinder is connected to the bottom of the intermediate catalyst frame assembly (in one specific embodiment, the bottom is the lower central tube). The bottoms of both the fifth and sixth gas distribution cylinders are connected to the... The bottom of the inner shell is connected to the third space formed by the fifth gas distribution cylinder, the sixth gas distribution cylinder, the third end plate, and the bottom wall of the inner shell. The fifth gas distribution cylinder has a plurality of fifth through holes on its cylinder wall, and the sixth gas distribution cylinder has a plurality of sixth through holes. The upper part of the fifth gas distribution cylinder has a second gas outlet, which is connected to the gas outlet of the second space, so that the gas flowing out of the gas outlet of the second space enters the seventh annular channel through the second gas outlet. The sixth through holes are connected to the gas outlet on the outer shell.

[0028] In one specific embodiment, the top of the sixth gas distribution cylinder is connected to the lower central tube.

[0029] More preferably, the lower catalyst frame assembly further includes a lower central tube, which is sleeved in the sixth gas distribution cylinder. The top of the lower central tube is connected to the bottom of the intermediate catalyst frame assembly, and the top of the sixth gas distribution cylinder is connected to the side wall of the lower central tube. An eighth annular channel is provided between the side of the sixth gas distribution cylinder and the side of the lower central tube. A third gas outlet is provided on the tube wall of the lower central tube. The sixth through hole, the eighth annular channel, and the third gas outlet are sequentially connected. The bottom of the lower central tube is connected to the gas outlet of the outer shell.

[0030] More preferably, a positioning ring is provided in the space between the fifth gas distribution cylinder and the sixth gas distribution cylinder. The outer side of the positioning ring is connected to the fifth gas distribution cylinder, and the inner side of the positioning plate is connected to the sixth gas distribution cylinder. The positioning ring is a circular frame. The positioning ring is used to fix the equipment components.

[0031] In this invention, preferably, the first end plate is a horizontal plate, and the second end plate and the third end plate are both upwardly convex arc-shaped plates. Since the second end plate and the third end plate also serve to support the catalyst bed, setting them as arc-shaped plates can achieve a better load-bearing effect.

[0032] In this invention, preferably, the two ends of the inner shell are closed, and a first top space is provided between the top of the inner shell and the top of the outer shell. The first top space is connected to the first annular channel and the air inlet of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger. The first top space forms a buffer space, which helps to distribute the gas evenly.

[0033] In this invention, preferably, a bottom space is provided between the bottom of the outer shell and the bottom of the inner shell. The second air inlet communicates with the bottom space. A support platform is provided on the inner wall of the bottom of the outer shell, and a support ring is provided on the support platform. The bottom of the inner shell is supported on the support ring. A vent hole is provided on the side wall of the support ring, and the vent hole communicates with the bottom space and the first annular channel. The bottom space forms a buffer space, allowing gas to enter the first annular channel more evenly, thereby improving the heat exchange effect with the gas in the inner shell.

[0034] In this invention, preferably, the temperature-controlled adiabatic coupling type ammonia synthesis reactor further includes several thermocouple assemblies for temperature measurement. Each thermocouple assembly includes a thermocouple and an inner tube and an outer tube coaxially mounted on the thermocouple from the inside out. The inner tube is arranged axially within the outer shell, with its bottom sealed by a cap and its top sealed to the top of the outer shell by a flange. The top of the outer tube is connected to the top of the inner shell, and the annular gap between the outer tube and the inner tube communicates with the first top space. The bottom of the outer tube is connected to the bottom of the inner shell. By filling the annular gap with gas, heat transfer is achieved, facilitating more accurate measurement of the actual temperature of the reaction bed. Furthermore, the tube body isolates the thermocouple from external gases, preventing external gases and catalysts from affecting the thermocouple.

[0035] In this invention, preferably, a gas distributor is also provided in the second top space. The gas distributor is connected to the top of the inner shell, and a third air inlet is also provided on the outer shell. The air inlet of the gas distributor is connected to the third air inlet. The gas temperature in the reactor is adjusted by introducing gases of different temperatures into the gas distributor.

[0036] In this invention, preferably, a first discharge port is provided on the second end plate, and the first discharge port is connected to the first space; it is used for catalyst discharge and can also be used as a feed for the lower catalyst bed.

[0037] In this invention, preferably, a second discharge port is provided on the third end plate, and the second discharge port is connected to the second space; it is used for catalyst discharge and can also be used as a feed for the lower catalyst bed.

[0038] In this invention, preferably, a third discharge port is provided at the bottom of the inner shell, and the third discharge port is connected to the third space; a discharge pipe is connected to the third discharge port, and the bottom of the discharge pipe is connected to the bottom of the outer shell; this facilitates the self-discharge of the catalyst.

[0039] In this invention, preferably, manholes are provided on the first end plate, the second end plate, and the third end plate to facilitate equipment maintenance and catalyst installation.

[0040] This utility model also provides a method for operating the aforementioned temperature-controlled adiabatic coupling type ammonia synthesis reactor, which includes the following steps:

[0041] Catalysts are respectively filled into the first space, the second space, and the third space;

[0042] The first unreacted gas enters from the first inlet, enters the tube side of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger, exchanges heat with the reacted gas in the shell side of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger, and then enters the second top space; the second unreacted gas enters from the second inlet, passes through the first annular channel, enters the inlet of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger, exchanges heat with the reacted gas outside the shell-and-tube heat exchanger, and then flows into the second top space.

[0043] After the first and second unreacted gases merge in the second top space, they enter the catalyst bed in the first space through the inlet to carry out a catalytic reaction. The reacted gas flows out from the outlet of the first space and then enters the shell side of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger to exchange heat with the unreacted gas in the tube side of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger before flowing out from the outlet of the shell side of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger.

[0044] The reactant gas flowing out of the shell-side outlet of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger enters the catalyst bed of the second space through the inlet of the second space to carry out catalytic reaction, and after exchanging heat with the unreacted gas in the shell-and-tube heat exchanger, it flows out through the outlet of the second space.

[0045] The reaction gas flowing out from the outlet of the second space enters the catalyst bed of the third space through the inlet of the third space to carry out catalytic reaction, and the reaction gas after reaction flows out through the outlet of the third space and the outlet on the outer shell.

[0046] In this invention, the temperature of the first unreacted gas is preferably 170–210°C.

[0047] In this invention, the temperature of the second unreacted gas is preferably 80–120°C.

[0048] The positive and progressive effects of this utility model are as follows:

[0049] (1) In the ammonia synthesis reactor of this invention, the upper region where the upper catalyst frame assembly is located is an adiabatic reaction zone, and the middle region where the middle catalyst frame assembly is located is a relatively isothermal reaction zone. The molar concentration of hydrogen-nitrogen conversion in the upper region can be controlled at about 13.40%, which increases the partial pressure of ammonia gas at the inlet gas in the middle region, making the ammonia synthesis reaction in the middle reaction zone more stable, and the temperature of the reaction hot spot in the middle reaction zone is easier to control. In one specific embodiment, the ammonia synthesis reactor of this invention is used for ammonia synthesis, and the hydrogen-nitrogen conversion rate of the ammonia synthesis reaction is greater than 35.60% (molar concentration). The net ammonia value of the gas entering and leaving the reactor can be increased to about 23%.

[0050] (2) The first heat exchanger of the ammonia synthesis reactor of this utility model is a shell-and-tube heat exchanger, and the second heat exchanger is a sleeve-and-tube heat exchanger, so that the reaction temperature of the intermediate catalyst bed is in a relatively isothermal and low-temperature state. Since the ammonia synthesis reaction is an exothermic reaction, lowering the reaction temperature will increase the forward reaction rate. Therefore, the hydrogen and nitrogen conversion rate of the ammonia synthesis reaction in the intermediate catalyst frame is improved, and the net ammonia value can be increased to more than 13.5%.

[0051] (3) Since a relatively isothermal synthesis reaction zone is formed in the middle area, the space velocity of the ammonia synthesis catalyst is increased, the total amount of catalyst required for ammonia synthesis is reduced, the specifications (height of the cylinder) of the ammonia synthesis reactor can be reduced, and the cost of the ammonia synthesis tower equipment and the overall project cost will be reduced.

[0052] (4) The upper catalyst frame assembly, the middle catalyst frame assembly and the lower catalyst frame assembly of the ammonia synthesis reactor of this utility model can all be single-unit structures, which are convenient for factory prefabrication, transportation and installation.

[0053] (5) By setting the first annular channel, the outer shell can withstand a lower temperature (not exceeding 160°C), which avoids the heat radiation of the components inside the outer shell to the outer shell, reduces the requirements for the selection of outer shell materials, and reduces the equipment manufacturing cost. Attached Figure Description

[0054] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the ammonia synthesis reactor described in the embodiments of this utility model.

[0055] Explanation of reference numerals in the attached figures:

[0056] 1-Outer shell, 2-Inner shell, 3-First end plate, 4-Second end plate, 5-Third end plate, 6-Upper catalyst frame assembly, 7-Middle catalyst frame assembly, 8-Lower catalyst frame assembly, 9-First heat exchanger, 10-Second heat exchanger, 11-Upper central tube, 12-Middle central tube, 13-Lower central tube, 14-Support ring, 15-First expansion joint tube, 16-Second expansion joint tube, 17-Lower annular positioning plate, 18-Thermocouple assembly, 19-Gas distributor, 20-Discharge pipe, 21-Manhole;

[0057] 101-First air inlet, 102-Second air inlet, 103-Support platform, 104-Third air inlet;

[0058] 401 - First discharge port; 501 - Second discharge port;

[0059] 601 - First gas distribution cylinder, 602 - Second gas distribution cylinder;

[0060] 701 - Third gas distribution cylinder, 702 - Fourth gas distribution cylinder, 7011 - First gas outlet;

[0061] 801 - Fifth gas distribution cylinder, 802 - Sixth gas distribution cylinder, 8011 - Second gas outlet;

[0062] 901-Outer cylinder of heat exchanger, 902-Inner cylinder of heat exchanger, 903-Heat exchange tube, 904-Gas collection box, 905-Inlet pipe of first heat exchanger, 906-Second channel;

[0063] 1001-Second heat exchanger inlet pipe, 1002-Inlet collection box, 1003-Second heat exchanger outlet pipe, 1004-Outlet collection box, 1005-Outer heat exchanger tube, 1006-Inner heat exchanger tube;

[0064] 1401 - Vent hole;

[0065] 1801 - Inner tube, 1802 - Outer tube. Detailed Implementation

[0066] The present invention is further illustrated below by way of embodiments, but these embodiments do not limit the present invention to the scope of the embodiments described. Experimental methods in the following embodiments that do not specify specific conditions are performed according to conventional methods and conditions, or as selected according to the product instructions.

[0067] It should be noted that the terms "upper," "lower," "top," "bottom," "inner," and "outer," etc., indicating the orientation or positional relationship are based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the accompanying drawings, and are only for the convenience of describing this utility model and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or component referred to must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and therefore should not be construed as a limitation of this utility model. It should also be noted that, unless otherwise expressly specified and limited, the terms "installed," "connected," and "linked" should be interpreted broadly, for example, they can refer to fixed connections, detachable connections, or integral connections, or indirect connections through an intermediate medium. Those skilled in the art can understand the specific meaning of the above terms in the embodiments of this utility model according to the specific circumstances.

[0068] In this embodiment of the utility model, unless otherwise explicitly specified and limited, "above" or "below" the second feature can mean that the first feature is in direct contact with the second feature, or that the first feature is in indirect contact with the second feature through an intermediate medium. Furthermore, "above," "on top of," and "over" the second feature can mean that the first feature is directly above or diagonally above the second feature, or simply that the first feature is at a higher horizontal level than the second feature. "Below," "below," and "under" the second feature can mean that the first feature is directly below or diagonally below the second feature, or simply that the first feature is at a lower horizontal level than the second feature.

[0069] Example 1

[0070] This embodiment discloses a temperature-controlled adiabatic coupling type ammonia synthesis reactor. (See also...) Figure 1 It includes an outer shell 1, an inner shell 2, a first end plate 3, a second end plate 4, a third end plate 5, an upper catalyst frame assembly 6, an intermediate catalyst frame assembly 7, a lower catalyst frame assembly 8, a first heat exchanger 9, a second heat exchanger 10, an upper central tube 11, an intermediate central tube 12, and a lower central tube 13.

[0071] The outer shell 1 of this embodiment includes an outer shell cylinder, a cover plate disposed at the top of the outer shell cylinder, and a lower end cap disposed at the bottom. The lower end cap has an outwardly convex arc-shaped structure. The inner shell 2 includes an inner shell cylinder, a cover plate disposed at the top of the inner shell cylinder, and a lower end cap disposed at the bottom. The lower end cap has an outwardly convex arc-shaped structure.

[0072] The inner shell 2 is coaxially fitted inside the outer shell 1. The two ends of the inner shell 2 are closed. A first top space is provided between the top of the inner shell 2 and the top of the outer shell 1. A first annular channel is provided between the side of the inner shell 2 and the side of the outer shell 1. The first top space is connected to the first annular channel. The outer shell 1 is provided with a first air inlet 101 and a second air inlet 102. The second air inlet 102 is connected to the bottom of the first annular channel, so that the gas entering from the second air inlet 102 enters the first top space through the first annular channel.

[0073] In this embodiment, a bottom space is provided between the bottom of the outer shell 1 and the bottom of the inner shell 2. The second air inlet 102 is provided at the bottom of the outer shell 1 and communicates with the bottom space. A support platform 103 is provided on the inner wall of the outer shell 1, and a support ring 14 is provided on the support platform 103. The bottom of the inner shell 2 is supported on the support ring 14. A vent hole 1401 is provided on the side wall of the support ring 14 and communicates with the bottom space and the first annular channel.

[0074] In this embodiment, the first end plate 3 is a horizontal plate, and the second end plate 4 and the third end plate 5 are both upward-convex arc-shaped plates, which have a better load-bearing effect.

[0075] The first end plate 3, the second end plate 4, and the third end plate 5 are sequentially arranged in the inner shell 2 along the axial direction of the inner shell 2. A second top space is provided between the first end plate 3 and the top of the inner shell 2. The upper catalyst frame assembly 6 is arranged in the space between the first end plate 3 and the second end plate 4. The middle catalyst frame assembly 7 is arranged in the space between the second end plate 4 and the third end plate 5. The lower catalyst frame assembly 8 is arranged in the space between the third end plate 5 and the bottom of the inner shell 2.

[0076] The upper catalyst frame assembly 6 includes a first gas distribution cylinder 601 and a second gas distribution cylinder 602. The first gas distribution cylinder 601, the second gas distribution cylinder 602, and the upper central tube 11 are arranged sequentially from the outside to the inside along the radial direction of the inner shell 2. A second annular channel is provided between the side of the first gas distribution cylinder 601 and the side of the inner shell 2. A plurality of first through holes are provided on the cylinder wall of the first gas distribution cylinder 601, and a plurality of second through holes are provided on the second gas distribution cylinder 602. The top of the first gas distribution cylinder 601 and the top of the second gas distribution cylinder 602 are connected to the first end plate 3, and the bottom of the first gas distribution cylinder 601 and the bottom of the second gas distribution cylinder 602 are both connected to the second end plate 4. The first gas distribution cylinder 601, the second gas distribution cylinder 602, the first end plate 3, and the second end plate 4 enclose a first space for filling the catalyst bed. The first space communicates with the first through holes and the second through holes.

[0077] The first heat exchanger 9 is a shell-and-tube heat exchanger, which includes an outer cylinder 901, an inner cylinder 902, several heat exchange tubes 903, a gas collection box 904, and a first heat exchanger inlet pipe 905. The inner cylinder 902 is coaxially sleeved in the outer cylinder 901. A fourth space is provided between the outer cylinder 901 and the inner cylinder 902. A third annular channel is provided between the outer cylinder 901 and the second gas distribution cylinder 602. The upper central tube 11 is located in the inner cylinder 902. A fourth annular channel is provided between the inner cylinder 902 and the upper central tube 11. The fourth annular channel communicates with the second top space. A gas collecting box 904 is connected to the outer wall of the inner cylinder 902 of the heat exchanger. A first heat exchanger inlet pipe 905 is located in the fourth space. Several heat exchange tubes 903 are arranged side-by-side around the first heat exchanger inlet pipe 905 in the fourth space. A first connecting hole is provided on the first end plate 3, and a second connecting hole is provided on the gas collecting box 904. One end of each heat exchange tube 903 is sealed and connected to the first connecting hole and communicates with the second top space; the other end of each heat exchange tube 903 is sealed and connected to the second connecting hole and communicates with the gas collecting box 904. A gap for gas flow is provided between the top of the outer cylinder 901 of the heat exchanger and the bottom wall of the first end plate 3, forming a first channel. The bottom of the outer cylinder 901 of the heat exchanger is connected to the inner edge of the second end plate 4. A gap for gas flow is provided between the bottom of the outer cylinder 901 of the heat exchanger and the top surface of the second end plate 4, forming a second channel 906. A gap for gas flow is provided between the heat exchange tube 903 and the outer cylinder 901 of the heat exchanger. The third annular channel, the first channel, the gap, and the second channel are connected in sequence. The second channel 906 is connected to the space between the second end plate 4 and the third end plate 5. The top of the upper central tube 11 is connected to the first top space.

[0078] In this embodiment, a baffle rod is provided in the shell side of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger. The baffle rod is perpendicular to the heat exchange tube 903 and is used to continuously change the reverse direction of gas flow to increase heat transfer efficiency.

[0079] The intermediate catalyst frame assembly 7 includes a third gas distribution cylinder 701 and a fourth gas distribution cylinder 702. The third gas distribution cylinder 701, the fourth gas distribution cylinder 702, and the intermediate central tube 12 are arranged sequentially from the outside to the inside along the radial direction of the inner shell 2. The top of the third gas distribution cylinder 701 is connected to the second end plate 4, and the top of the fourth gas distribution cylinder 702 is connected to the intermediate central tube 12. The bottoms of both the third gas distribution cylinder 701 and the fourth gas distribution cylinder 702 are connected to the third end plate 5. The cylinder wall of the third gas distribution cylinder 701 is provided with several third through holes, and the fourth gas distribution cylinder 702 is provided with several fourth through holes. A fifth annular channel is provided between the third gas distribution cylinder 701 and the side wall of the inner shell 2. The top and bottom of the fifth annular channel are sealed, and the bottom of the second annular channel is sealed, so that the fifth annular channel and the second annular channel are not connected. Specifically, the fifth annular channel and the second annular channel are separated by a transverse partition. The upper part of the third gas distribution cylinder 701 is provided with a first gas outlet 7011, which is connected to the second channel 906, so that the gas flowing out from the second channel 906 enters the fifth annular channel through the first gas outlet 7011; a sixth annular channel is provided between the fourth gas distribution cylinder 702 and the side wall of the intermediate central tube 12, and the top of the sixth annular channel is sealed.

[0080] The second heat exchanger 10 is a shell-and-tube heat exchanger. The inlet of the second heat exchanger 10 is connected to the upper central tube 11, and the outlet of the second heat exchanger 10 is connected to the fourth annular channel, so that the gas entering from the upper central tube 11 enters the second heat exchanger 10, exchanges heat with the external reaction gas, and then flows out from the fourth annular channel. Specifically, the second heat exchanger 10 in this embodiment includes a second heat exchanger inlet pipe 1001, an inlet collection box 1002, a second heat exchanger outlet pipe 1003, an outlet collection box 1004, and several heat exchange tubes. The second heat exchanger inlet pipe 1001 is sleeved inside the second heat exchanger outlet pipe 1003, and a first annular gap is provided between the second heat exchanger inlet pipe 1001 and the second heat exchanger outlet pipe 1003. The inlet collection box 1002 is sleeved inside the outlet collection box 1004, and a second annular gap is provided between the inlet collection box 1002 and the outlet collection box 1004. In this embodiment, both the inlet collection box 1002 and the outlet collection box 1004 are spherical. Four inlet collection boxes 1002 are evenly and symmetrically arranged around the central tube 12. One end of the second heat exchanger inlet pipe 1001 is connected to the inlet collection box 1002, and the other end of the second heat exchanger inlet pipe 1001 is connected to the upper central tube 11. One end of the second heat exchanger outlet pipe 1003 is connected to the outlet collection box 1004, and the other end of the second heat exchanger outlet pipe 1003 is connected to the inner cylinder 902 of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger. The second annular gap, the first annular gap, and the fourth annular channel are connected in sequence. The heat exchanger includes an outer heat exchanger tube 1005 and an inner heat exchanger tube 1006 coaxially sleeved inside the outer heat exchanger tube 1005. One end of the outer heat exchanger tube 1005 is connected to the outlet gas collection box 1004 and communicates with the second annular gap. The other end of the outer heat exchanger tube 1005 is a free end. A third annular gap is provided between the side wall of the outer heat exchanger tube 1005 and the inner heat exchanger tube 1006. One end of the inner heat exchanger tube 1006 is connected to the inlet gas collection box 1002. The other end of the inner heat exchanger tube 1006 is open and a certain distance away from the inner bottom wall of the outer heat exchanger tube 1005, so that the inner heat exchanger tube 1006 communicates with the third annular gap. This allows the gas in the inlet gas collection box 1002 to flow from top to bottom through the inner heat exchanger tube 1006, and then from bottom to top through the third annular gap to exchange heat with the reaction gas outside the outer heat exchanger tube 1005 before flowing out from the second annular gap and the first annular gap. In this embodiment, several heat exchange sleeves are arranged side by side along the axial direction of the inner shell 2, so that the heat exchange sleeves can freely expand and contract along the axial direction of the inner shell 2.

[0081] The top of the intermediate central tube 12 is connected to the second heat exchanger 10. Specifically, the top of the intermediate central tube 12 is connected to the bottom of the outlet pipe 1003 of the second heat exchanger through the first expansion joint tube 15. The second heat exchanger 10 and the first expansion joint tube 15, as well as the intermediate central tube 12 and the first expansion joint tube 15, are connected by slotted movable connections.

[0082] The third gas distribution cylinder 701, the fourth gas distribution cylinder 702, the second end plate 4, the third end plate 5, the gas collection box 904, and the second heat exchanger 10 enclose a second space for filling the catalyst bed.

[0083] The lower catalyst frame assembly 8 includes a fifth gas distribution cylinder 801 and a sixth gas distribution cylinder 802. The fifth gas distribution cylinder 801, the sixth gas distribution cylinder 802, and the lower central tube 13 are arranged sequentially from the outside to the inside along the radial direction of the inner shell 2. The top of the fifth gas distribution cylinder 801 is connected to the second end plate 4, and the top of the sixth gas distribution cylinder 802 is connected to the side wall of the lower central tube 13. The lower central tube 13 is connected to the bottom of the intermediate central tube 12. The bottoms of both the fifth gas distribution cylinder 801 and the sixth gas distribution cylinder 802 are connected to the inner shell 2. The bottom is connected, and the fifth gas distribution cylinder 801, the sixth gas distribution cylinder 802, the third end plate 5 and the bottom wall of the inner shell 2 enclose a third space for filling the catalyst bed; the cylinder wall of the fifth gas distribution cylinder 801 is provided with several fifth through holes, the sixth gas distribution cylinder 802 is provided with several sixth through holes, and a seventh annular channel is provided between the side of the fifth gas distribution cylinder 801 and the side of the inner shell 2. The seventh annular channel is not connected to the fifth annular channel. Specifically, the seventh annular channel is separated from the fifth annular channel by a transverse partition.

[0084] The upper part of the fifth gas distribution cylinder 801 is provided with a second vent 8011, which is connected to the sixth annular channel, so that the gas flowing out of the sixth annular channel enters the seventh annular channel through the second vent 8011; an eighth annular channel is provided between the sixth gas distribution cylinder 802 and the lower central tube 13, and a third vent is provided on the lower central tube 13. The sixth through hole, the eighth annular channel, and the third vent are connected in sequence; the bottom of the lower central tube 13 is connected to the vent on the outer shell 1.

[0085] In this embodiment, the lower central tube 13 and the middle central tube 12 are connected by the second expansion joint tube 16. The middle central tube 12 and the second expansion joint tube 16, as well as the lower central tube 13 and the second expansion joint tube 16, are connected by slots. Through the slots and expansion joints, the internal damage caused by thermal stress can be effectively eliminated.

[0086] In this embodiment, a positioning ring 17 is provided in the space between the fifth gas distribution cylinder 801 and the sixth gas distribution cylinder 802. The outer side of the positioning ring 17 is connected to the fifth gas distribution cylinder 801, and the inner side of the positioning ring 17 is connected to the sixth gas distribution cylinder 802. The positioning ring 17 is a circular frame with reinforcing ribs. The positioning ring 17 is used to fix the equipment components.

[0087] In this embodiment, the bottom of the lower central tube 13 extends to connect with the bottom of the outer shell 1 for outputting the gas after the reaction.

[0088] In this embodiment, a first discharge port 401 is provided on the second end plate 4, which connects to the first space. The first discharge port 401 is used for catalyst discharge and can also be used as a feed for the lower catalyst bed. A second discharge port 501 is provided on the third end plate 5, which connects to the second space. The second discharge port 501 is used for catalyst discharge and can also be used as a feed for the lower catalyst bed. A third discharge port is provided at the bottom of the inner shell 2, which connects to the third space. A discharge pipe 20 is connected to the third discharge port, and the bottom of the discharge pipe 20 is connected to the bottom of the outer shell 1 to facilitate the self-discharge of the catalyst.

[0089] In this embodiment, manholes 21 are provided on the first end plate 3, the second end plate 4 and the third end plate 5 for equipment maintenance and inspection and for adding catalysts.

[0090] Example 2

[0091] Based on the scheme of Example 1, the temperature-controlled adiabatic coupling type ammonia synthesis reactor of this embodiment is further provided with several thermocouple assemblies 18 for temperature measurement. The thermocouple assembly 18 includes a thermocouple and an inner tube 1801 and an outer tube 1802 coaxially sleeved on the thermocouple from the inside to the outside. The inner tube 1801 is arranged in the outer shell 1 along the axial direction of the outer shell 1. The bottom of the inner tube 1801 is sealed by a tube cap. The top of the inner tube 1801 is sealed to the top of the outer shell 1 by a flange. The top of the outer tube 1802 is connected to the top of the inner shell 2. The annular gap between the outer tube 1802 and the inner tube 1801 is connected to the first top space, so that the gas in the first top space can enter the annular gap. The bottom of the outer tube 1802 is connected to the bottom of the inner shell 2.

[0092] Example 3

[0093] The temperature-controlled adiabatic coupling type ammonia synthesis reactor of this embodiment, based on the scheme of Embodiment 1, further includes a gas distributor 19. A third air inlet 104 is also provided on the outer shell 1. The gas distributor 19 is disposed in the second top space and connected to the top of the inner shell 2. The air inlet of the gas distributor 19 is connected to the third air inlet 104. The gas temperature inside the reactor is adjusted by introducing gases of different temperatures into the gas distributor 19. Specifically, the third air inlet 104 is located on the side wall of the outer shell 1 where the first top space is located, and the third air inlet 104 is connected to the air inlet of the gas distributor 19 via a flexible hose.

[0094] Example 4

[0095] The temperature-controlled adiabatic coupling type ammonia synthesis reactor of this embodiment, based on the scheme of Example 1, also includes the thermocouple assembly 18 scheme described in Example 2 and the gas distributor 19 scheme described in Example 3.

[0096] Example 5

[0097] This embodiment discloses the operation method of the temperature-controlled adiabatic coupling type ammonia synthesis reactor described in the preceding embodiments. The unreacted gases mainly include hydrogen and nitrogen, wherein the inert gas content is less than 100 ppm and the oxygen gas content is less than 10 ppm. The unreacted gases are divided into two streams: the temperature of the first stream of unreacted gases is 170℃~210℃, and the temperature of the second stream of unreacted gases is 80℃~120℃.

[0098] The principle of ammonia synthesis is that hydrogen and nitrogen react chemically under high temperature, high pressure, and catalytic conditions to produce ammonia.

[0099] .

[0100] It includes the following steps:

[0101] The first space, the second space and the third space are respectively filled with catalysts, which can be iron-based catalysts A110.

[0102] The first unreacted gas enters from the first inlet 101, passes through the first heat exchanger inlet pipe 905, the gas collection box 904 and the heat exchange tube 903 in sequence, and exchanges heat with the reacted gas in the shell side between the outer cylinder 901 and the inner cylinder 902 of the heat exchanger. The gas temperature rises to 360℃~390℃ and then enters the second top space.

[0103] The second unreacted gas enters from the second inlet 102, passes through the first annular channel, the first top space, the upper central tube 11, and the inlet of the second heat exchanger 10 in sequence, and enters the second heat exchanger 10 to exchange heat with the external reaction gas. The gas temperature rises to 360°C to 390°C, and then flows into the second top space from the fourth annular channel.

[0104] The first and second unreacted gases merge in the second top space and enter the upper catalyst bed through the second annular channel and the first through hole to carry out catalytic reaction. After the reaction, the reacted gas enters the shell side of the first heat exchanger 9 and exchanges heat with the unreacted gas in the tube side of the first heat exchanger 9. The temperature of the reacted gas is 370℃~390℃, and then it flows out from the second channel.

[0105] The reaction gas flowing out from the second channel enters the fifth annular channel through the first outlet 7011, then enters the intermediate catalyst bed through the third through hole to carry out catalytic reaction, and after exchanging heat with the unreacted gas in the second heat exchanger 10, the gas temperature is about 410℃~440℃, and then flows out through the sixth annular channel.

[0106] The reaction gas flowing out from the sixth annular channel passes sequentially through the second outlet 8011, the seventh annular channel, and the fifth through hole into the lower catalyst bed for reaction. The temperature of the reaction gas after the reaction is about 435℃~465℃, and it flows out sequentially through the sixth through hole, the eighth annular channel, the third outlet, the lower central tube 13, and the outlet of the outer shell 1.

[0107] Using the ammonia synthesis reactor of this embodiment, the net ammonia value obtained is 23%, and the conversion rate is greater than 35.60% (molar concentration).

Claims

1. A temperature-controlled adiabatic coupling type ammonia synthesis reactor, characterized in that, It includes an outer shell, an inner shell, a first end plate, a second end plate, a third end plate, an upper catalyst frame assembly, an intermediate catalyst frame assembly, a lower catalyst frame assembly, a first heat exchanger, and a second heat exchanger; The inner shell is coaxially sleeved inside the outer shell. A first annular channel is provided between the side of the inner shell and the side of the outer shell. A first air inlet is provided at the upper part of the outer shell, and a second air inlet and an air outlet are provided at the bottom of the outer shell. The second air inlet communicates with the bottom of the first annular channel. The first end plate, the second end plate, and the third end plate are sequentially arranged in the inner shell along the axial direction of the inner shell. A second top space is provided between the first end plate and the top of the inner shell. The upper catalyst frame assembly and the first heat exchanger are arranged in a first region between the first end plate and the second end plate. The middle catalyst frame assembly and the second heat exchanger are arranged in a second region between the second end plate and the third end plate. The lower catalyst frame assembly is arranged in a third region between the third end plate and the bottom of the inner shell. The upper catalyst frame assembly is provided with a first space for filling the catalyst. The first heat exchanger includes a shell-and-tube heat exchanger. The second top space, the inlet of the first space, the outlet of the first space, and the inlet of the shell side of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger are connected in sequence. The two ends of the tube side of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger are connected to the first inlet and the second top space, so that the reaction gas flowing out from the first space enters the shell side of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger and exchanges heat with the unreacted gas in the tube side of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger that enters from the first inlet. After heat exchange, the unreacted gas in the tube side enters the second top space. The intermediate catalyst frame assembly is provided with a second space for filling the catalyst. The inlet of the second space is connected to the outlet of the shell side of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger. The second heat exchanger is disposed in the second space. The second heat exchanger includes a shell-and-tube heat exchanger. The inlet of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger is connected to the top of the first annular channel. The outlet of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger is connected to the second top space, so that the unreacted gas entering from the second inlet enters the shell-and-tube heat exchanger and exchanges heat with the reacted gas in the second space. The unreacted gas after heat exchange enters the second top space. The lower catalyst frame assembly is provided with a third space for filling the catalyst. The air inlet of the third space is connected to the air outlet of the second space, and the air outlet of the third space is connected to the air outlet on the outer shell.

2. The temperature-controllable adiabatic coupling type ammonia synthesis reactor according to claim 1, wherein The upper catalyst frame assembly includes a first gas distribution cylinder and a second gas distribution cylinder, which are coaxially sleeved from the outside to the inside. The top of the first gas distribution cylinder and the top of the second gas distribution cylinder are both connected to the first end plate, and the bottom of the first gas distribution cylinder and the bottom of the second gas distribution cylinder are both connected to the second end plate. The first gas distribution cylinder, the second gas distribution cylinder, the first end plate, and the second end plate enclose and form the first space. A second annular channel is provided between the side of the first gas distribution cylinder and the side of the inner shell. The upper end of the second annular channel is connected to the second top space, and the lower end of the second annular channel is sealed. A plurality of first through holes are provided on the cylinder wall of the first gas distribution cylinder, and a plurality of second through holes are provided on the second gas distribution cylinder. The second annular channel, the first through holes, the first space, and the second through holes are sequentially connected. The first through holes form the air inlet of the first space, and the second through holes form the air outlet of the first space. The shell-and-tube heat exchanger is disposed inside the second gas distribution cylinder. A third annular channel is provided between the shell side wall of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger and the second gas distribution cylinder. A first channel and a second channel are provided on the shell side wall of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger. The first channel is connected to the third annular channel. The first channel forms the air inlet of the shell side of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger, and the second channel forms the air outlet of the shell side of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger.

3. The temperature-controllable adiabatic coupling type ammonia synthesis reactor according to claim 2, wherein The shell-and-tube heat exchanger includes an outer cylinder, an inner cylinder, a gas collection box, a first heat exchanger inlet pipe, and several heat exchange tubes. The inner cylinder is coaxially sleeved within the outer cylinder. A fourth space is provided between the outer and inner cylinders. The gas collection box is connected to the outer wall of the inner cylinder. The first heat exchanger inlet pipe is located in the fourth space. Several heat exchange tubes are arranged side-by-side around the first inlet pipe in the fourth space. A first connecting hole is provided on the first end plate, and a second connecting hole is provided on the gas collection box. One end of each heat exchange tube is sealed and connected to the first connecting hole and communicates with the second top space. The other end of the heat exchange tube is sealed and connected to the second connecting hole and communicates with the gas collecting box; a third annular channel is provided between the outer cylinder of the heat exchanger and the second gas distribution cylinder, a first channel is provided at the top of the outer cylinder of the heat exchanger, a second channel is provided at the bottom of the outer cylinder of the heat exchanger, and a gap is provided between the heat exchange tube and the outer cylinder of the heat exchanger. The third annular channel, the first channel, the gap and the second channel are connected in sequence; the outer cylinder of the heat exchanger, the inner cylinder of the heat exchanger, the first end plate, the bottom of the gas collecting box and the heat exchange tube enclose and form the shell side of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger, and the inside of the heat exchange tube forms the tube side of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger.

4. The temperature-controllable adiabatic coupling type ammonia synthesis reactor according to claim 1, wherein The intermediate catalyst frame assembly includes a third gas distribution cylinder and a fourth gas distribution cylinder coaxially sleeved from the outside in. The top of the third gas distribution cylinder is connected to the second end plate. The upper part of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger is connected to the bottom of the shell side of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger. The top of the fourth gas distribution cylinder is connected to the bottom of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger. The bottoms of both the third and fourth gas distribution cylinders are connected to the third end plate. The third gas distribution cylinder, the fourth gas distribution cylinder, the second end plate, the third end plate, the shell side of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger, and... The shell-and-tube heat exchangers enclose each other to form the second space; the third gas distribution cylinder has several third through holes on its wall, the fourth gas distribution cylinder has several fourth through holes, and a fifth annular channel is provided between the third gas distribution cylinder and the inner shell. The upper and lower ends of the fifth annular channel are sealed. The upper part of the third gas distribution cylinder has a first vent hole, which is connected to the vent of the shell side of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger, so that the gas flowing out of the vent of the shell side of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger enters the fifth annular channel through the first vent hole.

5. The temperature-controllable adiabatic coupling type ammonia synthesis reactor according to claim 4, wherein The intermediate catalyst frame assembly also includes an intermediate central tube, which is disposed inside the fourth gas distribution cylinder. The top of the intermediate central tube is connected to the bottom of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger, and the top of the fourth gas distribution cylinder is connected to the side wall of the intermediate central tube. A sixth annular channel is provided between the fourth gas distribution cylinder and the intermediate central tube. The sixth annular channel communicates with the fourth through hole, and the top of the sixth annular channel is sealed. The sixth annular channel forms the gas outlet of the second space.

6. The temperature-controlled adiabatic coupling type ammonia synthesis reactor as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The shell-and-tube heat exchanger includes a second heat exchanger inlet pipe, an inlet collection box, a second heat exchanger outlet pipe, an outlet collection box, and several heat exchanger sleeves. The second heat exchanger inlet pipe is sleeved inside the second heat exchanger outlet pipe, and a first annular gap is provided between the second heat exchanger inlet pipe and the second heat exchanger outlet pipe. The inlet collection box is sleeved inside the outlet collection box, and a second annular gap is provided between the inlet collection box and the outlet collection box. One end of the second heat exchanger inlet pipe is connected to the inlet collection box, and the other end of the second heat exchanger inlet pipe is connected to the top of the first annular channel. One end of the second heat exchanger outlet pipe is connected to the outlet collection box, and the other end of the second heat exchanger outlet pipe is connected to the shell-and-tube heat exchanger. The second annular gap, the first annular gap, and the second top space are sequentially connected. The heat exchange sleeve includes an outer heat exchange tube and an inner heat exchange tube coaxially sleeved inside the outer heat exchange tube. One end of the outer heat exchange tube is connected to the outlet gas collection box and communicates with the second annular gap. The other end of the outer heat exchange tube is closed and is a free end. A third annular gap is provided between the outer heat exchange tube and the inner heat exchange tube. One end of the inner heat exchange tube communicates with the inlet gas collection box, and the other end of the inner heat exchange tube communicates with the third annular gap. This allows the gas in the inlet gas collection box to sequentially enter the inner heat exchange tube and the third annular gap, exchange heat with the gas outside the heat exchange sleeve, and then flow out from the second annular gap and the first annular gap.

7. The temperature-controllable adiabatic coupling type ammonia synthesis reactor according to claim 6, wherein It meets one or more of the following conditions: (1) The shell-and-tube heat exchanger further includes an upper central tube, one end of which is connected to the air inlet pipe of the second heat exchanger, and the other end of which is connected to the first annular channel; the shell side of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger is an annular structure, the upper central tube is sleeved in the inner ring of the shell side of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger, and a fourth annular channel is provided between the upper central tube and the inner ring wall of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger, the fourth annular channel connecting the second top space and the first annular gap; (2) Both the air inlet collection box and the air outlet collection box are spherical; (3) At least two air intake collection boxes are evenly spaced around the axis of the inner shell, and the number of air outlet collection boxes is the same as that of the air intake collection boxes; (4) Several heat exchange tubes are arranged side by side along the axial direction of the inner shell.

8. The temperature-controllable adiabatic coupling type ammonia synthesis reactor according to claim 1, wherein The lower catalyst frame assembly includes a fifth gas distribution cylinder and a sixth gas distribution cylinder coaxially sleeved from the outside to the inside. A seventh annular channel is provided between the side of the fifth gas distribution cylinder and the side of the inner shell, and the upper and lower ends of the seventh annular channel are sealed. The top of the fifth gas distribution cylinder is connected to the second end plate, the top of the sixth gas distribution cylinder is connected to the bottom of the intermediate catalyst frame assembly, and the bottoms of the fifth and sixth gas distribution cylinders are both connected to the bottom of the inner shell. The fifth gas distribution cylinder, the sixth gas distribution cylinder, the third end plate, and the bottom wall of the inner shell enclose the third space. The cylinder wall of the fifth gas distribution cylinder is provided with a plurality of fifth through holes, and the sixth gas distribution cylinder is provided with a plurality of sixth through holes. The upper part of the fifth gas distribution cylinder is provided with a second gas outlet, which communicates with the gas outlet of the second space, so that the gas flowing out of the gas outlet of the second space enters the seventh annular channel through the second gas outlet. The sixth through holes communicate with the gas outlet on the outer shell.

9. The temperature-controllable adiabatic coupling type ammonia synthesis reactor according to claim 8, wherein The lower catalyst frame assembly also includes a lower central tube, which is sleeved in the sixth gas distribution cylinder. The top of the lower central tube is connected to the bottom of the intermediate catalyst frame assembly, and the top of the sixth gas distribution cylinder is connected to the side wall of the lower central tube. An eighth annular channel is provided between the side of the sixth gas distribution cylinder and the side of the lower central tube. A third gas outlet is provided on the tube wall of the lower central tube. The sixth through hole, the eighth annular channel, and the third gas outlet are connected in sequence. The bottom of the lower central tube is connected to the gas outlet of the outer shell.

10. The temperature-controllable adiabatic coupling type ammonia synthesis reactor according to claim 1, wherein It meets one or more of the following conditions: (1) The inner shell is closed at both ends, and a first top space is provided between the top of the inner shell and the top of the outer shell. The first top space is connected to the first annular channel and the air inlet of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger. (2) A bottom space is provided between the bottom of the outer shell and the bottom of the inner shell, the second air inlet is connected to the bottom space, a support platform is provided on the bottom inner wall of the outer shell, a support ring is provided on the support platform, the bottom of the inner shell is supported on the support ring, and a vent is provided on the side wall of the support ring, the vent is connected to the bottom space and the first annular channel. (3) The first end plate is a horizontal plate, and the second end plate and the third end plate are both upward convex arc plates; (4) The temperature-controlled adiabatic coupling type ammonia synthesis reactor further includes several thermocouple assemblies for temperature measurement. The thermocouple assembly includes a thermocouple and an inner tube and an outer tube coaxially sleeved on the thermocouple from the inside to the outside. The inner tube is arranged in the outer shell along the axial direction of the outer shell. The bottom of the inner tube is sealed by a tube cap. The top of the inner tube is sealed and connected to the top of the outer shell by a flange. The top of the outer tube is connected to the top of the inner shell. The annular gap between the outer tube and the inner tube communicates with the first top space. The bottom of the outer tube is connected to the bottom of the inner shell. (5) A gas distributor is also provided in the second top space. The gas distributor is connected to the top of the inner shell. A third air inlet is also provided on the outer shell. The air inlet of the gas distributor is connected to the third air inlet. (6) A first discharge port is provided on the second end plate, and the first discharge port is connected to the first space; (7) A second discharge port is provided on the third end plate, and the second discharge port is connected to the second space; (8) A third discharge port is provided at the bottom of the inner shell, and the third discharge port is connected to the third space; A discharge pipe is connected to the third discharge port, and the bottom of the discharge pipe is connected to the bottom of the outer shell; (9) Manholes are provided on the first end plate, the second end plate and the third end plate.

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