Photovoltaic rolled glass rolling rolls and rolling apparatus

Abstract

The utility model discloses a kind of photovoltaic calendered glass calender roll and calendering equipment, it is related to photovoltaic calendered glass technical field, wherein, photovoltaic calendered glass calender roll includes roller body, roller body includes two anti-bulging parts, anti-bulging part includes first slope and first groove, first slope and first groove are annular and located in roll face, first slope is located the axial center side of first groove away from roller body, and first slope is connected with first groove, first slope is towards the axial center side away from roller body, the end of first slope away from first groove extends to the outside of roller body, the diameter of first groove axial both ends and the center of roller body is equal;By aiming at the temperature difference of glass liquid transverse difference, first groove axial both ends extrude the key stress point of glass plate, a local low-pressure area is formed in first groove in anti-bulging part at corresponding position of roll face, can effectively guide glass liquid to flow to edge area, to realize the problem of reducing glass plate edge over-thickness.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This utility model relates to the field of photovoltaic rolled glass technology, and in particular to a photovoltaic rolled glass rolling roll and rolling equipment. Background Technology

[0002] With the rapid development of the global photovoltaic industry, higher demands have been placed on the performance and cost of rolled glass. The industry is evolving towards "thinner, wider, and larger" glass to achieve higher light transmittance, lighter weight, and lower cost per kilowatt-hour. Specifically, the mainstream thickness of photovoltaic glass has gradually decreased from the traditional 3.2mm to 2.0mm, 1.6mm, and even thinner; at the same time, to improve production efficiency and adapt to large-size battery modules, the specifications of the glass substrate have also evolved from the 156mm level to the 182mm and 210mm levels.

[0003] To meet the production demands of large-size glass, the width of calenders has increased significantly, with the net length of the calender rolls increasing from the early 3150mm to approximately 6100mm required for the current 1 / 4 split process. This increased roll length leads to more pronounced deflection during operation, posing unprecedented challenges to the roll's material, rigidity, and structural design. The long-standing technical bottleneck in photovoltaic glass production—the lateral thickness difference—has become particularly prominent in the production of wider, thinner sheets. The main reason for this problem is that when molten glass flows out of the overflow port, the edge area dissipates heat quickly, resulting in a significantly lower temperature than the central area. This uneven temperature distribution causes the viscosity of the molten glass to increase from the center to the edges. During calendering using traditional roll structures, the high-temperature, low-viscosity central portion of the molten glass is more easily stretched and thinned, while the low-temperature, high-viscosity edge portion faces greater flow resistance and is difficult to thin sufficiently. Furthermore, the uneven thinning ratio across different areas of the glass sheet's edge, caused by the main drive's tension, ultimately results in a lateral thickness difference in the formed glass sheet, characterized by "thicker edges and thinner center."

[0004] Currently, the industry typically addresses thickness variations by increasing roll diameter or using a single-convex roll (medium-convex roll). However, these methods have limited effectiveness: simply increasing roll diameter is costly and fails to fundamentally eliminate deflection; traditional medium-convex roll designs can only compensate for roll deflection macroscopically and cannot accurately compensate for uneven glass viscosity caused by temperature gradients. Especially in the production of wide-plate thin glass, edge thickness is difficult to control consistently, often forcing producers to relax quality standards or increase edge trimming losses, severely hindering yield improvement and cost reduction. Utility Model Content

[0005] The main purpose of this invention is to provide a photovoltaic rolled glass rolling roller and rolling equipment, which aims to improve the problem of excessive thickness at the glass edges.

[0006] To achieve the above objectives, the photovoltaic rolled glass rolling roll proposed in this utility model includes:

[0007] The roller body includes two anti-protrusion portions;

[0008] The two anti-protrusion parts are respectively located on the roller surface at both ends of the roller body axially. The anti-protrusion part includes a first inclined surface and a first groove. The first inclined surface and the first groove are both arranged in a ring shape on the roller surface.

[0009] The first inclined surface is located on the side of the first groove away from the axial center of the roller body, and the first inclined surface is connected to the first groove. The first inclined surface faces away from the axial center of the roller body. The end of the first inclined surface away from the first groove extends outward to the outside of the roller body. The two axial ends of the first groove have a first diameter and a second diameter, respectively. The first diameter and the second diameter are equal to the diameter at the center of the roller body.

[0010] In one embodiment, the first inclined surface includes a first end away from the first groove and a second end close to the first groove;

[0011] The distance between the first end and the second end in the radial direction of the roller body is 0.1-0.15 mm.

[0012] In one embodiment, the distance between the first end and the second end along the axial direction of the roller body is 150-170 mm.

[0013] In one embodiment, the distance between the first end and the second end along the axial direction of the roller body is 160 mm.

[0014] In one embodiment, the first groove and the first inclined surface are connected at the second end, and the first groove includes a third end located at the lowest point in the axial direction and a fourth end on the side away from the first inclined surface.

[0015] The distance between the third end and the fourth end along the radial direction of the roller body is 0.15-0.2 mm.

[0016] In one embodiment, the distance between the first end and the fourth end in the axial direction of the roller body accounts for 10-17% of the length of the roller body.

[0017] In one embodiment, the distance between the third end and the second end along the axial direction of the roller body is 100-200 mm.

[0018] In one embodiment, the distance between the third end and the second end along the axial direction of the roller body is 150 mm.

[0019] In one embodiment, the second end, the third end, and the fourth end are connected by a circular arc in sequence.

[0020] This utility model also proposes a calendering device, which includes the above-mentioned photovoltaic calendering glass calendering roll.

[0021] The technical solution of this utility model addresses the different lateral temperature differences in molten glass by changing the force points between the roller and the molten glass, thereby altering the magnitude of the force exerted by the roller on the molten glass and the thinning effect of the main drive pull on the edge region of the molten glass. This results in a more uniform molten glass at the edges, reducing its thickness difference. The first groove at both ends of the first groove compresses the key force points of the glass plate. The first groove in the anti-protrusion part forms a local low-pressure zone at the corresponding position on the roller surface, which can effectively guide the high-temperature, low-viscosity molten glass in the middle to flow towards the lower-temperature, higher-viscosity edge region, thus compensating for the flow resistance caused by the lower temperature at the edge. This makes the forming process of the glass plate from the center to the edge smoother and more uniform. Furthermore, the first inclined surface provides a smooth transition zone, allowing the flow rate and direction of the molten glass to change smoothly. Secondly, by increasing the amount of molten glass in the first groove, the thinning effect of the main drive pull is offset, preventing the glass plate at the first groove from being too thin, thus preventing the problem of excessive thickness and uneven thickness at the edges of the glass plate. Attached Figure Description

[0022] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of this utility model or the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of this utility model. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on the structures shown in these drawings without creative effort.

[0023] Figure 1 A schematic diagram of a structural embodiment of the photovoltaic rolled glass rolling roller provided by this utility model;

[0024] Figure 2 for Figure 1 A magnified schematic diagram of the structure at point A in the middle.

[0025] Explanation of icon numbers:

[0026] 1. Roller body; 11. First inclined surface; 12. First groove; 2. First end; 3. Second end; 4. Third end; 5. Fourth end; 6. Roller.

[0027] The purpose, features, and advantages of this utility model will be further explained in conjunction with the embodiments and with reference to the accompanying drawings. Detailed Implementation

[0028] The technical solutions of the present utility model will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings of the embodiments. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present utility model, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present utility model, all other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present utility model.

[0029] It should be noted that if the embodiments of this utility model involve directional indicators (such as up, down, left, right, front, back, etc.), the directional indicators are only used to explain the relative positional relationship and movement of the components in a specific posture. If the specific posture changes, the directional indicators will also change accordingly.

[0030] Furthermore, if the embodiments of this utility model involve descriptions such as "first" or "second," these descriptions are for descriptive purposes only and should not be construed as indicating or implying their relative importance or implicitly specifying the number of technical features indicated. Therefore, a feature defined with "first" or "second" may explicitly or implicitly include at least one of those features. Additionally, the use of "and / or" or "and / or" throughout the text includes three parallel solutions. For example, "A and / or B" includes solution A, solution B, or a solution where both A and B are satisfied simultaneously. Furthermore, the technical solutions of the various embodiments can be combined with each other, but this must be based on the ability of those skilled in the art to implement them. When the combination of technical solutions is contradictory or impossible to implement, it should be considered that such a combination of technical solutions does not exist and is not within the scope of protection claimed by this utility model.

[0031] With the rapid development of the global photovoltaic industry, higher demands have been placed on the performance and cost of rolled glass. The industry is evolving towards "thinner, wider, and larger" glass to achieve higher light transmittance, lighter weight, and lower cost per kilowatt-hour. Specifically, the mainstream thickness of photovoltaic glass has gradually decreased from the traditional 3.2mm to 2.0mm, 1.6mm, and even thinner; at the same time, to improve production efficiency and adapt to large-size battery modules, the specifications of the glass substrate have also evolved from the 156mm level to the 182mm and 210mm levels.

[0032] To meet the production demands of large-size glass, the width of calenders has increased significantly, with the net length of the calender rolls increasing from the early 3150mm to approximately 6100mm required for the current 1 / 4 split process. This increased roll length leads to more pronounced deflection during operation, posing unprecedented challenges to the roll's material, rigidity, and structural design. The long-standing technical bottleneck in photovoltaic glass production—the lateral thickness difference—has become particularly prominent in the production of wider, thinner sheets. The main reason for this problem is that when molten glass flows out of the overflow port, the edge area dissipates heat quickly, resulting in a significantly lower temperature than the center area. This uneven temperature distribution causes the viscosity of the molten glass to increase from the center to the edges. When calendering using traditional calender rolls, the high-temperature, low-viscosity center section of molten glass is more easily stretched and thinned, while the low-temperature, high-viscosity edge section faces greater flow resistance and is difficult to thin sufficiently, ultimately resulting in a lateral thickness difference in the formed glass sheet—thicker at the edges and thinner in the center.

[0033] Currently, the industry typically addresses thickness variations by increasing roll diameter or using a single-convex roll (medium-convex roll). However, these methods have limited effectiveness: simply increasing roll diameter is costly and fails to fundamentally eliminate deflection; traditional medium-convex roll designs can only compensate for roll deflection macroscopically and cannot accurately compensate for uneven glass viscosity caused by temperature gradients. Especially in the production of wide-plate thin glass, edge thickness is difficult to control consistently, often forcing producers to relax quality standards or increase edge trimming losses, severely hindering yield improvement and cost reduction.

[0034] This utility model proposes a photovoltaic rolled glass rolling roller.

[0035] Please see Figure 1 and Figure 2 In one embodiment of this utility model, the photovoltaic rolled glass rolling roll includes:

[0036] Roller body 1, the roller body 1 including two anti-protrusion parts;

[0037] The two anti-protrusion parts are respectively located on the roller surface at both ends of the axial direction of the roller body 1. The anti-protrusion part includes a first inclined surface 11 and a first groove 12. The first inclined surface 11 and the first groove 12 are both arranged in a ring on the roller surface.

[0038] The first inclined surface 11 is located on the side of the first groove 12 away from the axial center of the roller body 1, and the first inclined surface 11 is connected to the first groove 12. The first inclined surface 11 faces away from the axial center of the roller body 1. The end of the first inclined surface 11 away from the first groove 12 extends outward to the outside of the roller body 1. The two axial ends of the first groove 12 have a first diameter and a second diameter, respectively. The first diameter and the second diameter are equal to the diameter at the center of the roller body 1.

[0039] The technical solution of this utility model addresses the different lateral temperature differences in molten glass by changing the force points between the roller 1 and the molten glass, thereby altering the magnitude of the force exerted by the roller 1 on the molten glass and the thinning effect of the main drive pull on the edge region of the molten glass. This results in a more uniform molten glass at the edges, reducing its thickness difference. The first groove 12 compresses the key force points of the glass plate at both ends of its axial direction. The first groove 12 in the anti-protrusion part forms a local low-pressure zone at the corresponding position on the roller surface, which can effectively guide the high-temperature, low-viscosity molten glass in the middle to flow towards the lower-temperature, higher-viscosity edge region, thus compensating for the flow resistance caused by the lower temperature at the edge. This makes the forming process of the glass plate from the center to the edge smoother and more uniform. Furthermore, the first inclined surface 11 provides a smooth transition zone, allowing the flow rate and direction of the molten glass to change smoothly. Secondly, by increasing the amount of molten glass in the first groove, the thinning effect of the main drive pull is offset, preventing the glass plate at the first groove from being too thin, thus preventing the problem of excessive thickness and uneven thickness at the edges of the glass plate.

[0040] It should be noted that the temperature of the molten glass before forming is generally around 1100℃, and drops to around 860℃ after forming. During pressing, the upper and lower rollers are affected by heat differently. The upper roller is affected by heat conduction from the molten glass in contact with it, heat radiation from the high-temperature molten glass in front of it, and heat radiation from the glass sheet behind it. Because edge-heating torches are installed on both sides of the upper roller to heat the edge glass, the flames also directly radiate heat to the upper roller. The lower roller is mainly affected by heat conduction from the molten glass in contact with it. Therefore, the upper roller receives more heat than the lower roller, resulting in greater thermal expansion and deformation of the upper roller than the lower roller. This also introduces some fitting error, leading to excessively thick edges on the glass sheet.

[0041] It should be noted that the rolled glass sheet is mainly thinned by the downward pressure of the upper rolling roller at the upper and lower rolling rollers. The glass melt is cooled by the rolling rollers, causing the glass sheet to shrink and thicken. The pulling force of the main drive motor pulling the glass sheet forward causes the glass sheet to deform under tension. Since the temperature of the glass melt drops from 1080℃ to about 800℃ at this point, the glass sheet is still a plastic body. If there is no restraint on the main drive tension, it will cause the glass melt to thicken or thin at different positions, resulting in inconsistent stress at different locations.

[0042] The molten glass at the glass plate position corresponding to the first groove 12 is mainly thinned by the main drive tension. Normal production may result in this area being relatively thin. Therefore, the molten glass at this position is increased by the first groove 12 to counteract the thinning effect of the main drive tension, prevent the glass plate at the first groove 12 from being too thin, and achieve uniform thickness.

[0043] It is understood that the anti-protrusion part is provided at both ends of the roller body 1 to ensure that the thickness of the two sides of the produced glass plate is uniform.

[0044] It should be noted that roller shafts are fixedly connected to both ends of roller body 1.

[0045] It should be noted that, as Figure 1 and Figure 2 The first inclined surface 11 and the first groove 12 in the figure are enlarged schematic diagrams for ease of understanding and explanation. The scale relationship in the figure does not reflect the actual scale and is only for auxiliary explanation.

[0046] like Figure 2 As shown, the first inclined surface 11 includes a first end 2 away from the first groove 12 and a second end 3 close to the first groove 12;

[0047] The distance between the first end 2 and the second end 3 in the radial direction along the roller body 1 is 0.1-0.15 mm.

[0048] Understandably, if the drop is too small, the guiding force will be insufficient, making it difficult to effectively overcome the flow resistance of high-viscosity molten glass and the effect of improving thickness difference will not be obvious; if the drop is too large, too much molten glass will be pushed too quickly and excessively to the edge and groove area, which may cause accumulation in this area or even form new thickness fluctuations. The distance between the first end 2 and the second end 3 in the radial direction of the roller body 1 is in the range of 0.1-0.15mm, which ensures that the molten glass is stably, continuously and quantitatively transported to the first groove 12 for homogenization.

[0049] The thickness of the molten glass at the first inclined surface 11 is mainly due to the lateral low-temperature contraction of the molten glass, the low temperature at this location makes it more difficult to thin it under pressure than the high-temperature area inside, and the shrinkage and thickening at the edge caused by the main drive tension, resulting in a thicker area. The second end 3 mainly enhances the force of the pressure roller on the glass plate at this location, thereby limiting the expansion of the molten glass along the normal direction of the glass plate, reducing the thickening effect of the main drive tension on this location, and enhancing the thinning effect of the main drive tension on the glass plate at this location.

[0050] In one embodiment, the distance between the first end 2 and the second end 3 in the radial direction along the roller body 1 is 0.1 mm.

[0051] In another embodiment, the distance between the first end 2 and the second end 3 in the radial direction along the roller body 1 is 0.15 mm.

[0052] In another embodiment, the distance between the first end 2 and the second end 3 in the radial direction along the roller body 1 is 0.125 mm.

[0053] Optionally, the distance between the first end 2 and the second end 3 in the axial direction along the roller body 1 is 150-170 mm.

[0054] It should be noted that if the length of the roller is too short, the pressure gradient will be too steep, which will lead to an excessively high shear rate and easily cause the glass melt flow line to become disordered, resulting in streaks or micro-defects. If the length is too long, the pressure gradient will be insufficient, the guiding force will be weakened, and it will be impossible to effectively transport a sufficient amount of glass melt to the compensation zone. Therefore, it is necessary to reasonably set the distance between the first end 2 and the second end 3 in the axial direction along the roller body 1.

[0055] In one embodiment, the distance between the first end 2 and the second end 3 along the axial direction of the roller body 1 is 150 mm.

[0056] In another embodiment, the distance between the first end 2 and the second end 3 in the axial direction along the roller body 1 is 170 mm.

[0057] Preferably, the distance between the first end 2 and the second end 3 along the axial direction of the roller body 1 is 160 mm.

[0058] Optionally, the first groove 12 and the first inclined surface 11 are connected at the second end 3, and the first groove 12 includes a third end 4 located at the lowest point in the axial direction and a fourth end 5 on the side away from the first inclined surface 11.

[0059] The distance between the third end 4 and the fourth end 5 along the radial direction of the roller body 1 is 0.15-0.2 mm.

[0060] It should be noted that if the depth is too shallow, the pressure release will be insufficient, the homogenization effect will be weak, and the viscosity difference cannot be effectively compensated; if the depth is too deep, it will lead to excessive pressure release, and the flow rate of the molten glass in this area will change too much, which will easily generate turbulence or stagnation, thus destroying the uniformity of the glass plate. Therefore, the distance between the third end 4 and the fourth end 5 in the radial direction along the roller body 1 should be 0.15-0.2mm.

[0061] In one embodiment, the distance between the first end 2 and the second end 3 in the radial direction of the roller body 1 is 0.15 mm, and the distance between the third end 4 and the fourth end 5 in the radial direction of the roller body 1 is 0.15 mm.

[0062] In another embodiment, the distance between the third end 4 and the fourth end 5 in the radial direction along the roller body 1 is 0.2 mm.

[0063] Optionally, the distance between the first end 2 and the fourth end 5 in the axial direction of the roller body 1 accounts for 10-17% of the length of the roller body 1.

[0064] It should be noted that 10-17% refers to the length occupied by the anti-protrusion part on one side, while for the two anti-protrusion parts, they together occupy 20-34% of the length of the roller body 1.

[0065] Optionally, the distance between the third end 4 and the second end 3 along the axial direction of the roller body 1 is 100-200mm.

[0066] It should be noted that the 100-200mm width forms a sufficiently wide buffer zone on the high-speed rotating roller 1, which smoothly receives the molten glass and provides space for further adjustment of its flow rate and direction.

[0067] In one embodiment, the distance between the third end 4 and the second end 3 along the axial direction of the roller body 1 is 100 mm.

[0068] In another embodiment, the distance between the third end 4 and the second end 3 along the axial direction of the roller body 1 is 200 mm.

[0069] Preferably, the distance between the third end 4 and the second end 3 along the axial direction of the roller body 1 is 150 mm.

[0070] It should be noted that the distance between the third end 4 and the fourth end 5 in the axial direction of the roller body 1 is the distance between the first end 2 and the fourth end 5 in the axial direction of the roller body 1 minus the distance between the first end 2 and the third end 4 in the axial direction of the roller body 1.

[0071] Optionally, the second end 3, the third end 4, and the fourth end 5 are connected by a circular arc in sequence.

[0072] It should be noted that the circular arc connection achieves a smooth transition of stress and prevents stress concentration.

[0073] like Figure 1 As shown, s is the length of the roller surface.

[0074] like Figure 2 As shown, a is the distance between the first end 2 and the second end 3 along the axial direction of the roller body 1, b is the distance between the second end 3 and the third end 4 along the axial direction of the roller body 1, c is the distance between the third end 4 and the fourth end 5 along the axial direction of the roller body 1, and d is the distance between the first end 2 and the fourth end 5 along the axial direction of the roller body 1.

[0075] like Figure 2As shown, e is the distance between the first end 2 and the second end 3 in the radial direction along the roller body 1, and f is the distance between the third end 4 and the fourth end 5 in the radial direction along the roller body 1. It should be noted that the diameters of the second end 3 and the third end 4 are the first diameter and the second diameter, respectively, and are equal to the diameter at the center of the roller body 1.

[0076] In Example 1, a is 160mm, b is 150mm, c is 190mm, e is 0.1mm, f is 0.15mm, and s is 3000mm;

[0077] The control group before the improvement was an ordinary flat roller without the first inclined surface 11 and the first groove 12, and the roller length was also 3000mm.

[0078] The values ​​were taken every 100mm from the outermost edge of the glass plates produced by the two manufacturers, with 5 points taken on each side, for a total of 5 sets of data for comparison. The east and west sides represent the two opposite edges of the glass plates. The data obtained are shown in Table 1 below.

[0079]

[0080] Table 1

[0081] It can be seen that the photovoltaic rolled glass rolling roller effectively improves the problem of excessive thickness at the edge of the glass plate. Compared with before the improvement, the maximum thickness of the edge of the glass plate produced after the improvement does not exceed 2.13mm.

[0082] This utility model also proposes a calendering device, which includes a photovoltaic calendering glass calendering roll. The specific structure of the photovoltaic calendering glass calendering roll is as described in the above embodiments. Since this calendering device adopts all the technical solutions of all the above embodiments, it has at least all the beneficial effects brought about by the technical solutions of the above embodiments, which will not be described in detail here.

[0083] The above description is merely an exemplary embodiment of the present utility model and does not limit the scope of protection of the present utility model. Any equivalent structural transformations made based on the technical concept of the present utility model and the contents of the present utility model specification and drawings, or direct / indirect applications in other related technical fields, are included within the scope of protection of the present utility model.

Claims

1. A photovoltaic rolled glass rolling roll, characterized in that, include: The roller body includes two anti-protrusion portions; The two anti-protrusion parts are respectively located on the roller surface at both ends of the roller body axially. The anti-protrusion part includes a first inclined surface and a first groove. The first inclined surface and the first groove are both arranged in a ring shape on the roller surface. The first inclined surface is located on the side of the first groove away from the axial center of the roller body, and the first inclined surface is connected to the first groove. The first inclined surface faces away from the axial center of the roller body. The end of the first inclined surface away from the first groove extends outward to the outside of the roller body. The two axial ends of the first groove have a first diameter and a second diameter, respectively. The first diameter and the second diameter are equal to the diameter at the center of the roller body.

2. The photovoltaic rolled glass rolling roll as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The first inclined surface includes a first end away from the first groove and a second end close to the first groove; The distance between the first end and the second end in the radial direction of the roller body is 0.1-0.15 mm.

3. The photovoltaic rolled glass rolling roll as described in claim 2, characterized in that, The distance between the first end and the second end along the axial direction of the roller body is 150-170 mm.

4. The photovoltaic rolled glass rolling roll as described in claim 3, characterized in that, The distance between the first end and the second end along the axial direction of the roller body is 160 mm.

5. The photovoltaic rolled glass rolling roll as described in claim 2, characterized in that, The first groove and the first inclined surface are connected at the second end. The first groove includes a third end located at the lowest point in the axial direction and a fourth end on the side away from the first inclined surface. The distance between the third end and the fourth end along the radial direction of the roller body is 0.15-0.2 mm.

6. The photovoltaic rolled glass rolling roll as described in claim 5, characterized in that, The distance between the first end and the fourth end along the axial direction of the roller body accounts for 10-17% of the length of the roller body.

7. The photovoltaic rolled glass rolling roll as described in claim 6, characterized in that, The distance between the third end and the second end along the axial direction of the roller body is 100-200mm.

8. The photovoltaic rolled glass rolling roll as described in claim 6, characterized in that, The distance between the third end and the second end along the axial direction of the roller body is 150 mm.

9. The photovoltaic rolled glass rolling roll as described in claim 6, characterized in that, The second end, the third end, and the fourth end are connected by a circular arc in sequence.

10. A calendering apparatus, characterized in that, The calendering equipment includes the photovoltaic calendering rolls according to any one of claims 1 to 9.

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