A high-efficiency blade for granulating light stabilizers
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Utility models(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2025-09-10
- Publication Date
- 2026-08-14
AI Technical Summary
[0007]为了解决现有光稳定剂造粒机中刀片切割阻力大、易磨损及颗粒均匀性差的技术问题,本实用新型提供一种光稳定剂造粒用高效刀片,包括螺旋式刀刃、复合齿形结构、表面强化涂层及减重孔;实现切割效率提升、刀片寿命延长及颗粒均匀性优化的技术效果
1. 切割效率显著提升:通过螺旋式刀刃结构,使刀片与物料的接触面积减少,切割时阻力降低,与传统平直刀刃相比,实测能耗减少18%-25%,提高了生产效率。
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Figure CN224630877U_ABST
Abstract
Description
Technical Field
[0001] This utility model relates to the technical field of light stabilizer processing equipment, specifically a high-efficiency blade for light stabilizer granulation. Background Technology
[0002] Granulation of light stabilizers is a crucial step in the light stabilizer processing industry, with the blade being a key component that directly impacts granulation efficiency, energy consumption, and product quality. Currently, the blades commonly used in light stabilizer granulators are primarily of a straight-edged structure, which has certain limitations in practical applications.
[0003] When a straight blade contacts material, the shearing force is unevenly distributed along the blade's length, typically concentrated in the center, leading to increased localized wear. The blade is prone to "center concavity" wear, shortening its lifespan and potentially causing inconsistent particle size. A straight blade requires significant driving force to complete the shearing, especially when processing high-viscosity or high-hardness materials, where resistance is even greater. The unidirectional shearing of a straight blade may cause some material to be compressed rather than cut, resulting in fine powder or coarse particles. Traditional straight blades have a large contact area with material, increasing resistance and energy consumption during cutting. Existing blades, while having uniform force on the cutting edge, experience overall efficiency decline after localized wear, requiring frequent replacements. The straight-edge structure of existing blades easily causes material adhesion, leading to uneven particle size and affecting product quality. Furthermore, existing blades have insufficient surface hardness, making them prone to wear under high-intensity working conditions, resulting in a short lifespan and increased production costs.
[0004] To alleviate the above limitations, a spiral blade is used, which can disperse the shearing force and reduce local wear.
[0005] In granulators, spiral blades are an optimized design that offers significant advantages over traditional straight blades in terms of shearing efficiency, particle uniformity, and equipment lifespan.
[0006] While existing technologies have improved blade structures in some aspects, a highly efficient blade structure that can comprehensively address issues such as high cutting resistance, easy blade wear, and poor particle uniformity during light stabilizer granulation has yet to be proposed. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a novel high-efficiency blade for light stabilizer granulation to improve cutting efficiency, extend service life, and enhance product quality. Summary of the Invention
[0007] To address the technical problems of high cutting resistance, easy wear, and poor particle uniformity in existing light stabilizer granulators, this invention provides a high-efficiency blade for light stabilizer granulation, comprising a spiral blade, a composite tooth structure, a surface-strengthening coating, and weight-reducing holes; achieving the technical effects of improved cutting efficiency, extended blade life, and optimized particle uniformity.
[0008] To achieve the above objectives, this utility model provides the following technical solution: This utility model provides a high-efficiency blade for granulation of light stabilizers, including a shaft, a limiting collar connected to the upper part of the shaft, multiple collar wings connected to the outer side of the limiting collar, a spiral composite tooth blade connected above the collar wings, the collar wings and the spiral composite tooth blade connected by internal hex screws, the spiral composite tooth blade is coated with a surface strengthening coating, and weight reduction holes are opened on the spiral composite tooth blade.
[0009] Furthermore, the spiral composite tooth cutting edge includes an integrally formed connecting piece on its inner side, which is connected to the upper part of the collar wing by an internal hex screw.
[0010] Furthermore, the cutting edge of the spiral composite toothed blade is composed of a main cutting tooth and an auxiliary material separating tooth. Preferably, the cutting edge of the spiral composite toothed blade is composed of a main cutting tooth set in the middle and auxiliary material separating teeth on both sides. The height h1 of the main cutting tooth is 1.2-1.5 times the height h2 of the auxiliary material separating tooth, forming a gradient cutting structure.
[0011] In other embodiments of this utility model, the cutting edge of the spiral composite toothed blade is composed of a main cutting tooth and an auxiliary material separating tooth on one side, or the cutting edge of the spiral composite toothed blade is composed of two main cutting teeth and two auxiliary material separating teeth, with the main cutting teeth and auxiliary material separating teeth alternately arranged.
[0012] Furthermore, the spiral composite tooth cutting edge is distributed in a spiral pattern with a spiral angle of 15°-30°.
[0013] Furthermore, the weight-reducing holes are one of the following: circular, elliptical, or fan-shaped. The total area of the weight-reducing holes accounts for 10%–20% of the projected area of the spiral composite tooth cutting edge (excluding the connecting piece), and is used to reduce the moment of inertia.
[0014] The inner wall of the limiting collar is provided with a keyway, and a flat key matching the keyway is provided on the shaft.
[0015] Furthermore, the reinforcing coating is one of tungsten carbide and titanium nitride, with a hardness ≥ HV1000 and a thickness of 50–100 μm.
[0016] Preferably, the surface strengthening coating is a tungsten carbide coating with a hardness ≥ HV1200; or the surface strengthening coating is a titanium nitride coating with a hardness ≥ HV1000.
[0017] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of this utility model are: 1. Significantly improved cutting efficiency: The spiral blade structure reduces the contact area between the blade and the material, thus reducing resistance during cutting. Compared with traditional straight blades, measured energy consumption is reduced by 18%-25%, improving production efficiency.
[0018] 2. Significantly extended blade life: The surface-strengthened coating combined with the composite tooth design makes the blade wear more evenly distributed, avoiding the problem of reduced overall efficiency caused by localized wear of traditional blades. The lifespan is increased by 30%-45%, reducing the frequency of replacement and maintenance costs.
[0019] 3. Significantly improved particle uniformity: The spiral blade structure effectively avoids the adhesion and accumulation of materials during the cutting process, resulting in more uniform particle size of the light stabilizer after cutting, increasing the particle qualification rate to over 98% and improving product quality.
[0020] 4. The weight reduction hole design reduces the rotational inertia of the blade, lightens the burden on the drive system, and further improves the operational stability and energy efficiency of the equipment. Attached Figure Description
[0021] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the main structure of a high-efficiency blade for granulating light stabilizers according to the present invention; Figure 2 This is a side view of the high-efficiency blade for granulating light stabilizers according to the present invention. Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the shaft structure of a high-efficiency blade for granulating light stabilizers according to the present invention; Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the limiting collar and collar fin of a high-efficiency blade for light stabilizer granulation according to the present invention. Figure 5 This is a top view schematic diagram of the high-efficiency blade for granulation of light stabilizers according to the present invention; Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the blade and weight reduction hole of a high-efficiency blade for granulation of light stabilizer according to the present invention; Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of the main teeth and auxiliary teeth (one main and two auxiliary) of a high-efficiency blade for granulating light stabilizers according to this utility model. Figure 8 This is a schematic diagram of the main teeth and auxiliary teeth of a high-efficiency blade for granulating light stabilizers according to the present invention; Figure 9 This is a schematic diagram of the main teeth and auxiliary teeth of a high-efficiency blade for granulating light stabilizers according to the present invention.
[0022] Explanation of reference numerals in the attached figures In the diagram: 1. Shaft; 2. Limiting collar; 3. Collar wing; 4. Spiral composite tooth cutting edge; 4-1. Weight reduction hole; 4-2. Auxiliary material distribution tooth; 4-3. Main cutting tooth; 5. Socket head screw; 6. Flat key. Detailed Implementation
[0023] The technical solutions of the present utility model will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings of the embodiments. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present utility model, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present utility model, all other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without creative effort are within the protection scope of the present utility model. Example 1
[0024] like Figure 1-7 This embodiment provides a high-efficiency blade for granulation of light stabilizers. The blade includes a spiral blade, a composite tooth structure, a surface strengthening coating, and weight-reducing holes.
[0025] Specifically, it includes: a shaft 1, a limiting collar 2 connected to the upper part of the shaft 1, multiple collar wings 3 connected to the outer side of the limiting collar 2, a spiral composite tooth cutting edge 4 connected above the collar wings 3, the collar wings 3 and the spiral composite tooth cutting edge 4 connected by hexagon socket screws 5, the spiral composite tooth cutting edge 4 being coated with a surface strengthening coating, and weight reduction holes 4-1 being opened on the spiral composite tooth cutting edge 4.
[0026] The spiral composite toothed blade 4 includes a connecting piece integrally formed on its inner side, which is connected to the upper part of the collar wing 3 by an internal hex screw 5. The cutting teeth of the spiral composite toothed blade 4 consist of a main cutting tooth 4-3 and an auxiliary material separating tooth 4-2.
[0027] The inner wall of the limiting collar 2 is provided with a keyway, and the shaft 1 is provided with a flat key 6 that matches the keyway.
[0028] The helical composite tooth blade 4 of this high-efficiency blade for light stabilizer granulation is designed with a helix angle of 20°. The helical design allows the blade to create a progressive cutting effect when cutting the light stabilizer, avoiding the impact force caused by the one-time contact of traditional flat blades, effectively reducing cutting resistance and improving cutting efficiency.
[0029] The spiral composite toothed blade 4 consists of a main cutting tooth 4-3 and auxiliary separating teeth 4-2, with the main tooth height being 1.3 times that of the auxiliary teeth. Specifically, the main cutting tooth height is 5.2 mm, and the auxiliary separating teeth height is 4 mm. The main cutting tooth 4-3 is responsible for the initial cutting of the light stabilizer material, while the auxiliary separating teeth 4-2 further divide the cut light stabilizer material to ensure uniform particle size. The main cutting tooth 4-3 and the auxiliary separating teeth 4-2 are arranged alternately, with each main cutting tooth 4-3 followed by two auxiliary separating teeth 4-2, forming a "one main, two auxiliary" arrangement. This design makes the cutting process smoother and reduces blade vibration and wear.
[0030] The surface-strengthening coating uses tungsten carbide, achieving a hardness of HV1200, far exceeding that of ordinary cutting tool materials. The coating thickness is 0.07 mm, uniformly covering the cutting surface and sides of the cutting tool. The tungsten carbide coating exhibits extremely high wear resistance and corrosion resistance, effectively extending the tool's lifespan, especially when processing light stabilizers with hard additives, demonstrating excellent wear resistance. The coating is prepared using a high-temperature plasma spraying process, ensuring a strong bond between the coating and the substrate.
[0031] The weight-reducing holes 4-1 are designed in a circular shape, with six holes evenly distributed on the blade, covering a total area of 15% of the blade's projected area (excluding the connecting piece). The weight-reducing holes 4-1 not only reduce the overall weight of the blade and lessen the burden on the drive system, but also aid in heat dissipation during cutting, preventing the light stabilizer from adhering to the blade due to localized high temperatures. The edges of the weight-reducing holes 4-1 are finely chamfered to avoid stress concentration, improving the overall strength of the blade and its safety during use.
[0032] The blade's base material is high-speed tool steel SKH-9, which undergoes vacuum heat treatment to achieve a hardness of HRC62-64, exhibiting excellent toughness and wear resistance. The center hole diameter is 40mm, suitable for standard granulator equipment. The center hole uses a keyway connection to ensure a secure connection between the blade and spindle 1, preventing slippage during high-speed rotation.
[0033] The blade operates at speeds ranging from 500 to 1500 rpm, with an optimal speed of 800 rpm. At this speed, combined with the spiral blade design, it achieves the best cutting results, increasing the particle yield to 98% and reducing energy consumption by approximately 21% in actual tests. The blade's lifespan is about 40% longer than traditional blades, and it can process approximately 20 tons of light stabilizer material in a single run before requiring edge dressing. Example 2
[0034] The high-efficiency blade for light stabilizer granulation provided in this embodiment is basically the same as that in Example 1, except that the helix angle of the spiral blade is 15°.
[0035] The smaller helix angle makes this blade more suitable for cutting light-stabilized materials with higher hardness. The smaller helix angle increases the contact area between the blade and the material, improving cutting stability and reducing vibration and noise during the cutting process.
[0036] The composite tooth structure maintains the same design as in Example 1, with the main cutting tooth 4-3 having a height of 5.2 mm and the auxiliary separating tooth 4-2 having a height of 4 mm. The height of the main tooth is 1.3 times that of the auxiliary tooth 4-2.
[0037] The surface-strengthening coating uses titanium nitride, achieving a hardness of HV1100. The coating thickness is 0.055 mm, prepared using a physical vapor deposition (PVD) process. The titanium nitride coating is golden yellow, possesses a low coefficient of friction and good heat resistance, making it suitable for operation in high-temperature environments. It also effectively prevents the adhesion of light stabilizer melt to the blade surface.
[0038] The weight reduction holes 4-1 are designed in an elliptical shape, with eight weight reduction holes 4-1 evenly distributed on the blade, accounting for 18% of the blade's projected area. The elliptical weight reduction holes 4-1 are arranged radially along the blade, with the major axis parallel to the radial direction. This design ensures the weight reduction effect while maximizing the preservation of the blade's radial strength.
[0039] The blade operates at speeds ranging from 200 to 800 rpm, with an optimal speed of 600 rpm. At this speed, combined with a smaller helix angle, it achieves the best cutting results, increasing the particle yield to 98% and reducing energy consumption by approximately 25% in actual tests. The blade's lifespan is about 30% longer than traditional blades, and it can process approximately 15 tons of light stabilizer material in a single run before requiring edge dressing. Example 3
[0040] The high-efficiency blade for light stabilizer granulation provided in this embodiment is basically the same as that in Example 1, except that the helix angle of the spiral blade is 30°.
[0041] The larger helix angle makes this blade more suitable for cutting soft light stabilizers. The larger helix angle reduces the contact area between the blade and the material, lowers cutting resistance, and improves production efficiency, making it particularly suitable for high-volume production scenarios.
[0042] The composite tooth structure maintains the same design as in Example 1, with the main cutting tooth 4-3 having a height of 6mm and the auxiliary separating tooth 4-2 having a height of 4mm. The height of the main tooth is 1.5 times that of the auxiliary tooth 4-2.
[0043] The surface-strengthening coating uses tungsten carbide material with a hardness of HV1300. The coating thickness is 0.1 mm, and it is prepared by high-speed flame spraying, which can form a denser coating structure, further improving the coating's wear resistance and bonding strength.
[0044] The weight-reducing holes 4-1 are designed in a fan shape with a central angle of 30°. Twelve weight-reducing holes 4-1 are evenly distributed on the blade, and their total area accounts for 10% of the blade's projected area. The fan-shaped weight-reducing holes 4-1 design allows the blade to maintain sufficient strength while achieving a more uniform mass distribution, reducing centrifugal force imbalance during high-speed rotation and lowering equipment vibration.
[0045] The blade's base material is ASP30 powder metallurgy high-speed steel, which undergoes three tempering treatments to achieve a hardness of HRC65-67. This results in higher wear resistance and red hardness compared to Examples 1 and 2, making it suitable for operation at higher speeds. The blade can operate at speeds up to 2000 rpm, maintaining good cutting performance even at high speeds, increasing particle yield to 99%, and reducing energy consumption by approximately 18%. The blade's lifespan is increased by approximately 45% compared to traditional blades, and it can process approximately 30 tons of light stabilizer material in a single cut before requiring edge dressing. Example 4
[0046] The high-efficiency blade for light stabilizer granulation provided in this embodiment is basically the same as that in Example 1. The difference is that in the composite tooth structure, the height of the main cutting tooth 4-3 is 4.8 mm, the height of the auxiliary distributing tooth 4-2 is 4 mm, and the height of the main tooth is 1.2 times that of the auxiliary tooth 4-2.
[0047] The small height difference between the main cutting tooth 4-3 and the auxiliary separating tooth 4-2 makes the cutting process smoother and reduces the impact force during cutting, making it particularly suitable for cutting fragile light stabilizer materials. The main cutting tooth 4-3 and the auxiliary separating tooth 4-2 are arranged in an alternating "two main and two auxiliary" pattern (main teeth at the bottom, auxiliary teeth at the top). Figure 9 This design improves the uniformity of the cut while ensuring cutting efficiency.
[0048] The spiral blade has a helix angle of 25°. This design achieves a good balance between cutting efficiency and cutting stability.
[0049] The surface-strengthening coating uses titanium nitride, achieving a hardness of HV1000. The coating thickness is 0.05 mm, prepared using ion plating technology. This coating has a low coefficient of friction, which helps reduce the adhesion of light stabilizers during the cutting process, improving production efficiency and product quality.
[0050] The weight reduction holes 4-1 are designed to be circular, with five evenly distributed on the blade, accounting for 12% of the blade's projected area. The position of the weight reduction holes 4-1 has been optimized to avoid high-stress areas of the blade, ensuring the structural safety of the blade during high-speed rotation.
[0051] The blade's matrix material is made of high-speed tool steel M2, which undergoes cryogenic treatment to achieve a hardness of HRC60-62. Cryogenic treatment makes the blade's matrix structure more compact and uniform, improving the balance between the blade's toughness and wear resistance, making it suitable for production environments with long-term continuous operation. The particle qualification rate is increased to 98%, and the measured energy consumption is reduced by approximately 20%.
[0052] The blade operates at speeds ranging from 500 to 2000 rpm, with an optimal operating speed of 1000 rpm. The blade's lifespan is approximately 35% longer than traditional blades, and it can process about 25 tons of light stabilizer material in a single pass before requiring edge dressing. Example 5
[0053] The high-efficiency cutting tool for light stabilizer granulation provided in this embodiment is basically the same as that in Example 1, except that the surface strengthening coating uses titanium nitride material with a hardness of HV1050. The coating thickness is 0.06 mm and is prepared by magnetron sputtering. This process can be carried out at a relatively low temperature, avoiding the softening of the substrate material by tempering, and maintaining the high hardness and good mechanical properties of the cutting tool substrate.
[0054] The spiral blade has a helix angle of 18°. This design is particularly suitable for cutting materials containing light stabilizers and fillers.
[0055] In the composite tooth structure, the main cutting tooth 4-3 has a height of 5.6 mm, and the auxiliary material distribution tooth 4-2 has a height of 4 mm. The height of the main tooth is 1.4 times that of the auxiliary tooth 4-2. The main cutting tooth 4-3 and the auxiliary material distribution tooth 4-2 are arranged in an alternating pattern of "one main and one auxiliary" (main tooth at the bottom, auxiliary tooth at the top). Figure 8 This design increases the number of main cutting teeth per unit length by 4-3, improving the ability to cut high-strength materials.
[0056] The weight-reducing holes 4-1 are designed in an elliptical shape, with 10 weight-reducing holes 4-1 evenly distributed on the blade, accounting for 20% of the blade's projected area. The major axis 1 of the elliptical weight-reducing holes 4-1 is parallel to the tangent of the blade. This design minimizes weight while maintaining the radial strength of the blade, improving safety during high-speed rotation.
[0057] The blade's base material is made of high-speed tool steel SKD11, which undergoes vacuum heat treatment and low-temperature tempering to achieve a hardness of HRC58-60. This process gives the blade high toughness, enabling it to withstand impact loads during cutting, reducing the risk of blade breakage, increasing the particle yield to 98%, and reducing measured energy consumption by approximately 23%.
[0058] The blade operates at speeds ranging from 300 to 1200 rpm, with an optimal operating speed of 800 rpm. At this speed, when cutting light stabilizers containing fillers, the blade's lifespan is increased by approximately 30% compared to traditional blades. It can process approximately 15 tons of light stabilizer material in a single cut before requiring edge dressing. Example 6
[0059] The high-efficiency blade for light stabilizer granulation provided in this embodiment is basically the same as that in embodiment 1. The difference is that the weight reduction hole 4-1 is designed as a fan shape with a central angle of 25°. Eight weight reduction holes 4-1 are evenly distributed on the blade, and the total area accounts for 16% of the projected area of the blade.
[0060] The edges of the fan-shaped weight-reducing holes 4-1 are finely chamfered with a chamfer radius of 1.5mm, further reducing stress concentration. The distribution of the weight-reducing holes 4-1 is optimized using computer-aided design to ensure the dynamic balance of the blade during high-speed rotation, reducing vibration and noise.
[0061] The spiral blade has a helix angle of 22°. This design achieves a good balance between cutting efficiency and energy consumption.
[0062] In the composite tooth structure, the height of the main cutting tooth 4-3 is 5mm, the height of the auxiliary material distribution tooth 4-2 is 4mm, and the height of the main tooth is 1.25 times that of the auxiliary tooth 4-2.
[0063] The surface-strengthening coating uses tungsten carbide material with a hardness of HV1150. The coating thickness is 0.08 mm, and it is prepared using a supersonic flame spraying process. This process can form a denser coating structure, resulting in higher bonding strength between the coating and the substrate, and making it less prone to peeling.
[0064] The base material of the cutting tool is CPM-10V high-speed tool steel, a high-performance tool steel prepared by powder metallurgy. It contains a large number of fine and uniformly distributed carbides, exhibiting extremely high wear resistance and toughness. The cutting tool undergoes vacuum heat treatment and three tempering processes, achieving a hardness of HRC62-64, increasing the particle qualification rate to 99%, and reducing measured energy consumption by approximately 19%.
[0065] The blade operates at speeds ranging from 500 to 2000 rpm, with an optimal operating speed of 1200 rpm. At this speed, the blade's lifespan is increased by approximately 40% compared to traditional blades, and it can process about 30 tons of light stabilizer material in a single run before requiring edge dressing.
[0066] It should be noted that Examples 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 are all types of high-efficiency blades for light stabilizer granulation.
[0067] It should be noted that, in this document, relational terms such as "first" and "second" are used only to distinguish one entity or operation from another, and do not necessarily require or imply any such actual relationship or order between these entities or operations. Furthermore, the terms "comprising," "including," or any other variations thereof are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements includes not only those elements but also other elements not expressly listed, or elements inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus.
[0068] It should be noted that the above content merely illustrates the technical concept of this utility model and cannot be used to limit the scope of protection of this utility model. For those skilled in the art, several improvements and modifications can be made without departing from the principle of this utility model, and all such improvements and modifications fall within the scope of protection of the claims of this utility model.
Claims
1. A high-performance blade for granulating a light stabilizer, characterized by, Includes a shaft (1), the upper part of the shaft (1) is connected to a limiting collar (2), the outer side of the limiting collar (2) is connected to multiple collar wings (3), the upper part of the collar wings (3) is connected to a spiral composite tooth cutting edge (4), the collar wings (3) and the spiral composite tooth cutting edge (4) are connected by an internal hex screw (5), the spiral composite tooth cutting edge (4) is coated with a surface strengthening coating, and a weight reduction hole (4-1) is opened on the spiral composite tooth cutting edge (4).
2. The high-efficiency blade for prilling a light stabilizer according to claim 1, characterized by, The spiral composite tooth cutting edge (4) includes a connecting piece integrally formed on its inner side, which is located above the collar wing (3) and connected by an internal hex screw (5).
3. The high-efficiency blade for prilling a light stabilizer according to claim 1, characterized by The spiral composite toothed blade (4) consists of a main cutting tooth (4-3) and an auxiliary material distribution tooth (4-2). The height h1 of the main cutting tooth (4-3) is 1.2-1.5 times the height h2 of the auxiliary material distribution tooth (4-2).
4. The high-efficiency blade for prilling a light stabilizer according to claim 1, characterized by The helix angle of the helical composite tooth cutting edge (4) is 15°-30°.
5. The high-efficiency blade for prilling a light stabilizer according to claim 1, characterized by The weight-reducing hole (4-1) is one of the following: circular, elliptical, or fan-shaped. The total area of the weight-reducing hole (4-1) accounts for 10%–20% of the projected area of the spiral composite tooth cutting edge. The projected area does not include the projected area of the connecting piece.
6. The high-efficiency blade for prilling a light stabilizer according to claim 1, characterized by The inner wall of the limiting collar (2) is provided with a keyway, and the shaft (1) is provided with a flat key (6) that matches the keyway.
7. The high-efficiency blade for prilling a light stabilizer according to claim 1, characterized by The thickness of the surface-strengthening coating is 50–100 μm.