An automobile bumper paint spraying device

Abstract

The utility model discloses an automobile bumper paint spraying device, including paint spraying box, be provided with the cavity in paint spraying box, the cavity upper end is provided with the screw rod of penetration, the both sides of screw rod are provided with the symmetrical auxiliary board, paint spraying box one side wall is provided with first motor, the one end of screw rod is connected with first motor output, be provided with the sliding block of screw thread connection with it on screw rod, the both sides of sliding block are all with the inside of auxiliary board and slide connection, the paint spraying head of built -in high pressure water pump is provided with in the lower extreme of sliding block, the upper end of paint spraying head is provided with the connecting pipe, the connecting pipe penetrates sliding block with paint spraying box, the both sides wall of cavity is provided with fixed component, the bottom wall of paint spraying box is provided with recovery subassembly, the positive side wall of paint spraying box is provided with switch subassembly, guarantee paint spraying quality, has strengthened the adaptive capacity of device to different specifications bumper.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This utility model relates to the field of automotive bumper processing technology, and more specifically, to an automotive bumper painting device. Background Technology

[0002] In the existing automotive manufacturing and after-sales repair field, the painting of car bumpers is a key process to ensure their appearance quality and corrosion resistance. With the diversification of car models, the shape, structure and size of bumpers have shown significant differences, which puts forward higher requirements for the adaptability, painting accuracy and environmental protection of painting equipment. However, the mainstream car bumper painting equipment on the market still has many technical defects and cannot meet the needs of efficient and high-quality production. First, existing devices mostly use a fixed track spray head design, which makes it difficult for the spray head to adjust its position in real time according to the curved structure of the bumper during the painting process. This can easily lead to problems such as excessively thick paint in some areas causing drips or insufficient paint in others causing missed spots. In particular, it is even more difficult to control the uniformity of paint spraying in areas with large curvatures, such as the corners of the bumper. Meanwhile, when it is necessary to paint bumpers for different car models, the fixtures need to be frequently disassembled and replaced. This is not only cumbersome and time-consuming, but also may cause inaccurate positioning of the bumper due to fixture installation deviation, which in turn affects the accuracy of the painting position and directly reduces the product qualification rate. In addition, the existing paint recycling structure of the painting equipment is relatively simple. Most of them only collect the dripping paint through the open tray at the bottom. They lack effective filtration and sealing structures. The unused paint is mixed with a lot of impurities, which makes it difficult to recycle and reuse directly, resulting in serious paint waste and increased production costs. Utility Model Content

[0003] (a) Technical problems to be solved In view of the problems existing in the prior art, this utility model provides an automobile bumper painting device to solve the technical problems mentioned in the background art, such as the difficulty in controlling the uniformity of painting and the difficulty in directly recycling and reusing unused paint.

[0004] (II) Technical Solution To achieve the above objectives, this utility model provides the following technical solution: A car bumper painting device includes a paint spray box with a cavity inside. A through screw is installed at the upper end of the cavity, and symmetrical auxiliary plates are installed on both sides of the screw. A first motor is installed on one side wall of the paint spray box, and one end of the screw is connected to the output end of the first motor. A slider is threadedly connected to the screw, and both sides of the slider are in contact with and slidably connected to the inner side of the auxiliary plates. A paint spray head with a built-in high-pressure water pump is installed at the lower end of the slider, and a connecting pipe is installed at the upper end of the paint spray head, which passes through the slider and the paint spray box. Fixing components are installed on both side walls of the cavity, a recycling component is installed on the bottom wall of the paint spray box, and a switch component is installed on the front side wall of the paint spray box.

[0005] The present invention is further configured such that the fixing component includes a rotating shaft, an electric push rod, and a fixing plate. The rotating shaft is symmetrically arranged on both sides of the cavity, the electric push rod is inside the rotating shaft, and the fixing plate is at one end of the electric push rod. A second motor is provided on both side walls of the paint spray box, and the rotating shaft is connected to the output end of the second motor. This allows for adjustment of the bumper's painting angle, achieving stable clamping and multi-angle painting, thereby improving the comprehensiveness and adaptability of the painting process.

[0006] The present invention is further configured such that the recycling component includes a support box, a drawer, and a filter screen. The support box is located on the bottom wall of the paint spray box, the drawer is inside the support box and slidably connected to it, the filter screen is located on the bottom wall of the paint spray box, and the drawer is provided with a handle on its front and side walls, which facilitates the recycling and reuse of paint and reduces waste.

[0007] The present invention is further configured such that the switch assembly includes a transparent door and a hydraulic telescopic rod. The transparent door is located on the front side wall of the paint spray box and is adapted to it. The transparent door is hinged to the upper side wall of the paint spray box. The hydraulic telescopic rod is symmetrically arranged at both ends of the inner side of the paint spray box. One end of the hydraulic telescopic rod is hinged to the transparent door, and the other end is hinged to the inner side wall of the paint spray box, thereby realizing automatic opening and closing of the door and avoiding manual operation.

[0008] The present invention is further configured such that a material barrel is provided on the rear side wall of the paint spraying box, the material barrel is provided with an inlet with a protective cover, and the connecting pipe passes through the material barrel to ensure a stable and clean supply of paint.

[0009] The present invention is further provided that an exhaust fan is provided on the top of the paint spraying box, the exhaust fan is connected to the internal cavity of the paint spraying box, and the exhaust outlet of the exhaust fan is connected to an exhaust pipe, which can promptly discharge the paint mist generated by the paint spraying, improve the working environment inside the box, and reduce the impact on the operators.

[0010] The present invention is further provided that a heating device is provided at the bottom of the material barrel. The heating device is an electric heating wire, which is evenly wound around the bottom of the outer side of the material barrel to prevent the paint from becoming viscous due to low temperature and to ensure the fluidity of the paint.

[0011] (III) Beneficial Effects Compared with the prior art, this utility model provides a car bumper painting device, which has the following beneficial effects: 1. The screw at the upper end of the device cavity works with the first motor to drive the threaded slider to move stably along the screw. At the same time, the two sides of the slider slide against the inner side of the auxiliary plate to ensure that the slider does not deviate during movement. This drives the lower spray head to achieve smooth and precise linear movement, avoiding the spraying deviation problem caused by the unstable movement of the traditional fixed track spray head, ensuring the spraying quality and reducing the amount of rework and repair work.

[0012] 2. The second motor drives the rotating shaft to rotate, which can drive the electric push rod and the fixed plate to adjust the angle synchronously. This allows the bumper to switch to different postures according to the painting requirements, ensuring that all surfaces can be fully painted and avoiding painting dead spots. The electric push rod can extend and retract freely, and can adjust the clamping distance of the fixed plate according to different sizes and models of bumpers. There is no need to frequently disassemble and replace the clamps, which greatly simplifies the operation process, saves time, and enhances the device's adaptability to different specifications of bumpers.

[0013] 3. The paint canister on the rear side of the spray booth provides an independent storage space for the paint. The inlet with a protective cover effectively prevents external dust and impurities from entering the canister and contaminating the paint, ensuring that the paint always remains clean. At the same time, the filter screen filters out impurities from the paint, and the drawer allows for convenient collection of filtered paint, facilitating paint recycling and reuse, reducing waste, further ensuring the quality of spray painting, and providing reliable material support for continuous and efficient spray painting operations. Attached Figure Description

[0014] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of the car bumper painting device of this utility model; Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of the car bumper painting device of this utility model; Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of the car bumper painting device of this utility model; Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the interior of the paint spray box in the automotive bumper painting device of this utility model; Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the interior of the paint spray box in the automotive bumper painting device of this utility model.

[0015] In the diagram: 1. Spray booth; 2. Screw; 3. Auxiliary plate; 4. First motor; 5. Slider; 6. Spray head; 7. Connecting pipe; 8. Rotating shaft; 9. Electric push rod; 10. Fixing plate; 11. Second motor; 12. Support box; 13. Drawer; 14. Filter screen; 15. Handle; 16. Transparent door; 17. Hydraulic telescopic rod; 18. Material bucket; 19. Protective cover; 20. Exhaust fan; 21. Exhaust pipe. Detailed Implementation

[0016] It should be noted that, unless otherwise specified, the embodiments and features described in this application can be combined with each other. The present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments.

[0017] It should be noted that, unless otherwise specified, all technical and scientific terms used in this application have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this application pertains.

[0018] In this utility model, unless otherwise stated, the orientations used, such as "up" and "down", usually refer to the direction shown in the accompanying drawings, or to the vertical, perpendicular, or gravitational direction; similarly, for ease of understanding and description, "left" and "right" usually refer to the left and right shown in the accompanying drawings; "inner" and "outer" refer to the inner and outer contours of each component itself, but the above directional terms are not used to limit this utility model.

[0019] Please see Figure 1-5 A car bumper painting device includes a paint spray box 1 with a cavity inside. A through screw 2 is provided at the upper end of the cavity. Symmetrical auxiliary plates 3 are provided on both sides of the screw 2. A first motor 4 is provided on one side wall of the paint spray box 1. One end of the screw 2 is connected to the output end of the first motor 4. A slider 5 is threadedly connected to the screw 2. Both sides of the slider 5 are in contact with and slidably connected to the inner side of the auxiliary plates 3. A paint spray head 6 with a built-in high-pressure water pump is provided at the lower end of the slider 5. A connecting pipe 7 is provided at the upper end of the paint spray head 6, and the connecting pipe 7 passes through the slider 5 and the paint spray box 1. Fixing components are provided on both side walls of the cavity. A recycling component is provided on the bottom wall of the paint spray box 1. A switch component is provided on the front side wall of the paint spray box 1.

[0020] The fixing assembly includes a rotating shaft 8, an electric push rod 9, and a fixing plate 10. The rotating shaft 8 is symmetrically arranged on both sides of the cavity. The electric push rod 9 is inside the rotating shaft 8. The fixing plate 10 is at one end of the electric push rod 9. A second motor 11 is provided on both side walls of the paint spray box 1. The rotating shaft 8 is connected to the output end of the second motor 11.

[0021] The switch assembly includes a transparent door 16 and a hydraulic telescopic rod 17. The transparent door 16 is located on the front side wall of the paint spray box 1 and is adapted to it. The transparent door 16 is hinged to the upper side wall of the paint spray box 1. The hydraulic telescopic rod 17 is symmetrically arranged at both ends of the inner side of the paint spray box 1. One end of the hydraulic telescopic rod 17 is hinged to the transparent door 16, and the other end is hinged to the inner side wall of the paint spray box 1.

[0022] A material tank 18 is provided on the rear side wall of the paint spraying box 1. The material tank 18 is provided with an inlet with a protective cover 19. The connecting pipe 7 passes through the material tank 18.

[0023] In this embodiment, the operator first opens the inlet with a protective cover 19 on the material barrel 18, pours the prepared paint into the material barrel 18, and then closes the protective cover 19. Next, the operator activates the switch assembly by controlling the hydraulic telescopic rod 17. One end of the hydraulic telescopic rod 17 is hinged to the inner wall of the paint spray box 1, and the other end is hinged to the transparent door 16. Under its telescopic action, the transparent door 16, which is hinged to the upper wall of the paint spray box 1, will flip upward and open, revealing the cavity inside the paint spray box 1. After the transparent door 16 is fully open, the operator places the car bumper into the cavity, positioning it between the two fixing components. Then, the operator starts the second motor 11, whose output end is connected to the rotating shaft 8, which will drive the rotating shaft 8 to rotate. This will adjust the initial angle between the electric push rod 9 inside the rotating shaft 8 and the fixing plate 10 to fit the shape of the bumper. Then, the operator controls the extension and retraction of the electric push rod 9, and the fixing plate 10 at one end of the electric push rod 9 will gradually approach the two sides of the bumper until it is tightly fitted and stably clamps the bumper.

[0024] More specifically, after the bumper is fixed, the operator starts the first motor 4 and the high-pressure water pump built into the spray head 6. After the first motor 4 starts, its output end drives the screw 2 that passes through the upper end of the cavity to rotate. Since the slider 5 on the screw 2 is threadedly connected to the screw 2, and the two sides of the slider 5 slide against the inner side of the symmetrically arranged auxiliary plates 3, the slider 5 will make a smooth linear movement along the screw 2 under the action of the rotation of the screw 2, and at the same time drive the lower spray head 6 to move synchronously. After the high-pressure water pump built into the spray head 6 starts, it will flow through the connecting pipe 7. Paint is drawn from the material tank 18 and sprayed from the paint head 6 under stable pressure to achieve the painting operation of the bumper. During the painting process, the operator can observe the painting situation in the cavity in real time through the transparent door 16. If it is found that some areas of the bumper are not fully painted, the second motor 11 can be restarted. The angle of the bumper can be adjusted by rotating the shaft 8 so that the unpainted area faces the paint head 6. At the same time, the slider 5 drives the paint head 6 to move, ensuring that all surfaces and corners of the bumper can be painted evenly and avoiding painting dead spots.

[0025] Please see Figures 1-5As one embodiment of the recycling component: the recycling component includes a support box 12, a drawer 13 and a filter screen 14. The support box 12 is located on the bottom wall of the paint spray box 1. The drawer 13 is located inside the support box 12 and slidably connected to it. The filter screen 14 is located on the bottom wall of the paint spray box 1. A handle 15 is provided on the front and side walls of the drawer 13.

[0026] Specifically, excess paint is filtered through the filter screen 14 on the bottom wall of the spray booth 1 and falls into the drawer 13 inside the support box 12. Finally, by holding the handle 15 on the side wall of the drawer 13, the drawer 13 is pulled out of the support box 12. The collected paint is then processed and put back to complete the operation.

[0027] Please see Figures 1-5 As one embodiment of the exhaust fan 20: an exhaust fan 20 is provided on the top of the paint spray box 1, the exhaust fan 20 is connected to the internal cavity of the paint spray box 1, and the air outlet of the exhaust fan 20 is connected to an exhaust pipe 21.

[0028] Specifically, the paint mist generated during the painting process will be sucked in by the exhaust fan 20 and discharged through the exhaust pipe 21.

[0029] Please see Figures 1-5 As one embodiment of the electric heating wire: a heating device is provided at the bottom of the material barrel 18, and the heating device is an electric heating wire, which is evenly wound around the bottom of the outer side of the material barrel 18.

[0030] Specifically, turn on the electric heating wire at the bottom of the material barrel 18, so that the electric heating wire, which is evenly wound around the bottom of the outer side of the material barrel 18, heats the paint and ensures that the paint maintains appropriate fluidity.

[0031] In summary, when using the overall equipment: After opening the inlet with a protective cap 19 on the side wall of the paint spraying box 1, slowly pour the pre-mixed paint that meets the painting requirements into the paint container 18 to avoid spillage and waste or pollution. After pouring, immediately tighten the protective cap 19 to prevent dust and impurities in the air from entering the paint container 18 and contaminating the paint. This also reduces the premature evaporation of volatile substances in the paint.

[0032] Subsequently, the heating device at the bottom of the material tank 18 is activated, and the electric heating wire begins to heat up and transfer the heat to the paint in the material tank 18. Through continuous heating, the paint is kept in a suitable temperature range to ensure that the paint has good fluidity and avoid the paint becoming viscous due to low temperature, which would affect the normal material supply and painting effect of the subsequent spray head 6. After the paint is heated to a suitable temperature, the operator activates the switch assembly. Under the extension and retraction driving force of the hydraulic telescopic rod 17, the transparent door 16 slowly flips upward around the hinge point with the upper side wall of the paint spray box 1 until it is fully opened, revealing the cavity inside the paint spray box 1 used to place the bumper. At this time, the operator can safely place the car bumper to be painted into the cavity, ensuring that the bumper is in the appropriate position between the fixing components on both sides of the cavity. After the bumper is placed, the fixing assembly is activated, and the second motors 11 on both sides of the paint spray box 1 start working. The output end of the second motor 11 is connected to the rotating shaft 8 in the fixing assembly. Driven by the second motor 11, the rotating shaft 8 slowly rotates around its own axis until the orientation of the fixing plate 10 matches the outline of the bumper's sides, laying the foundation for stable clamping of the bumper. After the angle is adjusted to the correct position, the electric push rod 9 is activated. The piston rod of the electric push rod 9 slowly extends, pushing the fixing plate 10 gradually closer to the sides of the bumper. During the process, the operator can observe the contact between the fixing plate 10 and the bumper through the transparent door 16 and adjust the extension speed and force of the electric push rod 9 as needed. When the fixing plate 10 is tightly fitted to the sides of the bumper and can stably clamp the bumper, the electric push rod 9 stops extending. This ensures that the bumper will not shake or shift during the subsequent painting process and also avoids the surface of the bumper being squeezed and deformed due to excessive clamping force. While the bumper is fixed, close the transparent door 16 and start the exhaust fan 20 on the top of the paint spray box 1. The exhaust fan 20 is connected to the internal cavity of the paint spray box 1. After starting, it will form a certain negative pressure in the cavity to prepare for the discharge of paint mist generated during the subsequent painting process.

[0033] Subsequently, the first motor 4 is started. The output end of the first motor 4 is connected to the screw 2 that is installed through the upper end of the cavity. Driven by the first motor 4, the screw 2 begins to rotate at a constant speed around its own axis. Since the slider 5 connected by threads on the screw 2 is in contact with and slidably connected to the inner side of the auxiliary plates 3 symmetrically arranged on both sides of the screw 2, the auxiliary plates 3 play a guiding and limiting role for the slider 5. Therefore, when the screw 2 rotates, the slider 5 will not rotate synchronously with the screw 2, but will make a smooth linear reciprocating motion along the axis of the screw 2. At the same time, the paint spray head 6 of the built-in high-pressure water pump fixed at the lower end of the slider 5 also moves synchronously.

[0034] Next, the high-pressure water pump built into the spray head 6 is started. The high-pressure water pump draws heated paint from the material tank 18 through the connecting pipe 7 that passes through the slider 5 and the paint box 1. Under the pressure of the high-pressure water pump, the paint is sprayed out from the nozzle of the spray head 6 in a uniform mist form and accurately sprayed onto the surface of the bumper fixed below, and the painting operation begins. During the painting process, the operator can observe the painting situation in the cavity in real time through the transparent door 16, including the uniformity of paint spraying and the coverage of paint on the bumper surface. When it is found that the paint coverage of some areas of the bumper (such as corners and areas with large curvature) is insufficient or there are missed areas, the second motor 11 can be restarted. The angle of the bumper can be adjusted by rotating the shaft 8, so that the area that is not fully painted is turned towards the spray direction of the paint head 6. At the same time, the rotation direction and speed of the screw 2 can be adjusted in conjunction with the first motor 4, changing the movement path and speed of the slider 5 and the paint head 6, to ensure that every surface and corner of the bumper can be evenly covered by paint, and completely eliminating painting dead corners.

[0035] During this process, the paint mist generated by the painting is quickly drawn into the exhaust fan 20 under the negative pressure generated by the exhaust fan 20, and then transported to the exhaust gas treatment equipment outside the device (if equipped) through the exhaust pipe 21 connected to the exhaust fan 20 outlet. This prevents the paint mist from accumulating in the cavity, protecting the respiratory health of the operators and preventing the paint mist from adhering to the inside of the device and affecting subsequent use.

[0036] Excess paint that is not adhering to the surface of the bumper during the painting process will drip down under the action of gravity. It will first fall onto the filter screen 14 on the bottom wall of the paint spray box 1. The filter screen 14 filters out impurities in the paint (such as a small amount of paint particles that are not completely atomized, and tiny impurities that may be mixed in). The clean paint after filtration passes through the filter screen 14 and falls into the drawer 13 in the support box 12 below, realizing the recycling and collection of paint. Once the bumper painting operation reaches the preset paint thickness and coverage requirements, the operation of the relevant components will be gradually stopped. First, the high-pressure water pump built into the first motor 4 and the paint head 6 will be turned off, the screw 2 will stop rotating, and the slider 5 and the paint head 6 will stop moving and painting. Then, the electric heating wire at the bottom of the material tank 18 will be turned off to stop heating the paint. Finally, the exhaust fan 20 will be turned off to end the paint mist discharge operation.

[0037] Activate the electric push rod 9 to slowly retract its piston rod, causing the fixing plate 10 to gradually move away from both sides of the bumper, releasing the clamping and fixing of the bumper. At the same time, activate the hydraulic telescopic rod 17 to open the transparent door 16, remove the painted bumper from the cavity, and place it in the designated air-drying or drying area. Then, grasp the handle 15 on the front side wall of the drawer 13 in the recycling assembly and slowly pull the drawer 13 out of the support box 12. Inspect the recycled paint collected in the drawer 13. If the paint is in good condition and has no obvious impurities, it can be filtered and poured back into the material bucket 18 for recycling. If the paint no longer meets the usage requirements, it should be properly disposed of. After disposal, put the drawer 13 back into the support box 12. The entire painting process is now complete. If the clamped part needs to be painted, it can be manually painted from a different position following the above operation.

[0038] In all the solutions mentioned above, the connection between two components can be selected according to the actual situation, such as welding, bolt and nut connection, bolt or screw connection, or other known connection methods, which will not be elaborated here. For all the fixed connections mentioned above, welding is preferred. Although the embodiments of this utility model have been shown and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions and variations can be made to these embodiments without departing from the principle and spirit of this utility model. The scope of this utility model is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents. In all the solutions mentioned above, the operation of electrical components is controlled by a controller. Since the devices matched with the controllers are common devices, their control principles and circuit connections are existing, well-known, and mature technologies. Therefore, their electrical connection relationships and specific circuit structures will not be elaborated here.

Claims

1. A car bumper painting device, comprising a paint spraying box (1), characterized in that: The paint spray box (1) has a cavity inside. A through screw (2) is provided at the upper end of the cavity. Symmetrical auxiliary plates (3) are provided on both sides of the screw (2). A first motor (4) is provided on one side wall of the paint spray box (1). One end of the screw (2) is connected to the output end of the first motor (4). A slider (5) is provided on the screw (2) and threadedly connected to it. Both sides of the slider (5) are in contact with and slidably connected to the inner side of the auxiliary plate (3). A paint spray head (6) with a built-in high-pressure water pump is provided at the lower end of the slider (5). A connecting pipe (7) is provided at the upper end of the paint spray head (6). The connecting pipe (7) passes through the slider (5) and the paint spray box (1). Fixing components are provided on both side walls of the cavity. A recycling component is provided on the bottom wall of the paint spray box (1). A switch component is provided on the front side wall of the paint spray box (1).

2. The automotive bumper painting device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The fixing assembly includes a rotating shaft (8), an electric push rod (9), and a fixing plate (10). The rotating shaft (8) is symmetrically arranged on both sides of the cavity. The electric push rod (9) is inside the rotating shaft (8). The fixing plate (10) is at one end of the electric push rod (9). A second motor (11) is provided on both sides of the paint spray box (1). The rotating shaft (8) is connected to the output end of the second motor (11).

3. The automotive bumper painting device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The recycling assembly includes a support box (12), a drawer (13) and a filter screen (14). The support box (12) is located on the bottom wall of the paint spray box (1). The drawer (13) is inside the support box (12) and slidably connected to it. The filter screen (14) is located on the bottom wall of the paint spray box (1). The drawer (13) has a handle (15) on its front and side walls.

4. The automotive bumper painting device according to claim 2, characterized in that: The switch assembly includes a transparent door (16) and a hydraulic telescopic rod (17). The transparent door (16) is located on the front side wall of the paint spray box (1) and is adapted to it. The transparent door (16) is hinged to the upper side wall of the paint spray box (1). The hydraulic telescopic rod (17) is symmetrically arranged at both ends of the inner side of the paint spray box (1). One end of the hydraulic telescopic rod (17) is hinged to the transparent door (16), and the other end is hinged to the inner side wall of the paint spray box (1).

5. The automotive bumper painting device according to claim 3, characterized in that: The paint spray box (1) is provided with a material barrel (18) on the rear side wall. The material barrel (18) is provided with an inlet with a protective cover (19). The connecting pipe (7) passes through the material barrel (18).

6. The automotive bumper painting device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The top of the paint spray box (1) is equipped with an exhaust fan (20), which is connected to the internal cavity of the paint spray box (1). The exhaust outlet of the exhaust fan (20) is connected to an exhaust pipe (21).

7. The automotive bumper painting device according to claim 5, characterized in that: A heating device is provided at the bottom of the material barrel (18). The heating device is an electric heating wire, which is evenly wound around the bottom of the outer side of the material barrel (18).

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