Plastic fence surface no gate free cutting injection molding mold

Abstract

The utility model belongs to mould technical field especially relates to a plastic fence surface no -gate exempts from shearing injection moulding forming mould. The utility model discloses plastic fence forming lower mould and plastic fence forming upper mould are equipped with injection moulding shunt spare above plastic fence forming upper mould, plastic fence forming lower mould is equipped with fence horizontal strip forming lower part and fence vertical strip forming lower part in, plastic fence forming upper mould is equipped with fence horizontal strip forming upper part and fence vertical strip forming upper part in. The utility model in the use process, through latent type gate, injection channel and fence vertical strip forming cavity are hidden connection, the finished product and the gate can be separated naturally or through slight external force and separate after melt cooling, need not subsequent pruning procedure, eliminate fence surface gate trace completely, reduce process cost and artificial investment simultaneously, improve production efficiency.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This utility model belongs to the field of mold technology and relates to a gateless, cut-free injection molding mold for plastic fence surfaces. Background Technology

[0002] In the field of plastic fence injection molding, traditional molds generally adopt conventional structures such as direct gates and side gates. These structures have two major drawbacks: First, after injection molding, obvious gate marks remain on the surface of the finished fence, and there is excess connecting material between the gate and the finished product. This requires additional labor or equipment for trimming and polishing, increasing process costs, extending production cycles, and easily causing scratches and dents on the fence surface due to improper polishing, thus compromising appearance consistency. Second, traditional ejection and demolding components are mostly simple single-pin designs. During ejection, insufficient guidance and uneven force can easily cause displacement, resulting in ejection marks and deformation on the finished product. In severe cases, it can even damage the mold cavity and the finished product, reducing the product qualification rate. With the market's increasing demands for the appearance precision and production efficiency of plastic fences, traditional molds can no longer meet industry needs. There is an urgent need for a gateless, trim-free injection molding mold for plastic fence surfaces that can achieve gateless, trim-free production and ensure high-precision demolding.

[0003] To overcome the shortcomings of existing technologies, people have continuously explored and proposed various solutions. For example, a Chinese patent discloses an impact-resistant plastic municipal fence injection mold [application number: 202322536847.9], which includes a left mold and a right mold for forming the municipal fence. The left mold for forming the municipal fence has an impact-resistant main body forming protrusion. However, in the injection molding process of this invention, obvious gate marks are still easily seen on the fence surface, and ejection marks and deformation are easily seen during ejection. Utility Model Content

[0004] The purpose of this invention is to address the above-mentioned problems by providing a gateless, cut-free injection molding mold for plastic fence surfaces.

[0005] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention adopts the following technical solution:

[0006] A gateless, shear-free injection molding mold for plastic fences includes a lower mold and an upper mold. An injection manifold is located above the upper mold. The lower mold contains lower sections for horizontal and vertical fence strips, while the upper mold contains upper sections for horizontal and vertical fence strips. The lower and upper sections of the horizontal and vertical fence strips are directly opposite each other. A submerged gate is located between the upper section of the vertical fence strips and the injection manifold. A high-precision, limiting ejector assembly is located below the lower mold.

[0007] In the above-mentioned gateless, shear-free injection molding mold for plastic fence surfaces, the limiting high-precision ejection and demolding assembly includes an ejector rod fixing slide plate disposed below the lower mold of the plastic fence molding. The ejector rod fixing slide plate is provided with a plurality of demolding ejector rods that pass through the lower mold of the plastic fence molding. The demolding ejector rods are fitted with anti-deviation limiting kits, and the demolding ejector rods and anti-deviation limiting kits are slidably engaged.

[0008] In the above-mentioned gateless, cut-free injection molding mold for plastic fence surfaces, the anti-deviation limiting kit includes a limiting cylinder sleeved on the demolding ejector rod, and the demolding ejector rod and the limiting cylinder are in sliding engagement.

[0009] In the above-mentioned gateless, cut-free injection molding mold for plastic fence surface, a limiting cylinder support plate is provided between the lower mold of the plastic fence forming and the ejector rod fixing slide plate, and a base is provided at the bottom of the limiting cylinder, and the base abuts against the limiting cylinder support plate.

[0010] In the above-mentioned gateless, cut-free injection molding mold for plastic fences, a base plate is provided below the lower mold of the plastic fence forming mold. Two anti-deviation irons are provided on the base plate. The ejector rod fixing slide plate is slidably engaged with the anti-deviation irons. The bottom of the limiting cylinder support plate abuts against the top of the anti-deviation irons.

[0011] In the above-mentioned gateless, cut-free injection molding mold for plastic fence surfaces, the lower part of the fence horizontal bar forming includes a lower groove for forming the fence horizontal bar within the lower mold of the plastic fence forming mold, and the upper part of the fence horizontal bar forming includes a fence horizontal bar forming surface within the upper mold of the plastic fence forming mold, with the fence horizontal bar forming surface and the lower groove for forming the fence horizontal bar facing each other.

[0012] In the above-mentioned gateless, cut-free injection molding mold for plastic fence surfaces, the lower groove of the fence horizontal bar forming has a fence side buckle shaft hole forming protrusion, and the fence horizontal bar forming surface has a fence side buckle groove forming protrusion.

[0013] In the above-mentioned gateless, cut-free injection molding mold for plastic fence surfaces, the lower part of the fence vertical strip forming includes a fence vertical strip forming protrusion disposed in the lower mold of the plastic fence forming, and the upper part of the fence vertical strip forming includes a fence vertical strip forming cavity disposed in the upper mold of the plastic fence forming, with the fence vertical strip forming protrusion and the fence vertical strip forming cavity facing each other.

[0014] In the above-mentioned gateless, cut-free injection molding mold for plastic fence surfaces, the injection manifold includes an injection main plate and an injection manifold plate disposed above the upper mold of the plastic fence molding.

[0015] In the aforementioned gateless, cut-free injection molding mold for plastic fence surfaces, the injection manifold is connected to a submerged gate.

[0016] Compared with existing technologies, the advantages of this utility model are:

[0017] 1. In the process of use, this utility model uses a submerged gate to covertly connect the injection runner to the molding cavity of the fence vertical strips. After the melt cools, the finished product can be naturally separated from the gate or detached by a slight external force. No subsequent trimming process is required, which completely eliminates gate marks on the fence surface, while reducing process costs and labor input and improving production efficiency.

[0018] 2. This utility model uses a dual guide and limit structure of "anti-deviation limit kit + anti-deviation iron" to precisely control the movement trajectory of the demolding ejector rod, avoiding ejection marks and product deformation caused by ejector rod deviation; the multi-ejector rod synchronous ejection design ensures uniform force distribution, further reducing demolding damage to the fence surface and significantly improving the product qualification rate.

[0019] Other advantages, objectives and features of this invention will be partly apparent from the following description, and partly understood by those skilled in the art through study and practice of this invention. Attached Figure Description

[0020] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of this utility model.

[0021] Figure 2 This is a cross-sectional view of the present invention.

[0022] Figure 3 This is a partial structural schematic diagram of the present invention.

[0023] Figure 4 This is a partial structural schematic diagram of another aspect of this utility model.

[0024] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the upper mold for forming plastic fences.

[0025] In the diagram: 1. Lower mold for plastic fence forming; 2. Upper mold for plastic fence forming; 3. Injection manifold; 4. Lower part of fence horizontal bar forming; 5. Lower part of fence vertical bar forming; 6. Upper part of fence horizontal bar forming; 7. Submerged gate; 8. High-precision ejection and demolding assembly with limiting position; 9. Ejection rod fixing slide plate; 10. Demolding ejector rod; 11. Anti-deviation limiting kit; 12. Limiting cylinder; 13. Limiting cylinder support plate; 14. Base; 15. Base plate; 16. Anti-deviation iron; 17. Lower groove for fence horizontal bar forming; 18. Fence horizontal bar forming surface; 19. Fence side buckle shaft hole forming protrusion; 20. Fence side buckle groove forming protrusion; 21. Fence vertical bar forming protrusion; 22. Fence vertical bar forming cavity; 23. Injection main board; 24. Injection manifold; 25. Detailed Implementation

[0026] The present invention will be further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0027] like Figure 1-5 As shown, a gateless, shear-free injection molding mold for a plastic fence includes a lower mold 1 and an upper mold 2. An injection manifold 3 is located above the upper mold 2. The lower mold 1 contains a lower section 4 for horizontal fence strips and a lower section 5 for vertical fence strips. The upper mold 2 contains an upper section 6 for horizontal fence strips and an upper section 7 for vertical fence strips. The lower section 4 and upper section 6 are directly opposite each other, as are the lower section 5 and upper section 7. A submerged gate 8 is located between the upper section 7 and the injection manifold 3. A high-precision, limiting ejector assembly 9, penetrating through the lower mold 1, is located below the lower mold 1.

[0028] In this embodiment, during the injection molding process, the lower mold 1 and the upper mold 2 of the plastic fence are the core molding base of the mold. When the mold is closed, the two are precisely aligned and tightly fitted by the positioning pins to form a closed injection cavity frame. The lower part 4 and the upper part 6 of the fence horizontal strip are respectively embedded or integrally formed on the upper surface of the lower mold 1 and the lower surface of the upper mold 2. The two are spliced ​​together vertically to form a complete molding space for the plastic fence horizontal strip. Similarly, the lower part 5 and the upper part 7 of the fence vertical strip are respectively set in the lower mold 1 and the upper mold 2. They are spliced ​​together horizontally to form a molding space for the fence vertical strip. The molding spaces of the horizontal strip and the vertical strip are interconnected to form a complete plastic fence cavity. The runner outlet of the injection molding manifold 3 is connected to the inlet end of the submarine gate 8. The outlet end of the submerged gate 8 extends to the inner wall of the cavity of the upper part 7 of the fence vertical strip forming, and the shallow outlet smoothly transitions to the inner wall of the cavity without obvious steps. The limiting high-precision ejection demolding component 9 vertically penetrates the pre-set through hole at the bottom of the plastic fence forming lower mold 1. The ejection end of the component at the top extends into the reserved hole at the bottom of the cavity of the lower part 4 of the fence horizontal strip forming and the lower part 5 of the fence vertical strip forming. The bottom of the component is connected to the external ejection power mechanism (such as the hydraulic ejector rod of the injection molding machine). The "submerged gate 8 + vertical strip cavity concealed connection" structure eliminates the trimming process from the source and solves the problem of traditional gates affecting the appearance. In response to the defect of insufficient ejection precision of traditional gates, a through-type limiting ejection component is designed to avoid the impact of demolding on surface quality in advance and improve the surface quality of the product.

[0029] Combination Figure 1-5 As shown, the limiting high-precision ejection demolding assembly 9 includes an ejector rod fixing slide plate 10 disposed below the plastic fence forming lower mold 1. The ejector rod fixing slide plate 10 is provided with a plurality of demolding ejector rods 11 that pass through the plastic fence forming lower mold 1. The demolding ejector rods 11 are fitted with anti-deviation limiting kits 12, and the demolding ejector rods 11 and the anti-deviation limiting kits 12 are slidably engaged.

[0030] Specifically, the ejector rod fixing plate 10 is a rectangular metal plate, parallel to the lower mold 1 of the plastic fence forming, and its edge is fixedly connected to the push rod of the external ejection power mechanism through a connecting block, so that it can move up and down with the power mechanism; several ejector rods 11 are vertically distributed and fixed to the upper surface of the ejector rod fixing plate 10 by threaded connection or welding. The top of the ejector rod 11 is machined into an arc surface (to avoid scratching the finished product), and its position corresponds to the connection between the horizontal and vertical bars of the fence (the weak point of the finished product); the rod body of the ejector rod 11 passes through the bottom through hole of the lower mold 1 of the plastic fence forming, and is fitted with the through hole with a clearance. The anti-deviation limiting kit 12 restricts the radial displacement of the ejector rod 11: during the ejection process, the ejector rod 11 can only slide along the axial direction of the hollow cavity of the kit, eliminating radial shaking, preventing the ejector rod from scratching the inner wall of the cavity or leaving ejection marks on the surface of the finished product, and ensuring the surface quality of the fence; the kit also plays a guiding role and improves the ejection stability.

[0031] The anti-deviation limiting kit 12 includes a limiting cylinder 13 sleeved on the demolding ejector rod 11, and the demolding ejector rod 11 and the limiting cylinder 13 are slidably engaged.

[0032] In this embodiment, the outer wall of the limiting cylinder 13 is fixed to the inner wall of the through hole at the bottom of the lower mold 1 for forming plastic fence by interference fit. The inner wall is honed to ensure smoothness and cylindricity. The length of the limiting cylinder 13 covers the entire working stroke of the demolding ejector 11. The demolding ejector 11 passes through the hollow cavity of the limiting cylinder 13, and the two form a full-stroke sliding fit. Compared with the traditional short-stroke guide structure, the full-stroke coverage of the limiting cylinder 13 can ensure that the demolding ejector 11 is always radially constrained during the entire ejection process. Even at the ejection end point (the position of maximum force), there will be no deviation, avoiding damage to the finished product caused by the lack of guidance at the end of the stroke.

[0033] Combination Figure 3 , Figure 4 As shown, a limiting cylinder support plate 14 is provided between the lower mold 1 for forming the plastic fence and the ejector rod fixing slide plate 10. A base 15 is provided at the bottom of the limiting cylinder 13, and the base 15 abuts against the limiting cylinder support plate 14.

[0034] In this embodiment, during the ejection process, the ejector rod 11 generates an upward reaction force on the limiting cylinder 13. The contact between the base 15 and the support plate 14 can offset this reaction force, preventing the limiting cylinder 13 from loosening or shifting upward due to long-term stress, thus ensuring stable guiding accuracy. The support plate 14 can separate the plastic fence forming lower mold 1 from the ejector rod fixing slide plate 10, preventing the slide plate from directly rubbing against the lower mold 1 when moving up and down, reducing mold wear, and providing a stable movement space for the slide plate to avoid movement interference. The support plate 14 forms a rigid connection with the lower mold 1 and the limiting cylinder 13, which can enhance the structural strength of the bottom of the mold, reduce mold deformation caused by injection pressure or ejection pressure, and ensure the dimensional accuracy of the cavity.

[0035] The lower mold 1 for forming the plastic fence is provided with a base plate 16, and two anti-deviation irons 17 are provided on the base plate 16. The ejector rod fixing slide plate 10 is slidably engaged with the anti-deviation irons 17, and the bottom of the limiting cylinder support plate 14 abuts against the top of the anti-deviation irons 17.

[0036] In this embodiment, the base plate 16 is used to fix the anti-deviation iron 17. When the ejector rod fixing slide plate 10 slides up and down, the anti-deviation iron 17 plays a limiting role and can also support the fixed limiting cylinder support plate 14.

[0037] Combination Figure 2 and Figure 5As shown, the lower part 4 of the fence horizontal bar forming includes a lower groove 18 for forming the fence horizontal bar in the lower mold 1 of the plastic fence forming, and the upper part 6 of the fence horizontal bar forming includes a fence horizontal bar forming surface 19 in the upper mold 2 of the plastic fence forming, and the fence horizontal bar forming surface 19 is directly opposite to the lower groove 18 of the fence horizontal bar forming.

[0038] In this embodiment, when the upper and lower molds are closed, the fence horizontal bar forming surface 19 and the fence horizontal bar forming groove 18 are precisely matched to form the forming space of the fence horizontal bar. The split design facilitates mold processing and maintenance, and the precise matching ensures the dimensional accuracy and surface quality of the horizontal bar.

[0039] The lower groove 18 of the fence horizontal bar is provided with a fence side buckle shaft hole forming protrusion 20, and the fence side buckle groove forming protrusion 21 is provided in the fence horizontal bar forming surface 19.

[0040] In this embodiment, two protrusions form the snap-fit ​​structure on both sides of the fence horizontal bar, which is integrated with the horizontal bar forming structure, realizing one-time forming of the snap-fit ​​structure without subsequent processing, thus improving the product assembly efficiency and connection strength.

[0041] Combination Figure 1-5 As shown, the lower part 5 of the fence vertical strip forming includes a fence vertical strip forming protrusion 22 disposed in the lower mold 1 of the plastic fence forming, and the upper part 7 of the fence vertical strip forming includes a fence vertical strip forming cavity 23 disposed in the upper mold 2 of the plastic fence forming, with the fence vertical strip forming protrusion 22 and the fence vertical strip forming cavity 23 facing each other.

[0042] In this embodiment, when the upper and lower molds are closed, the fence vertical strip forming protrusion 22 is precisely embedded in the fence vertical strip forming cavity 23 to form the forming space of the fence vertical strip. The matching method of the protrusion and cavity is conducive to the forming and demolding of the vertical strip, and improves the dimensional accuracy and straightness of the vertical strip. Compared with the traditional double-sided groove structure, the protrusion-cavity matching structure is more conducive to the filling of molten plastic and pressure transmission, and improves the structural strength of the vertical strip.

[0043] Combination Figure 1-2 As shown, the injection molding diversion component 3 includes an injection molding main plate 24 and an injection molding diversion plate 25 disposed above the upper mold 2 for forming the plastic fence.

[0044] In this embodiment, the injection molding main board 24 receives molten plastic from the injection molding machine and distributes the plastic evenly to each molding cavity through the injection molding manifold 25, so that the molten plastic can enter each cavity evenly and ensure the consistency of product quality during multi-cavity molding.

[0045] Combination Figure 1-5 As shown, the injection manifold 25 is connected to the submarine gate 8.

[0046] In this embodiment, the injection manifold 25 guides the molten plastic through the submarine gate 8 to the vertical bar forming cavity 23, thereby filling the entire cavity and achieving gateless molding. This avoids leaving gate marks on the product surface and eliminates the need for subsequent trimming. By placing the submarine gate in the vertical bar area, the structural characteristics of the vertical bar are used to hide the gate marks, while ensuring the flow properties of the plastic. This solves the technical problem of traditional gates affecting the appearance of the product.

[0047] The working principle of this utility model is as follows:

[0048] During mold closing, the upper mold 2 and lower mold 1 of the plastic fence are closed, and the various molding components are precisely aligned to form a complete fence molding cavity, including horizontal and vertical cavities. Molten plastic enters the injection main plate 24 of the injection manifold 3 through the injection molding machine. After being distributed by the injection manifold 25, it enters the fence vertical slat forming cavity 23 of the upper part 7 of the fence vertical slat forming through the submarine gate 8, and gradually fills the entire vertical and horizontal cavities. During the cooling and solidification process of the plastic in the cavity, horizontal slats with side snap-fit ​​structures are formed in the fence horizontal slat forming part, and vertical slats are formed in the fence vertical slat forming part, completing the overall fence structure. After the mold opens, the limiting high-precision ejection demolding assembly 9 starts to work. The ejector rod fixing slide plate 10 moves upward under the drive of the power mechanism, driving the demolding ejector rod 11 to move upward synchronously. During the movement, the limiting cylinder 13 of the anti-deviation limiting kit 12 restricts the radial displacement of the ejector pin 11, while the ejector pin fixing slide plate 10 slides along the anti-deviation iron 17 to ensure the accuracy of the overall ejection movement. The ejector pin 11 contacts the molded plastic fence and smoothly ejects it from the mold cavity. The ejection mechanism resets, and the ejector pin 11 returns to its original position, ready for the next molding cycle.

[0049] The specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative examples illustrating the spirit of this utility model. Those skilled in the art to which this utility model pertains may make various modifications or additions to the described specific embodiments or use similar methods to replace them, without departing from the spirit of this utility model.

[0050] Although this article frequently uses terms such as 1. lower mold for plastic fence molding, 2. upper mold for plastic fence molding, 3. injection manifold, 4. lower part of fence horizontal bar molding, 5. lower part of fence vertical bar molding, 6. upper part of fence horizontal bar molding, 7. submarine gate, 8. high-precision ejection and demolding assembly with limiting position, 9. ejector rod fixing slide plate, 10. demolding ejector rod, 11. anti-deviation limiting kit, 12. limiting cylinder, 13. limiting cylinder support plate, 14. base, 15. base plate, 16. anti-deviation iron, 17. lower groove for fence horizontal bar molding, 18. fence horizontal bar molding surface, 19. fence side buckle shaft hole molding protrusion, 20. fence side buckle groove molding protrusion, 21. fence vertical bar molding protrusion, 22. fence vertical bar molding cavity, 23. injection main board, 24. injection manifold, 25, etc., the possibility of using other terms cannot be excluded. The use of these terms is merely for the convenience of describing and explaining the essence of this utility model, and interpreting them as any kind of additional limitation would be contrary to the spirit of this utility model.

Claims

1. A gateless, cut-free injection molding mold for plastic fence surfaces, comprising a lower mold (1) and an upper mold (2), characterized in that, The upper mold (2) of the plastic fence is provided with an injection flow divider (3). The lower mold (1) of the plastic fence is provided with a lower part (4) for forming horizontal fence strips and a lower part (5) for forming vertical fence strips. The upper mold (2) of the plastic fence is provided with an upper part (6) for forming horizontal fence strips and an upper part (7) for forming vertical fence strips. The lower part (4) for forming horizontal fence strips and the upper part (6) for forming horizontal fence strips are directly opposite each other. The lower part (5) for forming vertical fence strips and the upper part (7) for forming vertical fence strips are directly opposite each other. A submerged gate (8) is provided between the upper part (7) for forming vertical fence strips and the injection flow divider (3). A high-precision ejection and demolding component (9) for limiting and passing through the lower mold (1) of the plastic fence is provided below the lower mold (1).

2. The gateless, cut-free injection molding mold for plastic fence surfaces according to claim 1, characterized in that, The limiting high-precision ejection demolding assembly (9) includes an ejection rod fixing plate (10) located below the plastic fence forming lower mold (1). The ejection rod fixing plate (10) is provided with a plurality of demolding ejector rods (11) that pass through the plastic fence forming lower mold (1). The demolding ejector rods (11) are fitted with anti-deviation limiting kits (12), and the demolding ejector rods (11) and anti-deviation limiting kits (12) are slidably engaged.

3. The gateless, cut-free injection molding mold for plastic fence surfaces according to claim 2, characterized in that, The anti-deviation limiting kit (12) includes a limiting cylinder (13) sleeved on the demolding ejector rod (11), and the demolding ejector rod (11) and the limiting cylinder (13) are in sliding engagement.

4. The gateless, cut-free injection molding mold for plastic fence surfaces according to claim 3, characterized in that, A limiting cylinder support plate (14) is provided between the lower mold (1) for forming the plastic fence and the ejector rod fixing slide plate (10). A base (15) is provided at the bottom of the limiting cylinder (13), and the base (15) abuts against the limiting cylinder support plate (14).

5. The gateless, cut-free injection molding mold for plastic fence surfaces according to claim 4, characterized in that, The lower mold (1) of the plastic fence is provided with a base plate (16), and two anti-deviation irons (17) are provided on the base plate (16). The ejector rod fixing slide plate (10) is slidably engaged with the anti-deviation irons (17), and the bottom of the limiting cylinder support plate (14) abuts against the top of the anti-deviation irons (17).

6. The gateless, cut-free injection molding mold for plastic fence surfaces according to any one of claims 1-5, characterized in that, The lower part (4) of the fence horizontal bar forming includes a lower groove (18) of the fence horizontal bar forming in the lower mold (1) of the plastic fence forming, and the upper part (6) of the fence horizontal bar forming includes a fence horizontal bar forming surface (19) of the upper mold (2) of the plastic fence forming, and the fence horizontal bar forming surface (19) and the lower groove (18) of the fence horizontal bar forming are directly opposite each other.

7. The gateless, cut-free injection molding mold for plastic fence surfaces according to claim 6, characterized in that, The lower groove (18) of the fence horizontal bar is provided with a fence side buckle shaft hole forming protrusion (20), and the fence side buckle groove forming protrusion (21) is provided in the fence horizontal bar forming surface (19).

8. The gateless, cut-free injection molding mold for plastic fence surfaces according to claim 7, characterized in that, The lower part (5) of the fence vertical strip forming includes a fence vertical strip forming protrusion (22) disposed in the lower mold (1) of the plastic fence forming, and the upper part (7) of the fence vertical strip forming includes a fence vertical strip forming cavity (23) disposed in the upper mold (2) of the plastic fence forming, with the fence vertical strip forming protrusion (22) and the fence vertical strip forming cavity (23) facing each other.

9. The gateless, cut-free injection molding mold for plastic fence surfaces according to claim 8, characterized in that, The injection molding diversion component (3) includes an injection molding main plate (24) and an injection molding diversion plate (25) disposed above the plastic fence molding upper mold (2).

10. The gateless, cut-free injection molding mold for plastic fence surfaces according to claim 9, characterized in that, The injection manifold (25) is connected to the submarine gate (8).

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