Cold, heat, electricity, steam combined supply system based on proton exchange membrane fuel cell

Abstract

The utility model provides a kind of cold, heat, electricity, steam combined heat and power system based on proton exchange membrane fuel cell, including power supply module (1), heat recovery module (2), heat-steam combined heat and power module (3) and cold supply module (4).Power supply module (1) includes proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack (11), generates electric power and reaction heat;Heat recovery module (2) includes first heat exchange unit (22) and cooling liquid circuit;Heat-steam combined heat and power module (3) includes refrigerant circuit, compressor (32), second heat exchange unit (33) and gas-liquid separation unit (34);Cold supply module (4) includes generator (41), absorber (42), condenser (43) and evaporator (44).The system of the present disclosure can effectively prevent fuel cell temperature from being too high on the one hand, and on the other hand, the reaction heat of fuel cell can be fully utilized, to realize the combined supply of cold, heat, steam and electricity.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This disclosure belongs to the field of proton exchange membrane fuel cell technology, specifically relating to a combined cooling, heating, electricity and steam supply system based on a proton exchange membrane fuel cell. Background Technology

[0002] A proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is a power generation device that uses hydrogen as a feedstock to convert the chemical energy of hydrogen into electrical energy through an electrochemical reaction. It boasts advantages such as high power generation efficiency and zero pollution. The energy conversion efficiency of a fuel cell is 40%–60%. Energy that is not converted into electrical energy during the electrochemical reaction is converted into heat and transferred to the fuel cell stack, causing the temperature of the fuel cell system to rise. Excessive temperature can cause the proton exchange membrane to dry out, reducing its performance and shortening its lifespan. Therefore, a cooling system is needed to cool the fuel cell stack and maintain it at a suitable reaction temperature, thereby ensuring the performance and lifespan of the fuel cell.

[0003] Currently, fuel cells are commonly used in hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, with fewer applications in stationary power generation. The cooling systems in hydrogen fuel cell vehicles typically use a coolant (a mixture of water and ethylene glycol) to transfer heat to the outside of the fuel cell stack, and then the heat is transferred to the air through a radiator. In this process, the heat generated by the fuel cell stack is not utilized effectively and is wasted. Furthermore, the fan consumes electricity during cooling, generating additional parasitic power.

[0004] Chinese Patent Application No. 202310703757.6 discloses a combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) system based on a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), employing a PEMFC system, an adsorption-based refrigeration cycle system, and an air-source heat pump system. This patent stores the byproduct heat from the fuel cell stack in a hot water storage tank for user heating; the heated water is used to power the air-source heat pump for external heating or cooling; and the adsorption-based refrigeration cycle system utilizes the hot water in the storage tank for cooling. However, this system cannot provide high-temperature steam; and both the adsorption-based refrigeration cycle system and the air-source heat pump system rely on the hot water in the storage tank, leading to issues such as temperature drop and heat loss.

[0005] Therefore, there is a need for a battery system that can effectively prevent the fuel cell temperature from becoming too high while making full use of the reaction heat of the fuel cell. Utility Model Content

[0006] This disclosure aims to provide a combined cooling, heating, electricity, and steam supply system based on a proton exchange membrane fuel cell, which at least partially solves the problems existing in the prior art.

[0007] One of the technical problems to be solved by this disclosure is to provide a system based on a proton exchange membrane fuel cell that can effectively prevent the fuel cell temperature from getting too high and can make full use of the reaction heat of the fuel cell to achieve combined cooling, heating, steam and electricity supply.

[0008] To address the aforementioned technical problems, according to one aspect of this disclosure, a combined cooling, heating, power, and steam supply system based on a proton exchange membrane fuel cell is provided, comprising a power supply module, a heat recovery module, a heat-steam combined supply module, and a cooling module. The power supply module includes a proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack for generating electricity and reaction heat. The heat recovery module is connected to the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack of the power supply module for recovering reaction heat. The heat recovery module includes a first heat exchange unit and a coolant circuit, the coolant circuit being connected to the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack and the first heat exchange unit. The heat-steam combined supply module is connected to the heat recovery module. The heat recovery module is connected to the first heat exchange unit, which uses the heat of reaction recovered in the heat recovery module to generate heat and produce steam. The heat-steam cogeneration module includes a refrigerant circuit, a compressor, a second heat exchange unit, and a gas-liquid separation unit. The compressor and the second heat exchange unit are connected to the first heat exchange unit through the refrigerant circuit, and the gas-liquid separation unit is connected to the second heat exchange unit. The cooling module is connected to the coolant circuit of the heat recovery module, which uses the recovered heat of reaction to provide cooling. The cooling module includes a generator, an absorber, a condenser, and an evaporator. The generator and the absorber are connected through a refrigerant solution circulation pipeline, and the generator is connected to the coolant circuit.

[0009] Furthermore, the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack has a first coolant inlet and a first coolant outlet; the heat recovery module also includes a coolant storage tank; the coolant storage tank is connected to the first coolant inlet of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack; the first heat exchange unit has a second coolant inlet and a second coolant outlet, the second coolant inlet is connected to the first coolant outlet of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack, and the second coolant outlet is connected to the first coolant inlet of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack.

[0010] Furthermore, the first heat exchange unit also has a first refrigerant inlet and a first refrigerant outlet; the compressor has a second refrigerant inlet and a second refrigerant outlet, the second refrigerant inlet being connected to the first refrigerant outlet of the first heat exchange unit; the second heat exchange unit has a third refrigerant inlet and a third refrigerant outlet, the third refrigerant inlet being connected to the second refrigerant outlet of the compressor, the third refrigerant outlet being connected to the first refrigerant inlet of the first heat exchange unit, and the second heat exchange unit also has a first water inlet and a hot water-steam outlet; the gas-liquid separation unit is used to perform gas-liquid separation on the hot water-steam from the second heat exchange unit, and has a hot water-steam inlet and a steam supply outlet, the hot water supply outlet being connected to the hot water-steam outlet of the second heat exchange unit.

[0011] Furthermore, the generator has a third coolant inlet and a third coolant outlet, a refrigerant dilute solution inlet and a refrigerant concentrated solution outlet, and a first steam outlet. The third coolant inlet is connected to the first coolant outlet of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack, and the third coolant outlet is connected to the first coolant inlet of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack. The absorber has a refrigerant concentrated solution inlet and a refrigerant dilute solution outlet, and a first steam inlet. The refrigerant concentrated solution inlet is connected to the refrigerant concentrated solution outlet of the generator, and the refrigerant dilute solution outlet is connected to the refrigerant dilute solution inlet of the generator. The condenser has a first gas phase inlet and a first liquid phase outlet. The first gas phase inlet is connected to the first steam outlet of the generator. The evaporator has a first inlet, a second steam outlet, a second water inlet, and a cold water supply outlet. The first inlet is connected to the first liquid phase outlet of the condenser, and the second steam outlet is connected to the first steam inlet of the absorber.

[0012] Furthermore, the heat-steam cogeneration module also includes a compressor inlet buffer tank, which has a second inlet and a second outlet. The second inlet is connected to the first refrigerant outlet of the first heat exchange unit, and the second outlet is connected to the second refrigerant inlet of the compressor.

[0013] Furthermore, the heat-steam cogeneration module also includes a regenerator, which has a third inlet and a third outlet. The third inlet is connected to the first refrigerant outlet of the first heat exchange unit, and the third outlet is connected to the second inlet of the compressor inlet buffer tank. The regenerator also has a fourth refrigerant inlet and a fourth refrigerant outlet. The fourth refrigerant inlet is connected to the third refrigerant outlet of the second heat exchange unit, and the fourth refrigerant outlet is connected to the first refrigerant inlet of the first heat exchange unit.

[0014] Furthermore, the combined heat and steam supply module also includes a first expansion valve, which connects the regenerator and the first heat exchange unit.

[0015] Furthermore, the regenerator contains heat storage material, which can be metal or ceramic.

[0016] Furthermore, the cooling module also includes a second expansion valve, which connects the condenser and the evaporator.

[0017] Furthermore, the heat recovery module also includes a first three-way valve, which connects the first coolant outlet of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack, the second coolant inlet of the first heat exchange unit, and the third coolant inlet of the generator.

[0018] Furthermore, the heat recovery module also includes a second three-way valve, which connects the second coolant outlet of the first heat exchange unit, the third coolant outlet of the generator, and the first coolant inlet of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack.

[0019] Furthermore, the first heat exchange unit and the second heat exchange unit include plate heat exchangers.

[0020] Specifically, this disclosure provides a combined cooling, heating, power, and steam supply system based on a proton exchange membrane fuel cell, including a power supply module, a heat recovery module, a combined heat and steam supply module, and a cooling module. Wherein:

[0021] The power supply module includes a proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack, a hydrogen supply pipeline, an air supply pipeline, and a power supply line. The hydrogen supply pipeline and the air supply pipeline are both connected to the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack and are used to supply hydrogen and oxygen to the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack, respectively; the power supply line is connected to the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack and is used to output electrical energy from the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack; the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack has a first coolant inlet and a first coolant outlet.

[0022] The heat recovery module includes a coolant storage tank and a first heat exchange unit. The coolant storage tank is connected to the first coolant inlet of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack; the first heat exchange unit has a second coolant inlet and a second coolant outlet, the second coolant inlet is connected to the first coolant outlet of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack, the second coolant outlet is connected to the first coolant inlet of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack, and the first heat exchange unit also has a first refrigerant inlet and a first refrigerant outlet;

[0023] The combined heat and steam supply module includes a compressor, a second heat exchange unit, and a gas-liquid separation unit. The compressor has a second refrigerant inlet and a second refrigerant outlet, the second refrigerant inlet being connected to the first refrigerant outlet of the first heat exchange unit. The second heat exchange unit has a third refrigerant inlet and a third refrigerant outlet, the third refrigerant inlet being connected to the second refrigerant outlet of the compressor, and the third refrigerant outlet being connected to the first refrigerant inlet of the first heat exchange unit. The second heat exchange unit also has a first water inlet and a hot water-steam outlet. The gas-liquid separation unit is used to separate the hot water-steam from the second heat exchange unit, and has a hot water-steam inlet and a steam supply outlet, a hot water supply outlet, the hot water-steam inlet being connected to the hot water-steam outlet of the second heat exchange unit.

[0024] The cooling module includes a generator, an absorber, a condenser, and an evaporator. The generator and absorber are connected via a refrigerant solution circulation pipeline. The generator has a third coolant inlet and a third coolant outlet, a dilute refrigerant inlet and a concentrated refrigerant outlet, and a first vapor outlet. The third coolant inlet is connected to the first coolant outlet of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack, and the third coolant outlet is connected to the first coolant inlet of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack. The absorber has a concentrated refrigerant inlet and a dilute refrigerant outlet, and a first vapor inlet. The concentrated refrigerant inlet is connected to the concentrated refrigerant outlet of the generator, and the dilute refrigerant outlet is connected to the dilute refrigerant inlet of the generator. The condenser has a first gas phase inlet and a first liquid phase outlet, and the first gas phase inlet is connected to the first vapor outlet of the generator. The evaporator has a first inlet, a second vapor outlet, a second water inlet, and a cold water supply outlet. The first inlet is connected to the first liquid phase outlet of the condenser, and the second vapor outlet is connected to the first vapor inlet of the absorber.

[0025] Since the system includes a heat recovery module, a combined heat and steam supply module, and a cooling module in addition to the power supply module, it can effectively prevent the fuel cell temperature from getting too high and make full use of the reaction heat of the fuel cell to achieve combined supply of cooling, heat, steam and electricity. Attached Figure Description

[0026] The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of this disclosure and form part of this disclosure, illustrate exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure and are used to explain the disclosure, but do not constitute an undue limitation of the disclosure. In the drawings:

[0027] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of a combined cooling, heating, electricity and steam supply system based on a proton exchange membrane fuel cell according to one embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0028] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of a combined cooling, heating, electricity, and steam supply system based on a proton exchange membrane fuel cell according to another embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0029] Explanation of icon numbers:

[0030] 1. Power supply module; 11. Proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack;

[0031] 12. Hydrogen supply pipeline; 13. Air supply pipeline

[0032] 14. Power supply line; 111. First coolant inlet

[0033] 112. First coolant outlet

[0034] 2. Heat recovery module; 21. Coolant storage tank;

[0035] 22. First heat exchange unit; 23. First three-way valve;

[0036] 24. Second three-way valve; 25. First circulation pump;

[0037] 221. First refrigerant inlet; 222. First refrigerant outlet;

[0038] 223. Second coolant inlet; 224. Second coolant outlet;

[0039] 3. Combined heat and steam supply module;

[0040] 32. Compressor; 33. Second heat exchange unit;

[0041] 34. Gas-liquid separation unit; 35. Compressor inlet buffer tank;

[0042] 36. Regenerator; 37. First expansion valve;

[0043] 38. Second circulation pump; 39. Third three-way valve;

[0044] 321. Second refrigerant inlet; 322. Second refrigerant outlet;

[0045] 331. Third refrigerant inlet; 332. Third refrigerant outlet;

[0046] 333. First water inlet; 334. Hot water / steam outlet;

[0047] 341. Hot water / steam inlet; 342. Steam supply outlet;

[0048] 343. Hot water supply outlet; 351. Second inlet;

[0049] 352. Second Exit; 361. Third Entrance;

[0050] 362. Third outlet; 363. Fourth refrigerant inlet;

[0051] 364. Fourth refrigerant outlet;

[0052] 4. Cooling module; 41. Generator;

[0053] 42. Absorber; 43. Condenser;

[0054] 44. Evaporator; 45. Second expansion valve;

[0055] 411. Third coolant inlet; 412. Third coolant outlet;

[0056] 413. Refrigerant dilute solution inlet; 414. Refrigerant concentrated solution outlet;

[0057] 415. First steam outlet; 421. Refrigerant concentrated solution inlet;

[0058] 422. Refrigerant dilute solution outlet; 423. First steam inlet;

[0059] 431. First gas phase inlet; 432. First liquid phase outlet;

[0060] 441. First inlet; 442. Second steam outlet;

[0061] 443. Second water inlet; 444. Cold water supply outlet. Detailed Implementation

[0062] The technical solutions of the embodiments of this disclosure will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of this disclosure, and not all embodiments. The following description of at least one exemplary embodiment is merely illustrative and is in no way intended to limit this disclosure or its application or use. All other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of this disclosure without creative effort are within the scope of protection of this disclosure.

[0063] It should be noted that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular implementations only and is not intended to limit the exemplary implementations according to this disclosure. As used herein, the singular form is intended to include the plural form as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

[0064] The terms “cold water” and “hot water” as used in this disclosure refer to the outlet water whose temperature is lowered or raised after the inlet water has undergone heat exchange treatment. Unless otherwise specified, there are no specific limitations on the temperature range for “cold water” and “hot water”.

[0065] The terms "concentrated solution" and "dilute solution" used in this disclosure are relative concepts. For example, a "concentrated refrigerant solution" has a relatively higher refrigerant concentration than a "dilute refrigerant solution." Unless otherwise specified, there are no specific limitations on the concentration range.

[0066] To address the shortcomings of existing technologies, this disclosure provides a combined cooling, heating, electricity, and steam supply system based on a proton exchange membrane fuel cell, including a power supply module 1, a heat recovery module 2, a combined heat-steam supply module 3, and a cooling module 4. The power supply module 1 includes a proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack 11 for generating electricity and reaction heat. The heat recovery module 2 is connected to the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack 11 of the power supply module 1 and is used to recover reaction heat. The heat recovery module 2 includes a first heat exchange unit 22 and a coolant circuit, with the coolant circuit connecting the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack 11 and the first heat exchange unit 22. The combined heat-steam supply module 3 is connected to the first heat exchange unit 22 of the heat recovery module 2, utilizing the reaction heat recovered in the heat recovery module 2 to generate heat and produce steam. The combined heat-steam supply module 3 includes a refrigeration unit. The system includes a refrigerant circuit, a compressor 32, a second heat exchange unit 33, and a gas-liquid separation unit 34. The compressor 32 and the second heat exchange unit 33 are connected to the first heat exchange unit 22 via the refrigerant circuit, and the gas-liquid separation unit 34 is connected to the second heat exchange unit 33. The cooling module 4 is connected to the coolant circuit of the heat recovery module 2 and uses the recovered reaction heat for cooling. The cooling module 4 includes a generator 41, an absorber 42, a condenser 43, and an evaporator 44. The generator 41 and the absorber 42 are connected via a refrigerant solution circulation pipeline, and the generator 41 is connected to the coolant circuit.

[0067] Since the system includes a power supply module, a heat recovery module, a heat-steam combined supply module, and a cooling module, it can effectively prevent the fuel cell temperature from getting too high and make full use of the reaction heat of the fuel cell to achieve combined supply of cooling, heat, steam, and electricity.

[0068] According to one specific aspect of this disclosure, a combined cooling, heating, power, and steam system based on a proton exchange membrane fuel cell includes a power supply module 1, a heat recovery module 2, a combined heat and steam supply module 3, and a cooling module 4, wherein:

[0069] The power supply module 1 includes a proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack 11, a hydrogen supply line 12, an air supply line 13, and a power supply line 14. The hydrogen supply line 12 and the air supply line 13 are both connected to the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack 11 and are used to supply hydrogen and oxygen to the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack 11, respectively; the power supply line 14 is connected to the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack 11 and is used to output electrical energy from the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack 11; the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack 11 has a first coolant inlet 111 and a first coolant outlet 112.

[0070] The heat recovery module 2 includes a coolant storage tank 21 and a first heat exchange unit 22. The coolant storage tank 21 is connected to the first coolant inlet 111 of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack 11; the first heat exchange unit 22 has a second coolant inlet 223 and a second coolant outlet 224. The second coolant inlet 223 is connected to the first coolant outlet 112 of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack 11, and the second coolant outlet 224 is connected to the first coolant inlet 111 of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack 11. The first heat exchange unit 22 also has a first refrigerant inlet 221 and a first refrigerant outlet 222.

[0071] According to one specific implementation, the flow process and temperature change of the coolant in the heat recovery module 2 are roughly as follows:

[0072] When the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack 11 generates heat during operation, coolant is introduced into the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack 11 through the first coolant inlet 111, at which time the coolant is at a relatively low temperature.

[0073] The coolant flows through heat exchange channels inside the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack 11, absorbing waste heat generated by the electrochemical reaction and causing its temperature to rise. For example, under ideal conditions, the coolant temperature will rise to the operating temperature of the fuel cell stack, typically between 70°C and 90°C, depending on the design and operating conditions of the fuel cell.

[0074] The heated coolant then flows out of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack 11 through the first coolant outlet 112 and flows to the second coolant inlet 223 of the first heat exchange unit 22.

[0075] In the first heat exchange unit 22, the coolant further exchanges heat with the refrigerant. The refrigerant enters the first heat exchange unit 22 through the first refrigerant inlet 221, absorbs heat after contacting the high-temperature coolant, and its temperature and pressure increase, transforming into a gaseous state or a gas-liquid mixture; while the coolant releases heat and its temperature drops to a moderate temperature, for example, it can drop to 60°C to 75°C, or even lower, depending on factors such as the efficiency of the heat exchange process.

[0076] After the temperature drops, the coolant continues to flow out of the first heat exchange unit 22 through the second coolant outlet 224 and eventually returns to the first coolant inlet 111 of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack 11 to start a new cycle.

[0077] Throughout the process, the coolant absorbs the heat generated during the operation of the fuel cell stack, causing its temperature to rise initially. Then, in the heat recovery module, it exchanges heat with the refrigerant, causing its temperature to drop. This provides continuous and effective thermal management for the fuel cell stack, preventing it from overheating, while converting waste heat into usable thermal energy that can be used in subsequent combined heat and steam modules.

[0078] The combined heat and steam supply module 3 includes a compressor 32, a second heat exchange unit 33, and a gas-liquid separation unit 34. The compressor 32 has a second refrigerant inlet 321 and a second refrigerant outlet 322, with the second refrigerant inlet 321 connected to the first refrigerant outlet 222 of the first heat exchange unit 22. The second heat exchange unit 33 has a third refrigerant inlet 331 and a third refrigerant outlet 332, with the third refrigerant inlet 331 connected to the second refrigerant outlet 322 of the compressor 32 and the third refrigerant outlet 332 connected to the first refrigerant inlet 221 of the first heat exchange unit 22. The second heat exchange unit 33 also has a first water inlet 333 and a hot water-steam outlet 334. The gas-liquid separation unit 34 is used to separate the hot water-steam from the second heat exchange unit 33, and has a hot water-steam inlet 341, a steam supply outlet 342, and a hot water supply outlet 343. The hot water-steam inlet 341 is connected to the hot water-steam outlet 334 of the second heat exchange unit 33.

[0079] According to one specific implementation, the flow process and temperature change of the refrigerant in the combined heat and steam supply module 3 are roughly as follows:

[0080] The refrigerant is delivered to the first heat exchange unit 22 through the first refrigerant inlet 221. In the first heat exchange unit 22, the refrigerant exchanges heat with the higher-temperature coolant, absorbing the heat released by the coolant, and its temperature and pressure increase accordingly. During this process, the refrigerant may completely transform into a gaseous state, or partially transform into a gas to form a gas-liquid mixture, depending on factors such as the heat exchange efficiency of the heat exchange unit.

[0081] The high-temperature, high-pressure gaseous refrigerant or refrigerant-liquid mixture flowing out from the first heat exchange unit 22 is transported to the second refrigerant inlet 321 of the compressor 32 through the first refrigerant outlet 222. In the compressor 32, the refrigerant is further compressed, and the pressure and temperature increase significantly again. The refrigerant can thus be transformed into a superheated gaseous state, for example, the temperature can reach 100°C to 120°C, depending on the operating conditions of the compressor.

[0082] The high-temperature, high-pressure gaseous refrigerant flowing from compressor 32 is transported through the second refrigerant outlet 322 to the third refrigerant inlet 331 of the second heat exchange unit 33. In the second heat exchange unit 33, the refrigerant exchanges heat with the cold water introduced through the first water inlet 333. The refrigerant releases heat, its temperature drops, and it returns to a liquid state. At the same time, the introduced cold water absorbs heat and transforms into hot water-steam, with its temperature rising significantly, for example, possibly reaching or slightly above the boiling point, such as 100°C to 110°C.

[0083] The low-temperature liquid refrigerant returns from the second heat exchange unit 33 to the first refrigerant inlet 221 of the first heat exchange unit 22, starting a new cycle. During this process, the refrigerant preferably returns to a lower temperature and pressure state through the expansion valve, ready to absorb heat again.

[0084] Hot water-steam flows out from the hot water-steam outlet 334 of the second heat exchange unit 33 and enters the gas-liquid separation unit 34. In the gas-liquid separation unit 34, hot water-steam is separated into steam and hot water. Steam is output through the steam supply outlet 342, while hot water is output through the hot water supply outlet 343 for external use or to continue circulating in the system.

[0085] Through the above process, the refrigerant circulates in the combined heat and steam module 3, absorbing heat from the coolant and releasing it to the external water supply system through compression and heat exchange processes. This ultimately produces steam and hot water usable for external applications, while the refrigerant returns to its initial state, ready for reuse. The entire process achieves effective recovery and conversion of waste heat from the fuel cell stack, improving energy efficiency and providing users with additional heat and steam resources.

[0086] The cooling module 4 includes a generator 41, an absorber 42, a condenser 43, and an evaporator 44.

[0087] The generator 41, absorber 42, condenser 43, and evaporator 44 can adopt the device structures commonly used in refrigeration cycles. Preferably, the generator 41, absorber 42, condenser 43, and evaporator 44 can be configured and structured as follows.

[0088] Generator 41: Utilizes heat from the coolant circuit to heat the refrigerant (such as an aqueous lithium bromide solution) to generate vapor, thus obtaining a concentrated refrigerant solution. According to one specific embodiment, structurally, the generator includes a heating chamber, a solution pump, and a vapor outlet pipe. The heating chamber contains a dilute refrigerant solution, which is heated to boiling by waste heat from the coolant circuit, causing the water to evaporate into vapor. The solution pump delivers the heated concentrated solution to the absorber; the vapor outlet pipe then transmits the generated vapor to the condenser.

[0089] Absorber 42: Combines vapor with the concentrated refrigerant solution, restoring the concentrated refrigerant solution to a dilute state and releasing the heat generated during the absorption process. According to one specific embodiment, the absorber mainly consists of an absorption chamber, a solution nozzle, a vapor inlet pipe, and a solution pump. The concentrated refrigerant solution is evenly sprayed into the absorption chamber through the solution nozzle. The vapor inlet pipe introduces vapor from the evaporator into the absorption chamber. After contacting the concentrated refrigerant solution, the vapor is absorbed, forming a dilute refrigerant solution, which is then pumped back to the generator.

[0090] Condenser 43: Converts steam into liquid condensate. According to one specific embodiment, the condenser includes a cooling chamber, a steam inlet, and a condensate outlet. High-temperature, high-pressure steam from the generator enters the cooling chamber through the steam inlet, exchanges heat with the cooling medium (such as air or water) present in the cooling chamber, releases heat, and condenses into liquid water. The liquid condensate is then sent to the evaporator through the outlet.

[0091] Evaporator 44: Liquid condensate evaporates in the evaporator and absorbs heat, providing a cooling effect. According to one specific embodiment, the evaporator mainly comprises an evaporation chamber. Low-temperature, low-pressure liquid condensate evaporates in the evaporation chamber, absorbing heat from the external water source, thus cooling it. The evaporated water vapor is transported to the absorber through the steam outlet, while the external water source decreases in temperature during its entry and exit from the evaporator, achieving the purpose of cooling or providing refrigeration.

[0092] The generator 41 and absorber 42 are connected via a refrigerant solution circulation pipeline. The generator 41 has a third coolant inlet 411 and a third coolant outlet 412, a dilute refrigerant inlet 413 and a concentrated refrigerant outlet 414, and a first vapor outlet 415. The third coolant inlet 411 is connected to the first coolant outlet 112 of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack 11, and the third coolant outlet 412 is connected to the first coolant inlet 111 of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack 11. The absorber 42 has a concentrated refrigerant inlet 421 and a dilute refrigerant outlet 422, and a first vapor inlet 423. The concentrated refrigerant inlet 421 is connected to the generator 41. The refrigerant concentrated solution outlet 414 is connected to the refrigerant dilute solution outlet 422, which is connected to the refrigerant dilute solution inlet 413 of the generator 41; the condenser 43 has a first gas phase inlet 431 and a first liquid phase outlet 432, with the first gas phase inlet 431 connected to the first steam outlet 415 of the generator 41; the evaporator 44 has a first inlet 441, a second steam outlet 442, a second water inlet 443, and a cold water supply outlet 444, with the first inlet 441 connected to the first liquid phase outlet 432 of the condenser 43, and the second steam outlet 442 connected to the first steam inlet 423 of the absorber 42.

[0093] According to one specific implementation, the coolant flow process and temperature changes in the cooling module are roughly as follows:

[0094] After the coolant obtains waste heat from the fuel cell stack, it first enters the generator 41 through the third coolant inlet 411. At this time, the coolant is at a relatively high temperature, which is approximately the operating temperature of the fuel cell stack, usually between 70°C and 90°C, depending on the design and operating conditions of the fuel cell.

[0095] The coolant releases waste heat in generator 41, causing the water in the dilute refrigerant solution (a low-concentration lithium bromide aqueous solution) to evaporate into vapor. The temperature of the coolant will drop significantly during this process.

[0096] The cooled coolant leaves the generator 41 through the third coolant outlet 412 and returns directly to the first coolant inlet 111 of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack 11, participating in the cooling cycle of the fuel cell stack, absorbing more waste heat and maintaining the fuel cell stack at a suitable operating temperature.

[0097] According to one specific implementation, the refrigerant (lithium bromide aqueous solution) flow process and temperature changes in the cooling module are roughly as follows:

[0098] Under the action of the high-temperature coolant, the water in the dilute refrigerant solution (low-concentration lithium bromide aqueous solution) in generator 41 evaporates to produce steam, while the remaining concentrated solution (high-concentration lithium bromide solution) is output through the concentrated refrigerant solution outlet 414, ready to enter the absorber 42. That is, the dilute refrigerant solution in generator 41 is divided into two parts: one part is steam (water vapor), and the other part is concentrated refrigerant solution.

[0099] Steam leaves generator 41 through first steam outlet 415 and enters first gas phase inlet 431 of condenser 43; while concentrated refrigerant solution leaves generator 41 through concentrated refrigerant solution outlet 414 and enters absorber 42 through concentrated refrigerant solution inlet 421.

[0100] In condenser 43, vapor condenses into liquid water upon contact with a cooling medium (such as air or cooling water). The condensed water then leaves condenser 43 through the first liquid phase outlet 432 and enters evaporator 44. That is, in condenser 43, high-temperature vapor from a dilute refrigerant solution is transformed into low-temperature liquid water.

[0101] The condensed liquid water enters the evaporator 44 through the first inlet 441, where it exchanges heat with the low-temperature, low-pressure external water source, re-evaporating and absorbing heat to produce a cooling effect. That is, the low-temperature liquid water from the condenser 43 is transformed into high-temperature steam in the evaporator 44. The evaporated steam leaves the evaporator 44 through the second steam outlet 442 and enters the absorber 42.

[0102] In absorber 42, vapor from evaporator comes into contact with concentrated refrigerant solution from generator 42. The concentrated solution absorbs the vapor, meaning the two parts separated in generator 41 merge again here to form dilute refrigerant solution. The dilute refrigerant solution returns to dilute refrigerant inlet 413 of generator 41 through dilute refrigerant outlet 422 for re-evaporation, forming a closed refrigerant solution cycle.

[0103] Through the above process, the coolant and refrigerant form an effective heat exchange and recycling mechanism within the system, which not only cools the fuel cell stack but also utilizes waste heat to generate a cooling effect, demonstrating the efficient use of energy.

[0104] In the system disclosed herein, the PEMFC stack in the power supply module converts hydrogen and oxygen into electrical energy through an electrochemical reaction, while simultaneously generating a large amount of waste heat. The heat recovery module extracts this waste heat from the PEMFC stack via coolant circulation and transfers it to the first heat exchange unit. Here, the heat from the coolant is transferred to the refrigerant cycle of the next module (i.e., the combined heat and steam module) through heat exchange. The combined heat and steam module utilizes the heat energy transferred from the heat recovery module to heat and compress the refrigerant via a compressor, condensing it in the second heat exchange unit to heat a water source, thereby generating hot water and steam. The gas-liquid separation unit further separates the hot water and steam for subsequent use. The cooling module utilizes the waste heat from the coolant in the heat recovery module to heat a dilute refrigerant solution in a generator, causing it to release steam. The steam enters the condenser, is condensed into liquid, and then absorbs external heat through the evaporator to achieve a cooling effect.

[0105] The system disclosed in this invention ingeniously achieves tiered energy utilization. First, most of the heat energy generated by the electrochemical reaction of the PEMFC is captured by the heat recovery module, avoiding resource waste. Next, this heat energy is used to drive the combined heat and steam module, which upgrades the heat energy by compressing the refrigerant to produce high-temperature hot water and low-pressure steam. Finally, the remaining low-grade heat energy is further converted into cooling capacity in the cooling module to meet the needs of the chiller or other cooling loads, ensuring that each level of heat energy is fully utilized and reducing losses during energy conversion. Through the tight coupling of the above modules, the system disclosed in this invention achieves effective integration and optimized utilization of energy. This combined cooling, heating, electricity, and steam system not only solves the problem of excessively high operating temperatures of PEMFCs but also effectively utilizes waste heat resources, providing a clean and sustainable energy supply solution.

[0106] In the system disclosed herein, waste heat from the reaction is recovered and converted into useful heat energy and steam through a heat recovery module and a heat-steam cogeneration module to meet the needs of building heating, domestic hot water or industrial processes. At the same time, cooling capacity is also provided through the heat recovery module and the cooling module, realizing diversified energy supply and significantly improving the efficiency and economic benefits of the overall energy system.

[0107] The system disclosed herein is applicable to a variety of application scenarios: containerized distributed power generation, providing heating and cooling systems for the container; data centers, providing them with power while also providing heating and cooling systems; large-scale wind and solar power bases, providing power peak shaving while also providing heating and cooling systems for office areas, hot water for living areas, and low-pressure saturated steam for factories.

[0108] Preferably, a first circulation pump 25 is installed near the first coolant inlet 111 of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack 11. The first circulation pump 25 connects the coolant storage tank 21 to the first coolant inlet 111 of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack 11, and is used to pump the coolant from the coolant storage tank 21 into the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack 11. Simultaneously, the circulation pump provides power to the coolant throughout the coolant loop, causing it to flow through the coolant loop and carrying away the heat generated by the reaction through the coolant pipes in the PEMFC stack. The power and design of the circulation pump can be optimized for a specific fuel cell stack to ensure sufficient coolant flow under different load conditions. During coolant circulation, the first circulation pump not only provides power but also controls the coolant pressure, ensuring that the coolant is evenly distributed throughout the fuel cell stack and avoiding localized overheating.

[0109] Preferably, the coolant is a mixture of ethylene glycol and water, or a mixture of propylene glycol and water. For example, a 1:1 volume ratio of ethylene glycol to water can be used as the coolant. Mixtures of ethylene glycol or propylene glycol with water exhibit high thermal stability, ensuring stable system operation even at extreme temperatures; their suitable thermal conductivity and viscosity balance effectively absorb the heat generated by the PEMFC reactor while maintaining good fluidity, reducing pumping energy consumption; furthermore, the mixtures of ethylene glycol or propylene glycol with water demonstrate good chemical stability, compatibility with system components, reduced corrosion risk, and lower maintenance costs. For instance, a 1:1 mixture of ethylene glycol and water not only provides efficient heat recovery but also ensures long-term reliable system operation, achieving excellent cost-effectiveness and energy efficiency.

[0110] Preferably, the combined heat and steam supply module (e.g., near the first heat exchange unit 22) may have an external refrigerant storage tank for supplying or replenishing refrigerant to the refrigerant circuit when needed. A third circulation pump may be further installed between the refrigerant storage tank and the first heat exchange unit 22. The third circulation pump is connected to the refrigerant storage tank and the first refrigerant inlet 221 of the first heat exchange unit 22, and is used to pump the refrigerant in the refrigerant storage tank into the first heat exchange unit 22.

[0111] The refrigerant used in the heat-steam cogeneration module 3 can be any refrigerant commonly used in heat pumps, such as: hydrofluorocarbons, such as difluoromethane, pentafluoroethane, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, and difluoroethane; hydrocarbons, such as propane, isobutane, and propylene; and high-temperature heat pump-specific refrigerants, such as 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane, 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene, and 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene. In a preferred embodiment, 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (especially trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene) is used as the refrigerant in the heat-steam cogeneration module 3.

[0112] In one specific implementation, R-1233zd is used as the refrigerant in the combined heat and steam (CHS) module 3. R-1233zd is a hydrofluoroolefin refrigerant, whose main component is 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropylene. As the refrigerant in the CHS module 3, this substance, due to its excellent thermodynamic properties, including suitable latent heat of vaporization and good thermal stability, can efficiently absorb waste heat from the PEMFC stack and release it in the second heat exchange unit, converting incoming water into hot water and steam. The low viscosity and high fluidity of this refrigerant promote rapid circulation and enhance the system's heat exchange efficiency. Simultaneously, its low environmental impact characteristics, such as a low global warming potential (GWP), reflect the concept of environmental protection and ensure the sustainable operation of the system.

[0113] The refrigerant used in the cooling module 4 is an aqueous lithium bromide solution. Specifically, the generator 41 and the absorber 42 are connected via a lithium bromide aqueous solution circulation pipeline (lithium bromide aqueous solution loop). In the generator 41, a lower concentration of the lithium bromide aqueous solution (i.e., a dilute refrigerant solution) is heated by a heat source (i.e., the cooling liquid from the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack 11) and converted into water vapor and a higher concentration of the lithium bromide solution (i.e., a concentrated refrigerant solution). The water vapor is sent to the condenser 43, where it is condensed into liquid water and then sent to the evaporator 44; while the higher concentration of the lithium bromide solution (i.e., the concentrated refrigerant solution) is sent to the absorber 42. In the evaporator 44, the condensed liquid water absorbs heat from the incoming water and evaporates into steam, which is sent to the absorber 42. Finally, the steam is absorbed by the higher concentration of the lithium bromide solution in the absorber 42, forming a diluted lower concentration of the lithium bromide solution (i.e., a dilute refrigerant solution). The lower concentration of lithium bromide solution (i.e., a dilute refrigerant solution) is then sent to generator 41 for the next refrigeration cycle.

[0114] Lithium bromide (LBS) is particularly suitable for absorption refrigeration modules due to its physical and chemical properties. LBS has extremely high hygroscopicity, effectively absorbing water vapor, which is crucial in absorbers because the LBS solution absorbs water vapor from the evaporator, thus enabling the refrigeration cycle. Furthermore, LBS aqueous solutions exhibit good thermal stability and are not easily decomposed, maintaining their chemical stability even at high temperatures, ensuring long-term reliable system operation. The significant difference between the boiling point of LBS and water means that water vapor can be evaporated at lower temperatures, reducing the heat source requirements of the refrigeration system. LBS refrigeration modules operate based on thermal energy rather than electrical energy, providing an efficient and environmentally friendly cooling solution in situations with limited power supply or where waste heat needs to be utilized. Due to its excellent hygroscopicity, thermal stability, and low boiling point, LBS is especially suitable for scenarios utilizing waste heat generated by proton exchange membrane fuel cell stacks for refrigeration.

[0115] In one embodiment of this disclosure, the heat-steam combined supply module further includes a compressor inlet buffer tank 35, which has a second inlet 351 and a second outlet 352. The second inlet 351 is connected to the first refrigerant outlet 222 of the first heat exchange unit 22, and the second outlet 352 is connected to the second refrigerant inlet 321 of the compressor 32.

[0116] A compressor inlet buffer tank is added to the heat-steam combined supply module. Its second inlet 351 is connected to the first refrigerant outlet 222 of the first heat exchange unit 22, while its second outlet 352 is connected to the second refrigerant inlet 321 of the compressor 32. This design effectively improves the stability and efficiency of the refrigerant cycle. As an intermediary between the refrigerant's transition from the heat recovery stage to the compression stage, the buffer tank collects and stabilizes the refrigerant flow from the first heat exchange unit 22, eliminating flow fluctuations caused by instantaneous heat load changes. This ensures that the compressor 32 operates under constant conditions, avoiding the adverse effects of frequent start-stop cycles on the compressor's lifespan. Simultaneously, the space inside the buffer tank allows for proper expansion and gas-liquid separation of the refrigerant vapor before entering the compressor, reducing the scouring of the compressor by liquid refrigerant and improving compression efficiency and system reliability. This layout not only enhances the system's thermodynamic cycle performance but also optimizes the energy conversion process, providing a solid foundation for continuous and efficient heat-steam supply.

[0117] In one embodiment of this disclosure, the combined heat and steam supply module 3 further includes a regenerator 36. The regenerator 36 has a third inlet 361 and a third outlet 362. The third inlet 361 is connected to the first refrigerant outlet 222 of the first heat exchange unit 22, and the third outlet 362 is connected to the second inlet 351 of the compressor inlet buffer tank 35. The regenerator 36 also has a fourth refrigerant inlet 363 and a fourth refrigerant outlet 364. The fourth refrigerant inlet 363 is connected to the third refrigerant outlet 332 of the second heat exchange unit 33, and the fourth refrigerant outlet 364 is connected to the first refrigerant inlet 221 of the first heat exchange unit 22.

[0118] The regenerator 36, integrated into the cogeneration module 3, enables efficient cascaded utilization of refrigerant. The regenerator 36 receives high-temperature refrigerant from the first heat exchange unit 22 via the third inlet 361. The refrigerant gains additional heat here, raising its temperature, and then enters the compressor inlet buffer tank 35 and subsequently the compressor 32 via the third outlet 362. This preheating process reduces compressor energy consumption and enhances system stability. Simultaneously, the regenerator 36 receives refrigerant from the second heat exchange unit 33 via the fourth refrigerant inlet 363. The refrigerant from the second heat exchange unit 33 undergoes a reverse heat exchange with the high-temperature refrigerant from the first heat exchange unit 22 within the regenerator 36. The refrigerant from the second heat exchange unit 33 is effectively cooled and then returns to the first heat exchange unit 22 via the fourth refrigerant outlet 364, improving the refrigerant's heat absorption efficiency and optimizing the cogeneration process. The use of the regenerator 36 not only enables refrigerant temperature control but also improves the recovery and utilization rate of waste heat from the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack.

[0119] In one embodiment of this disclosure, the combined heat and steam supply module 3 further includes a first expansion valve 37, connecting the regenerator 36 and the first heat exchange unit 22. The first expansion valve 37 controls the refrigerant state in the combined heat and steam supply module 3, connecting the regenerator 36 and the first heat exchange unit 22, and achieving the key function of throttling and pressure reduction. After passing through the expansion valve 37, the high-temperature, high-pressure liquid refrigerant experiences a significant pressure reduction, subsequently expanding and transforming into a gas-liquid mixture. This transformation releases the latent heat of the refrigerant, creating conditions for the efficient operation of the first heat exchange unit 22 and reducing its energy consumption during heat absorption. The adjustment mechanism of the expansion valve 37, by managing the phase change of the refrigerant, enhances system energy efficiency and ensures the cascaded utilization and refined management of energy in the combined heat and steam supply system.

[0120] In one embodiment of this disclosure, the regenerator 36 contains a heat storage material, which is either metallic or ceramic. The heat storage material in the regenerator 36, preferably metallic or ceramic, acts as a bridge for heat storage and transfer. The heat storage material effectively captures and stores residual heat from the refrigerant in the second heat exchange unit 33, then releases it to continue heating the refrigerant in the first heat exchange unit 22, improving its thermodynamic state and ensuring the system operates within its optimal performance range. Using a heat storage material for thermal energy management not only promotes the cascade utilization of heat in the refrigerant cycle but also significantly reduces dependence on external heat sources.

[0121] In one embodiment of this disclosure, the cooling module 4 further includes a second expansion valve 45, connecting the condenser 43 and the evaporator 44. The second expansion valve 45 also functions as a throttling and pressure-reducing valve. When the liquid phase leaves the condenser 43 at high pressure, the second expansion valve 45 drastically reduces its pressure, inducing rapid evaporation of the refrigerant. This is accompanied by a phase change from a high-pressure liquid state to a low-pressure gaseous state, a process that significantly absorbs heat from the surrounding environment, generating a cooling effect. The efficient evaporation of the refrigerant within the evaporator 44 is directly related to the pressure regulation of the second expansion valve 45, providing a stable cooling output to the system.

[0122] In one embodiment of this disclosure, the heat recovery module 2 further includes a first three-way valve 23, which connects to the first coolant outlet 112 of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack 11, the second coolant inlet 223 of the first heat exchange unit 22, and the third coolant inlet 411 of the generator 41.

[0123] In one embodiment of this disclosure, the heat recovery module 2 further includes a second three-way valve 24, which connects to the second coolant outlet 224 of the first heat exchange unit 22, the third coolant outlet 412 of the generator 41, and the first coolant inlet 111 of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack 11.

[0124] The first three-way valve 23 can flexibly distribute coolant in the heat recovery module 2, realizing multi-path utilization of waste heat from the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack 11. The first three-way valve 23 connects the first coolant outlet 112 of the fuel cell stack, the first heat exchange unit 22, and the generator 41. By adjusting the flow direction, it ensures stable cooling of the fuel cell stack and efficiently guides waste heat to the first heat exchange unit 22 and the generator 41, thereby realizing combined heat-steam supply and refrigeration cycle.

[0125] The first three-way valve 23 and the second three-way valve 24 play a role in heat distribution and scheduling within the system. Their ingenious design allows the combined heat and steam supply module 3 and the cooling module 4 to operate in parallel or independently, meeting diverse needs. Through precise control, the three-way valves can dynamically distribute coolant to different heat exchange stages, enabling the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack 11 to emit heat energy while simultaneously serving the generation of heat and steam and the concentration of the refrigerant solution. This flexibility not only ensures the system's efficient response under various operating conditions but also avoids resource waste and improves energy utilization. Whether supplying heat, steam, and electricity in a coordinated mode or focusing on the independent operation of a single module, the three-way valves can intelligently adjust the heat flow direction according to actual needs, ensuring the system's economic efficiency and reliability.

[0126] In one embodiment of this disclosure, the first heat exchange unit 22 and the second heat exchange unit 33 preferably include plate heat exchangers, but shell-and-tube, coaxial, or spiral plate heat exchangers may also be used. Plate heat exchangers have the characteristics of high heat exchange efficiency, lightweight and compact structure, and ease of cleaning and maintenance, making them particularly suitable for applications requiring tight integration and efficient heat exchange. Compared to other types, plate heat exchangers can easily increase the heat exchange area by increasing the number of plates, thereby enhancing heat exchange capacity. At the same time, their thin design helps to reduce system volume and improve space utilization, making them a better choice for achieving high efficiency and compact layout in combined cooling, heating, electricity, and steam systems.

[0127] In one embodiment of this disclosure, in the heat-steam combined supply module 3, the hot water supply outlet 343 of the gas-liquid separation unit 34 is connected to the first water inlet 333 of the second heat exchange unit 33, so as to return part or all of the hot water from the gas-liquid separation unit 34 to the heat-steam combined supply module to realize the recycling of water.

[0128] The hot water separated in the gas-liquid separation unit 34 can be either output externally through its hot water supply outlet 343 or directly returned to the first inlet 333 of the second heat exchange unit 33, forming a closed water circulation network. This design greatly improves the system's thermal efficiency, reduces dependence on external heat sources, and at the same time, simplifies water management, reduces the frequency of water replenishment, and saves operating costs.

[0129] In this case, it is preferable to provide a second circulation pump 38 between the gas-liquid separation unit 34 and the second heat exchange unit 33. The second circulation pump 38 is connected to the hot water supply outlet 343 of the gas-liquid separation unit 34 and the first inlet 333 of the second heat exchange unit 33, and is used to pump hot water from the gas-liquid separation unit 34 into the second heat exchange unit 33.

[0130] Preferably, a third three-way valve 39 is installed at the hot water supply outlet 343 of the gas-liquid separation unit 34. One end of the third three-way valve 39 is connected to the hot water supply outlet 343, one end is connected to the pipeline for supplying hot water externally, and the other end is connected to the second circulation pump 38. The third three-way valve 39 can be adjusted according to actual conditions to meet the dual needs of supplying hot water to the outside of the system and circulating water within the system.

[0131] The third three-way valve 39 precisely regulates the hot water produced by the gas-liquid separation unit 34 in the combined heat and steam supply module 3, achieving dual-flow management both inside and outside the system. Through dynamic adjustment of the valve body, the hot water can be directly supplied to external applications, such as residential heating or industrial process heating, via dedicated pipelines, or it can be injected into the second circulation pump 38 and reintroduced into the second heat exchange unit 33 to participate in internal circulation and continuously generate steam. This flexible configuration not only maximizes the utilization efficiency of thermal energy and ensures on-demand allocation of hot water resources, but also enhances the system's adaptability, meets diverse heat load demands, and effectively balances the relationship between energy recovery and external supply.

[0132] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of a combined cooling, heating, electricity and steam supply system based on a proton exchange membrane fuel cell according to a specific embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0133] like Figure 1 As shown, this disclosure proposes a combined cooling, heating, electricity, and steam supply system based on a proton exchange membrane fuel cell. This system integrates efficient energy conversion and a multi-stage heat recovery system to achieve multiple utilizations of resources. The core components of the system include a power supply module 1, a heat recovery module 2, a combined heating and steam supply module 3, and a cooling module 4. The modules work together to construct a highly integrated energy management system.

[0134] The power supply module 1 is the basic power and heat source of the system. The proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack 11, under the combined action of the hydrogen supply line 12 and the air supply line 13, converts hydrogen and oxygen into electrical energy through an electrochemical reaction, while simultaneously generating a large amount of waste heat. The power supply line 14 is responsible for transmitting electrical energy to the load or storage device, while the first coolant inlet 111 and the first coolant outlet 112 form a coolant circulation channel to promptly remove the waste heat generated by the fuel cell stack and maintain a stable operating temperature.

[0135] The heat recovery module 2 is responsible for heat recovery. The coolant storage tank 21 stores coolant and is connected to the first coolant inlet 111 of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack 11, ensuring a continuous supply of coolant or on-demand replenishment. The first heat exchange unit 22 serves as the site for heat exchange between the coolant and refrigerant. The second coolant inlet 223 receives high-temperature coolant from the fuel cell stack. After heat exchange with the refrigerant, the coolant returns to the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack 11 from the second coolant outlet 224 for reuse. The first refrigerant inlet 221 and the first refrigerant outlet 222 form the refrigerant flow path, enabling the transfer of heat energy between different modules.

[0136] The combined heat and steam module 3 is crucial for heat conversion in the system. It converts waste heat from the fuel cell into low-pressure steam for industrial use, while simultaneously generating hot water for residential use. The refrigerant circuit provides sufficient refrigerant for the entire heat conversion process. Optionally, the combined heat and steam module (e.g., near the first heat exchange unit 22) can be equipped with an external refrigerant storage tank to supply or replenish refrigerant to the circuit as needed. The compressor 32 compresses the refrigerant, increasing its pressure and temperature, allowing it to exchange heat with incoming water in the second heat exchange unit 33 to generate hot water and steam. The second heat exchange unit 33 has a heat exchange function; it receives external water through the first inlet 333. After heat exchange with the high-temperature, high-pressure refrigerant, the water becomes a hot water-steam mixture, which flows out from the hot water-steam outlet 334. The gas-liquid separation unit 34 is responsible for separating the hot water-steam mixture into steam and hot water. The steam is output through the steam supply outlet 342 and can be used externally, while the hot water is output through the hot water supply outlet 343 and can be directly sent out for external use as needed, or it can be re-entered into the second heat exchange unit 33 through the circulation pump to form a closed water cycle.

[0137] The cooling module 4 converts waste heat in the system into low-temperature chilled water through the thermodynamic cycle of the refrigerant, fulfilling air conditioning or other cooling needs. The generator 41 and absorber 42 are tightly connected via a refrigerant solution circulation pipeline, forming a heat-driven refrigerant circulation system. In the generator 41, coolant enters from the third coolant inlet 411, heating the dilute lithium bromide solution to produce water vapor and a higher concentration of lithium bromide solution. The water vapor condenses into liquid water in the condenser 43, and then exchanges heat with the incoming water in the evaporator 44, producing a cooling effect. The concentrated lithium bromide solution returns to the absorber 42 through the concentrated refrigerant solution outlet 414, where it encounters the condensed water vapor, reforming into a dilute solution, which then re-enters the generator 41 through the dilute refrigerant solution outlet 422, completing the refrigerant cycle.

[0138] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of a combined cooling, heating, electricity, and steam supply system based on a proton exchange membrane fuel cell according to another specific embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0139] like Figure 2 As shown, the combined heat and steam supply module 3 is the core component of this system responsible for heat conversion and steam generation. It further integrates the compressor buffer tank 35 and the regenerator 36 to ensure efficient recycling of refrigerant and cascade utilization of heat, as detailed below:

[0140] The compressor inlet buffer tank 35 is a component in the combined heat and steam supply module used to optimize the refrigerant cycle. Its design aims to stabilize the refrigerant flow and improve the operating efficiency of the compressor 32. The buffer tank 35 has a second inlet 351 and a second outlet 352. The second inlet 351 is connected to the first refrigerant outlet 222 of the first heat exchange unit 22, receiving the refrigerant after heat exchange. The second outlet 352 is connected to the second refrigerant inlet 321 of the compressor 32, smoothly delivering the buffered refrigerant vapor into the compressor 32 for further processing. In the refrigerant cycle, the buffer tank 35 also acts as a regulator. It stores the refrigerant delivered from the first heat exchange unit 22, effectively smoothing out changes in vapor flow caused by heat load fluctuations. This ensures that the compressor 32 operates under uniform airflow conditions, avoiding efficiency losses and equipment wear caused by unstable airflow. Simultaneously, the buffer tank 35 provides sufficient space to allow for gas-liquid separation of the refrigerant before it enters the compressor 32, reducing the risk of droplets entering the compressor with the vapor, optimizing the compression process, and improving the overall performance of the refrigerant cycle. With this design, the system can not only operate more stably and efficiently, but also extend the service life of compressor 32 and reduce operating costs.

[0141] The regenerator 36 is used to improve the energy efficiency of the refrigerant cycle. The regenerator 36 has a third inlet 361 and a third outlet 362, which are connected to the first refrigerant outlet 222 of the first heat exchange unit 22 and the second inlet 351 of the compressor inlet buffer tank 35, respectively. Furthermore, the regenerator 36 is also equipped with a fourth refrigerant inlet 363 and a fourth refrigerant outlet 364, which are connected to the third refrigerant outlet 332 of the second heat exchange unit 33 and the first refrigerant inlet 221 of the first heat exchange unit 22. During the cycle, the refrigerant from the first heat exchange unit 22 undergoes a counter-current heat exchange with the refrigerant flowing out of the second heat exchange unit 33 in the regenerator 36 through a heat storage material. This design reduces the power consumption of the compressor 32 and also lowers the temperature of the refrigerant flowing into the first heat exchange unit 22, thus improving heat exchange efficiency. The application of heat storage materials such as metals or ceramics further enhances the heat exchange capacity of the regenerator and the system thermal efficiency.

[0142] By introducing the compressor inlet buffer tank 35 and the regenerator 36, the combined heat and steam supply module 3 achieves refrigerant gas-liquid separation and energy efficiency improvement, forming a closed-loop, highly efficient heat conversion and energy utilization system. The synergistic work of these components not only improves the overall energy efficiency of the system but also ensures a continuous and stable supply of hot water and steam, demonstrating the enormous potential of proton exchange membrane fuel cells in comprehensive energy utilization.

[0143] like Figure 2As shown, precise control of the flow of coolant and refrigerant is achieved through the first circulating pump 25, the second circulating pump 38, the first expansion valve 37, the second expansion valve 45, and the first three-way valve 23, the second three-way valve 24, and the third three-way valve 39, ensuring good energy utilization efficiency of the system under different operating conditions. In particular, the use of plate heat exchangers as the first heat exchange unit 22 and the second heat exchange unit 33, with their compact structure, large heat exchange area, and low resistance, significantly improves the overall heat exchange efficiency and response speed of the system, providing the system with a wider range of application possibilities.

[0144] The cold, heat, electricity and steam combined supply system based on proton exchange membrane fuel cell disclosed herein effectively solves the problem of energy utilization efficiency through a highly integrated design concept, realizes multi-level utilization of waste heat, and can not only provide clean electricity, but also supply hot water, steam and cooling at the same time, which greatly expands the practical application field of fuel cell technology and provides new perspectives and possibilities for future energy solutions.

[0145] The above are merely preferred embodiments of this disclosure. It should be noted that those skilled in the art can make various improvements and modifications without departing from the principles of this disclosure, and these improvements and modifications should also be considered within the scope of protection of this disclosure.

Claims

1. A combined cooling, heating, power, and steam supply system based on a proton exchange membrane fuel cell, characterized in that, The combined cooling, heating, electricity, and steam system based on a proton exchange membrane fuel cell includes a power supply module (1), a heat recovery module (2), a combined heat and steam supply module (3), and a cooling module (4). The power supply module (1) includes a proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack (11) that generates electricity and reaction heat; The heat recovery module (2) is connected to the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack (11) of the power supply module (1) to recover the reaction heat. The heat recovery module (2) includes a first heat exchange unit (22) and a coolant circuit. The coolant circuit is connected to the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack (11) and the first heat exchange unit (22). The combined heat and steam supply module (3) is connected to the first heat exchange unit (22) of the heat recovery module (2), and uses the reaction heat recovered in the heat recovery module (2) to generate heat and produce steam. The combined heat and steam supply module (3) includes a refrigerant circuit, a compressor (32), a second heat exchange unit (33) and a gas-liquid separation unit (34). The compressor (32) and the second heat exchange unit (33) are connected to the first heat exchange unit (22) through the refrigerant circuit, and the gas-liquid separation unit (34) is connected to the second heat exchange unit (33). The cooling module (4) is connected to the coolant circuit of the heat recovery module (2). The cooling module (4) includes a generator (41), an absorber (42), a condenser (43), and an evaporator (44). The generator (41) and the absorber (42) are connected through a refrigerant solution circulation pipeline. The generator (41) is connected to the coolant circuit.

2. The combined cooling, heating, power, and steam supply system based on a proton exchange membrane fuel cell according to claim 1, characterized in that, The proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack (11) has a first coolant inlet (111) and a first coolant outlet (112); The heat recovery module (2) also includes a coolant storage tank (21); The coolant storage tank (21) is connected to the first coolant inlet (111) of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack (11); The first heat exchange unit (22) has a second coolant inlet (223) and a second coolant outlet (224). The second coolant inlet (223) is connected to the first coolant outlet (112) of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack (11), and the second coolant outlet (224) is connected to the first coolant inlet (111) of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack (11).

3. The combined cooling, heating, power, and steam supply system based on a proton exchange membrane fuel cell according to claim 2, characterized in that, The first heat exchange unit (22) also has a first refrigerant inlet (221) and a first refrigerant outlet (222); The compressor (32) has a second refrigerant inlet (321) and a second refrigerant outlet (322), the second refrigerant inlet (321) being connected to the first refrigerant outlet (222) of the first heat exchange unit (22); The second heat exchange unit (33) has a third refrigerant inlet (331) and a third refrigerant outlet (332). The third refrigerant inlet (331) is connected to the second refrigerant outlet (322) of the compressor (32), and the third refrigerant outlet (332) is connected to the first refrigerant inlet (221) of the first heat exchange unit (22). The second heat exchange unit (33) also has a first water inlet (333) and a hot water-steam outlet (334). The gas-liquid separation unit (34) performs gas-liquid separation on hot water and steam from the second heat exchange unit (33), and has a hot water-steam inlet (341), a steam supply outlet (342), and a hot water supply outlet (343). The hot water-steam inlet (341) is connected to the hot water-steam outlet (334) of the second heat exchange unit (33).

4. The combined cooling, heating, power, and steam supply system based on a proton exchange membrane fuel cell according to claim 2, characterized in that, The generator (41) has a third coolant inlet (411) and a third coolant outlet (412), a refrigerant dilute solution inlet (413) and a refrigerant concentrated solution outlet (414), and a first steam outlet (415). The third coolant inlet (411) is connected to the first coolant outlet (112) of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack (11), and the third coolant outlet (412) is connected to the first coolant inlet (111) of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack (11). The absorber (42) has a refrigerant concentrated solution inlet (421) and a refrigerant dilute solution outlet (422), as well as a first vapor inlet (423). The refrigerant concentrated solution inlet (421) is connected to the refrigerant concentrated solution outlet (414) of the generator (41), and the refrigerant dilute solution outlet (422) is connected to the refrigerant dilute solution inlet (413) of the generator (41). The condenser (43) has a first gas phase inlet (431) and a first liquid phase outlet (432), the first gas phase inlet (431) being connected to the first steam outlet (415) of the generator (41); The evaporator (44) has a first inlet (441), a second steam outlet (442), a second water inlet (443), and a cold water supply outlet (444). The first inlet (441) is connected to the first liquid phase outlet (432) of the condenser (43), and the second steam outlet (442) is connected to the first steam inlet (423) of the absorber (42).

5. The combined cooling, heating, power, and steam supply system based on a proton exchange membrane fuel cell according to claim 3, characterized in that, The combined heat and steam supply module (3) also includes a compressor inlet buffer tank (35). The compressor inlet buffer tank (35) has a second inlet (351) and a second outlet (352). The second inlet (351) is connected to the first refrigerant outlet (222) of the first heat exchange unit (22), and the second outlet (352) is connected to the second refrigerant inlet (321) of the compressor (32).

6. The combined cooling, heating, power, and steam supply system based on a proton exchange membrane fuel cell according to claim 5, characterized in that, The combined heat and steam supply module (3) also includes a regenerator (36). The regenerator (36) has a third inlet (361) and a third outlet (362). The third inlet (361) is connected to the first refrigerant outlet (222) of the first heat exchange unit (22), and the third outlet (362) is connected to the second inlet (351) of the compressor inlet buffer tank (35). The regenerator (36) also has a fourth refrigerant inlet (363) and a fourth refrigerant outlet (364), the fourth refrigerant inlet (363) being connected to the third refrigerant outlet (332) of the second heat exchange unit (33), and the fourth refrigerant outlet (364) being connected to the first refrigerant inlet (221) of the first heat exchange unit (22).

7. The combined cooling, heating, power, and steam supply system based on a proton exchange membrane fuel cell according to claim 6, characterized in that, The combined heat and steam supply module (3) also includes a first expansion valve (37) that connects the regenerator (36) and the first heat exchange unit (22).

8. The combined cooling, heating, power, and steam supply system based on a proton exchange membrane fuel cell according to claim 1, characterized in that, The cooling module (4) also includes a second expansion valve (45) connected to the condenser (43) and the evaporator (44).

9. The combined cooling, heating, power, and steam supply system based on a proton exchange membrane fuel cell according to claim 4, characterized in that, The heat recovery module (2) also includes a first three-way valve (23) that connects to the first coolant outlet (112) of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack (11), the second coolant inlet (223) of the first heat exchange unit (22) and the third coolant inlet (411) of the generator (41); The heat recovery module (2) further includes a second three-way valve (24) that connects to the second coolant outlet (224) of the first heat exchange unit (22), the third coolant outlet (412) of the generator (41), and the first coolant inlet (111) of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack (11).

10. The combined cooling, heating, power, and steam supply system based on a proton exchange membrane fuel cell according to claim 1, characterized in that, The first heat exchange unit (22) and the second heat exchange unit (33) include plate heat exchangers.

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