A kind of edge folding device for food packaging bag production
Patent Information
- Application Number
- CN202522161313.1
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Utility models(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2025-10-13
- Publication Date
- 2026-09-18
- Estimated Expiration
- 2035-10-13
AI Technical Summary
现有技术中,在对M型食品包装袋的袋口处进行折边时,一般是通过人工手动折弯,折弯后再进行封口,在实际运行中,常见折叠不到位、袋口部分褶皱等现象,同时这种方式效率极低,劳动强度大,无法满足现代化大规模自动化生产的需求,针对上述问题,现在提供一种食品包装袋生产用折边装置
1、本实用新型的一种食品包装袋生产用折边装置,通过设置的折叠机构,通过伸缩组件能使两侧的撑杆移动,通过移动两侧的撑杆,能将包装袋的袋口撑开,随后利用推动组件推动折边板移动,使折边板能被移动至同一侧的两个撑杆之间,从而能对袋口处进行折边整理,使袋口处形成“M”形,保证袋口处较为立体平整,避免袋口处出现褶皱以影响后续的加工,无需人工手动对袋口处进行整理。
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Figure CN224766201U_ABST
Abstract
Description
Technical Field
[0001] This utility model relates to the field of food packaging bag processing, specifically a folding device for food packaging bag production. Background Technology
[0002] In the food packaging industry, M-shaped stand-up pouches are particularly popular due to their unique appearance and excellent upright stability. The open end of these pouches has a distinctive "M"-shaped cross-section, consisting of a central depression and two raised sides.
[0003] Currently, the final sealing of M-shaped food packaging bags (i.e., sewing or heat-sealing the top of the bag after filling) is a crucial step in the entire production process. The quality of the seal directly determines the packaging's airtightness, moisture resistance, shelf life, and overall aesthetics. However, because the opening of an M-shaped bag is not a flat structure, it must undergo a precise folding process before sealing. This involves mechanically gathering and folding the three-dimensional "M"-shaped opening to create a flat edge, allowing the subsequent heat-sealing knife or sewing device to apply even and reliable pressure. In the existing technology, when folding the opening of M-type food packaging bags, it is generally done manually by bending the bag and then sealing it. In actual operation, it is common to see problems such as incomplete folding and wrinkles at the opening. At the same time, this method is extremely inefficient and labor-intensive, and cannot meet the needs of modern large-scale automated production. In order to address the above problems, a folding device for food packaging bag production is now provided. Utility Model Content
[0004] The purpose of this invention is to provide a folding device for the production of food packaging bags, so as to solve the problems mentioned in the background art.
[0005] To achieve the above objectives, this utility model provides the following technical solution: A folding device for producing food packaging bags includes a frame, a conveying mechanism installed inside the frame, a U-shaped frame, an infeeding mechanism, a folding mechanism, and a pressing mechanism. The U-shaped frame is installed at the top center of the frame, and the infeeding mechanism is located on one side of the U-shaped frame. The folding mechanism includes a lifting frame, a lifting assembly, a telescopic assembly, two folding plates, two pushers, and four support rods. The lifting frame is located below the U-shaped frame. The lifting assembly is located between the U-shaped frame and the lifting frame. The telescopic assembly is installed at the bottom of the lifting frame. Each pair of support rods is symmetrically arranged on both sides below the telescopic assembly. Each folding plate is located on both sides of the bottom end of the lifting frame. Each pusher assembly is located between the telescopic assembly and one of the folding plates. The edge pressing mechanism includes two moving components, four pressing plates, four horizontal plates, and several folding wheels. The two moving components are symmetrically installed on both sides of the U-shaped frame. Each pair of horizontal plates is set on one side of a moving component, and each pressing plate is fixed to one side of a horizontal plate.
[0006] As a further embodiment of this utility model: the telescopic assembly includes a bidirectional lead screw, a first motor and two sliders. The bidirectional lead screw is rotatably disposed inside the lifting frame. The first motor is installed at one end of the lifting frame. The output end of the first motor is fixedly connected to one end of the bidirectional lead screw. The two sliders are symmetrically disposed on the bidirectional lead screw. Each slider is threadedly engaged with the bidirectional lead screw and slides inside the lifting frame. The two support rods located on the same side are fixed to the bottom end of one slider.
[0007] As a further embodiment of this utility model: each pushing component includes an L-shaped plate, a third electric push rod, a slide, a guide rail, and a connecting seat. The L-shaped plate is fixed to one side of the bottom end of one of the sliders, the third electric push rod is installed on one side of the L-shaped plate, the folded edge plate is located below the L-shaped plate, the connecting seat is fixed to one side of the folded edge plate, the output end of the third electric push rod is fixedly connected to the connecting seat, the guide rail is fixed to the bottom end of the L-shaped plate, the slide slides on the guide rail, and the bottom end of the slide is fixedly connected to the folded edge plate.
[0008] As a further embodiment of this utility model: the lifting assembly includes a first electric push rod and two first guide rods. The first electric push rod is installed at the top of the U-shaped frame. The output end of the first electric push rod passes through the U-shaped frame and is fixedly connected to the lifting frame. The two first guide rods are symmetrically arranged on both sides of the first electric push rod. Each first guide rod is slidably arranged on the U-shaped frame. The bottom end of each first guide rod is fixedly connected to the lifting frame.
[0009] As a further embodiment of this utility model: each moving component includes a moving plate, a second electric push rod, and two second guide rods. The moving plate is located on one side of the inside of the U-shaped frame. The second electric push rod is installed on the outer wall of the U-shaped frame. The output end of the second electric push rod passes through the U-shaped frame and is fixedly connected to the moving plate. The two second guide rods slide on the U-shaped frame. One end of each second guide rod is fixedly connected to the moving plate. The two horizontal plates located on the same side are fixed to the side of the moving plate away from the second electric push rod.
[0010] As a further embodiment of this utility model: multiple sets of rotating shafts are rotatably arranged between the two horizontal plates on the same side, each folding wheel is fixed to the outer wall of a rotating shaft, and a drive assembly is also installed on the two horizontal plates on the same side.
[0011] As a further embodiment of this utility model: the driving component includes a second motor and multiple sets of transmission components. Each set of transmission components is installed between two adjacent rotating shafts. Each set of transmission components includes a transmission belt and two pulleys. The two pulleys are respectively installed on the surfaces of the two rotating shafts. The transmission belt is sleeved on the outside of the two pulleys. The second motor is installed on one of the horizontal plates away from the folding wheel. The output end of the second motor is fixedly connected to one of the rotating shafts.
[0012] As a further embodiment of this utility model: the inlet mechanism includes two support frames and two inlet plates. The two support frames are symmetrically fixed on both sides of the top of the frame, and the two inlet plates are respectively installed on the side of the two support frames that are close to each other.
[0013] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of this utility model are: 1. This utility model discloses a folding device for producing food packaging bags. Through a folding mechanism, the support rods on both sides can be moved by a telescopic component. By moving the support rods on both sides, the opening of the packaging bag can be opened. Then, the folding plate is moved by a pushing component, so that the folding plate can be moved between the two support rods on the same side, thereby folding and tidying the bag opening, forming an "M" shape at the bag opening. This ensures that the bag opening is relatively three-dimensional and flat, avoiding wrinkles at the bag opening that would affect subsequent processing, and eliminating the need for manual tidying of the bag opening.
[0014] 2. The present invention provides a folding device for producing food packaging bags. After the M-shaped bag opening is shaped by the pressing mechanism, the moving component drives the pressing plates on both sides to move towards the packaging bag. This allows the folded M-shaped bag opening to be gathered and folded between the multiple pressing plates on both sides, making it a flat edge. This facilitates the uniform and reliable pressing of the subsequent heat sealing knife or sewing device.
[0015] 3. The folding device for food packaging bag production of this utility model utilizes multiple rotatable folding wheels, which not only further press the bag opening, but also assist the bag opening to move synchronously with the packaging bag as it moves towards the guide plate, ensuring that the bag opening remains flat and preventing the bag opening from shifting from the main body of the packaging bag under the action of friction, thus affecting the subsequent sealing. Attached Figure Description
[0016] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of this utility model.
[0017] Figure 2 This is the front view of the present invention.
[0018] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the limiting rod and the mounting rod in this utility model.
[0019] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the U-shaped frame in this utility model.
[0020] Figure 5 This utility model Figure 4 A magnified structural diagram of part A in the middle.
[0021] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the folding wheel in this utility model.
[0022] Figure 7 This utility model Figure 6 A magnified structural diagram of part B.
[0023] The components are as follows: 11. Frame; 12. Conveying mechanism; 13. Inlet plate; 14. Support frame; 15. U-shaped frame; 16. First electric push rod; 17. First guide rod; 18. Lifting frame; 19. Bidirectional lead screw; 20. First motor; 21. Slider; 22. Support rod; 23. L-shaped plate; 24. Third electric push rod; 25. Folding plate; 26. Slide seat; 27. Guide rail; 28. Connecting seat; 29. Pressing plate; 30. Horizontal plate; 31. Moving plate; 32. Second electric push rod; 33. Second guide rod; 34. Folding wheel; 35. Rotating shaft; 36. Pulley; 37. Transmission belt; 38. Second motor; 39. Limiting rod; 40. Mounting rod. Detailed Implementation
[0024] The principles and features of this utility model are described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. The examples given are only for explaining this utility model and are not intended to limit the scope of this utility model.
[0025] The present invention provides the following preferred embodiments: Example 1, as Figures 1-7 As shown, a folding device for producing food packaging bags includes a frame 11, with a conveying mechanism 12 installed inside the frame 11. Specifically, the conveying mechanism 12 is used to move the packaging bag, and the conveying mechanism 12 is a belt conveyor. The conveying mechanism 12 is prior art and will not be described in detail here. It also includes a U-shaped frame 15, an inlet mechanism, a folding mechanism, and a pressing mechanism. The U-shaped frame 15 is installed at the top center of the frame 11, and the inlet mechanism is located on one side of the U-shaped frame 15. The folding mechanism includes a lifting frame 18, a lifting assembly, a telescopic assembly, two folding plates 25, two pushers, and four support rods 22. The lifting frame 18 is located below the U-shaped frame 15. The lifting assembly is located between the U-shaped frame 15 and the lifting frame 18. The telescopic assembly is installed at the bottom of the lifting frame 18. Every two support rods 22 are symmetrically arranged on both sides below the telescopic assembly. Each folding plate 25 is located on both sides of the bottom end of the lifting frame 18. Each pusher assembly is located between the telescopic assembly and one of the folding plates 25. When in use, when the packaging bag moves to the bottom of the lifting frame 18, the lifting component first moves the lifting frame 18 downward. At this time, the support rods 22 on both sides can extend into the inside of the packaging bag. Then, the telescopic component moves the support rods 22 on both sides, so that the support rods 22 on both sides can move away from each other, thereby opening the opening of the packaging bag. Then, the pushing component pushes the folding plates 25 on both sides to move, so that the two folding plates 25 can move towards each other. At this time, the folding plates 25 can extend between the two support rods 22 on the same side, thereby folding and tidying the opening of the bag, making the opening of the bag into an "M" shape, ensuring that the opening of the bag is relatively three-dimensional and flat, avoiding wrinkles at the opening of the bag that would affect subsequent processing, and eliminating the need for manual tidying of the opening of the bag. The pressing mechanism includes two moving components, four pressing plates 29, four horizontal plates 30 and several folding wheels 34. The two moving components are symmetrically installed on both sides of the U-shaped frame 15. Each pair of horizontal plates 30 is set on one side of a moving component, and each pressing plate 29 is fixed to one side of a horizontal plate 30. After the bag opening is finished, the moving component can drive the pressing plates 29 and the horizontal plate 30 on both sides to move towards the packaging bag, so that the M-shaped bag opening after folding can be gathered and folded between the multiple pressing plates 29 on both sides, making it a flat edge, so that the subsequent heat sealing knife or sewing device can press it evenly and reliably. It should be noted that in actual use, the downward movement distance of the support rod 22 and the folded edge plate 25 should be controlled to ensure that the subsequent support rod 22 and the folded edge plate 25 do not come into contact with the pressing plate 29. After the pressure plate 29 clamps and folds the packaging bag, the lifting component drives the support rod 22 and the folding plate 25 to move upward. Then, the conveying mechanism 12 can drive the packaging bag to the inlet mechanism. Specifically, multiple mounting rods 40 are provided on both sides of the top of the frame 11. Two limiting rods 39 are installed on the side of the multiple mounting rods 40 on the same side that are close to the packaging bag, so as to limit the packaging bag and enable the packaging bag to be transported stably on the conveying mechanism 12.
[0026] like Figures 1-7As shown, the telescopic assembly includes a bidirectional lead screw 19, a first motor 20, and two sliders 21. The bidirectional lead screw 19 is rotatably disposed inside the lifting frame 18. The first motor 20 is installed at one end of the lifting frame 18, and the output end of the first motor 20 is fixedly connected to one end of the bidirectional lead screw 19. The two sliders 21 are symmetrically disposed on the bidirectional lead screw 19, and each slider 21 is threadedly engaged with the bidirectional lead screw 19. Specifically, each slider 21 has a threaded hole in the middle, through which the threaded engagement between the slider 21 and the bidirectional lead screw 19 is realized. Each slider 21 slides inside the lifting frame 18, and two support rods 22 located on the same side are fixed to the bottom end of one slider 21. When it is necessary to move the support rods 22 on both sides, the controller controls the first motor 20 to work. The first motor 20 can drive the bidirectional lead screw 19 to rotate inside the lifting frame 18. Since the bidirectional lead screw 19 and the slider 21 are threaded together and the slider 21 slides inside the lifting frame 18, the bidirectional lead screw 19 can drive the two sliders 21 to move closer or further away from each other when it rotates. When the support rod 22 goes deep into the packaging bag, by making the two sliders 21 move away from each other, the support rods 22 on both sides can be driven away from each other, thus opening the bag opening.
[0027] like Figures 1-7 As shown, each pushing component includes an L-shaped plate 23, a third electric actuator 24, a slide 26, a guide rail 27, and a connecting seat 28. The L-shaped plate 23 is fixed to one side of the bottom end of one of the sliders 21. The third electric actuator 24 is installed on one side of the L-shaped plate 23. The folded edge plate 25 is located below the L-shaped plate 23. Specifically, each folded edge plate 25 is located in the middle of two support rods 22 on the same side. The connecting seat 28 is fixed to one side of the folded edge plate 25. The output end of the third electric actuator 24 is fixedly connected to the connecting seat 28. The guide rail 27 is fixed to the bottom end of the L-shaped plate 23. The slide 26 slides on the guide rail 27. The bottom end of the slide 26 is fixedly connected to the folded edge plate 25. Through the sliding connection between the slide 26 and the guide rail 27, it can play a guiding role when the folded edge plate 25 moves. After the support rod 22 opens the bag opening, the controller controls the third electric push rod 24 to work. The third electric push rod 24 can drive the folding plate 25 to move closer to the packaging bag through the connecting seat 28, so that the folding plate 25 can be moved between the two support rods 22 on the same side. At this time, the folding plate 25 can fold the two sides of the packaging bag to form an "M" shape at the bag opening, without the need for manual adjustment.
[0028] like Figures 1-7As shown, the lifting assembly includes a first electric push rod 16 and two first guide rods 17. The first electric push rod 16 is installed on the top of the U-shaped frame 15. The output end of the first electric push rod 16 passes through the U-shaped frame 15 and is fixedly connected to the lifting frame 18. The two first guide rods 17 are symmetrically arranged on both sides of the first electric push rod 16. Each first guide rod 17 is slidably arranged on the U-shaped frame 15. The bottom end of each first guide rod 17 is fixedly connected to the lifting frame 18. When it is necessary to move the support rod 22 and the folding plate 25 up and down, the controller controls the first electric push rod 16 to work. The first electric push rod 16 can drive the lifting frame 18 to move up and down, thereby driving the support rod 22 and the folding plate 25 to rise and fall, so that the support rod 22 can extend into or out of the packaging bag.
[0029] like Figures 1-7 As shown, each moving component includes a moving plate 31, a second electric push rod 32, and two second guide rods 33. The moving plate 31 is located inside one side of the U-shaped frame 15. The second electric push rod 32 is installed on the outer wall of the U-shaped frame 15. The output end of the second electric push rod 32 passes through the U-shaped frame 15 and is fixedly connected to the moving plate 31. The two second guide rods 33 slide on the U-shaped frame 15. One end of each second guide rod 33 is fixedly connected to the moving plate 31. The two horizontal plates 30 located on the same side are fixed to the side of the moving plate 31 away from the second electric push rod 32. After the bag opening is folded under the action of the support rod 22 and the folding plate 25, the second electric push rod 32 is controlled by the controller to work. The second electric push rod 32 can drive the moving plate 31 to move. The second guide rod 33 can guide the moving plate 31 when it moves. When the moving plate 31 moves, it can drive the two pressing plates 29 to move through the two horizontal plates 30, so that the pressing plates 29 on both sides move towards the packaging bag, so that the folded M-shaped bag opening can be gathered and folded between the multiple pressing plates 29 on both sides, making it into a flat edge.
[0030] like Figures 1-7 As shown, multiple sets of rotating shafts 35 are rotatably arranged between the two horizontal plates 30 on the same side. Each folding wheel 34 is fixed to the outer wall of a rotating shaft 35, and a drive assembly is also installed on the two horizontal plates 30 on the same side. The drive assembly can drive multiple folding wheels 34 between the two horizontal plates 30 to rotate. The multiple rotatable folding wheels 34 can not only further press the bag opening, but also assist the bag opening to move synchronously with the packaging bag when the packaging bag moves towards the guide plate 13. This ensures that the bag opening remains flat and avoids the bag opening from shifting from the main body of the packaging bag under the action of friction, which would affect the subsequent sealing. It should be noted that each folding wheel 34 has anti-slip texture on its surface to increase friction. The side of each pressing plate 29 away from the horizontal plate 30 coincides with the tangential surface of the folding wheel 34. That is, when the pressing plate 29 is in contact with the packaging bag, the folding wheel 34 is also in contact with the packaging bag.
[0031] like Figures 1-7 As shown, the driving component includes a second motor 38 and multiple sets of transmission components. Each set of transmission components is installed between two adjacent rotating shafts 35. Each set of transmission components includes a transmission belt 37 and two pulleys 36. The two pulleys 36 are respectively installed on the surfaces of the two rotating shafts 35. The transmission belt 37 is sleeved on the outside of the two pulleys 36. When one rotating shaft 35 rotates, it can drive the pulley 36 connected to it to rotate. Under the action of the transmission belt 37, the adjacent pulleys 36 and rotating shafts 35 can rotate. The second motor 38 is installed on one of the horizontal plates 30 on the side away from the folding wheel 34. The output end of the second motor 38 is fixedly connected to one of the rotating shafts 35. When the folding wheel 34 needs to rotate, the controller controls the second motor 38 to work. The second motor 38 can drive the rotating shaft 35 connected to its output end to rotate. Since there is a transmission component between every two rotating shafts 35, the rotation of one rotating shaft 35 can realize the synchronous rotation of multiple rotating shafts 35, thereby enabling multiple folding wheels 34 to rotate synchronously.
[0032] like Figures 1-7 As shown, the inlet mechanism includes two support frames 14 and two inlet plates 13. The two support frames 14 are symmetrically fixed on both sides of the top of the frame 11, and the two inlet plates 13 are respectively installed on the side of the two support frames 14 that are close to each other. When the conveying mechanism 12 moves the packaging bag, the folded bag opening can enter between the two guide plates 13 to guide the packaging bag, so that the packaging bag can enter the next step for sewing or heat pressing.
[0033] The beneficial effects of this utility model are specifically reflected in the fact that the above description is only a preferred embodiment of this utility model and is not intended to limit this utility model. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc., made within the spirit and principles of this utility model should be included within the protection scope of this utility model.
Claims
1. A folding device for producing food packaging bags, comprising a frame (11), wherein a conveying mechanism (12) is installed inside the frame (11), characterized in that, It also includes a U-shaped frame (15), an inlet mechanism, a folding mechanism and a pressing mechanism. The U-shaped frame (15) is installed at the top center of the frame (11), and the inlet mechanism is located on one side of the U-shaped frame (15). The folding mechanism includes a lifting frame (18), a lifting assembly, a telescopic assembly, two folding plates (25), two pushers, and four support rods (22). The lifting frame (18) is located below the U-shaped frame (15). The lifting assembly is located between the U-shaped frame (15) and the lifting frame (18). The telescopic assembly is installed at the bottom of the lifting frame (18). Each pair of support rods (22) is symmetrically arranged on both sides below the telescopic assembly. Each folding plate (25) is located on both sides of the bottom end of the lifting frame (18). Each pusher assembly is located between the telescopic assembly and one of the folding plates (25). The pressing mechanism includes two moving components, four pressing plates (29), four horizontal plates (30) and several folding wheels (34). The two moving components are symmetrically installed on both sides of the U-shaped frame (15). Each pair of horizontal plates (30) is set on one side of a moving component, and each pressing plate (29) is fixed to one side of a horizontal plate (30).
2. The device according to claim 1, wherein The telescopic assembly includes a bidirectional lead screw (19), a first motor (20), and two sliders (21). The bidirectional lead screw (19) is rotatably mounted inside the lifting frame (18). The first motor (20) is installed at one end of the lifting frame (18). The output end of the first motor (20) is fixedly connected to one end of the bidirectional lead screw (19). The two sliders (21) are symmetrically arranged on the bidirectional lead screw (19). Each slider (21) is threadedly engaged with the bidirectional lead screw (19), and each slider (21) slides inside the lifting frame (18). Two support rods (22) located on the same side are fixed to the bottom end of one slider (21).
3. The device according to claim 2, wherein Each push assembly includes an L-shaped plate (23), a third electric actuator (24), a slide (26), a guide rail (27), and a connecting seat (28). The L-shaped plate (23) is fixed to one side of the bottom end of one of the sliders (21). The third electric actuator (24) is installed on one side of the L-shaped plate (23). The folded edge plate (25) is located below the L-shaped plate (23). The connecting seat (28) is fixed to one side of the folded edge plate (25). The output end of the third electric actuator (24) is fixedly connected to the connecting seat (28). The guide rail (27) is fixed to the bottom end of the L-shaped plate (23). The slide (26) slides on the guide rail (27). The bottom end of the slide (26) is fixedly connected to the folded edge plate (25).
4. The device according to claim 3, wherein The lifting assembly includes a first electric push rod (16) and two first guide rods (17). The first electric push rod (16) is installed on the top of the U-shaped frame (15). The output end of the first electric push rod (16) passes through the U-shaped frame (15) and is fixedly connected to the lifting frame (18). The two first guide rods (17) are symmetrically arranged on both sides of the first electric push rod (16). Each first guide rod (17) is slidably arranged on the U-shaped frame (15). The bottom end of each first guide rod (17) is fixedly connected to the lifting frame (18).
5. The device according to claim 4, wherein Each moving component includes a moving plate (31), a second electric push rod (32), and two second guide rods (33). The moving plate (31) is located inside one side of the U-shaped frame (15). The second electric push rod (32) is installed on the outer wall of the U-shaped frame (15). The output end of the second electric push rod (32) passes through the U-shaped frame (15) and is fixedly connected to the moving plate (31). The two second guide rods (33) slide on the U-shaped frame (15). One end of each second guide rod (33) is fixedly connected to the moving plate (31). Two horizontal plates (30) located on the same side are fixed to the side of the moving plate (31) away from the second electric push rod (32).
6. The device according to claim 5, wherein Multiple sets of rotating shafts (35) are rotatably arranged between the two horizontal plates (30) on the same side. Each folding wheel (34) is fixed to the outer wall of a rotating shaft (35), and a drive assembly is also installed on the two horizontal plates (30) on the same side.
7. The device according to claim 6, wherein The driving component includes a second motor (38) and multiple sets of transmission components. Each set of transmission components is installed between two adjacent rotating shafts (35). Each set of transmission components includes a transmission belt (37) and two pulleys (36). The two pulleys (36) are respectively installed on the surfaces of the two rotating shafts (35). The transmission belt (37) is sleeved on the outside of the two pulleys (36). The second motor (38) is installed on one side of one of the horizontal plates (30) away from the folding wheel (34). The output end of the second motor (38) is fixedly connected to one of the rotating shafts (35).
8. The device according to claim 7, wherein The inlet mechanism includes two support frames (14) and two inlet plates (13). The two support frames (14) are symmetrically fixed on both sides of the top of the frame (11), and the two inlet plates (13) are respectively installed on the side of the two support frames (14) that are close to each other.