An indirect evaporative cooling open cooling tower

Abstract

The application relates to an open indirect evaporative cooling cooling tower, which comprises a tower body, a plurality of draught fans arranged at the top end of the tower body, a grating window arranged on the side wall of the tower body, a water remover arranged on the inner top wall of the tower body, a filler arranged below, a hot water pipe arranged between the water remover and the filler, hot water nozzles arranged on the hot water pipe, a water inlet end of the hot water pipe arranged outside the tower body, a drainage pump arranged at the bottom end of the tower body, a cooling water pump arranged on one side of the tower body, a cooling water pipe arranged above the hot water pipe, cooling nozzles arranged on the cooling water pipe and spraying downwards, and a cooling pipe in communication between the cooling water pump and the cooling water pipe. The application has the effect of improving the cooling efficiency of the cooling tower.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the field of cooling tower technology, and in particular to an open cooling tower with indirect evaporative cooling. Background Technology

[0002] An open cooling tower is a cooling device that exchanges heat through direct contact between water and air. Its core feature is that circulating water is sprayed and evaporated in an open environment to dissipate heat. It has a simple structure and low initial cost.

[0003] Chinese Patent Publication No. CN220270129U discloses a freeze-resistant open cooling tower structure, comprising a tower body, a tower base, and a tower basin. The tower base is fixedly connected to the lower end of the tower basin. A support frame is fixedly connected between the tower body and the tower basin. A fan and a motor for driving the fan are located at the upper end of the tower body. A first packing layer is fixedly connected inside the tower body. A main water inlet pipe is fixedly connected to the tower body, and several spray pipes with nozzles are fixedly connected to the main water inlet pipe. The spray pipes are located above the first packing layer. A main water outlet pipe is fixedly connected to the lower end of the tower basin. A drain outlet is located at the bottom of the tower basin. The tower body includes an antifreeze component and a control component for controlling the antifreeze component. This application has the effect of reducing the phenomenon of water condensing into ice in the cooling tower.

[0004] Regarding the aforementioned technologies, in the existing technology, hot water is sprayed onto the first packing layer through the main inlet pipe, cooled, and then sent out through the main outlet pipe to achieve the purpose of cooling. However, this cooling mode relies solely on the evaporation and heat absorption of hot water through contact with the air inside the cooling tower. The cooling mode is singular, the heat exchange efficiency is low, and the cooling efficiency of the cooling tower is reduced. Utility Model Content

[0005] In order to improve the cooling efficiency of cooling towers, this application provides an open cooling tower with indirect evaporative cooling.

[0006] This application provides an open cooling tower with indirect evaporative cooling, employing the following technical solution: An open cooling tower for indirect evaporative cooling includes a tower body, a plurality of exhaust fans at the top of the tower body, grilles on the side walls of the tower body, a water separator on the top wall of the inner wall of the tower body, packing material below the water separator, a hot water pipe between the water separator and the packing material, hot water nozzles on the hot water pipe, the inlet end of the hot water pipe being located outside the tower body, a drain pump at the bottom of the tower body, a cooling water pump on one side of the tower body, a cooling water pipe above the hot water pipe, cooling nozzles spraying downwards on the cooling water pipe, and a cooling pipe connecting the cooling water pump and the cooling water pipe.

[0007] By adopting the above technical solution, during cooling, the exhaust fan is activated, and cooler air enters the tower through the grille and moves upward. Hot water is sprayed out through hot water pipes and nozzles, spraying onto the packing material. After heat exchange with the packing material, the hot water falls back down. Simultaneously, the cooling water pump is activated, and water at the bottom of the tower flows through cooling pipes and then through cooling nozzles, mixing with the hot water on the packing material to achieve the effect of cooling the hot water. The hot water sprayed through the nozzles comes into contact with the upward-moving cooler air, evaporating and absorbing heat, achieving the first cooling. The water gradually cools as it rises, evaporating and absorbing heat when it encounters warmer air, achieving the second cooling. Finally, the cooled water mixes with the hot water on the packing material, achieving the third cooling. Combining these three cooling processes allows for rapid cooling of the hot water, improving the cooling efficiency of the cooling tower compared to existing technologies.

[0008] Optionally, a movable frame is provided inside the tower body, the packing is installed inside the movable frame, a number of rollers are installed at the bottom of the movable frame, a fixed frame is connected to the inner wall of the tower body, a limiting rail is connected to the fixed frame, the rollers roll on the limiting rail, an inspection port is provided on the side wall of the tower body, and a movement limiting component is provided on the tower body to restrict the movement of the movable frame.

[0009] By adopting the above technical solution, the moving frame moves inside the tower body through the cooperation of rollers and limiting rails, and finally the movement of the moving frame is restricted by the limiting component, thus realizing the effect of removing the packing from the tower body for replacement.

[0010] Optionally, the movement limiting component includes a limiting block, a fixing block, a rotating rod, and a fixing shaft. The packing includes several rotating arc plates and fixed arc plates. The rotating arc plates and the fixed arc plates are horizontally distributed along the length direction of the moving frame and are spaced apart. The moving frame is provided with an adjusting component for adjusting the angle of the rotating arc plates. The limiting block is connected to the tower body, and the fixing block is connected to the moving frame. The fixing block is located directly below the limiting block. The limiting block has a limiting groove, and the fixing shaft is connected to the limiting groove. The rotating rod has a waist-shaped groove at its end, and the fixing shaft is located in the waist-shaped groove. The fixing block has an avoidance groove. When limiting, the rotating rod is vertically arranged, and its top end is embedded in the limiting groove. The fixing shaft is located at the bottom end of the waist-shaped groove. The fixing block is provided with a limiting component for limiting the movement of the rotating rod.

[0011] By adopting the above technical solution, when the moving frame is restricted from moving, the moving frame enters the tower body and the end of the moving frame is flush with the side wall of the tower body. Then, the rotating rod is rotated to make the rotating rod vertical and then moved upward until the end of the rotating rod enters the limiting groove and the fixed shaft touches the bottom of the waist-shaped groove. At this time, the moving rod is restricted by the limiting component, thus achieving the effect of restricting the movement of the moving frame.

[0012] Optionally, the limiting component includes a fixed frame, a lifting plate, and a lifting spring. The fixed frame is U-shaped and connected to the bottom end of the fixed block. A sliding rod is connected to the bottom wall of the lifting plate, and the sliding rod is slidably fitted onto the fixed frame. A limiting groove is formed on the lifting plate. The lifting spring is sleeved on the sliding rod and located between the lifting plate and the fixed frame. When limiting, the bottom end of the rotating rod is located within the limiting groove.

[0013] By adopting the above technical solution, while rotating the rotating rod, the lifting plate is pushed downward, the lifting spring is compressed until the rotating rod reaches a vertical state. When the lifting plate is released, the lifting plate rises under the force of the lifting spring, and the bottom end of the rotating rod enters the limiting groove, thus achieving the effect of limiting the movement of the rotating rod.

[0014] Optionally, the adjustment assembly includes an adjustment box, a rotating shaft, and a connecting shaft. One adjustment box is connected to each of the two inner side walls of the movable frame. The rotating shaft is rotatably connected inside the adjustment box and extends to the outside of the tower body. One connecting shaft is connected to each end of the rotating arc plate. The rotating arc plate is rotatably connected between the two adjustment boxes through the connecting shaft. The rotating shaft and the connecting shaft are connected by a helical gear set. The fixed arc plate is connected between the two adjustment boxes.

[0015] By adopting the above technical solution, the gap between the rotating and fixed arc plates determines the heat exchange and drainage efficiency of the cooling tower. If the gap between the rotating and fixed arc plates is reduced, the heat exchange time between hot water, cold water, and the packing increases, thus improving the cooling tower's heat exchange efficiency. However, with prolonged use, water mixes with impurities in the air, and these impurities easily adhere to the packing, clogging the gap between the rotating and fixed arc plates. This prevents timely air and water flow, reducing the cooling tower's heat dissipation efficiency. When adjusting the rotating arc plates, rotating the rotating shaft drives all connecting shafts to rotate synchronously via the helical gear set, causing all rotating arc plates to rotate synchronously, thus adjusting the gap between the rotating and fixed arc plates. Initially, reducing the gap between the rotating and fixed arc plates helps improve the cooling tower's heat exchange efficiency. In the middle and later stages, impurities adhere to both the rotating and fixed arc plates. Adjusting the angle of the rotating arc plates using the adjusting components until they are vertical results in the largest gap between them, ensuring normal water and air flow and improving the cooling tower's flexibility.

[0016] Optionally, an indicator disk is connected to the end of the movable frame. The indicator disk has three positions, which are circumferentially distributed around the rotation axis. An indicator is connected to the rotation axis, and the indicator points to one of the positions.

[0017] By adopting the above technical solution, the rotation angle of the rotating arc plate in the front, middle and rear stages is clearly indicated by the cooperation of the indicating disc and the indicator, which facilitates the operation of the staff.

[0018] Optionally, a filter frame is provided on the tower body, a filter plate is provided on the filter frame, a plurality of filter holes are opened on the filter plate, the sum of the areas of the plurality of filter holes is greater than the sum of the areas of the grille windows, and a filter component for filtering air is provided on the filter holes.

[0019] By adopting the above technical solution, the sum of the areas of the filter holes is greater than the area of ​​the grille, thus reducing the impact on the air intake of the cooling tower.

[0020] Optionally, the filter assembly includes an activated carbon cake and a filter screen, with one filter screen at each end of the filter holes and the activated carbon cake disposed between the two filter screens.

[0021] By adopting the above technical solution, the air entering the cooling tower is purified through activated carbon cake, reducing impurities in the air and extending the service life of the packing material.

[0022] In summary, this application includes at least one of the following beneficial technical effects: 1. During cooling, the exhaust fan is activated, and cooler air enters the tower through the grille and rises. Hot water is sprayed out through hot water pipes and nozzles, spraying onto the packing material. After heat exchange with the packing, the hot water falls back down. Simultaneously, the cooling water pump is activated, and water at the bottom of the tower flows through cooling pipes and then through cooling nozzles, mixing with the hot water on the packing to achieve the cooling effect. The hot water sprayed through the nozzles evaporates and absorbs heat upon contact with the rising cooler air, achieving the first cooling. The water gradually cools as it rises, evaporating and absorbing heat upon encountering warmer air, achieving the second cooling. Finally, the cooled water mixes with the hot water on the packing, achieving the third cooling. Combining these three cooling processes allows for rapid cooling of the hot water, improving the cooling efficiency of the cooling tower compared to existing technologies. 2. When restricting the movement of the moving frame, the moving frame enters the tower body and makes the end of the moving frame flush with the side wall of the tower body. Then, the rotating rod is rotated to make the rotating rod vertical and then moved upward until the end of the rotating rod enters the limiting groove and the fixed shaft touches the bottom of the waist-shaped groove. At this time, the moving rod is restricted by the limiting component, thus achieving the effect of restricting the movement of the moving frame. 3. When adjusting the rotating arc plate, rotate the rotating shaft. Through the helical gear set, all connecting shafts rotate synchronously, causing all rotating arc plates to rotate synchronously, thus adjusting the gap between the rotating and fixed arc plates. Initially, reducing the gap between the rotating and fixed arc plates helps improve the cooling tower's heat exchange efficiency. In the middle and later stages, impurities adhere to both the rotating and fixed arc plates. Adjust the angle of the rotating arc plate using the adjusting components until it is vertical. At this point, the gap between the rotating and fixed arc plates is at its maximum, ensuring normal water and air flow and improving the cooling tower's flexibility. Attached Figure Description

[0023] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of the cooling tower in the embodiments of this application.

[0024] Figure 2 This is a cross-sectional view used in the embodiments of this application to illustrate the internal structure of the tower.

[0025] Figure 3 yes Figure 2 Enlarged view of point A in the middle.

[0026] Figure 4 This is a cross-sectional view used to illustrate the movable frame structure in the embodiments of this application.

[0027] Figure 5 This is a cross-sectional view used to illustrate the packing structure in the embodiments of this application.

[0028] Figure 6 yes Figure 5 Enlarged view of section B in the middle.

[0029] Figure 7 This is an exploded view used in the embodiments of this application to illustrate the structure of the adjustment component.

[0030] Explanation of reference numerals in the attached drawings: 1. Tower body; 11. Exhaust fan; 12. Grille window; 13. Filter frame; 14. Water separator; 15. Cooling water pipe; 16. Hot water pipe; 161. Drainage pump; 17. Packing material; 171. Fixed arc plate; 172. Rotating arc plate; 18. Cooling water pump; 2. Filter assembly; 21. Activated carbon cake; 22. Interception net; 3. Moving frame; 31. Roller; 32. Indicating disc; 4. Movement limiting assembly; 41. Limiting block; 42. Fixing block; 43. Rotating rod; 431. Waist-shaped groove; 44. Fixing shaft; 5. Limiting assembly; 51. Fixing frame; 52. Lifting plate; 53. Lifting spring; 6. Adjusting assembly; 61. Adjusting box; 62. Rotating shaft; 621. Indicator; 63. Connecting shaft. Detailed Implementation

[0031] The following is in conjunction with the appendix Figures 1-7 This application will be described in further detail.

[0032] This application discloses an open cooling tower for indirect evaporative cooling. (Refer to...) Figure 1 and Figure 2 The indirect evaporative cooling open cooling tower includes a tower body 1, which is rectangular. Several exhaust fans 11 are installed at the top of the tower body 1; in this embodiment, two fans are used as an example. Air inlets are provided on three side walls of the tower body 1, and grilles 12 are installed at the air inlets.

[0033] Reference Figure 1 , Figure 2 and Figure 3 A filter frame 13 is fixedly connected to the surface of the tower body 1. A filter plate is installed on the filter frame 13, and the filter plate has several filter holes. The sum of the areas of these filter holes is greater than the sum of the areas of all the grille windows 12. A filter assembly 2 is installed on the filter holes. The filter assembly 2 includes an activated carbon cake 21 and an intercepting net 22. One intercepting net 22 is installed at each end of the filter hole, and the activated carbon cake 21 is placed inside the filter hole and located between the two intercepting nets 22. The activated carbon cake 21 adsorbs impurities from the air, thus purifying the air.

[0034] Reference Figure 2 Inside the tower body 1, from top to bottom, are arranged a water separator 14, a cooling water pipe 15, a hot water pipe 16, and packing material 17. Both the cooling water pipe 15 and the hot water pipe 16 are horizontally arranged. The bottom end of the cooling water pipe 15 has several downward-facing cooling nozzles, and the bottom end of the hot water pipe 16 has several downward-facing hot water nozzles. A cooling water pump 18 is installed on one side of the tower body 1. The inlet of the cooling water pump 18 connects to the bottom area inside the tower body 1, and the outlet is connected to the cooling water pipe 15 via a cooling pipe. The inlet of the hot water pipe 16 extends to the outside of the cooling tower. A drain pump 161 is installed on the other side wall of the tower body 1. The inlet of the drain pump 161 connects to the bottom area inside the tower body 1.

[0035] Reference Figure 2 , Figure 4 and Figure 5 An inspection port is provided on the other side wall of the tower body 1, and a movable frame 3 is provided at the inspection port. The movable frame 3 is a rectangular frame. A fixed frame is fixedly connected to the inner side wall of the tower body 1, and a limiting rail is fixedly connected to the fixed frame. Several rollers 31 are rotatably connected to the bottom end of the movable frame 3. The rollers 31 roll on the limiting rail, and the end of the movable frame 3 is flush with the surface of the cooling tower.

[0036] Reference Figure 5 and Figure 6A limiting component 4 is installed on the tower body 1. The limiting component 4 includes a limiting block 41, a fixing block 42, a rotating rod 43, and a fixing shaft 44. The limiting block 41 is fixedly connected to the tower body 1. The fixing block 42 has a limiting groove, and the fixing shaft 44 is fixedly connected in the limiting groove. The rotating rod 43 has a waist-shaped groove 431, and the fixing shaft 44 slides within the waist-shaped groove 431. The end of the rotating rod 43 has an abutting arc surface. The fixing block 42 is fixedly connected to the end wall of the moving frame 3 and is located directly below the limiting block 41. The fixing block 42 has an avoidance groove.

[0037] Reference Figure 6 A limiting component 5 is provided on the fixed block 42. The limiting component 5 includes a fixed frame 51, a lifting plate 52, and a lifting spring 53. The fixed frame 51 is U-shaped and fixedly connected to the bottom end of the fixed block 42. A limiting groove is formed on the top wall of the lifting plate 52, and a sliding rod is fixedly connected to the bottom wall, passing through the fixed frame 51. The lifting spring 53 is sleeved on the sliding rod and is located between the lifting plate 52 and the fixed frame 51.

[0038] When the movable frame 3 is restricted, the rotating rod 43 is rotated and enters the clearance groove in a vertical position. During this process, it presses against the arc surface and lifts the plate 52. The lifts the plate 52 descends, and the lifts the spring 53 is compressed until it enters the restriction groove. The rotating rod 43 is moved upward and the top of the rotating rod 43 enters the restriction groove. The fixed shaft 44 abuts against the bottom of the waist-shaped groove 431, thereby restricting the movement of the rotating rod 43 and achieving the effect of restricting the movement of the movable frame 3.

[0039] Reference Figure 7 An adjustment assembly 6 is provided inside the movable frame 3. The adjustment assembly 6 includes an adjustment box 61, a rotating shaft 62, and a connecting shaft 63. One adjustment box 61 is fixedly connected to each of the two inner side walls of the movable frame 3. The packing 17 includes several fixed arc plates 171 and rotating arc plates 172. The fixed arc plates 171 are fixedly connected between two adjustment boxes 61. One connecting shaft 63 is fixedly connected to each end of the rotating arc plate 172. The rotating arc plates 172 are rotatably connected to the adjustment boxes 61 via the connecting shaft 63. The fixed arc plates 171 and rotating arc plates 172 are horizontally distributed within the movable frame 3 and are spaced apart from each other. The rotating shaft 62 is rotatably connected inside the adjustment box 61, and its end extends to the outside of the movable frame 3. A handwheel is fixedly connected to the end of the rotating shaft 62. The rotating shaft 62 and the connecting shaft 63 are connected via a helical gear set.

[0040] Reference Figure 7 To facilitate operation, an indicator disc 32 is fixedly connected to the end of the movable frame 3. A rotating shaft 62 passes through the indicator disc 32 and coincides with the center of the indicator disc 32. The indicator disc 32 has three positions. An indicator 621 is fixedly connected to the rotating shaft 62, and the indicator 621 points to one of the positions.

[0041] During adjustment, turning the handwheel causes the rotating shaft 62 to rotate, which in turn drives all connecting shafts 63 to rotate, and all rotating arc plates 172 to rotate, thereby adjusting the gap between the rotating arc plate 172 and the fixed arc plate 171.

[0042] The implementation principle of an open cooling tower with indirect evaporative cooling according to an embodiment of this application is as follows: During cooling, the exhaust fan 11 is started, and the cooler air is adsorbed by the activated carbon cake 21 and enters the special body. Hot water is sprayed out through the hot water nozzle and evaporates in contact with the cooler air to achieve the first cooling. At the same time, the cooling water pump 18 is started, and water at the bottom of the tower body 1 is sprayed out from the cooling nozzle. The cold water evaporates in contact with the warmer air to achieve the second cooling. On the fixed arc plate 171 and the cooling arc plate, the cold water and hot water come into contact and mix to achieve the third cooling, thus realizing the effect of cooling the hot water in the cooling tower.

[0043] Hot water is sprayed out through hot water nozzles and comes into contact with the upward-moving cooler air, evaporating and absorbing heat to achieve the first cooling. As the water gradually cools down, it encounters the warmer air and evaporates, absorbing heat to achieve the second cooling. Finally, the cooled water mixes with the hot water on the packing 17 to achieve the third cooling. By combining the three cooling processes, hot water can be cooled quickly, which improves the cooling efficiency of the cooling tower compared to existing technologies.

[0044] The above are all preferred embodiments of this application, and are not intended to limit the scope of protection of this application. Therefore, all equivalent changes made in accordance with the structure, shape and principle of this application should be covered within the scope of protection of this application.

Claims

1. An open cooling tower for indirect evaporative cooling, comprising a tower body (1), wherein a plurality of exhaust fans (11) are provided at the top of the tower body (1), a grid window (12) is provided on the side wall of the tower body (1), a water separator (14) is provided on the inner top wall of the tower body (1), and packing material (17) is provided below it, a hot water pipe (16) is provided between the water separator (14) and the packing material (17), a hot water nozzle is provided on the hot water pipe (16), the inlet end of the hot water pipe (16) is located outside the tower body (1), and a drain pump (161) is provided at the bottom of the tower body (1), characterized in that: A cooling water pump (18) is provided on one side of the tower body (1), and a cooling water pipe (15) is provided above the hot water pipe (16). A cooling nozzle that sprays downwards is provided on the cooling water pipe (15), and a cooling pipe is connected between the cooling water pump (18) and the cooling water pipe (15).

2. The open cooling tower for indirect evaporative cooling according to claim 1, characterized in that: A movable frame (3) is provided inside the tower body (1), and the packing (17) is installed inside the movable frame (3). Several rollers (31) are installed at the bottom of the movable frame (3). A fixed frame is connected to the inner wall of the tower body (1), and a limiting rail is connected to the fixed frame. The rollers (31) roll on the limiting rail. An inspection port is provided on the side wall of the tower body (1), and a movement limiting component (4) is provided on the tower body (1) to restrict the movement of the movable frame (3).

3. The indirect evaporatively-cooled open cooling tower of claim 2, wherein: The limiting component (4) includes a limiting block (41), a fixing block (42), a rotating rod (43), and a fixing shaft (44). The packing (17) includes several rotating arc plates (172) and fixed arc plates (171). The rotating arc plates (172) and the fixed arc plates (171) are horizontally distributed along the length of the moving frame (3) and are spaced apart. The moving frame (3) is provided with an adjusting component (6) for adjusting the angle of the rotating arc plates (172). The limiting block (41) is connected to the tower body (1), and the fixing block (42) is connected to the moving frame (3). The fixed block (42) is located directly below the limiting block (41). The limiting block (41) has a limiting groove. The fixed shaft (44) is connected in the limiting groove. The end of the rotating rod (43) has a waist-shaped groove (431). The fixed shaft (44) is located in the waist-shaped groove (431). The fixed block (42) has an avoidance groove. When restricted, the rotating rod (43) is vertically arranged and its top end is embedded in the limiting groove. The fixed shaft (44) is located at the bottom end of the waist-shaped groove (431). The fixed block (42) is provided with a limiting component (5) to restrict the movement of the rotating rod (43).

4. The indirect evaporatively-cooled open cooling tower of claim 3, wherein: The limiting component (5) includes a fixed frame (51), a lifting plate (52), and a lifting spring (53). The fixed frame (51) is U-shaped and connected to the bottom end of the fixed block (42). A sliding rod is connected to the bottom wall of the lifting plate (52). The sliding rod is slidably fitted on the fixed frame (51). A limiting groove is opened on the lifting plate (52). The lifting spring (53) is sleeved on the sliding rod and located between the lifting plate (52) and the fixed frame (51). When limiting, the bottom end of the rotating rod (43) is located in the limiting groove.

5. The open cooling tower for indirect evaporative cooling according to claim 3, characterized in that: The adjustment assembly (6) includes an adjustment box (61), a rotating shaft (62), and a connecting shaft (63). The adjustment box (61) is connected to one of each of the two inner side walls of the moving frame (3). The rotating shaft (62) is rotatably connected inside the adjustment box (61) and its end extends to the outside of the tower body (1). The connecting shaft (63) is connected to one of each end of the rotating arc plate (172). The rotating arc plate (172) is rotatably connected between the two adjustment boxes (61) through the connecting shaft (63). The rotating shaft (62) and the connecting shaft (63) are connected by a helical gear set. The fixed arc plate (171) is connected between the two adjustment boxes (61).

6. The open cooling tower for indirect evaporative cooling according to claim 5, characterized in that: The movable frame (3) is connected to an indicator disc (32) at its end. The indicator disc (32) has three gear positions, which are circumferentially distributed around the rotating shaft (62). An indicator (621) is connected to the rotating shaft (62), and the indicator (621) points to one of the gear positions.

7. The indirect evaporatively-cooled open cooling tower of claim 1, wherein: A filter frame (13) is provided on the tower body (1), a filter plate is provided on the filter frame (13), a plurality of filter holes are opened on the filter plate, the sum of the areas of the plurality of filter holes is greater than the sum of the areas of the grille window (12), and a filter component (2) for filtering air is provided on the filter holes.

8. The indirect evaporatively-cooled open cooling tower of claim 7, wherein: The filter assembly (2) includes an activated carbon cake (21) and an interceptor mesh (22). One interceptor mesh (22) is provided at each end of the filter hole, and the activated carbon cake (21) is provided between the two interceptor meshes (22).

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