High-low temperature automatic test mechanism

Abstract

The utility model discloses a high and low temperature automatic testing mechanism relates to PCB test technical field, and its technical scheme is: including bottom plate, bottom plate top fixedly established casing, and the casing is separately established with jacking subassembly, lower tool testing tool subassembly and upper tool testing tool subassembly, and the bottom plate one side is equipped with automatic blocking component, and lower tool testing tool subassembly sets up jacking subassembly top, and jacking subassembly includes first fixed plate and second fixed plate, and first fixed plate and second fixed plate fixedly establish in bottom plate top. The utility model conveys the automatic conveying of PCB board main part, and realizes the automatic positioning of PCB board main part with automatic blocking component, and then combines the automatic jacking of jacking subassembly and the automatic testing of upper tool testing tool subassembly, and the whole testing process does not need manual intervention, and greatly reduces the manual operation step, and effectively avoids the mistake and the low -efficiency problem of manual operation.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This utility model relates to the field of PCB testing technology, specifically to an automatic high and low temperature testing mechanism. Background Technology

[0002] In current PCB testing, especially in high and low temperature environments, there are many problems that urgently need to be solved.

[0003] Most existing testing methods require manual placement of the PCB board at the testing station and manual testing operations. The whole process is time-consuming, and manual operation is prone to errors, such as misalignment of the PCB board, which can lead to poor contact between the test probe and the PCB board and affect the accuracy of the test results. Utility Model Content

[0004] Therefore, this utility model provides an automatic high and low temperature testing mechanism to solve the problems mentioned in the background art.

[0005] To achieve the above objectives, this utility model provides the following technical solution: a high and low temperature automatic testing mechanism, including a base plate, a housing fixedly provided on the top of the base plate, a lifting assembly, a lower tooling test tooling assembly and an upper tooling test tooling assembly respectively provided inside the housing, an automatic stop assembly provided on one side of the base plate, and the lower tooling test tooling assembly located on top of the lifting assembly; The lifting assembly includes a first fixed plate and a second fixed plate, which are fixedly mounted on the top of the base plate. A reciprocating screw is connected between the first and second fixed plates via bearings. A limit rod is fixedly mounted between the first and second fixed plates. A motor is mounted on one side of the base plate, and a drive shaft is fixedly connected to the output end of the motor. One end of the drive shaft is fixedly connected to the reciprocating screw. A sliding seat is fitted around the reciprocating screw, and the reciprocating screw and the sliding seat are connected via a ball screw pair. First connecting plates are connected to both sides of the sliding seat via bearings. Second connecting plates are connected to one side of each of the two first connecting plates via bearings. Mounting blocks are connected to one side of each of the two second connecting plates via bearings. Two fixing blocks are fixedly mounted on the top of the base plate. One side of each first connecting plate is connected to a fixing block via bearings. A third connecting plate is connected to one side of each fixing block via bearings. A fourth connecting plate is connected to one side of each third connecting plate via bearings. The fourth connecting plate is connected to the mounting block via bearings. A horizontal plate is connected to one side of each mounting block and the fourth connecting plate via bearings.

[0006] Preferably, the lower tooling test fixture assembly includes a lower tooling plate, which is fixedly disposed on the top of the mounting block. A first mounting plate is mounted on the top of the lower tooling plate. A plurality of support columns are fixedly disposed on the top of the first mounting plate. A plurality of positioning pins are disposed on the top of the first mounting plate. A PCB board body is disposed on the top of the support columns. The positioning pins pass through the PCB board body.

[0007] Preferably, the upper tooling test fixture assembly includes an upper tooling plate, which is fixedly disposed inside the base plate. A second mounting plate is installed at the bottom of the upper tooling plate, and a probe mounting plate is provided at the bottom of the second mounting plate. Multiple thrust bearings are installed at the bottom of the second mounting plate. Multiple probes are fixedly disposed on one side of the probe mounting plate, and the probes penetrate the second mounting plate. A test equipment body is installed at the top of the upper tooling plate, and the test equipment body is connected to the probes via wires.

[0008] Preferably, the bottom of the upper tooling plate is fixedly provided with a plurality of second guide posts.

[0009] Preferably, the automatic stop assembly includes a side plate, which is fixedly mounted on one side of the base plate. A slide rail is fixedly mounted on one side of the side plate, and a slider is sleeved on the outside of the slide rail. The slider slides outside the slide rail. An L-shaped fixing plate is fixedly mounted on one side of the slider. Two telescopic rods are fixedly mounted on the bottom of the L-shaped fixing plate, and a support plate is fixedly mounted on the bottom of the two telescopic rods. The side plate is fixedly connected to the support plate. Springs are sleeved on the outside of the telescopic rods, and a pad is installed on one side of the L-shaped fixing plate.

[0010] Preferably, two side shells are fixedly provided on one side of the housing, and a conveyor belt is installed on one side of each side shell.

[0011] Preferably, a plurality of first guide posts are fixedly provided on the top of the lower tooling plate.

[0012] Preferably, two guide positioning posts are fixedly provided on the top of the first mounting plate.

[0013] The present invention has the following advantages: This invention achieves automatic conveying of the PCB board body via a conveyor belt, automatic positioning of the PCB board body with an automatic stop component, automatic lifting with a lifting component, and automatic testing with a tooling testing component. The entire testing process requires minimal human intervention, greatly reducing manual operation steps and effectively avoiding errors and inefficiencies caused by manual operation. Compared with traditional manual testing methods, it can significantly improve the efficiency of high and low temperature testing of the PCB board body, meeting the needs of rapid PCB board testing in large-scale industrial production. Attached Figure Description

[0014] To more clearly illustrate the embodiments of this utility model or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings in the following description are merely exemplary, and those skilled in the art can derive other embodiments based on the provided drawings without creative effort.

[0015] The structures, proportions, sizes, etc. illustrated in this specification are only for the purpose of assisting those skilled in the art in understanding and reading the content disclosed herein, and are not intended to limit the implementation conditions of this utility model. Therefore, they have no substantial technical significance. Any modifications to the structure, changes in the proportions, or adjustments to the size, without affecting the effects and objectives that this utility model can produce, should still fall within the scope of the technical content disclosed in this utility model.

[0016] Figure 1 A schematic diagram of the overall structure of this utility model; Figure 2 This is a front view of the lifting assembly provided by this utility model; Figure 3 Side view of the lifting assembly provided by this utility model; Figure 4 A perspective view of the mounting plate provided for this utility model; Figure 5 A perspective view of the automatic gear stop component provided by this utility model; Figure 6 A bottom view of the upper tooling test fixture assembly provided by this utility model; Figure 7 This is a top view of the upper tooling test fixture assembly provided by this utility model.

[0017] In the diagram: 1. Base plate; 2. Housing; 3. Side housing; 4. Conveyor belt; 5. Motor; 6. Drive shaft; 7. Fixing block; 8. First fixing plate; 9. First connecting plate; 10. Horizontal plate; 11. Limiting rod; 12. Second connecting plate; 13. Mounting block; 14. Lower tooling plate; 15. First guide post; 16. First mounting plate; 17. PCB board body; 18. Reciprocating screw; 19. Second fixing plate; 20. Sliding seat; 21. Guide positioning post; 22. Support post; 23. Positioning pin; 24. Side plate; 25. Slide rail; 26. Slider; 27. L-fixing plate; 28. Pad plate; 29. ​​Telescopic rod; 30. Spring; 31. Upper tooling plate; 32. Second guide post; 33. Second mounting plate; 34. Thrust bearing; 35. Probe mounting plate; 36. Probe; 37. Test equipment body; 38. Third connecting plate; 39. Fourth connecting plate. Detailed Implementation

[0018] The following specific embodiments illustrate the implementation of this utility model. Those skilled in the art can easily understand other advantages and effects of this utility model from the content disclosed in this specification. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some, not all, of the embodiments of this utility model. Based on the embodiments of this utility model, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the protection scope of this utility model.

[0019] See attached document Figure 1 - Appendix Figure 7 The present invention provides an automatic high and low temperature testing mechanism, including a base plate 1, a housing 2 fixedly provided on the top of the base plate 1, a lifting assembly, a lower tooling test tooling assembly and an upper tooling test tooling assembly respectively provided inside the housing 2, an automatic stop assembly provided on one side of the base plate 1, and the lower tooling test tooling assembly located on the top of the lifting assembly. The lifting assembly includes a first fixed plate 8 and a second fixed plate 19, which are fixedly mounted on the top of the base plate 1. A reciprocating screw 18 is connected between the first fixed plate 8 and the second fixed plate 19 via a bearing. A limiting rod 11 is fixedly mounted between the first fixed plate 8 and the second fixed plate 19. A motor 5 is mounted on one side of the base plate 1, and a drive shaft 6 is fixedly connected to the output end of the motor 5. One end of the drive shaft 6 is fixedly connected to the reciprocating screw 18. A sliding seat 20 is sleeved on the outside of the reciprocating screw 18. The reciprocating screw 18 and the sliding seat 20 are connected via a ball screw pair. Both sides of the sliding seat 20 are connected via bearings. A first connecting plate 9 is connected to a second connecting plate 12 via bearings on one side of each of the two first connecting plates 9. A mounting block 13 is connected to one side of each of the two second connecting plates 12 via bearings on one side of each of the two second connecting plates 12. Two fixing blocks 7 are fixedly provided on the top of the base plate 1. One side of the first connecting plate 9 is connected to the fixing block 7 via bearings. One side of the fixing block 7 is connected to a third connecting plate 38 via bearings on one side of each of the fixing blocks 7. One side of the third connecting plate 38 is connected to a fourth connecting plate 39 via bearings on one side of each of the third connecting plate 38. The fourth connecting plate 39 is connected to the mounting block 13 via bearings on one side of each of the mounting block 13 and the fourth connecting plate 39 via bearings on one side of each of the two base plates 10. A limiting rod 11 passes through the sliding seat 20 and is slidably connected to the sliding seat 20. In this implementation scheme, the motor 5 of the lifting assembly is started, and the motor 5 drives the transmission shaft 6 to rotate clockwise (initially, the sliding seat 20 is close to the second fixed plate 19). The transmission shaft 6 drives the reciprocating screw 18 to rotate clockwise synchronously. Since the reciprocating screw 18 and the sliding seat 20 are connected by a ball screw pair, the clockwise rotation of the reciprocating screw 18 causes the sliding seat 20 to move linearly away from the second fixed plate 19 (i.e., towards the first fixed plate 8) along the reciprocating screw 18. When the sliding seat 20 moves, it drives the first connecting plates 9 on both sides to rotate around the connection point with the fixed block 7 (with the fixed block 7 as the fulcrum). The rotation of the first connecting plate 9 pushes the second connecting plate 12 to move upward. The second connecting plate 12 drives the mounting block 13 to move upward. At the same time, through the connection of the horizontal plate 10, the third connecting plate 38 on one side of the fixed block 7 rotates around the connection point with the fixed block 7. The third connecting plate 38 drives the fourth connecting plate 39 to move upward. The fourth connecting plate 39 further pushes the mounting block 13 to move upward. The two sets of connecting rod structures work together to make the mounting block 13 rise smoothly.

[0020] To facilitate testing, this device employs the following technical solution: The lower fixture testing fixture assembly includes a lower fixture plate 14, which is fixedly mounted on the top of the mounting block 13. A first mounting plate 16 is mounted on the top of the lower fixture plate 14. Multiple support columns 22 are fixedly mounted on the top of the first mounting plate 16, and multiple positioning pins 23 are also fixedly mounted on the top of the first mounting plate 16. A PCB board body 17 is mounted on the top of each support column 22, and the positioning pins 23 pass through the PCB board body 17. Multiple first guide posts 15 are fixedly mounted on the top of the lower fixture plate 14, and two guide posts 15 are fixedly mounted on the top of the first mounting plate 16. As the positioning post 21 and mounting block 13 rise, the lower tooling plate 14 rises synchronously. During the rise of the lower tooling plate 14, the first guide post 15 at its top gradually approaches the second guide post 32 at the bottom of the upper tooling plate 31 and eventually cooperates with the second guide post 32. The rise of the lower tooling plate 14 drives the first mounting plate 16 to rise. The rise of the first mounting plate 16 causes the top support post 22 to gradually contact the bottom of the PCB board body 17 and continue to push the PCB board body 17 to move upward. During this process, the positioning pin 23 at the top of the first mounting plate 16 passes through the positioning hole on the PCB board body 17, accurately limiting the horizontal displacement of the PCB board body 17 and preventing it from deviating. To achieve the testing objective, this device employs the following technical solution: The upper tooling test fixture assembly includes an upper tooling plate 31, which is fixedly disposed inside the base plate 1. A second mounting plate 33 is mounted on the bottom of the upper tooling plate 31. A probe mounting plate 35 is provided at the bottom of the second mounting plate 33, and multiple thrust bearings 34 are mounted on the bottom of the second mounting plate 33. Multiple probes 36 are fixedly disposed on one side of the probe mounting plate 35, and the probes 36 penetrate the second mounting plate 33. A test equipment body 37 is mounted on the top of the upper tooling plate 31, and the test equipment body 37 is connected to the probes 36 via wires. Multiple second thrust bearings 34 are fixedly disposed on the bottom of the upper tooling plate 31. As the mounting block 13 continues to rise, the PCB board body 17 is pushed upward by the support column 22 until the test point of the PCB board body 17 is in complete contact with the probe 36 of the upper tooling test fixture assembly. At this time, the control motor 5 stops rotating, the lifting assembly stops rising, and the PCB board body 17 remains in the test position in contact with the probe 36. The test signal of the PCB board body 17 is transmitted to the connected wire through the probe 36. The wire transmits the signal to the test equipment body 37. The test equipment body 37 processes and converts the signal for testing and records the test data. During the test, the high and low temperature environment inside the housing 2 remains stable to ensure the accuracy of the test results. To achieve automatic stop, this device employs the following technical solution: The automatic stop assembly includes a side plate 24, which is fixedly mounted on one side of the base plate 1. A slide rail 25 is fixedly mounted on one side of the side plate 24, and a slider 26 is fitted around the slide rail 25. The slider 26 slides outside the slide rail 25. An L-shaped fixing plate 27 is fixedly mounted on one side of the slider 26. Two telescopic rods 29 are fixedly mounted at the bottom of the L-shaped fixing plate 27, and a support plate is fixedly mounted at the bottom of the two telescopic rods 29. The side plate 24 is fixedly connected to the support plate, and the telescopic rods 29 are fitted around the support plate. A spring 30 is provided, and a pad 28 is installed on one side of the L-fixed plate 27. When the PCB board body 17 moves to the automatic stop component, it will contact the pad 28. Due to the blocking effect of the pad 28, the PCB board body 17 stops moving and achieves automatic positioning. When the lower tooling plate 14 rises, it will push the pad 28 to move upward. The pad 28 drives the L-fixed plate 27 and the slider 26 to slide upward along the slide rail 25. The telescopic rod 29 is stretched and the spring 30 is stretched. The pad 28 is always in contact with the side of the PCB board body 17, further ensuring the stability of the PCB board body 17 during the rising process. To achieve the purpose of conveying, the device adopts the following technical solution: two side shells 3 are fixedly provided on one side of the shell 2, and a conveyor belt 4 is installed on one side of the side shell 3. When the conveyor belt 4 is started, the PCB board body 17 to be tested is placed at the feeding end of the conveyor belt 4, and the conveyor belt 4 drives the PCB board body 17 to move towards the testing station.

[0021] The usage process of this utility model is as follows: Start the conveyor belt 4, place the PCB board body 17 to be tested at the feed end of the conveyor belt 4, and the conveyor belt 4 drives the PCB board body 17 to move towards the test station. When the PCB board body 17 moves to the automatic stop component, it will contact the pad 28. Due to the blocking effect of the pad 28, the PCB board body 17 stops moving, thus achieving automatic positioning. After the PCB board body 17 is positioned at the automatic stop assembly, the motor 5 of the lifting assembly is started. The motor 5 drives the transmission shaft 6 to rotate clockwise (initially, the sliding seat 20 is close to the second fixed plate 19). The transmission shaft 6 drives the reciprocating screw 18 to rotate clockwise synchronously. Since the reciprocating screw 18 and the sliding seat 20 are connected by a ball screw pair, the clockwise rotation of the reciprocating screw 18 causes the sliding seat 20 to move linearly along the reciprocating screw 18 in a direction away from the second fixed plate 19 (i.e., towards the first fixed plate 8). When in motion, the first connecting plate 9 on both sides rotates around the connection point with the fixed block 7 (with the fixed block 7 as the fulcrum). The rotation of the first connecting plate 9 pushes the second connecting plate 12 to move upward. The second connecting plate 12 drives the mounting block 13 to move upward. At the same time, through the connection of the horizontal plate 10, the third connecting plate 38 on one side of the fixed block 7 rotates around the connection point with the fixed block 7. The third connecting plate 38 drives the fourth connecting plate 39 to move upward. The fourth connecting plate 39 further pushes the mounting block 13 to move upward. The two sets of connecting rod structures work together to make the mounting block 13 rise smoothly. As the mounting block 13 rises, the lower tooling plate 14 rises synchronously. During the rise of the lower tooling plate 14, the first guide post 15 at its top gradually approaches the second guide post 32 at the bottom of the upper tooling plate 31 and eventually cooperates with the second guide post 32. The rise of the lower tooling plate 14 causes the first mounting plate 16 to rise. The rise of the first mounting plate 16 causes the top support post 22 to gradually contact the bottom of the PCB board body 17 and continue to push the PCB board body 17 to move upward. During this process, the positioning pin 23 at the top of the first mounting plate 16 passes through the positioning hole on the PCB board body 17, accurately limiting the horizontal displacement of the PCB board body 17 and preventing it from deviating. At the same time, the rise of the lower tooling plate 14 will push the pad 28 to move upward. The pad 28 drives the L-fixed plate 27 and the slider 26 to slide upward along the slide rail 25. The telescopic rod 29 is stretched and the spring 30 is stretched. The pad 28 is always in contact with the side of the PCB board body 17, further ensuring that the position of the PCB board body 17 is stable during the rise. As the mounting block 13 continues to rise, the PCB board body 17 is pushed upward by the support column 22 until the test point of the PCB board body 17 is in complete contact with the probe 36 of the upper tooling test fixture assembly. At this time, the control motor 5 stops rotating, the lifting assembly stops rising, and the PCB board body 17 remains in the test position in contact with the probe 36. The test signal of the PCB board body 17 is transmitted to the connected wire through the probe 36. The wire transmits the signal to the test equipment body 37. The test equipment body 37 processes and converts the signal for testing and records the test data. During the test, the high and low temperature environment inside the housing 2 remains stable to ensure the accuracy of the test results. After the test is completed, the control motor 5 drives the transmission shaft 6 to rotate, which in turn drives the reciprocating screw 18 to rotate. The sliding seat 20 moves along the reciprocating screw 18 towards the second fixed plate 19. The movement of the sliding seat 20 drives the first connecting plate 9 to rotate around the connection point of the fixed block 7. The first connecting plate 9 pulls the second connecting plate 12 to move downward. The second connecting plate 12 drives the mounting block 13 to move downward. At the same time, the third connecting plate 38 rotates around the connection point of the fixed block 7. The third connecting plate 38 pulls the fourth connecting plate 39 to move downward. The fourth connecting plate 39 further drives the mounting block 13 to move downward. The mounting block 13 descends smoothly. The mounting block 13 descends, causing the lower tooling plate 14, the first mounting plate 16, the support column 22, and the positioning pin 23 to descend synchronously. The PCB board body 17 separates from the probe 36. As the lower tooling plate 14 descends, the pushing force on the pad 28 gradually disappears. The stretched spring 30 releases its elastic potential energy, pulling the L-fixed plate 27 and the slider 26 to slide downwards along the slide rail 25. The telescopic rod 29 retracts, and the pad 28 returns to its initial low position. When the mounting block 13 descends to its initial position (the lower tooling plate 14 returns to its lowest position), the PCB board body 17 falls onto the conveyor belt 4. The motor 5 stops rotating, and the conveyor belt 4 moves the PCB board body 17 out of the testing station.

[0022] The above description is merely a preferred embodiment of this utility model. Any person skilled in the art may modify this utility model or modify it into an equivalent technical solution using the technical solutions described above. Therefore, any simple modifications or equivalent substitutions made based on the technical solutions of this utility model are within the scope of protection claimed by this utility model.

Claims

1. A high-low temperature automatic test mechanism comprising a base plate (1), characterized in that: The bottom plate (1) is fixedly provided with a shell (2) on the top. The shell (2) is provided with a lifting assembly, a lower tooling test tooling assembly and an upper tooling test tooling assembly respectively. The bottom plate (1) is provided with an automatic stop assembly on one side. The lower tooling test tooling assembly is located on the top of the lifting assembly. The lifting assembly includes a first fixed plate (8) and a second fixed plate (19). The first fixed plate (8) and the second fixed plate (19) are fixedly mounted on the top of the base plate (1). A reciprocating screw (18) is connected between the first fixed plate (8) and the second fixed plate (19) via a bearing. A limit rod (11) is fixedly mounted between the first fixed plate (8) and the second fixed plate (19). A motor (5) is mounted on one side of the base plate (1). A transmission shaft (6) is fixedly connected to the output end of the motor (5). One end of the transmission shaft (6) is fixedly connected to the reciprocating screw (18). A sliding seat (20) is sleeved on the outside of the reciprocating screw (18). The reciprocating screw (18) and the sliding seat (20) are connected via a ball screw pair. The sliding seat (20) is connected to a first connecting plate (9) on both sides by bearings. The first connecting plate (9) is connected to a second connecting plate (12) on one side by bearings. The second connecting plate (12) is connected to a mounting block (13) on one side by bearings. The bottom plate (1) is fixed with two fixing blocks (7) on the top. The first connecting plate (9) is connected to the fixing block (7) on one side by bearings. The fixing block (7) is connected to a third connecting plate (38) on one side by bearings. The third connecting plate (38) is connected to a fourth connecting plate (39) on one side by bearings. The fourth connecting plate (39) is connected to the mounting block (13) by bearings. The mounting block (13) and the fourth connecting plate (39) are connected to a horizontal plate (10) on one side by bearings.

2. The high-low temperature automatic test mechanism according to claim 1, wherein: The lower tooling test fixture assembly includes a lower tooling plate (14), which is fixedly mounted on the top of the mounting block (13). A first mounting plate (16) is mounted on the top of the lower tooling plate (14). A plurality of support columns (22) are fixedly mounted on the top of the first mounting plate (16). A plurality of positioning pins (23) are provided on the top of the first mounting plate (16). A PCB board body (17) is provided on the top of the support columns (22). The positioning pins (23) pass through the PCB board body (17).

3. The high-low temperature automatic test mechanism of claim 1, wherein: The upper tooling test fixture assembly includes an upper tooling plate (31), which is fixedly disposed inside the base plate (1). A second mounting plate (33) is installed at the bottom of the upper tooling plate (31). A probe mounting plate (35) is provided at the bottom of the second mounting plate (33). Multiple thrust bearings (34) are installed at the bottom of the second mounting plate (33). Multiple probes (36) are fixedly disposed on one side of the probe mounting plate (35). The probes (36) penetrate the second mounting plate (33). A test equipment body (37) is installed at the top of the upper tooling plate (31). The test equipment body (37) and the probes (36) are connected by wires.

4. The high-low temperature automatic test mechanism of claim 3, wherein: The bottom of the upper tooling plate (31) is fixedly provided with multiple second guide posts (32).

5. The high-low temperature automatic test mechanism of claim 1, wherein: The automatic stop assembly includes a side plate (24), which is fixedly mounted on one side of the base plate (1). A slide rail (25) is fixedly mounted on one side of the side plate (24). A slider (26) is sleeved on the outside of the slide rail (25). The slider (26) slides outside the slide rail (25). An L-fixed plate (27) is fixedly mounted on one side of the slider (26). Two telescopic rods (29) are fixedly mounted at the bottom of the L-fixed plate (27). A support plate is fixedly mounted at the bottom of the two telescopic rods (29). The side plate (24) is fixedly connected to the support plate. A spring (30) is sleeved on the outside of the telescopic rods (29). A pad (28) is installed on one side of the L-fixed plate (27).

6. The high-low temperature automatic test mechanism of claim 1, wherein: Two side shells (3) are fixedly provided on one side of the shell (2), and a conveyor belt (4) is installed on one side of the side shell (3).

7. The high-low temperature automatic test mechanism of claim 2, wherein: The lower tooling plate (14) is fixedly provided with a plurality of first guide posts (15) on its top.

8. The high-low temperature automatic test mechanism of claim 2, wherein: Two guide positioning posts (21) are fixedly provided on the top of the first mounting plate (16).

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