Photovoltaic coupled electrocatalytic system

Abstract

This utility model relates to the field of photovoltaic coupled electrocatalysis technology, and discloses a photovoltaic coupled electrocatalysis system, which includes a photovoltaic cell, an electrocatalytic component, and auxiliary elements. The photovoltaic cell includes a perovskite tandem top cell and a bottom cell stacked and spaced apart. The perovskite tandem top cell includes a wide-bandgap perovskite cell and a narrow-bandgap perovskite cell stacked and electrically connected in series, with the narrow-bandgap perovskite cell located between the wide-bandgap perovskite cell and the bottom cell, and the bandgap of the narrow-bandgap perovskite cell being larger than that of the bottom cell. The electrocatalytic component includes an anode plate and a cathode plate, which form a first electrical circuit with the perovskite tandem top cell. The auxiliary elements form a second electrical circuit with the bottom cell. The perovskite tandem top cell has a higher open-circuit voltage, thus providing the high voltage required for electrocatalysis of the electrocatalytic component without the need for multiple cells in series. The bottom cell can power the auxiliary elements, thereby improving the utilization rate of sunlight.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This utility model relates to the field of photovoltaic coupled electrocatalysis technology, and specifically to a photovoltaic coupled electrocatalysis system. Background Technology

[0002] Solar energy, with its high reserves, wide distribution, renewable nature, and pollution-free characteristics, is considered key to solving energy shortages and environmental pollution problems. Solar cells, as an effective way to utilize solar energy, work by directly converting solar radiation into electrical energy using the photovoltaic effect. Perovskite solar cells, as a third-generation solar cell, have advantages such as low cost, simple fabrication process, and high photoelectric conversion efficiency. Under current laboratory conditions, the highest photoelectric conversion efficiency of perovskite single-junction cells has exceeded 25%, approaching that of single-crystal silicon cells.

[0003] Photovoltaic-coupled electrocatalysis (PV-CCP) technology combines photovoltaic power generation with electrocatalysis, enabling important applications such as decentralized water electrolysis for hydrogen production, wastewater denitrification, carbon dioxide reduction, and room-temperature ammonia synthesis. However, electrocatalysis requires high electrolysis voltages, which are insufficient for single-junction perovskite cells. Multiple perovskite cells must be connected in series to form a perovskite cell string, resulting in a large and inconveniently designed string. Furthermore, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite cell string is affected by the worst-performing sub-cell; failure of one sub-cell can cause the entire string to fail, leading to system reliability issues. Utility Model Content

[0004] In view of this, the present invention provides a photovoltaic coupled electrocatalytic system to reduce the size of photovoltaic cells and improve their reliability.

[0005] This utility model provides a photovoltaic coupled electrocatalytic system, comprising:

[0006] A photovoltaic cell, comprising a perovskite tandem top cell and a bottom cell stacked and spaced apart; the perovskite tandem top cell comprising a wide-bandgap perovskite cell and a narrow-bandgap perovskite cell stacked and electrically connected in series, the narrow-bandgap perovskite cell being located between the wide-bandgap perovskite cell and the bottom cell, the bandgap of the narrow-bandgap perovskite cell being larger than the bandgap of the bottom cell;

[0007] An electrocatalytic assembly, comprising an anode plate and a cathode plate, wherein the anode plate, the cathode plate, and the perovskite tandem top cell form a first electrical circuit;

[0008] An auxiliary component, which forms a second electrical circuit with the bottom battery.

[0009] In the aforementioned photovoltaic-coupled electrocatalytic system, the wide-bandgap perovskite cell, narrow-bandgap perovskite cell, and bottom cell absorb light in different wavelengths, achieving efficient utilization of the solar spectrum. Compared to single-junction perovskite cells, the perovskite tandem top cell, composed of wide-bandgap and narrow-bandgap perovskite cells connected in series, has a higher open-circuit voltage. Therefore, it can provide the high voltage required for electrocatalysis without requiring multiple cells to be connected in series. This not only reduces the size of the photovoltaic cell but also improves its reliability. The bottom cell can power auxiliary components, improving the utilization rate of sunlight and increasing the power generation capacity of the photovoltaic cell. Furthermore, since no additional power supply is needed for auxiliary components, the system setup is simplified.

[0010] In some optional embodiments, the band gaps of both the wide-bandgap perovskite solar cell and the narrow-bandgap perovskite solar cell are 1.2 eV-2.5 eV, and the band gap of the wide-bandgap perovskite solar cell is larger than that of the narrow-bandgap perovskite solar cell; the band gap of the bottom cell is 1.1 eV-1.15 eV.

[0011] In some alternative embodiments, the wide bandgap perovskite solar cell has a bandgap of 1.8 eV-2.2 eV, and the narrow bandgap perovskite solar cell has a bandgap of 1.4 eV-1.7 eV.

[0012] In some optional embodiments, the wide-bandgap perovskite solar cell includes a transparent front electrode, a first charge transport layer, a wide-bandgap perovskite layer, a second charge transport layer, and a middle transparent electrode stacked sequentially; the narrow-bandgap perovskite solar cell includes a middle transparent electrode, a third charge transport layer, a narrow-bandgap perovskite layer, a fourth charge transport layer, and a transparent back electrode stacked sequentially; the middle transparent electrode is a common electrode for the wide-bandgap perovskite solar cell and the narrow-bandgap perovskite solar cell.

[0013] In some alternative embodiments, the transparent front electrode is FTO or ITO.

[0014] In some optional embodiments, the intermediate light-transmitting electrode includes an ITO layer, an IWO layer, an IZO layer, or an ICO layer, and the thickness of the intermediate light-transmitting electrode is 50 nm to 150 nm.

[0015] In some optional embodiments, the light-transmitting back electrode includes an ITO layer, and the thickness of the light-transmitting back electrode is 50 nm to 200 nm.

[0016] In some optional embodiments, the first charge transport layer and the third charge transport layer are hole transport layers, and the second charge transport layer and the fourth charge transport layer are electron transport layers; or, the first charge transport layer and the third charge transport layer are electron transport layers, and the second charge transport layer and the fourth charge transport layer are hole transport layers.

[0017] In some optional embodiments, the perovskite tandem top cell includes a substrate located on the side surface of the wide-bandgap perovskite cell opposite to the narrow-bandgap perovskite cell; the substrate includes a device region and an encapsulation region surrounding the device region, the orthographic projection of the perovskite tandem top cell onto the substrate coincides with the device region, and the orthographic projection of the bottom cell onto the substrate is located in the device region; the photovoltaic cell further includes an encapsulation backplate and an encapsulation adhesive layer, the encapsulation backplate being located on the side of the bottom cell opposite to the substrate, the encapsulation adhesive layer being located in the encapsulation region, and the encapsulation adhesive layer bonding the substrate and the encapsulation backplate.

[0018] In some optional embodiments, the photovoltaic cell further includes a first encapsulating film disposed between the top cell and the bottom cell of the perovskite tandem, and the first encapsulating film adhesively and insulatingly separating the top cell and the bottom cell of the perovskite tandem.

[0019] In some optional embodiments, the photovoltaic cell further includes a second encapsulating film disposed between the bottom cell and the encapsulation backplate, the second encapsulating film bonding the encapsulation backplate to the bottom cell.

[0020] In some alternative embodiments, the first encapsulating film includes a polyolefin elastomer film, an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer film, or a thermoplastic polyolefin film.

[0021] In some alternative embodiments, the bottom battery includes any one of crystalline silicon batteries, copper indium gallium selenide batteries, cadmium telluride batteries, and gallium arsenide batteries.

[0022] In some alternative implementations, the auxiliary components include one or more of electronic detection elements, water pumps, lighting systems, and energy storage modules.

[0023] In some optional embodiments, the photovoltaic-coupled electrocatalytic system further includes a first voltage regulator module and / or a second voltage regulator module; the first voltage regulator module is located between the perovskite tandem top cell and the electrocatalytic component along the transmission direction of the output current of the perovskite tandem top cell; and the second voltage regulator module is located between the bottom cell and the auxiliary element along the transmission direction of the output current of the bottom cell. Attached Figure Description

[0024] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the specific embodiments or related technologies of this utility model, the drawings used in the description of the specific embodiments or related technologies will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are some embodiments of this utility model. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained from these drawings without creative effort.

[0025] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a photovoltaic cell according to an embodiment of the present utility model.

[0026] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of a photovoltaic-coupled electrocatalytic system according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0027] Explanation of reference numerals in the attached figures:

[0028] 1-Photovoltaic cell; 11-Perovskite tandem top cell; 11a-Wide bandgap perovskite cell; 11b-Narrow bandgap perovskite cell; 111-Transparent front electrode; 112-First charge transport layer; 113-Wide bandgap perovskite layer; 114-Second charge transport layer; 115-Intermediate transparent electrode; 116-Third charge transport layer; 117-Narrow bandgap perovskite layer; 118-Fourth charge transport layer; 119-Transparent back electrode; 120-Substrate; 12-Bottom cell; 13-First encapsulating film; 14-Second encapsulating film; 15-Encapsulation backplate; 16-Encapsulating adhesive layer; 21-Anode plate; 22-Anode flow field plate; 23-Cathode plate; 24-Cathode flow field plate; 25-Separator; 3-Auxiliary components. Detailed Implementation

[0029] The present invention will now be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It should be understood that the embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the present invention and not intended to limit it. Furthermore, it should be noted that, for ease of description, the accompanying drawings show only the parts relevant to the present invention, not the entire structure.

[0030] refer to Figure 1 and Figure 2 This utility model provides a photovoltaic coupled electrocatalytic system, comprising:

[0031] A photovoltaic cell 1 includes a perovskite tandem top cell 11 and a bottom cell 12 stacked and spaced apart; the perovskite tandem top cell 11 includes a wide-bandgap perovskite cell 11a and a narrow-bandgap perovskite cell 11b stacked and electrically connected in series, the narrow-bandgap perovskite cell 11b being located between the wide-bandgap perovskite cell 11a and the bottom cell 12, and the bandgap of the narrow-bandgap perovskite cell 11b being larger than the bandgap of the bottom cell 12;

[0032] An electrocatalytic assembly, comprising an anode plate 21 and a cathode plate 23, wherein the anode plate 21, the cathode plate 23, and the perovskite tandem top cell 11 form a first electrical circuit;

[0033] Auxiliary element 3, which forms a second electrical circuit with the bottom battery 12.

[0034] The photovoltaic cell 1 is a four-terminal perovskite / crystalline silicon tandem cell module. The wide-bandgap perovskite cell 11a contains a wide-bandgap perovskite layer 113, where the bandgap of the wide-bandgap perovskite cell 11a refers to the bandgap of the wide-bandgap perovskite layer 113. The narrow-bandgap perovskite cell 11b contains a narrow-bandgap perovskite layer 117, where the bandgap of the narrow-bandgap perovskite cell 11b refers to the bandgap of the narrow-bandgap perovskite layer 117, and the bandgap of the wide-bandgap perovskite layer 113 is greater than the bandgap of the narrow-bandgap perovskite layer 117. The bottom cell 12 has a light-absorbing layer, where the bandgap of the bottom cell 12 refers to the bandgap of the light-absorbing layer.

[0035] The narrow-bandgap perovskite solar cell 11b is located between the wide-bandgap perovskite solar cell 11a and the bottom cell 12, and the bandgap of the narrow-bandgap perovskite solar cell 11b is between the bandgap of the wide-bandgap perovskite solar cell 11a and the bandgap of the bottom cell 12. Therefore, when sunlight shines on the wide-bandgap perovskite solar cell 11a, some wavelengths of light are absorbed by the wide-bandgap perovskite layer 113 for power generation; light not absorbed by the wide-bandgap perovskite layer 113 shines on the narrow-bandgap perovskite solar cell 11b, and some wavelengths of light are absorbed by the narrow-bandgap perovskite layer 117 for power generation; light not absorbed by the narrow-bandgap perovskite layer 117 shines on the bottom cell 12, and at least some wavelengths of light are absorbed by the light-absorbing layer of the bottom cell 12 for power generation. That is, the wide-bandgap perovskite solar cell 11a, the narrow-bandgap perovskite solar cell 11b, and the bottom cell 12 absorb light in different wavelengths, achieving efficient utilization of the solar spectrum.

[0036] Compared to single-junction perovskite cells, the perovskite tandem top cell 11, composed of a wide-bandgap perovskite cell 11a and a narrow-bandgap perovskite cell 11b connected in series, has a higher open-circuit voltage. Therefore, it can provide the high voltage required for electrocatalysis of the electrocatalytic module without the need for multiple cells to be connected in series. This not only reduces the size of the photovoltaic cell but also improves its reliability. The bottom cell 12 can power the auxiliary element 3, which can improve the utilization of sunlight and increase the power generation capacity of the photovoltaic cell. At the same time, since there is no need to configure an additional power supply for the auxiliary element 3, the system setup can be simplified.

[0037] With the four-terminal stacked structure of the perovskite tandem top cell 11 and bottom cell 12, voltage matching between the perovskite tandem top cell 11 and bottom cell 12 is not required under the same illumination area. The perovskite tandem top cell 11 is composed of a wide-bandgap perovskite cell 11a and a narrow-bandgap perovskite cell 11b stacked together. Since both the wide-bandgap perovskite cell 11a and the narrow-bandgap perovskite cell 11b are perovskite cells, voltage matching between them is easier, and the stacking of the two can generate a larger voltage, thus enabling independent power supply to the electrocatalytic system and ensuring smooth electrocatalysis. Powering the auxiliary element 3 through the bottom cell 12 also avoids voltage division of the perovskite tandem top cell 11, resulting in stronger system stability.

[0038] Specifically, the bottom cell 12 includes, but is not limited to, any one of crystalline silicon cells, copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) cells, cadmium telluride cells, and gallium arsenide cells. The crystalline silicon cell can be a planar crystalline silicon cell, a single-sided textured crystalline silicon cell, or a double-sided textured crystalline silicon cell. Crystalline silicon cells include, but are not limited to, emitter and back passivation (PERC) cells, tunnel oxide passivated contact (TOPCon) cells, heterojunction (HJT) cells, and homojunction cells.

[0039] The auxiliary component 3 includes, but is not limited to, one or more of electronic detection components, water pumps, lighting systems, and energy storage modules, so the water pump can be a miniature water pump with a small driving voltage.

[0040] In some optional embodiments, the bandgap of the bottom cell 12 is 1.1 eV-1.15 eV, and the bandgap of both the wide-bandgap perovskite cell 11a and the narrow-bandgap perovskite cell 11b is 1.2 eV-2.5 eV, with the wide-bandgap perovskite cell 11a having a larger bandgap than the narrow-bandgap perovskite cell 11b. The bottom cell 12 with the above-mentioned bandgap mainly absorbs infrared wavelengths. The wide-bandgap perovskite layer 113 and the wide-bandgap perovskite layer 113 can be prepared using existing processes, such as solution methods, which include a two-step sequential deposition process and a one-step anti-solvent deposition process.

[0041] For example, the bandgap of the wide bandgap perovskite cell 11a can be 1.8eV-2.2eV, and the bandgap of the narrow bandgap perovskite cell 11b can be 1.4eV-1.7eV. The perovskite tandem top cell 11 can provide an output voltage of 2.5V-3V, which can be adapted to the water electrolysis function with high electrolysis voltage requirements. Moreover, the above-mentioned bandgap can avoid the high degree of current mismatch between the two perovskite cells due to the large difference in bandgap between the two perovskite cells, thereby avoiding large energy loss of the perovskite tandem top cell 11.

[0042] For example, the wide-bandgap perovskite layer 113 includes, but is not limited to, Rb 0.05 Cs0.1 FA 0.85 Pb(I 0.45 Br 0.55 )3 layers (band gap of 1.95 eV), Cs 0.05 FA 0.8 MA 0.15 Pb(I 0.3 Br 0.7 3 layers (band gap of 1.99 eV); narrow band gap perovskite layer 117 including but not limited to Cs 0.05 FA 0.75 MA 0.2 PbI3 layer (band gap of 1.54 eV), Cs 0.05 FA 0.8 MA 0.15 Pb(I 0.8 Br 0.2 3 layers (band gap of 1.65 eV).

[0043] The thickness of the wide-bandgap perovskite layer 113 can be 400nm-1000nm, such as 400nm, 450nm, 470nm, 500nm, 520nm, 550nm, 570nm, 580nm, 600nm, 700nm, 800nm, 900nm, 1000nm, etc., or any range of the above values; preferably 450nm-600nm.

[0044] The thickness of the narrow bandgap perovskite layer 117 can be 400nm-1000nm, such as 400nm, 450nm, 470nm, 500nm, 520nm, 550nm, 570nm, 580nm, 600nm, 700nm, 800nm, 900nm, 1000nm, etc., or any range of the above values; preferably 450nm-600nm.

[0045] refer to Figure 1 In the perovskite tandem top solar cell 11, the wide-bandgap perovskite solar cell 11a may include a transparent front electrode 111, a first charge transport layer 112, a wide-bandgap perovskite layer 113, a second charge transport layer 114, and a central transparent electrode 115 stacked sequentially; the narrow-bandgap perovskite solar cell 11b includes a central transparent electrode 115, a third charge transport layer 116, a narrow-bandgap perovskite layer 117, a fourth charge transport layer 118, and a transparent back electrode 119 stacked sequentially; the central transparent electrode 115 is a common electrode for the wide-bandgap perovskite solar cell 11a and the narrow-bandgap perovskite solar cell 11b.

[0046] The wide-bandgap perovskite solar cell 11a and the narrow-bandgap perovskite solar cell 11b have the same structural type; that is, the wide-bandgap perovskite solar cell 11a and the narrow-bandgap perovskite solar cell 11b can both be formal structures or both be inverse structures. Specifically, the first charge transport layer 112 and the third charge transport layer 116 can be hole transport layers (HTL), and the second charge transport layer 114 and the fourth charge transport layer 118 can be electron transport layers (ETL); or, the first charge transport layer 112 and the third charge transport layer 116 can be electron transport layers (ETL), and the second charge transport layer 114 and the fourth charge transport layer 118 can be hole transport layers (HTL).

[0047] Furthermore, the perovskite tandem top solar cell 11 also includes a substrate 120, which is located on the side surface of the wide-bandgap perovskite solar cell 11a opposite to the narrow-bandgap perovskite solar cell 11b. That is, the transparent front electrode 111 is located on one side surface of the substrate 120. When the first charge transport layer 112 and the third charge transport layer 116 are hole transport layers (HTL), and the second charge transport layer 114 and the fourth charge transport layer 118 are electron transport layers (ETL), both the wide-bandgap perovskite solar cell 11a and the narrow-bandgap perovskite solar cell 11b are inverted structures. When the first charge transport layer 112 and the third charge transport layer 116 are electron transport layers (ETL), and the second charge transport layer 114 and the fourth charge transport layer 118 are hole transport layers (HTL), both the wide-bandgap perovskite solar cell 11a and the narrow-bandgap perovskite solar cell 11b are normal structures.

[0048] The hole transport layer material includes one or more of inorganic hole transport materials and organic hole transport materials; the inorganic hole transport materials include, but are not limited to, NiO. x MnS, CuSCN, CuOx, or CuI, etc.; the organic hole transport materials include, but are not limited to, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), polytriarylamine (PTAA), 2,2',7,7'-tetratetra[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9'-spirodifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD), N,N'-bis(3-methylphenyl)-N,N'-diphenylbenzidine, [4-(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl]phosphate (Me-4PACz), N,N,N',N'-tetraphenyl-p-diaminobiphenyl (TPD), poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT), N,N'-di-1-naphthyl-N,N'-diphenylbenzidine (NPD), and 4,4'-bis(diphenylamino)biphenyl (TPBD).

[0049] The electron transport layer materials include inorganic electron transport materials and organic electron transport materials. The inorganic electron transport materials include, but are not limited to, titanium dioxide, tin oxide, or zinc oxide; the organic electron transport materials include, but are not limited to, fullerene C. 60 Fullerene C 70 [6,6]-Phenylacetic-C71-Butyrate Methyl Ester (PC) 71 BM), [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyrate methyl ester (PC) 61 BM), 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP), 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Bphen), N-phenyl-2-hexyl

[60] fullerenepyrrolidine (PC) 61 H), bis

[60] PCBM (bis-PCBM), 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic acid dibenzimidazole (PTCBI), N,2-diphenyl

[60] fullerenepyrrolidine (PC) 61 P).

[0050] The materials for the electron transport layer and hole transport layer can be selected based on the structural type (formal and inverse) and fabrication process of the wide-bandgap perovskite solar cell 11a and the narrow-bandgap perovskite solar cell 11b.

[0051] For example, the hole transport layer in the inverse structure can be NiO. x Layer, NiO x The thickness of the layer can range from 4nm to 20nm, such as 4nm, 5nm, 6nm, 7nm, 8nm, 9nm, 10nm, 15nm, and 20nm. In the inverted structure, the electron transport layer can be a composite layer consisting of a first layer and a second layer stacked together. The first layer is located on the surface of the perovskite layer facing away from the substrate 120, and the second layer is located on the surface of the first layer facing away from the perovskite layer. The material of the first sublayer can be fullerene C. 60 [6,6]-Phenylacetic-C61-Butyrate Methyl Ester (PC) 61 The material of the second sublayer can be 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP) or tin oxide (SnO2). The thickness of the first sublayer can be 15nm-20nm, such as 15nm, 16nm, 17nm, 18nm, 19nm, 20nm, or any range of the above values. The thickness of the second sublayer can be 3nm-20nm, such as 3nm, 5nm, 8nm, 10nm, 13nm, 15nm, 18nm, 20nm, or any range of the above values.

[0052] The substrate 120 includes, but is not limited to, glass and flexible polymer substrates, and the flexible polymer substrates include, but are not limited to, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyethylene naphthalate (PEN).

[0053] The intermediate light-transmitting electrode 115 includes, but is not limited to, an ITO layer, an IWO (indium tungsten oxide) layer, an IZO (indium zinc oxide) layer, or an ICO (indium cerium oxide) layer. The thickness of the intermediate light-transmitting electrode 115 can be 50nm to 150nm, such as 50nm, 60nm, 70nm, 80nm, 90nm, 100nm, 110nm, 120nm, 130nm, 140nm, 150nm, etc., or any range of the above values.

[0054] The transparent front electrode 111 includes, but is not limited to, an FTO (fluorine-doped tin oxide) layer, an ITO (indium tin oxide) layer, and an AZO (aluminum-doped zinc oxide) layer. The transparent front electrode 111 can form a conductive substrate with the substrate 120. The conductive substrate can be commercially available FTO conductive glass, ITO conductive glass, ITO / PET flexible substrate, or ITO / PEN flexible substrate, etc.

[0055] The light-transmitting back electrode 119 includes, but is not limited to, an ITO layer. The thickness of the light-transmitting back electrode 119 can be 50nm to 200nm, such as 50nm, 60nm, 70nm, 80nm, 90nm, 100nm, 110nm, 120nm, 130nm, 140nm, 150nm, 160nm, 170nm, 180nm, 190nm, 200nm, etc., or any range of the above values.

[0056] refer to Figure 1 In some optional embodiments, the photovoltaic cell 1 further includes a first encapsulating film 13, which is disposed between the perovskite tandem top cell 11 and the bottom cell 12, and the first encapsulating film 13 bonds and insulates the perovskite tandem top cell 11 and the bottom cell 12. Specifically, the first encapsulating film 13 is a transparent film, the transparency of which facilitates light passing through the perovskite tandem top cell 11 to illuminate the bottom cell 12, thereby improving the light utilization rate of the bottom cell 12. The first encapsulating film 13 includes, but is not limited to, polyolefin elastomer (POE) film, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) film, or thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO) film.

[0057] refer to Figure 1In some optional embodiments, the substrate 120 includes a device region and an encapsulation region surrounding the device region. The orthographic projection of the perovskite tandem top cell 11 onto the substrate 120 coincides with the device region, and the orthographic projection of the bottom cell 12 onto the substrate 120 is located in the device region. The photovoltaic cell 1 further includes an encapsulation backplate 15 and an encapsulation adhesive layer 16. The encapsulation backplate 15 is located on the side of the bottom cell 12 facing away from the substrate 120, and the encapsulation adhesive layer 16 is located in the encapsulation region. The encapsulation adhesive layer 16 bonds the substrate 120 and the encapsulation backplate 15. The encapsulation adhesive layer 16 located on the sides of the perovskite tandem top cell 11 and bottom cell 12 is used for edge sealing to ensure that the perovskite tandem top cell 11 and bottom cell 12 are not corroded by water and oxygen. The encapsulation backplate 15 can be a rigid backplate such as glass or a flexible backplate such as aluminum-plastic film. The encapsulation adhesive layer 16 includes, but is not limited to, a butyl adhesive layer.

[0058] refer to Figure 1 In some optional embodiments, the photovoltaic cell 1 further includes a second encapsulating film 14, which is disposed between the bottom cell 12 and the encapsulation backplate 15, and the second encapsulating film 14 bonds the encapsulation backplate 15 to the bottom cell 12.

[0059] refer to Figure 2 The electrocatalytic assembly may include an anode flow field plate 22, an anode plate 21, a separator 25, a cathode plate 23, and a cathode flow field plate 24 stacked sequentially. The anode flow field plate 22 has an anode flow channel (not shown) on the side facing the anode plate 21, and the cathode flow field plate 24 has a cathode flow channel (not shown) on the side facing the cathode plate 23. One of the transparent front electrode 111 and the light-transmitting back electrode 119 constitutes the positive electrode of the perovskite tandem top cell 11, and the other constitutes the negative electrode of the perovskite tandem top cell 11, depending on the structure type of the cell. The positive electrode and the anode plate 21 are connected by leads, and the negative electrode and the cathode plate 23 are connected by leads. The positive and negative electrodes of the bottom cell 12 are connected to the auxiliary element 3 by leads, and the leads penetrate the encapsulation adhesive layer 16.

[0060] The electrocatalytic component also includes two electrolyte circulation units (not shown), with the anode and cathode flow channels each connected to one of these electrolyte circulation units. Specifically, the flow field plate has a flow channel inlet and a flow channel outlet, and the electrolyte circulation unit has an electrolyte input end and an electrolyte output end. The electrolyte output end is connected to the flow channel inlet, and the electrolyte input end is connected to the flow channel outlet, forming a closed flow path. The electrolyte circulates along this closed flow path. Each electrolyte circulation unit includes an electrolyte source, a gas-liquid separator, a liquid pipe, and a driver. The liquid pipe connects the flow field plate, electrolyte source, gas-liquid separator, and driver. The driver drives the electrolyte to circulate along the closed flow path. The gas produced by the electrocatalytic component reaction flows out of the flow field plate along with the electrolyte, and the gas-liquid separator separates the gas.

[0061] In some optional embodiments, the photovoltaic-coupled electrocatalytic system further includes a first voltage regulator module (not shown) and / or a second voltage regulator module (not shown); along the direction of current transmission of the perovskite tandem top cell 11, the first voltage regulator module is located between the perovskite tandem top cell 11 and the electrocatalytic component; along the direction of current transmission of the bottom cell 12, the second voltage regulator module is located between the bottom cell 12 and the auxiliary element 3. The first voltage regulator module can stabilize the voltage output of the perovskite tandem top cell 11, and the second voltage regulator module can stabilize the voltage output of the bottom cell 12, which is beneficial to improving the stability of the operation of the electrocatalytic component and the auxiliary element 3. The first voltage regulator module includes, but is not limited to, a DC-DC module, and the second voltage regulator module includes, but is not limited to, a DC-DC module.

[0062] The perovskite tandem top cell 11 is connected to the anode plate 21 and cathode plate 23 of the electrocatalytic component through a first voltage regulator module. The electrical energy generated and output by the perovskite tandem top cell 11 needs to be converted by the first voltage regulator module before being transmitted to the anode plate 21 and cathode plate 23 of the electrocatalytic component. The first voltage regulator module is located in the first electrical circuit, and the first electrical circuit is an indirect electrochemical circuit.

[0063] The auxiliary element 3 is connected to the bottom battery 12 through the second voltage regulator module. The electrical energy generated and output by the bottom battery 12 needs to be converted by the second voltage regulator module before being transmitted to the auxiliary element 3. The second voltage regulator module is located in the second electrical circuit, and the second electrical circuit is an indirect electrochemical circuit.

[0064] Without the first and second voltage regulator modules, the perovskite tandem top cell 11 is directly connected to the anode plate 21 and cathode plate 23 of the electrocatalytic component via leads, and the auxiliary element 3 is directly connected to the bottom cell 12 via leads. Both the first and second electrical circuits are direct electrochemical circuits.

[0065] The electrolysis steps of the photovoltaic-coupled electrocatalytic system of this application are as follows: Under the drive of the driver, the electrolyte in the anode electrolyte source enters the anode flow field plate 22 and flows in the anode flow channel, thereby contacting the anode plate 21; under the drive of the driver, the electrolyte in the cathode electrolyte source enters the cathode flow field plate 24 and flows in the cathode flow channel, thereby contacting the cathode plate 23; the photovoltaic cell 1 converts solar radiation into electrical energy, the bottom cell 12 supplies power to the auxiliary element 3, and the perovskite tandem top cell 11 supplies power to the anode plate 21 and cathode plate 23 of the electrocatalytic component, causing the electrolyte in the anode plate 21 to undergo an oxidation reaction and the electrolyte in the cathode plate 23 to undergo a reduction reaction (for example, when electrolyzing water, oxygen is generated at the anode and hydrogen is generated at the cathode). The redox products are then separated through the diaphragm 25 and collected in the storage pipeline. The yield and total amount of the redox products can be monitored by the detection unit.

[0066] The embodiments of the technical solution of this application are described in detail below. The following embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solution of this application more clearly, and are therefore only examples, and should not be used to limit the scope of protection of this application.

[0067] Example 1

[0068] This embodiment provides a photovoltaic cell, the preparation method of which includes the following steps:

[0069] Ultrasonic cleaning was performed on a 5cm×5cm ultra-white glass to remove impurities from its surface. Then, a 300nm FTO layer was deposited on its front side to obtain FTO conductive glass.

[0070] A 10 nm thick NiO layer was deposited on the surface of the FTO layer using magnetron sputtering. x layer;

[0071] A one-step anti-solvent deposition process was used in NiO x A wide-bandgap perovskite layer with a thickness of 450 nm is deposited on the surface of the layer. The material of the wide-bandgap perovskite layer is Rb. 0.05 Cs 0.1 FA 0.85 Pb(I 0.45 Br 0.55 3;

[0072] A C60 layer with a thickness of 15 nm was sequentially deposited on the surface of a wide-bandgap perovskite layer using a vacuum evaporation process.

[0073] A SnO2 layer with a thickness of 15 nm was deposited on the surface of the C60 layer using atomic layer deposition (ALD) process;

[0074] An ITO layer with a thickness of 100 nm was deposited on the surface of the SnO2 layer using a magnetron sputtering process;

[0075] NiO with a thickness of 10 nm was deposited on the surface of the ITO layer using magnetron sputtering. x layer;

[0076] A one-step anti-solvent deposition process was used in NiO x A narrow-bandgap perovskite layer with a thickness of 450 nm is deposited on the surface of the layer. The material of the narrow-bandgap perovskite layer is Cs. 0.05 FA 0.75 MA 0.2 PbI3;

[0077] A C60 layer with a thickness of 15 nm was sequentially deposited on the surface of a narrow bandgap perovskite layer using a vacuum evaporation process.

[0078] A SnO2 layer with a thickness of 15 nm was deposited on the surface of the C60 layer using atomic layer deposition (ALD) process;

[0079] A 150 nm thick ITO layer was deposited on the surface of a SnO2 layer using magnetron sputtering to obtain a perovskite tandem top solar cell.

[0080] Using HJT cells as the bottom cells, a POE film is placed between the top and bottom cells of the perovskite tandem layer. The lamination and encapsulation are completed by laminating at 115°C and 5 kPa for 15 minutes using a laminator to obtain the photovoltaic cell.

[0081] Example 2

[0082] The only difference between Example 2 and Example 1 is that the material of the wide-bandgap perovskite layer is Cs. 0.05 FA 0.8 MA 0.15 Pb(I 0.3 Br 0.7 3. The material of the narrow bandgap perovskite layer is Cs. 0.05 FA 0.8 MA 0.15 Pb(I 0.8 Br 0.2 3.

[0083] Photoelectric conversion performance test

[0084] Using an AM 1.5G solar simulator to provide 100mW / cm² to photovoltaic cells 2Under illumination, the volt-ampere characteristic curves of the photovoltaic cells were obtained using a digital source meter, yielding the open-circuit voltage Voc, short-circuit current density Jsc, fill factor FF, and power conversion efficiency (PCE). For photovoltaic cells composed of a perovskite tandem top and bottom cell, the digital source meter could obtain the volt-ampere characteristic curves of the top and bottom cells under illumination, respectively, yielding the open-circuit voltage Voc, short-circuit current density Jsc, fill factor FF, and PCE. The power conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic cells in Examples 1-2 was tested, and the results are shown in Table 1.

[0085] Table 1

[0086]

[0087] As shown in Table 1, compared with single-junction wide-bandgap perovskite cells and single-junction narrow-bandgap perovskite cells, the four-terminal tandem photovoltaic cell containing wide-bandgap perovskite cells, narrow-bandgap perovskite cells, and HJT cells has a higher solar energy utilization rate and a higher photoelectric conversion efficiency. At the same time, compared with the single-junction cells mentioned above, the perovskite tandem top cell composed of wide-bandgap perovskite cells and narrow-bandgap perovskite cells arranged in series has a higher open-circuit voltage, thus providing the high voltage required for electrocatalysis of the electrocatalytic module.

[0088] In this application, terms such as "multiple," "various," "multiple items," and "several" are used, unless otherwise specified, to refer to a quantity greater than or equal to 2. For example, "one or more" means one or more or more items. It can be understood that when "any number of" items are involved, it refers to any suitable combination of multiple items, that is, a combination of "any number of" items in a manner that does not conflict and enables the implementation of this application.

[0089] In this application, unless otherwise specified, the features or solutions corresponding to "and / or" include any one of two or more of the related listed items, as well as any and all combinations of the related listed items. These arbitrary and all combinations include any two related listed items, any more related listed items, or a combination of all related listed items. For example, "A and / or B" represents a group consisting of A, B, and "a combination of A and B". "Containing A and / or B" can mean "containing A, containing B, and containing A and B", or "containing A, containing B, or containing A and B", and can be appropriately understood according to the context.

[0090] In this document, the term "embodiment" means that a specific feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with an embodiment can be included in at least one embodiment or implementation of this application. The appearance of this phrase in various places throughout the specification does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment, nor is it a mutually exclusive, independent, or alternative embodiment. It will be explicitly and implicitly understood by those skilled in the art that the embodiments described herein can be combined with other embodiments. The term "implementation" as used herein has a similar understanding. Unless otherwise specified, all embodiments and optional embodiments of this application can be combined to form new technical solutions.

[0091] Furthermore, the terms "first" and "second" are used for descriptive purposes only and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly specifying the number of indicated technical features. Thus, a feature defined as "first" or "second" may explicitly or implicitly include at least one of that feature. In the description of this utility model, "a plurality of" means at least two, such as two, three, etc., unless otherwise explicitly specified.

[0092] The above description is merely a preferred embodiment of the present invention and the technical principles employed. Those skilled in the art will understand that the present invention is not limited to the specific embodiments described above, and various obvious changes, readjustments, combinations, and substitutions can be made without departing from the protection scope of the present invention. Therefore, although the present invention has been described in detail through the above embodiments, the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and may include more other equivalent embodiments without departing from the concept of the present invention. The protection scope of the present invention is determined by the scope of the appended claims.

Claims

1. A photovoltaic-coupled electrocatalytic system, characterized in that, include: A photovoltaic cell, comprising a perovskite tandem top cell and a bottom cell stacked and spaced apart; the perovskite tandem top cell comprising a wide-bandgap perovskite cell and a narrow-bandgap perovskite cell stacked and electrically connected in series, the narrow-bandgap perovskite cell being located between the wide-bandgap perovskite cell and the bottom cell, the bandgap of the narrow-bandgap perovskite cell being larger than the bandgap of the bottom cell; An electrocatalytic assembly, comprising an anode plate and a cathode plate, wherein the anode plate, the cathode plate, and the perovskite tandem top cell form a first electrical circuit; An auxiliary component, which forms a second electrical circuit with the bottom battery.

2. The photovoltaic-coupled electrocatalytic system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The band gaps of both the wide-bandgap perovskite solar cell and the narrow-bandgap perovskite solar cell are 1.2 eV-2.5 eV, and the band gap of the wide-bandgap perovskite solar cell is larger than that of the narrow-bandgap perovskite solar cell; the band gap of the bottom cell is 1.1 eV-1.15 eV.

3. The photovoltaic-coupled electrocatalytic system according to claim 2, characterized in that, The wide bandgap perovskite solar cell has a bandgap of 1.8 eV-2.2 eV, and the narrow bandgap perovskite solar cell has a bandgap of 1.4 eV-1.7 eV.

4. The photovoltaic-coupled electrocatalytic system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The wide-bandgap perovskite solar cell includes a transparent front electrode, a first charge transport layer, a wide-bandgap perovskite layer, a second charge transport layer, and a middle transparent electrode, which are stacked sequentially. The narrow-bandgap perovskite solar cell includes a middle transparent electrode, a third charge transport layer, a narrow-bandgap perovskite layer, a fourth charge transport layer, and a transparent back electrode, which are stacked sequentially. The middle transparent electrode is a common electrode for the wide-bandgap perovskite solar cell and the narrow-bandgap perovskite solar cell.

5. The photovoltaic-coupled electrocatalytic system according to claim 4, characterized in that, The perovskite tandem top cell includes at least one of the following features: (1) The transparent front electrode is FTO or ITO; (2) The intermediate transparent electrode includes an ITO layer, an IWO layer, an IZO layer or an ICO layer, and the thickness of the intermediate transparent electrode is 50nm to 150nm. (3) The light-transmitting back electrode includes an ITO layer, and the thickness of the light-transmitting back electrode is 50nm to 200nm; (4) The first charge transport layer and the third charge transport layer are hole transport layers, and the second charge transport layer and the fourth charge transport layer are electron transport layers; or, the first charge transport layer and the third charge transport layer are electron transport layers, and the second charge transport layer and the fourth charge transport layer are hole transport layers.

6. The photovoltaic-coupled electrocatalytic system according to claim 4, characterized in that, The perovskite tandem top cell includes a substrate located on the side surface of the wide-bandgap perovskite cell opposite to the narrow-bandgap perovskite cell; the substrate includes a device region and a packaging region surrounding the device region; the orthographic projection of the perovskite tandem top cell on the substrate coincides with the device region; and the orthographic projection of the bottom cell on the substrate is located in the device region. The photovoltaic cell also includes: A backplate for packaging, the backplate being located on the side of the bottom cell facing away from the substrate; An encapsulating adhesive layer is located in the encapsulation area and bonds the substrate and the encapsulation backplate.

7. The photovoltaic-coupled electrocatalytic system according to claim 6, characterized in that, The photovoltaic cell also includes: A first encapsulating film is disposed between the top cell and the bottom cell of the perovskite tandem layer, and the first encapsulating film adheres to and insulates the top cell and the bottom cell of the perovskite tandem layer; and / or, A second encapsulating film is disposed between the bottom battery and the encapsulation backplate, and the second encapsulating film bonds the encapsulation backplate to the bottom battery.

8. The photovoltaic-coupled electrocatalytic system according to claim 7, characterized in that, The first encapsulating film includes a polyolefin elastomer film, an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer film, or a thermoplastic polyolefin film.

9. The photovoltaic-coupled electrocatalytic system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The bottom battery includes any one of crystalline silicon batteries, copper indium gallium selenide batteries, cadmium telluride batteries, and gallium arsenide batteries. And / or, the auxiliary components include one or more of electronic detection elements, water pumps, lighting systems, and energy storage modules.

10. The photovoltaic-coupled electrocatalytic system according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that, Also includes: The first voltage regulator module is located between the perovskite tandem top cell and the electrocatalytic component, along the transmission direction of the output current of the perovskite tandem top cell. And / or, The second voltage regulator module is located between the bottom battery and the auxiliary component, along the direction of current transmission of the bottom battery.

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