Photovoltaic module and photovoltaic system

Abstract

The utility model provides a kind of photovoltaic module and photovoltaic system, it is related to photovoltaic technical field, and photovoltaic module includes back sheet;Power generation layer is located in the side of back sheet;Front plate is located in the side of power generation layer away from back sheet, and front plate includes glass layer and composite light control layer, and composite light control layer is located between power generation layer and glass layer;Composite light control layer includes at least one first refractive index layer and second refractive index layer, and first refractive index layer and second refractive index layer are laminated, and the number of first refractive index layer and second refractive index layer is same, and the refractive index of first refractive index layer is greater than the refractive index of second refractive index layer, and the outermost layer of composite light control layer close to glass layer side is first refractive index layer.According to the photovoltaic module provided in the scheme, different colors are presented using composite light control layer, and the preset color presented can reach high saturation, reduce interface reflection loss, improve photoelectric conversion efficiency, and at the same time, color has no obvious deviation under different observation angles, improve the stability of photovoltaic module color.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This utility model relates to the field of photovoltaic technology, and more specifically, to a photovoltaic module and a photovoltaic system. Background Technology

[0002] Currently, most photovoltaic (PV) modules are bluish-black, which makes them visually difficult to integrate with the surrounding architectural environment, affecting the overall aesthetics of the building. The few PV modules with colorful appearances, however, directly utilize organic photovoltaics, perovskite, and dye-sensitized solar cells to create colored solar cells, or use colored decorative components on top of the cell layers, or directly coat the glass front panel with a special colored coating.

[0003] However, due to changes in the materials used in photovoltaic cells, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of photovoltaic cells is affected, the range of selectable colors is limited, and the color saturation of colored decorative components is low or the power loss is high. Special color coatings can only present light shades, making it difficult to achieve high angular stability and high color saturation.

[0004] Therefore, how to design a photovoltaic module with a wide range of adjustable colors, high color saturation, and low power loss has become an urgent problem to be solved. Utility Model Content

[0005] The present invention aims to at least solve the problems existing in related technologies, such as the limited range of selectable colors for colored photovoltaic modules, low color saturation, high power loss, and poor color stability when observing photovoltaic modules from different angles.

[0006] Therefore, the first aspect of this utility model provides a photovoltaic module.

[0007] The second aspect of this utility model provides a photovoltaic system.

[0008] In view of the above, the first aspect of this utility model provides a photovoltaic module, comprising: a backsheet; a power generation layer located on one side of the backsheet; and a frontsheet located on the side of the power generation layer away from the backsheet. The frontsheet includes a glass layer and a composite dimming layer, wherein the composite dimming layer is disposed between the power generation layer and the glass layer. The composite dimming layer includes at least one first refractive index layer and a second refractive index layer, wherein the first refractive index layer and the second refractive index layer are stacked, the number of the first refractive index layer and the second refractive index layer are the same, the refractive index of the first refractive index layer is greater than the refractive index of the second refractive index layer, and the outermost layer of the composite dimming layer on the side closest to the glass layer is the first refractive index layer.

[0009] The photovoltaic module provided by this invention features a composite dimming layer that selectively reflects and transmits light of specific wavelengths, thereby producing photovoltaic modules of different colors, with the preset colors achieving high saturation. The composite dimming layer reflects only specific wavelengths to display the preset colors, while other wavelengths pass through to the power generation layer. Furthermore, the outermost layer of the composite dimming layer, closest to the glass layer, is a first refractive index layer (high refractive index layer), which reduces interface reflection losses, ensures efficient light delivery to the power generation layer, and improves the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic module.

[0010] Meanwhile, the number of the first and second refractive index layers is the same, resulting in a narrower spectral peak width, thereby improving the color saturation of the photovoltaic module. Furthermore, when the total number of composite dimming layers is even, observing the photovoltaic module from different angles ensures that the color of the photovoltaic module does not shift significantly under different viewing angles, improving the color stability of the photovoltaic module.

[0011] In the above technical solution, optionally, the first refractive index layer includes one of a titanium dioxide layer, a tantalum pentoxide layer, or a hafnium oxide layer, and the second refractive index layer includes one of a silicon nitride layer, an aluminum oxide layer, or a magnesium fluoride layer.

[0012] In this technical solution, the first refractive index layer has a high refractive index and a low extinction coefficient within the spectral range of the photovoltaic module's operation, thereby reducing light absorption loss. The second refractive index layer is made of a material with suitable medium to low refractive index characteristics, forming a stable refractive index difference with the first refractive index layer. This allows the composite dimming layer to form a Bragg stack structure, improving color saturation and angular stability. Simultaneously, the low extinction coefficients of both the first and second refractive index layers reduce light absorption loss during transmission, ensuring the power generation efficiency of the photovoltaic module.

[0013] Optionally, the first refractive index layer is a titanium dioxide layer and the second refractive index layer is a silicon nitride layer, which further improves the saturation of the color and the stability of the color under different viewing angles.

[0014] In the above technical solution, optionally, the refractive index of the first refractive index layer is greater than or equal to 2.40 and less than or equal to 2.50; and / or the refractive index of the second refractive index layer is greater than or equal to 2.00 and less than or equal to 2.05.

[0015] In this technical solution, by controlling the refractive index difference between the first and second refractive index layers within a certain range, the composite dimming layer can form a narrow spectral peak width, thereby improving the color purity of the photovoltaic module. Simultaneously, the color change is minimal when the photovoltaic module is observed from different angles, enhancing color stability.

[0016] Optionally, the first refractive index layer is a titanium dioxide layer with a refractive index of 2.45 at a visible light wavelength of 550 nm, and the second refractive index layer is a silicon nitride layer with a refractive index of 2.01 at a visible light wavelength of 550 nm. This further improves the saturation and angular stability of color presentation, while reducing the reflection loss of light between different refractive index layers, thereby improving the power generation efficiency of the photovoltaic module.

[0017] In the above technical solution, optionally, the thickness of the first refractive index layer is greater than or equal to 150 nanometers and less than or equal to 200 nanometers; and / or the thickness of the second refractive index layer is greater than or equal to 100 nanometers and less than or equal to 150 nanometers; and / or the thickness of the composite dimming layer is greater than or equal to 500 nanometers and less than or equal to 1000 nanometers.

[0018] In this technical solution, the thicknesses of the first and second refractive index layers determine the peak reflection wavelength of the composite dimming layer. By adjusting the thickness parameters of the first and second refractive index layers, selective reflection of light of different wavelengths can be achieved, thereby presenting the desired preset color. Simultaneously, controlling the total thickness of the composite dimming layer between 500 nanometers and 1000 nanometers satisfies the phase matching requirements of Bragg stacking while avoiding problems such as increased processing difficulty and excessive material loss due to excessive thickness.

[0019] In the above technical solution, optionally, there are multiple first refractive index layers and multiple second refractive index layers, and the multiple first refractive index layers and multiple second refractive index layers are stacked alternately in sequence.

[0020] In this technical solution, the alternating stacking of the first and second refractive index layers can improve the color saturation of the photovoltaic module and reduce power loss, thereby ensuring the power generation efficiency of the photovoltaic module.

[0021] Optionally, the composite dimming layer has a total of four layers, consisting of two first refractive index layers and two second refractive index layers, with the stacking order being first refractive index layer, second refractive index layer, first refractive index layer, and second refractive index layer.

[0022] In the above technical solution, optionally, the glass layer includes: a glass substrate layer; a nanoporous silica particle coating, attached to the side of the glass substrate layer away from the composite dimming layer; and an etching layer, attached to the side of the glass substrate layer away from the nanoporous silica particle coating, wherein the etching layer has a pit structure.

[0023] In this technical solution, by applying an anti-glare treatment to the glass substrate layer, the problem of glare under strong light is avoided, which affects the user's visual comfort and improves the user's visual experience.

[0024] In the above technical solution, optionally, the pit structure is composed of multiple etched holes, which are arranged at intervals on the etched layer. The depth of the etched holes is greater than or equal to 0.5 micrometers and less than or equal to 15 micrometers, and the center distance between any two adjacent etched holes is greater than or equal to 3 micrometers and less than or equal to 50 micrometers.

[0025] In this technical solution, by reasonably adjusting the depth of the etched holes and the distance between any two adjacent etched holes, there is no obvious reflection under strong light, which further improves the anti-glare effect and enhances the user's visual comfort.

[0026] In the above technical solution, optionally, the gloss of the etched layer is greater than or equal to 8 GU and less than or equal to 12 GU.

[0027] In this technical solution, by reasonably setting the gloss level of the etched layer, both light transmittance and anti-glare effects are achieved.

[0028] In the above technical solution, optionally, the thickness of the nanoporous silica particle coating is greater than or equal to 100 nanometers and less than or equal to 300 nanometers; and / or the refractive index of the nanoporous silica particle coating is greater than or equal to 1.20 and less than or equal to 1.30.

[0029] In this technical solution, the refractive index of the nanoporous silica particle coating is rationally set to be between that of air and the glass substrate, thereby reducing the abrupt change in refractive index at the air-glass interface and lowering reflection loss. Simultaneously, the thickness of the nanoporous silica particle coating is controlled between 100 and 300 nanometers to ensure its performance stability under different environmental conditions, preventing the anti-reflection effect from degrading due to aging or wear, further reducing reflection loss and improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic module.

[0030] Optionally, in the above technical solution, the photovoltaic module further includes: a first encapsulating film disposed between the power generation layer and the front panel; the thickness of the first encapsulating film is greater than or equal to 0.45 mm and less than or equal to 0.7 mm; and / or the refractive index of the first encapsulating film is greater than or equal to 1.45 and less than or equal to 1.50.

[0031] In the above technical solution, optionally, the refractive index of the surface of the power generation layer is greater than or equal to 1.9 and less than or equal to 2.2.

[0032] Optionally, in the above technical solution, the photovoltaic module further includes: a second encapsulating film disposed between the power generation layer and the backsheet; the thickness of the second encapsulating film is greater than or equal to 0.5 mm and less than or equal to 0.7 mm; and / or the refractive index of the second encapsulating film is greater than or equal to 1.45 and less than or equal to 1.50.

[0033] The second aspect of this application provides a photovoltaic system, including the photovoltaic module provided in the first aspect of the technical solution.

[0034] Since the photovoltaic system in this technical solution includes the photovoltaic module provided by the first aspect of the technical solution, it also has all the beneficial effects of the photovoltaic module provided by the first aspect of the technical solution, which will not be repeated here.

[0035] Additional aspects and advantages of this invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. Attached Figure Description

[0036] The above and / or additional aspects and advantages of this utility model will become apparent and readily understood from the description of the embodiments taken in conjunction with the following drawings, in which:

[0037] Figure 1 A schematic diagram of the front panel of a photovoltaic module according to an embodiment of this application is shown;

[0038] Figure 2 One of the structural schematic diagrams of a photovoltaic module according to an embodiment of this application is shown;

[0039] Figure 3 A second schematic diagram of the structure of a photovoltaic module according to an embodiment of this application is shown;

[0040] Figure 4 A schematic diagram showing the refractive index and extinction coefficient of titanium dioxide and silicon nitride as a function of wavelength is shown in one embodiment of this application;

[0041] The components are: 1 backplate, 2 power generation layer, 3 frontplate, 32 glass layer, 322 glass substrate layer, 324 nanoporous silica particle coating, 326 etched layer, 3262 pit structure, 3264 etched hole, 34 composite dimming layer, 342 first refractive index layer, and 344 second refractive index layer. Detailed Implementation

[0042] To better understand the above-mentioned objectives, features, and advantages of this application, the application will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments. It should be noted that, unless otherwise specified, the embodiments and features described in these embodiments can be combined with each other.

[0043] Many specific details are set forth in the following description in order to provide a full understanding of this application. However, this application may also be implemented in other ways different from those described herein. Therefore, the scope of protection of this application is not limited to the specific embodiments disclosed below.

[0044] like Figure 1 and Figure 2As shown, the photovoltaic module provided by this utility model includes: a backsheet 1; a power generation layer 2 located on one side of the backsheet 1; and a frontsheet 3 located on the side of the power generation layer 2 away from the backsheet 1. The frontsheet 3 includes a glass layer 32 and a composite dimming layer 34, with the composite dimming layer 34 disposed between the power generation layer 2 and the glass layer 32. The composite dimming layer 34 includes at least one first refractive index layer 342 and a second refractive index layer 344, which are stacked. The number of first refractive index layers 342 and second refractive index layers 344 is the same. The refractive index of the first refractive index layer 342 is greater than that of the second refractive index layer 344, and the outermost layer of the composite dimming layer 34 on the side closest to the glass layer 32 is the first refractive index layer 342.

[0045] The photovoltaic module provided by this utility model has a front panel 3 located on the side of the power generation layer 2 away from the back panel 1. It consists of a glass layer 32 and a composite dimming layer 34, which is disposed between the power generation layer 2 and the glass layer 32. Based on the Bragg stacking principle, the composite dimming layer 34 forms a three-dimensional photonic structure through the orderly stacking of a first refractive index layer 342 and a second refractive index layer 344. By utilizing the refractive index difference between the first and second refractive index layers 342 and adjusting the thickness of the different refractive index layers, selective reflection and transmission of light of specific wavelengths are achieved, resulting in photovoltaic modules displaying different colors. The preset colors can achieve high saturation. The composite dimming layer 34 only reflects specific wavelengths to display the preset colors, while other wavelengths pass through the composite dimming layer 34 to the power generation layer 2. The outermost layer of the composite dimming layer 34, closest to the glass layer 32, is the first refractive index layer 342 (a high refractive index layer). This reduces interface reflection losses, ensures efficient light delivery to the power generation layer 2, and improves the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic module.

[0046] Meanwhile, the number of the first refractive index layer 342 and the second refractive index layer 344 is the same. That is, when the first refractive index layer 342 and the second refractive index layer 344 are stacked alternately, the total number of layers in the composite dimming layer 34 is an even number. This makes the reflection and refraction paths of light between the refractive layers more regular, the wavelength range of constructive interference is precisely limited, and the wavelength range of destructive interference is wider, ultimately forming a narrower spectral peak width, thereby further improving the color saturation of the photovoltaic module. Furthermore, when the total number of layers in the composite dimming layer 34 is an even number, the change in the propagation path length of light in each refractive layer is more uniform when observing the photovoltaic module at different angles, and the peak wavelength shift of constructive interference is extremely small (high angle tolerance). This allows the spectral peak of the preset color to remain stable at different angles, ensuring that the color of the photovoltaic module does not shift significantly at different observation angles, thus improving the color stability of the photovoltaic module.

[0047] In some embodiments, the first refractive index layer 342 may optionally include one of a titanium dioxide layer, a tantalum pentoxide layer, or a hafnium oxide layer, and the second refractive index layer 344 may include one of a silicon nitride layer, an aluminum oxide layer, or a magnesium fluoride layer.

[0048] In these embodiments, the titanium dioxide layer, tantalum pentoxide layer, or hafnium oxide layer in the first refractive index layer 342 all have high refractive index characteristics and low extinction coefficients within the spectral range of the photovoltaic module's operation, thereby reducing light absorption loss. The second refractive index layer 344 is made of a suitable material with medium to low refractive index characteristics, such as a silicon nitride layer, an aluminum oxide layer, or a magnesium fluoride layer, forming a stable refractive index difference with the first refractive index layer 342, thus enabling the composite dimming layer 34 to form a Bragg stack structure. In this solution, the selection of specific materials ensures the stability of the refractive index difference of the composite dimming layer 34, thereby improving the saturation and angular stability of color presentation. At the same time, the low extinction coefficient characteristics of the first refractive index layer 342 and the second refractive index layer 344 reduce light absorption loss during transmission, ensuring the power generation efficiency of the photovoltaic module.

[0049] Optionally, the first refractive index layer 342 is a titanium dioxide layer and the second refractive index layer 344 is a silicon nitride layer, which further improves the saturation of the color and the stability of the color under different viewing angles.

[0050] In some embodiments, optionally, the refractive index of the first refractive index layer 342 is greater than or equal to 2.40 and less than or equal to 2.50; and / or the refractive index of the second refractive index layer 344 is greater than or equal to 2.00 and less than or equal to 2.05.

[0051] In these embodiments, by controlling the refractive index difference between the first refractive index layer 342 and the second refractive index layer 344 within a certain range, the composite dimming layer 34 can form a narrow spectral peak width, thereby improving the color purity of the photovoltaic module. If the refractive index difference is too small, it will lead to insufficient spectral reflection peak intensity and low color saturation; if the refractive index difference is too large, it may cause increased interface reflection loss, affecting the light transmission efficiency of the photovoltaic module. At the same time, reasonable refractive index matching reduces light reflection loss between layers, improves the power generation efficiency of the photovoltaic module, and results in small color changes when observing the photovoltaic module from different angles, improving the stability of the color presentation of the photovoltaic module.

[0052] Optionally, the first refractive index layer 342 is a titanium dioxide layer with a refractive index of 2.45 at a visible light wavelength of 550 nm, and the second refractive index layer 344 is a silicon nitride layer with a refractive index of 2.01 at a visible light wavelength of 550 nm. This further improves the saturation and angular stability of the color presentation of the photovoltaic module, while reducing the reflection loss of light between different refractive index layers and improving the power generation efficiency of the photovoltaic module.

[0053] In some embodiments, optionally, the thickness of the first refractive index layer 342 is greater than or equal to 150 nanometers and less than or equal to 200 nanometers; and / or the thickness of the second refractive index layer 344 is greater than or equal to 100 nanometers and less than or equal to 150 nanometers; and / or the thickness of the composite dimming layer 34 is greater than or equal to 500 nanometers and less than or equal to 1000 nanometers.

[0054] In these embodiments, the thicknesses of the first refractive index layer 342 and the second refractive index layer 344 determine the peak reflection wavelength of the composite dimming layer 34. By adjusting the thickness parameters of the materials of the first refractive index layer 342 and the second refractive index layer 344, selective reflection of light of different wavelengths can be achieved, thereby presenting the desired preset color. At the same time, controlling the total thickness of the composite dimming layer 34 between 500 nanometers and 1000 nanometers satisfies the phase matching requirements of Bragg stacking while avoiding problems such as increased process difficulty and excessive material loss caused by an excessively large total thickness of the composite dimming layer 34.

[0055] In some embodiments, optionally, there are multiple first refractive index layers 342 and multiple second refractive index layers 344, and the multiple first refractive index layers 342 and multiple second refractive index layers 344 are stacked alternately in sequence.

[0056] In these embodiments, there are multiple first refractive index layers 342 and multiple second refractive index layers 344, which are alternately stacked to form a stacked structure of first refractive index layer 342, second refractive index layer 344, first refractive index layer 342, and second refractive index layer 344. In this scheme, by alternately stacking multiple layers with different refractive indices to form a three-dimensional photonic structure, the interference effect of light between layers is utilized to achieve strong reflection of specific wavelengths of light and efficient transmission of other wavelengths of light, thereby improving color saturation and reducing power loss. Simultaneously, the multi-layered alternating structure can generate higher harmonics (even-order), effectively compressing the spectral peak width. Narrow spectral peak widths reduce the obstruction of the effective power generation spectrum, thus ensuring the power generation efficiency of the photovoltaic module.

[0057] Optionally, the composite dimming layer 34 has a total of four layers, namely, it consists of two first refractive index layers 342 and two second refractive index layers 344, with the stacking order being first refractive index layer 342, second refractive index layer 344, first refractive index layer 342 and second refractive index layer 344.

[0058] In some embodiments, the glass layer 32 may optionally include: a glass substrate layer 322; a nanoporous silica particle coating 324 attached to the side of the glass substrate layer 322 away from the composite dimming layer 34; and an etched layer 326 attached to the side of the glass substrate layer 322 away from the nanoporous silica particle coating 324, wherein the etched layer 326 has a pit structure 3262.

[0059] In these embodiments, the glass substrate layer 322 can be a flat ultra-clear glass with a thickness of 3 mm to 6 mm. A nanoporous silica particle coating 324 is formed on the upper surface of the glass substrate layer 322 to create an anti-reflective interface, reducing light reflection loss at the upper surface of the glass substrate layer 322. An etching layer 326 is provided on the lower surface of the glass substrate layer 322. The etching layer 326 is formed by etching the flat ultra-clear glass (glass substrate layer 322) using hydrofluoric acid. The pit structure 3262 of the etching layer 326 creates an uneven structure on the lower surface of the glass, which can disperse incident light and avoid glare under strong light. In this solution, the nanoporous silica particle coating 324 on the glass substrate layer 322 increases light transmittance and improves photoelectric conversion efficiency. Simultaneously, the pit structure 3262 of the etching layer 326 disperses incident light, avoiding glare under strong light and improving the user's visual experience.

[0060] In some embodiments, the pit structure 3262 is optionally composed of a plurality of etched holes 3264, which are arranged at intervals on the etch layer 326. The depth of the etched holes 3264 is greater than or equal to 0.5 micrometers and less than or equal to 15 micrometers, and the center distance between any two adjacent etched holes 3264 is greater than or equal to 3 micrometers and less than or equal to 50 micrometers.

[0061] In these embodiments, the pit structure 3262 of the etched layer 326 is composed of multiple etched holes 3264. These etched holes 3264 are spaced apart on the etched layer 326. By reasonably adjusting the depth of the etched holes 3264 and the distance between any two adjacent etched holes 3264, significant reflection is eliminated under strong light, further improving the anti-glare effect and enhancing user visual comfort. If the depth of the etched holes 3264 is too small, the light dispersion effect will be affected, thus impacting the anti-glare effect. If the depth of the etched holes 3264 is too large, the strength of the glass substrate layer 322 will decrease, and light absorption loss will increase. The center-to-center distance between adjacent etched holes 3264 is controlled between 3 micrometers and 50 micrometers to ensure uniform distribution of the etched holes 3264, avoiding excessive roughness of the etched layer 326 surface due to excessively small spacing (affecting light transmittance) or uneven scattering due to excessively large spacing (generating localized glare).

[0062] In some embodiments, the gloss of the etched layer 326 may be greater than or equal to 8 GU and less than or equal to 12 GU.

[0063] In these embodiments, if the gloss of the etched layer 326 is low, the surface is too rough, affecting light transmittance; if the gloss of the etched layer 326 is high, surface reflection is enhanced, affecting the anti-glare effect. In this solution, the gloss of the etched layer 326 is reasonably set to simultaneously achieve both light transmittance and anti-glare effects.

[0064] In some embodiments, the thickness of the nanoporous silica particle coating 324 is optionally greater than or equal to 100 nanometers and less than or equal to 300 nanometers; and / or the refractive index of the nanoporous silica particle coating 324 is greater than or equal to 1.20 and less than or equal to 1.30.

[0065] In these embodiments, by appropriately setting the refractive index of the nanoporous silica particle coating 324 to be between that of air and the glass substrate layer 322, the abrupt change in refractive index at the air-to-glass interface is reduced, thereby lowering reflection loss. Simultaneously, the thickness of the nanoporous silica particle coating 324 is controlled between 100 nanometers and 300 nanometers to ensure its performance stability under different environmental conditions, preventing the anti-reflection effect from diminishing due to aging or wear, further reducing reflection loss and improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic module.

[0066] Optionally, the refractive index of the nanoporous silica particle coating 324 is 1.25.

[0067] In some embodiments, the photovoltaic module may optionally include: a first encapsulating film disposed between the power generation layer 2 and the front panel 3; the thickness of the first encapsulating film being greater than or equal to 0.45 mm and less than or equal to 0.7 mm; and / or the refractive index of the first encapsulating film being greater than or equal to 1.45 and less than or equal to 1.50.

[0068] In some embodiments, the refractive index of the surface of the power generation layer 2 is optionally greater than or equal to 1.9 and less than or equal to 2.2.

[0069] In some embodiments, the photovoltaic module may optionally further include: a second encapsulating film disposed between the power generation layer 2 and the backsheet 1; the thickness of the second encapsulating film being greater than or equal to 0.5 mm and less than or equal to 0.7 mm; and / or the refractive index of the second encapsulating film being greater than or equal to 1.45 and less than or equal to 1.50.

[0070] In some embodiments, the base plate may optionally be low-iron patterned ultra-clear glass with a thickness greater than or equal to 3 mm and less than or equal to 6 mm.

[0071] A second aspect of this application provides a photovoltaic system, including the photovoltaic module provided in the first aspect embodiment.

[0072] Since the photovoltaic system in this embodiment includes the photovoltaic module provided in the first aspect embodiment, it also has all the beneficial effects of the photovoltaic module provided in the first aspect embodiment, which will not be repeated here.

[0073] The photovoltaic module and photovoltaic system of this application will be further described below with reference to a specific embodiment.

[0074] In related technologies, most photovoltaic (PV) modules are bluish-black, making them visually difficult to integrate naturally with the surrounding built environment. This not only affects the overall aesthetics of buildings but also limits the widespread application of PV modules in residential and consumer markets such as courtyards, balconies, and vehicle-mounted applications. There are several ways to achieve colorful appearances for PV modules: One approach is to use colored PV cells. Organic photovoltaics, perovskite, and dye-sensitized solar cells can achieve the inherent coloring properties of the materials themselves; however, these technologies have lower efficiency, shorter lifespans, and a limited range of selectable colors compared to silicon-based materials. Another method is to use decorative components in front of the solar cell layer. Compared to traditional modules, colored encapsulation materials or printed glass covers suffer from low color saturation or high power loss. A final approach is to use a special interference coating on a planar glass substrate, but this method can only produce light shades and struggles to achieve high angular stability and high color saturation. The significant differences in the layer structure of different colors make it difficult to flexibly produce a variety of color variations.

[0075] To address the above problems, this utility model designs an anti-glare colored glass (front panel 3) and a colored photovoltaic module made therefrom. The specific method is as follows:

[0076] like Figure 1 , Figure 2 and Figure 3 As shown, the front panel 3 is made of anti-glare flat glass with a thickness of 3mm to 6mm. Both the upper and lower surfaces are treated with anti-glare coating. The upper surface is coated with a layer of uniformly dispersed nanoporous SiO2 (silica) microspheres (nanoporous silica particle coating 324) AG (Anti-Glare) anti-reflective coating. The thickness of the AG anti-reflective coating is 100nm to 300nm and the refractive index nd=1.25.

[0077] The lower surface is chemically etched with hydrofluoric acid to treat the flat ultra-white glass (glass substrate layer 322) to prevent glare, forming an etch layer 326. The etching depth is 0.5μm~15μm, the center distance between any two adjacent holes is 3μm~50μm, and the gloss is 8GU (Gloss Unit)~12GU.

[0078] A Morpho layer stack structure (composite dimming layer 34) is provided on the side of the anti-glare glass (glass layer 32) near the adhesive film layer. The design of the anti-glare glass and the Morpho layer film stack structure is as follows. Figure 1 As shown:

[0079] The Morpho thin film stacked structure is a Bragg stacked structure composed of four alternating layers of high refractive index material (nh) (first refractive index layer 342) TiO2 (titanium dioxide, refractive index nh=2.45@550nm) and low refractive index material (nl) (second refractive index layer 344) SiN (silicon nitride, refractive index nl=2.01@550nm). Here, @ indicates the conditions under which the refractive index of titanium dioxide at a visible light wavelength of 550 nm is 2.45 and the refractive index of silicon nitride at a visible light wavelength of 550 nm is 2.01. This structure is called "n=2.45 / 2.01", thus forming a stacked three-dimensional photonic structure.

[0080] High-refractive-index and low-refractive-index materials with Morpho layer stacked structures are mainly achieved through PVD (Physical Vapor Deposition) deposition or magnetron sputtering processes.

[0081] The thickness of the high refractive index layer (nh) material TiO2 is 150nm~200nm, the thickness of the low refractive index layer (nl) material SiN is 100nm~150nm, and the total thickness of the Morpho layer stack structure is controlled at 500nm~1000nm. By adjusting all thickness parameters, other peak wavelengths can be selected to generate other colors and achieve the desired color effect.

[0082] like Figure 4 As shown, Figure 4 The horizontal axis represents the incident light wavelength, and the vertical axis corresponds to the refractive index and extinction coefficient, respectively. Titanium dioxide and silicon nitride exhibit a stable and significant difference in refractive index between wavelengths of 0.4 μm and 1.2 μm, satisfying the optical interference conditions of the Bragg stack structure, which is the basis for achieving high-saturation colors. Furthermore, the extinction coefficients of these two materials are extremely low, indicating excellent light transmittance, which can reduce solar light absorption loss and support the effect of component power loss of <8%.

[0083] Below the Morpho layer stack structure is the encapsulation film layer (first encapsulation film), which is made of EVA (Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymer) or EPE (EVA / POE (Polyolefin Elastomer) / EVA co-extruded film), with a thickness of 0.45 mm to 0.7 mm; the refractive index range of the film material is nd = 1.45~1.50.

[0084] The battery string layer (power generation layer 2) is preferably an XBC (X Back Contact Cell, a crystalline silicon solar cell with a back contact structure), and secondarily a Topcon (Tunnel Oxide Passivated Contact, a Tunnel Oxide Passivated Contact, or an HJT (Heterojunction with Intrinsic Thin-layer, an intrinsic thin-layer heterojunction) cell. The cells are cut into half-slices and welded into a battery string, which is connected to the entire photovoltaic module through a busbar. The refractive index of the XBC cell surface ranges from nd=1.9 to 2.2.

[0085] The second encapsulation film (near both sides of the battery cell) is made of POE film material with a thickness of 0.5mm-0.7mm and a refractive index range of nd=1.45~1.50.

[0086] The encapsulation backplane (backplane 1) is made of low-iron patterned ultra-white glass with a thickness of 3mm~6mm.

[0087] The colored photovoltaic modules laminated from the above materials were subjected to power testing using an IV tester. The test results are shown in Table 1.

[0088] Table 1 Power values ​​of photovoltaic modules of different colors prepared using Morpho thin-film stacked anti-glare glass.

[0089] The beneficial effects of this application are:

[0090] 1. Design and develop an anti-glare colored photovoltaic module, consisting of upper and lower layers of anti-glare glass and Morpho layer stacked structure, which can produce saturated colors, high angle tolerance of color appearance and maintain very high module efficiency, and applied to photovoltaic modules with power loss <8%.

[0091] 2. The upper surface of the anti-glare glass is coated with an anti-reflective coating (nanoporous silica particle coating 324) with n=1.25, and the lower surface is chemically etched to form an etched layer 326, which makes the etched layer 326 have an uneven surface (pit structure 3262), so that it maintains higher transmittance and refractive index and reduces frontal reflectivity.

[0092] 3. Based on the Bragg design principle, a structure is adopted in which high-refractive-index materials and low-refractive-index materials are stacked alternately. The total stacking thickness of the film is 500nm~1000nm. The use of higher harmonics (even-order) can effectively achieve a narrower spectral peak width, thereby significantly enhancing color stability.

[0093] In this utility model, the term "multiple" refers to two or more unless otherwise explicitly defined. The terms "installation," "connection," "linking," and "fixing," etc., should be interpreted broadly. For example, "connection" can be a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral connection; "linking" can be a direct connection or an indirect connection through an intermediate medium. Those skilled in the art can understand the specific meaning of the above terms in this utility model according to the specific circumstances.

[0094] In the description of this specification, the terms "one embodiment," "some embodiments," "specific embodiment," etc., refer to a specific feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in connection with that embodiment or example, which is included in at least one embodiment or example of the present invention. In this specification, the illustrative expressions of the above terms do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment or example. Furthermore, the specific features, structures, materials, or characteristics described may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments or examples.

[0095] The above are merely preferred embodiments of this utility model and are not intended to limit the scope of this utility model. Various modifications and variations can be made to this utility model by those skilled in the art. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, or improvements made within the spirit and principles of this utility model should be included within the protection scope of this utility model.

Claims

1. A photovoltaic module, characterized in that, include: Back panel; A power generation layer is located on one side of the backplate; A front panel is located on the side of the power generation layer away from the back panel. The front panel includes a glass layer and a composite dimming layer, with the composite dimming layer disposed between the power generation layer and the glass layer. The composite dimming layer includes at least one first refractive index layer and a second refractive index layer, which are stacked together. The number of the first refractive index layer and the second refractive index layer are the same. The refractive index of the first refractive index layer is greater than that of the second refractive index layer, and the outermost layer of the composite dimming layer near the glass layer is the first refractive index layer.

2. The photovoltaic module according to claim 1, characterized in that, The first refractive index layer includes one of a titanium dioxide layer, a tantalum pentoxide layer, or a hafnium oxide layer, and the second refractive index layer includes one of a silicon nitride layer, an aluminum oxide layer, or a magnesium fluoride layer.

3. The photovoltaic module according to claim 1, characterized in that, The refractive index of the first refractive index layer is greater than or equal to 2.40 and less than or equal to 2.50; and / or The refractive index of the second refractive index layer is greater than or equal to 2.00 and less than or equal to 2.

05.

4. The photovoltaic module according to claim 2, characterized in that, The thickness of the first refractive index layer is greater than or equal to 150 nanometers and less than or equal to 200 nanometers; and / or The thickness of the second refractive index layer is greater than or equal to 100 nanometers and less than or equal to 150 nanometers; and / or The thickness of the composite dimming layer is greater than or equal to 500 nanometers and less than or equal to 1000 nanometers.

5. The photovoltaic module according to claim 1, characterized in that, There are multiple first refractive index layers and multiple second refractive index layers, which are stacked alternately in sequence.

6. The photovoltaic module according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that, The glass layer includes: Glass substrate layer; A nanoporous silica particle coating is attached to the side of the glass substrate layer away from the composite dimming layer; An etched layer is attached to the side of the glass substrate layer away from the nanoporous silica particle coating, and the etched layer has a pit structure.

7. The photovoltaic module according to claim 6, characterized in that, The pit structure is composed of multiple etched holes, which are arranged at intervals on the etched layer. The depth of each etched hole is greater than or equal to 0.5 micrometers and less than or equal to 15 micrometers. The center distance between any two adjacent etched holes is greater than or equal to 3 micrometers and less than or equal to 50 micrometers.

8. The photovoltaic module according to claim 7, characterized in that, The gloss of the etched layer is greater than or equal to 8 GU and less than or equal to 12 GU.

9. The photovoltaic module according to claim 6, characterized in that, The thickness of the nanoporous silica particle coating is greater than or equal to 100 nanometers and less than or equal to 300 nanometers; and / or The refractive index of the nanoporous silica particle coating is greater than or equal to 1.20 and less than or equal to 1.

30.

10. A photovoltaic system, characterized in that, Includes photovoltaic modules as described in any one of claims 1 to 9.

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