A dual-channel DCDC circuit for automobile rear fog reversing lamp

Abstract

The utility model discloses belong to the automobile LED control circuit technical field of driving, concretely is a kind of double-channel DCDC circuit for automobile rear fog reversing lamp, including power input module, LDO drive module, double-channel DCDC LED drive module and lamp panel LED lamp pearl module, the power input module is connected with LDO drive module, DCDC LED drive module respectively, the LDO drive module is connected with power input module, DCDC LED drive module respectively;The DCDC LED drive module is connected with power input module, LDO drive module, lamp panel LED lamp pearl module respectively;The lamp panel LED lamp pearl module is connected with DCDC LED drive module, DCDC chip in the application has good voltage regulation ability, can be under the condition that automobile power voltage fluctuation, stable output constant voltage and current, avoid the influence of voltage instability to the brightness and life of rear fog reversing lamp.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This utility model relates to the field of automotive LED control circuit technology, specifically a dual-channel DC-DC circuit for automotive rear fog reversing lights. Background Technology

[0002] With the rapid development of the automotive industry, the safety and functionality of automobiles are receiving increasing attention. Rear fog lights, as an important component of safe driving, play a crucial role in ensuring safe driving in special environments (such as foggy weather or reversing at night).

[0003] In both traditional fuel vehicles and new energy vehicles, rear fog lights (used for warning lighting in low visibility conditions) and reversing lights (used for rear lighting when reversing) are usually designed independently. That is, the rear fog lights and reversing lights often use different lamp cavities, optical components and driving circuits, resulting in a large overall size and complex assembly, which increases BOM cost and PCB space occupation, and does not conform to the trend of lightweighting and integration of new energy vehicles.

[0004] Traditional automotive rear fog lights typically employ a linear voltage-regulated drive circuit, which is inefficient when switching between high and low brightness levels and exhibits significant heat loss under high current conditions. An open or short circuit in a single LED string can cause the entire system to fail, failing to meet the ISO 2579 vehicle lighting safety standard. Furthermore, the traditional Buck / Boost circuit exhibits a delay when rapidly switching lighting modes (such as automatically turning off the rear fog lights when reversing).

[0005] To address this issue, a dual-channel DC-DC drive circuit for automotive rear fog reversing lights is proposed. Utility Model Content

[0006] The purpose of this invention is to provide a dual-channel DC-DC circuit for automotive rear fog reversing lights to solve the problems mentioned in the background art.

[0007] To achieve the above objectives, this utility model provides the following technical solution: a dual-channel DC-DC circuit for automotive rear fog reversing lights, comprising a power input module, an LDO driver module, a dual-channel DC-DC LED driver module, and a lamp board LED bead module. The power input module is connected to both the LDO driver module and the DC-DC LED driver module; the LDO driver module is connected to both the power input module and the DC-DC LED driver module; the DC-DC LED driver module is connected to both the power input module, the LDO driver module, and the lamp board LED bead module; and the lamp board LED bead module is connected to the DC-DC LED driver module.

[0008] Preferably, the power input module includes connector J1, capacitors C5, C6, C7, C8, C13, C14, diodes D1 and D2, TVS transistors TVS1 and TVS2, ferrite beads FB1, FB2, FB3, and FB4, and inductors L1 and L2. One end of capacitor C5 is connected to the first pin of connector J1, one end of TVS1, and the positive terminal of diode D1. The other end of capacitor C5 is connected to one end of capacitor C6. The other end of capacitor C6 is connected to the second pin of connector J1, one end of TVS1, and one end of ferrite bead FB1. One end of TVS1 is connected to the first pin of connector J1 and one end of capacitor C5. The other end of TVS1 is connected to the second pin of connector J1, one end of capacitor C6, and one end of ferrite bead FB1. The positive terminal of diode D1 is connected to the first pin of connector J1, one end of capacitor C5, and one end of TVS1. The negative terminal of diode D1 is connected to one end of ferrite bead FB3. The other end of ferrite bead FB3 is connected to one end of capacitor C13 and one end of inductor L1. The other end of capacitor C13 is connected to one end of ferrite bead FB1 and grounded. One end of capacitor C7 is connected to the third pin of connector J1, one end of TVS2, and the positive terminal of diode D2. The other end of capacitor C7 is connected to one end of capacitor C8. The other end of capacitor C8 is connected to the second pin of connector J1, one end of TVS2, and one end of ferrite bead FB2. One end of TVS2 is connected to the third pin of connector J1 and one end of capacitor C7. The other end of TVS2 is connected to the second pin of connector J1, one end of capacitor C8, and one end of ferrite bead FB2. The positive terminal of diode D2 is connected to the third pin of connector J1, one end of capacitor C7, and one end of TVS2. The negative terminal of diode D2 is connected to one end of ferrite bead FB4. The other end of ferrite bead FB4 is connected to one end of capacitor C14 and one end of inductor L2. The other end of capacitor C14 is connected to one end of ferrite bead FB2 and grounded.

[0009] Preferably, the power input module includes connector J1, capacitors C5, C6, C7, C8, C13, C14, diodes D1 and D2, TVS transistors TVS1 and TVS2, ferrite beads FB1, FB2, FB3, and FB4, and inductors L1 and L2. One end of capacitor C5 is connected to the first pin of connector J1, one end of TVS1, and the positive terminal of diode D1. The other end of capacitor C5 is connected to one end of capacitor C6. The other end of capacitor C6 is connected to the second pin of connector J1, one end of TVS1, and one end of ferrite bead FB1. One end of TVS1 is connected to the first pin of connector J1 and one end of capacitor C5. The other end of TVS1 is connected to the second pin of connector J1, one end of capacitor C6, and one end of ferrite bead FB1. The positive terminal of diode D1 is connected to the first pin of connector J1, one end of capacitor C5, and one end of TVS1. The negative terminal of diode D1 is connected to one end of ferrite bead FB3. The other end of ferrite bead FB3 is connected to one end of capacitor C13 and one end of inductor L1. The other end of capacitor C13 is connected to one end of ferrite bead FB1 and grounded. One end of capacitor C7 is connected to the third pin of connector J1, one end of TVS2, and the positive terminal of diode D2. The other end of capacitor C7 is connected to one end of capacitor C8. The other end of capacitor C8 is connected to the second pin of connector J1, one end of TVS2, and one end of ferrite bead FB2. One end of TVS2 is connected to the third pin of connector J1 and one end of capacitor C7. The other end of TVS2 is connected to the second pin of connector J1, one end of capacitor C8, and one end of ferrite bead FB2. The positive terminal of diode D2 is connected to the third pin of connector J1, one end of capacitor C7, and one end of TVS2. The negative terminal of diode D2 is connected to one end of ferrite bead FB4. The other end of ferrite bead FB4 is connected to one end of capacitor C14 and one end of inductor L2. The other end of capacitor C14 is connected to one end of ferrite bead FB2 and grounded.

[0010] Preferably, the dual-channel DC-DC LED driver module includes chip U3, capacitors C19, C20, C21, C22, C23, C24, C25, C26, C27, C28, C29, C30, C31, C32, C33, C34, C35, C36, C37, C38, C39, C40, C41, C42, C43, C44, C45, C46, ​​resistors R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, inductors L3, L4, common-mode inductor L5, and common-mode inductor L6.

[0011] Preferably, the LED lamp module of the lamp board includes connector J1, capacitor C1, capacitor C2, LED1, LED2, LED3, LED4, LED5, LED6, and LED7.

[0012] Preferably, the chip U1 is model TPS7B6950QDBVRQ1; and the chip U2 is model TPS92519QDAPRQ1.

[0013] Preferably, the LEDs LED1, LED2, LED3, and LED4 are of model number NJSW123GT; and the LEDs LED5, LED6, and LED7 are of model number KR DMLQ32.23.

[0014] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of this utility model are: 1) The DC-DC chip in this application has good voltage regulation capability, and can stably output constant voltage and current under the condition of fluctuation in automotive power supply voltage, so as to avoid the impact of voltage instability on the brightness and lifespan of the rear fog reversing light. 2) In this application, the LED driver ensures that the LED current remains constant when the input voltage changes from 9V to 16V, thereby achieving a small range of variation in LED brightness and ensuring consistent product brightness; 3) In this application, the LED driver realizes the integrated design and independent control of the rear fog light and reversing light circuits of the car, which simplifies the circuit structure while retaining functional independence; 4) This application offers significant cost advantages, as it utilizes a single DC-DC chip to control the rear fog lights of a car, eliminating the need for multiple chips or a large number of complex discrete components as in traditional circuits. This directly reduces the number of chips and other components required, lowering material costs. Simultaneously, the use of a single chip simplifies the circuit structure, reduces soldering points and assembly steps in the production process, and lowers the complexity of the manufacturing process, thereby saving on production costs. Furthermore, subsequent maintenance and replacement are also simpler, further reducing the overall cost of ownership throughout the vehicle's lifecycle. 5) This technical solution is an integrated LED driver solution, which has stronger resistance to vibration and electromagnetic interference and reduces the probability of failure compared to discrete component circuits; 6) The simplified structure of this drive circuit makes it easier for engineers to design and debug. It also allows for faster troubleshooting and improves maintenance efficiency. Attached Figure Description

[0015] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the integrated drive circuit for the rear fog reversing light of this utility model. Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the power input module of this utility model; Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the LDO driver module of this utility model; Figure 4This is a schematic diagram of the DC-DC LED driver module of this utility model; Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the LED lamp bead module of the lamp board of this utility model. Detailed Implementation

[0016] The technical solutions of the present utility model will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings of the embodiments. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present utility model, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present utility model, all other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without creative effort are within the protection scope of the present utility model.

[0017] Example: Please see Figure 1-5 This utility model provides a technical solution: A dual-channel DC-DC circuit for automotive rear fog reversing lights includes a power input module, an LDO driver module, a dual-channel DC-DC LED driver module, and a lamp board LED chip module. The power input module is connected to both the LDO driver module and the DC-DC LED driver module. The LDO driver module is also connected to both the power input module and the DC-DC LED driver module. The DC-DC LED driver module is connected to both the power input module, the LDO driver module, and the lamp board LED chip module. The lamp board LED chip module is connected to the DC-DC LED driver module.

[0018] The power input module includes connector J1, capacitors C5, C6, C7, C8, C13, C14, diodes D1 and D2, TVS transistors TVS1 and TVS2, ferrite beads FB1, FB2, FB3, and FB4, and inductors L1 and L2. One end of capacitor C5 is connected to the first pin of connector J1 (positive input of rear fog light power), one end of TVS1, and the positive terminal of diode D1. The other end of capacitor C5 is connected to one end of capacitor C6. The other end of capacitor C6 is connected to the second pin of connector J1 (negative input of power), one end of TVS1, and one end of ferrite bead FB1. One end of TVS1 is connected to the first pin of connector J1 (positive input of rear fog light power), one end of capacitor C5. The other end of TVS1 is connected to the second pin of connector J1 (negative input of power), one end of capacitor C6, and one end of ferrite bead FB1. The positive terminal of diode D1 is connected to the first pin of connector J1 (positive input of rear fog light power), one end of capacitor C5, and one end of TVS1. The negative terminal of diode D1 is connected to one end of ferrite bead FB3. The other end of ferrite bead FB3 is connected to one end of capacitor C13 and one end of inductor L1. The other end of capacitor C13 is connected to one end of ferrite bead FB1 and grounded. One end of capacitor C7 is connected to the third pin of connector J1 (positive input of reverse light power), one end of TVS2, and the positive terminal of diode D2. The other end of capacitor C7 is connected to one end of capacitor C8. The other end of capacitor C8 is connected to the second pin of connector J1 (negative input of power), one end of TVS2, and one end of ferrite bead FB2. One end of TVS2 is connected to the third pin of connector J1 (positive input of reverse light power), one end of capacitor C7. The other end of TVS2 is connected to the second pin of connector J1 (negative input of power), one end of capacitor C8, and one end of ferrite bead FB2. The positive terminal of diode D2 is connected to the third pin of connector J1 (positive input of reverse light power), one end of capacitor C7, and one end of TVS2. The negative terminal of diode D2 is connected to one end of ferrite bead FB4. The other end of ferrite bead FB4 is connected to one end of capacitor C14 and one end of inductor L2. The other end of capacitor C14 is connected to one end of ferrite bead FB2 and grounded.

[0019] The power input module includes connector J1, capacitors C5, C6, C7, C8, C13, C14, diodes D1 and D2, TVS transistors TVS1 and TVS2, ferrite beads FB1, FB2, FB3, and FB4, and inductors L1 and L2. One end of capacitor C5 is connected to the first pin of connector J1 (positive input of rear fog light power), one end of TVS1, and the positive terminal of diode D1. The other end of capacitor C5 is connected to one end of capacitor C6. The other end of capacitor C6 is connected to the second pin of connector J1 (negative input of power), one end of TVS1, and one end of ferrite bead FB1. One end of TVS1 is connected to the first pin of connector J1 (positive input of rear fog light power), one end of capacitor C5. The other end of TVS1 is connected to the second pin of connector J1 (negative input of power), one end of capacitor C6, and one end of ferrite bead FB1. The positive terminal of diode D1 is connected to the first pin of connector J1 (positive input of rear fog light power), one end of capacitor C5, and one end of TVS1. The negative terminal of diode D1 is connected to one end of ferrite bead FB3. The other end of ferrite bead FB3 is connected to one end of capacitor C13 and one end of inductor L1. The other end of capacitor C13 is connected to one end of ferrite bead FB1 and grounded. One end of capacitor C7 is connected to the third pin of connector J1 (positive input of reverse light power), one end of TVS2, and the positive terminal of diode D2. The other end of capacitor C7 is connected to one end of capacitor C8. The other end of capacitor C8 is connected to the second pin of connector J1 (negative input of power), one end of TVS2, and one end of ferrite bead FB2. One end of TVS2 is connected to the third pin of connector J1 (positive input of reverse light power), one end of capacitor C7. The other end of TVS2 is connected to the second pin of connector J1 (negative input of power), one end of capacitor C8, and one end of ferrite bead FB2. The positive terminal of diode D2 is connected to the third pin of connector J1 (positive input of reverse light power), one end of capacitor C7, and one end of TVS2. The negative terminal of diode D2 is connected to one end of ferrite bead FB4. The other end of ferrite bead FB4 is connected to one end of capacitor C14 and one end of inductor L2. The other end of capacitor C14 is connected to one end of ferrite bead FB2 and grounded.

[0020] The dual-channel DC-DC LED driver module includes chip U3, capacitors C19, C20, C21, C22, C23, C24, C25, C26, C27, C28, C29, C30, C31, C32, C33, C34, C35, C36, C37, C38, C39, C40, C41, C42, C43, C44, C45, and C46, ​​resistors R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, and R6, inductors L3, L4, L5, and L6 (common mode inductor). The first pin of chip U3 is connected to one end of capacitor C29, and the other end of capacitor C29 is grounded. The second pin of chip U3 is connected to one end of capacitor C30, and the other end of capacitor C30 is connected to the third and fourth pins of chip U3 and grounded. The third pin of chip U3 is connected to the fourth pin and grounded. The fifth pin of chip U3 is connected to the sixth pin and one end of capacitors C19, C21, C23, and C25. It is also connected to one end of inductor L1 in the power input module, the first pin of chip U1 in the LDO driver module, and one end of capacitors C1 and C3. The other ends of capacitors C19, C21, C23, and C25 are grounded. The sixth pin of chip U3 is connected to the fifth pin. Connect one end of capacitors C19, C21, C23, and C25; connect one end of inductor L1 in the power input module; connect the first pin of chip U1 in the LDO driver module; connect one end of capacitors C1 and C3; connect the seventh pin of chip U3 to one end of capacitor C27 and ground; connect the other end of capacitor C27 to the eighth, twenty-fourth, and twenty-fifth pins of chip U3; connect one end of resistor R1; connect the other end of resistor R1 to the ninth pin of chip U3; connect one end of capacitor C28; connect the other end of capacitor C28 to the tenth pin of chip U3 and ground; connect the eleventh and twelfth pins of the chip; and connect one end of capacitors C20, C22, C24, and C26. The circuit is connected to one end of inductor L2 in the power input module, the first pin of chip U2 in the LDO driver module, and one end of capacitors C2 and C4. The other ends of capacitors C20, C22, C24, and C26 are grounded. Pins 13 and 14 of chip U3 are connected to ground and to one end of capacitor C31. The other end of capacitor C31 is connected to pin 15 of chip U3. Pin 16 of chip U3 is connected to one end of capacitor C32. The other end of capacitor C32 is grounded. Pin 17 of chip U3 is connected to one end of resistor R4, one end of resistor R6, and one end of capacitor C40. The other ends of capacitors R4 and R6 are connected to pin 18 of chip U3 and to one end of inductor L4. One end of capacitor C40, one end of capacitor C43, and the third pin of common-mode inductor L6 are connected. The other end of capacitor C43 is grounded. The first pin of common-mode inductor L6 is connected to one end of capacitor C46 and grounded. The other end of capacitor C46 is connected to the second pin of common-mode inductor L6 and the third pin of connector J2. The fourth pin of common-mode inductor L6 is connected to one end of capacitor C44, and the other end of capacitor C44 is grounded. The nineteenth pin of chip U3 is connected to one end of capacitor C35. The other end of capacitor C35 is connected to the twentieth and twenty-first pins of chip U3, one end of capacitor C38, and one end of inductor L4. The other end of capacitor C38 is connected to one end of resistor R2, and the other end of resistor R2 is grounded. The twenty-second pin of chip U3 is left floating.Pin 23 of chip U3 is connected to one end of capacitor C37, and the other end of capacitor C37 is grounded. Pin 24 of chip U3 is connected to pin 25, pin 8, one end of capacitor C27, and one end of resistor R1. Pin 26 of chip U3 is connected to one end of capacitor C36, and the other end of capacitor C36 is grounded. Pin 27 of chip U3 is left floating. Pin 28 of chip U3 is connected to pin 29 of chip U3, one end of capacitor C33, one end of inductor L3, and one end of capacitor C34. The other end of capacitor C33 is grounded. The other end of inductor L3 is connected to pin 31 of chip U3. One end of resistor R3, one end of resistor R5, one end of capacitor C39, and the other end of capacitor C34 are connected to pin 30 of chip U3. The other end of capacitor C39 is connected to the other ends of resistor R3, resistor R5, pin 32 of chip U3, one end of capacitor C41, and pin 3 of common-mode inductor L5. The other end of capacitor C41 is grounded. The first pin of the common-mode inductor is connected to one end of C45 and grounded. The other end of C45 is connected to the second pin of common-mode inductor L5 and the first pin of connector J2. The fourth pin of the common-mode inductor is connected to one end of capacitor C42. The other end of capacitor C42 is grounded.

[0021] The LED module includes connector J1, capacitor C1, capacitor C2, LED1, LED2, LED3, LED4, LED5, LED6, and LED7. The first pin of connector J1 is connected to the positive terminal of capacitor C1 and LEDs 1, 2, 3, and 4. The negative terminal of capacitor C1 and LEDs 1, 2, 3, and 4 is connected to the second pin of connector J1 and grounded. The third pin of connector J1 is connected to one end of capacitor C2 and LEDs 5, 6, and 7. The other end of capacitor C2 and LEDs 5, 6, and 7 is connected to the second pin of connector J1 and grounded.

[0022] The model number of chip U1 is TPS7B6950QDBVRQ1; the model number of chip U2 is TPS92519QDAPRQ1.

[0023] The model numbers for LED1, LED2, LED3, and LED4 are NJSW123GT; the model numbers for LED5, LED6, and LED7 are KR DMLQ32.23.

[0024] The foregoing has shown and described the basic principles, main features, and advantages of this utility model. It is obvious to those skilled in the art that this utility model is not limited to the details of the exemplary embodiments described above, and that it can be implemented in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or basic characteristics of this utility model. Therefore, the embodiments should be considered exemplary and non-limiting in all respects. The scope of this utility model is defined by the appended claims rather than the foregoing description. Therefore, it is intended that all variations falling within the meaning and scope of equivalents of the claims be included within this utility model, and no reference numerals in the claims should be considered as limiting the scope of the claims.

[0025] Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made to these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the present invention, the scope of which is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A dual-channel DC-DC circuit for automotive rear fog reversing lights, comprising a power input module, an LDO driver module, a dual-channel DC-DC LED driver module, and a lamp board LED chip module, characterized in that, The power input module is connected to the LDO driver module and the DC-DC LED driver module respectively. The LDO driver module is connected to the power input module and the DC-DC LED driver module respectively. The DC-DC LED driver module is connected to the power input module, the LDO driver module, and the LED chip module of the lamp board respectively. The LED chip module of the lamp board is connected to the DC-DC LED driver module.

2. The dual-channel DC-DC circuit for automotive rear fog reversing lights according to claim 1, characterized in that: The power input module includes connector J1, capacitors C5, C6, C7, C8, C13, C14, diodes D1 and D2, TVS transistors TVS1 and TVS transistors TVS2, ferrite beads FB1, FB2, FB3, and FB4, and inductors L1 and L2. One end of capacitor C5 is connected to the first pin of connector J1, one end of TVS1, and the positive terminal of diode D1. The other end of capacitor C5 is connected to one end of capacitor C6. The other end of capacitor C6 is connected to the second pin of connector J1, one end of TVS1, and one end of ferrite bead FB1. One end of TVS1 is connected to the first pin of connector J1 and one end of capacitor C5. The other end of TVS1 is connected to the second pin of connector J1, one end of capacitor C6, and one end of ferrite bead FB1. The positive terminal of diode D1 is connected to the first pin of connector J1, one end of capacitor C5, and one end of TVS1. The negative terminal of diode D1 is connected to one end of ferrite bead FB3. The other end of ferrite bead FB3 is connected to one end of capacitor C13 and one end of inductor L1. The other end of capacitor C13 is connected to one end of ferrite bead FB1 and grounded. One end of capacitor C7 is connected to the third pin of connector J1, one end of TVS2, and the positive terminal of diode D2. The other end of capacitor C7 is connected to one end of capacitor C8. The other end of capacitor C8 is connected to the second pin of connector J1, one end of TVS2, and one end of ferrite bead FB2. One end of TVS2 is connected to the third pin of connector J1 and one end of capacitor C7. The other end of TVS2 is connected to the second pin of connector J1, one end of capacitor C8, and one end of ferrite bead FB2. The positive terminal of diode D2 is connected to the third pin of connector J1, one end of capacitor C7, and one end of TVS2. The negative terminal of diode D2 is connected to one end of ferrite bead FB4. The other end of ferrite bead FB4 is connected to one end of capacitor C14 and one end of inductor L2. The other end of capacitor C14 is connected to one end of ferrite bead FB2 and grounded.

3. A dual-channel DC-DC circuit for automotive rear fog reversing lights according to claim 1, characterized in that: The LDO driver module includes chip U1, chip U2, capacitor C1, capacitor C2, capacitor C3, capacitor C4, capacitor C9, capacitor C10, capacitor C11, capacitor C12, capacitor C15, capacitor C16, capacitor C17, and capacitor C18.

4. A dual-channel DC-DC circuit for automotive rear fog reversing lights according to claim 1, characterized in that: The dual-channel DC-DC LED driver module includes chip U3, capacitors C19, C20, C21, C22, C23, C24, C25, C26, C27, C28, C29, C30, C31, C32, C33, C34, C35, C36, C37, C38, C39, C40, C41, C42, C43, C44, C45, and C46, ​​resistors R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, and R6, inductors L3, L4, L5, and L6.

5. A dual-channel DC-DC circuit for automotive rear fog reversing lights according to claim 1, characterized in that: The LED module of the light board includes connector J1, capacitor C1, capacitor C2, LED1, LED2, LED3, LED4, LED5, LED6, and LED7.

6. A dual-channel DC-DC circuit for automotive rear fog reversing lights according to claim 3, characterized in that: The model number of chip U1 is TPS7B6950QDBVRQ1; the model number of chip U2 is TPS92519QDAPRQ1.

7. A dual-channel DC-DC circuit for automotive rear fog reversing lights according to claim 5, characterized in that: The LEDs LED1, LED2, LED3, and LED4 are model number NJSW123GT; the LEDs LED5, LED6, and LED7 are model number KR DMLQ32.23.

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