Electrochemical device and electric equipment
Patent Information
- Application Number
- CN202522355052.7
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Utility models(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2025-11-06
- Publication Date
- 2026-10-27
- Estimated Expiration
- 2035-11-06
AI Technical Summary
但是这部分区域由于界面稳定性差、电流分布不均，因此极易成为锂离子沉积的优先场所，从而产生析锂现象
[0015]根据本实用新型第二方面实施例的电化学装置，包括第一方面实施例中任一项所述的电化学装置。凸出部由于缺乏来自对面正极片的机械约束，其内部应力与电化学装置主体的堆叠区不同。在电循环，尤其是大电流快充过程中，锂离子会优先在凸出部进行嵌入和脱出，因此该区域容易产生析锂现象，本实用新型实施例的电化学装置通过在相邻两个凸出部之间设置一个具有弹性的加压件，由于加压件正常状态下的厚度D2大于相邻两个凸出部之间的间距D1，因此加压件设置在该区域后会被压缩，加压件的回弹力会对两侧的凸出部提供一个持续、稳定的静态压力，有效压实负极片以及隔膜，锂离子在凸出部脱嵌的过程中受到该压力的影响，不会出现异常堆积区域，改善锂离子流分布均匀性，并且机械约束力还能够减少凸出部在长期循环过程中的变形以及活性物质层脱落等现象，从而改善析锂现象。使用该电化学装置的用电设备也能够提升使用寿命和用电质量。
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Figure CN224908036U_ABST
Abstract
Description
Technical Field
[0001] This utility model relates to the field of electrochemical energy storage technology, and in particular to electrochemical devices and electrical equipment. Background Technology
[0002] To prevent lithium plating and improve battery safety, the negative electrode is typically designed to be larger than the positive electrode, protruding relative to it to provide sufficient area for lithium ion intercalation. However, this area is prone to lithium ion deposition due to poor interface stability and uneven current distribution, leading to lithium plating. Utility Model Content
[0003] The present invention aims to solve at least one of the technical problems existing in the prior art. To this end, the present invention proposes an electrochemical device that can improve the lithium plating phenomenon.
[0004] This utility model also proposes an electrical device having the above-mentioned electrochemical device.
[0005] An electrochemical device according to a first aspect of the present invention includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator, and a pressure member. The negative electrode and the positive electrode are stacked on top of each other, with the edge of the negative electrode extending outward relative to the outer edge of the positive electrode to form a protrusion. The distance between two adjacent protrusions along the thickness direction of the negative electrode is D1. The separator is disposed between the positive and negative electrode. The pressure member is elastic and is disposed between two adjacent protrusions. The thickness of the pressure member in its uncompressed state along the thickness direction of the negative electrode is D2, where D2 > D1.
[0006] The electrochemical device according to the embodiments of this utility model has at least the following beneficial effects: Because the protrusions lack mechanical constraints from the opposite positive electrode, their internal stress differs from that of the stacked area of the main body of the electrochemical device. During electrical cycling, especially high-current fast charging, lithium ions preferentially intercalate and deintercalate in the protrusions, thus this area is prone to lithium plating. The electrochemical device of this utility model provides an elastic pressure member between two adjacent protrusions. Since the thickness D2 of the pressure member in its normal state is greater than the distance D1 between two adjacent protrusions, the pressure member is compressed after being placed in this area. The rebound force of the pressure member provides a continuous and stable static pressure on the protrusions on both sides, effectively compacting the negative electrode and the separator. During the intercalation and deintercalation of lithium ions in the protrusions, this pressure prevents abnormal accumulation areas, improves the uniformity of lithium ion flow distribution, and the mechanical constraint force also reduces deformation of the protrusions and shedding of the active material layer during long-term cycling, thereby improving lithium plating.
[0007] According to some embodiments of this utility model, the material of the pressure component is one of polyurethane foam, rubber foam, silicone foam, and polyvinyl alcohol sponge.
[0008] According to some embodiments of the present invention, the pressurizing component includes a plurality of liquid storage holes, which store electrolyte.
[0009] According to some embodiments of the present invention, two pressure-applying members are provided between two adjacent negative electrode sheets, and the two pressure-applying members are symmetrically arranged on both sides of the positive electrode sheet along the width direction.
[0010] According to some embodiments of the present invention, along the length direction of the negative electrode sheet, the size of the pressure member is equal to the size of the negative electrode sheet, and / or, along the width direction of the negative electrode sheet, the size of the pressure member is L1, and the size of the protrusion is L2, where L1 < 0.5L2.
[0011] According to some embodiments of the present invention, two adjacent negative electrode sheets are respectively a first electrode sheet and a second electrode sheet. Along the width direction of the negative electrode sheet, one end of the diaphragm is clamped between the pressure member and the first electrode sheet, and the other end of the diaphragm is clamped between another pressure member and the second electrode sheet.
[0012] According to some embodiments of this utility model, 0.1mm ≤ (D2-D1) ≤ 2mm.
[0013] According to some embodiments of the present invention, the pressure member has a functional layer on at least one side surface in its thickness direction, and the functional layer is one of an oxidation-resistant layer, a lithium-ion conductive layer, and a thermosensitive coating.
[0014] According to some embodiments of the present invention, the electrochemical device includes a battery cell and a housing. The battery cell is formed by stacking and winding the positive electrode, the separator, and the negative electrode. A pressure member corresponding to the position of the protrusion is also provided between the battery cell and the housing.
[0015] The electrochemical device according to a second aspect embodiment of the present invention includes the electrochemical device described in any one of the first aspect embodiments. Due to the lack of mechanical constraint from the opposite positive electrode, the internal stress of the protrusion differs from that of the stacked area of the main body of the electrochemical device. During electrical cycling, especially high-current fast charging, lithium ions preferentially intercalate and deintercalate in the protrusion, thus this area is prone to lithium plating. The electrochemical device of this embodiment addresses this by providing an elastic pressure member between two adjacent protrusions. Since the thickness D2 of the pressure member in its normal state is greater than the distance D1 between the two adjacent protrusions, the pressure member is compressed after being placed in this area. The rebound force of the pressure member provides a continuous and stable static pressure on the protrusions on both sides, effectively compacting the negative electrode and the separator. During the intercalation and deintercalation of lithium ions in the protrusion, this pressure prevents abnormal accumulation areas, improves the uniformity of lithium ion flow distribution, and the mechanical constraint also reduces deformation of the protrusion and shedding of the active material layer during long-term cycling, thereby improving lithium plating. Electrical equipment using this electrochemical device also experiences improved service life and power quality.
[0016] Additional aspects and advantages of this invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. Attached Figure Description
[0017] The present invention will be further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments, wherein: Figure 1 This is a partial cross-sectional view of an electrochemical device in one embodiment of the present invention; Figure 2 for Figure 1 Enlarged view of region A in the middle; Figure 3 This is a partial unfolded top view of the electrochemical device in one embodiment of the present invention; Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the wound battery cell of an electrochemical device in one embodiment of the present invention.
[0018] Reference numerals: electrochemical device 100, positive electrode 101, negative electrode 102, protrusion 103, diaphragm 104, pressure-applying component 105, first electrode 201, second electrode 202, battery cell 401, tab 402. Detailed Implementation
[0019] The embodiments of this utility model are described in detail below. Examples of these embodiments are shown in the accompanying drawings, wherein the same or similar reference numerals denote the same or similar elements or elements having the same or similar functions throughout. The embodiments described below with reference to the accompanying drawings are exemplary and are only used to explain this utility model, and should not be construed as limiting this utility model.
[0020] In the description of this utility model, it should be understood that the directional descriptions, such as up, down, front, back, left, right, etc., indicate the directional or positional relationship based on the directional or positional relationship shown in the accompanying drawings. They are only for the convenience of describing this utility model and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation. Therefore, they should not be construed as limitations on this utility model.
[0021] In the description of this utility model, "several" means one or more, "multiple" means two or more, "greater than," "less than," and "exceeding" are understood to exclude the stated number, while "above," "below," and "within" are understood to include the stated number. The use of "first" and "second" in the description is merely for distinguishing technical features and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance, or implicitly indicating the number of indicated technical features, or implicitly indicating the order of the indicated technical features.
[0022] In the description of this utility model, unless otherwise explicitly defined, terms such as "setting," "installation," and "connection" should be interpreted broadly, and those skilled in the art can reasonably determine the specific meaning of the above terms in this utility model in conjunction with the specific content of the technical solution.
[0023] In the description of this utility model, the terms "one embodiment," "some embodiments," "illustrative embodiment," "example," "specific example," or "some examples," etc., refer to specific features, structures, materials, or characteristics described in connection with that embodiment or example, which are included in at least one embodiment or example of this utility model. In this specification, the illustrative expressions of the above terms do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment or example. Furthermore, the specific features, structures, materials, or characteristics described may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments or examples.
[0024] To prevent lithium plating and improve battery safety, the negative electrode 102 is typically designed to be larger than the positive electrode 101, causing the negative electrode 102 to protrude relative to the positive electrode 101 and provide sufficient area for lithium ion intercalation. However, this area is prone to lithium ion deposition due to poor interface stability and uneven current distribution, thus leading to lithium plating.
[0025] This application proposes an electrochemical device 100 that can improve lithium plating, and also proposes an electrical device including the electrochemical device 100.
[0026] refer to Figure 1 and Figure 3 An electrochemical device 100 according to a first aspect embodiment of the present invention includes a positive electrode 101, a negative electrode 102, a separator 104, and a pressure member 105. The negative electrode 102 and the positive electrode 101 are stacked on top of each other. The edge of the negative electrode 102 extends outward relative to the outer edge of the positive electrode 101 to form a protrusion 103. The distance between two adjacent protrusions 103 along the thickness direction of the negative electrode 102 is D1. The separator 104 is disposed between the positive electrode 101 and the negative electrode 102. The pressure member 105 is elastic and is disposed between two adjacent protrusions 103. The thickness of the pressure member 105 in its uncompressed state along the thickness direction of the negative electrode 102 is D2, where D2 > D1. Because the protrusions 103 lack mechanical constraints from the opposite positive electrode 101, their internal stress differs from that of the stacked area of the main body of the electrochemical device 100. During electric cycling, especially high-current fast charging, lithium ions preferentially intercalate and deintercalate in the protrusions 103, making this area prone to lithium plating. The electrochemical device 100 of this embodiment addresses this by providing an elastic pressure member 105 between two adjacent protrusions 103. Since the thickness D2 of the pressure member 105 in its normal state is greater than the distance D1 between the two adjacent protrusions 103, the pressure member 105 is compressed after being placed in this area. The rebound force of the pressure member 105 provides a continuous and stable static pressure to the protrusions 103 on both sides, effectively compacting the negative electrode 102 and the separator 104. During the intercalation and deintercalation of lithium ions in the protrusions 103, this pressure prevents abnormal accumulation areas, improving the uniformity of lithium ion flow distribution. Furthermore, the mechanical constraint can reduce deformation of the protrusions 103 and the shedding of the active material layer during long-term cycling, thereby improving lithium plating.
[0027] It should be noted that the uncompressed state refers to the state in which the pressure member 105 is only subjected to its own weight and no additional compressive stress is applied.
[0028] It should be noted that, Figure 3 The image shown is a top view of the positive electrode 101, negative electrode 102, and separator 104 after folding. The positive electrode 101 is at the top, the separator 104 is in the middle (slightly larger than both the positive and negative electrode 101), and the negative electrode 102 and pressure plate 105 are at the bottom. These components can be combined... Figure 1 The structure is derived, and the part of the negative electrode 102 that extends outward relative to the positive electrode 101 is the protrusion 103.
[0029] It should be noted that, in combination Figure 1 as well as Figure 2 It can be seen that the reference datum for the length direction, width direction and thickness direction in this utility model is the length, width and thickness of the electrode sheet before winding.
[0030] It should be noted that in the field of electrochemical energy storage technology, the protrusion 103 has a specific term, overhang region, or OH region for short. It refers to the region formed in multiple places in the winding or stacking structure of a battery, where the coating area of the negative electrode is larger in size than that of the positive electrode.
[0031] It should be noted that, Figure 1 and Figure 2 The pressure member 105 shown is in a compressed state. In the initial state, the thickness D2 of the pressure member 105 is greater than the gap size D1 between the protrusions 103.
[0032] In some embodiments of this utility model, the pressure member 105 is made of one of the following materials: polyurethane foam, rubber foam, silicone foam, and polyvinyl alcohol sponge. All of these materials possess good resilience and compression properties, allowing them to be better processed into the pressure member 105 and compressed within the gap of the protrusion 103. This utilizes excellent resilience to apply pressure to the protrusions 103 on both sides, providing mechanical constraint to prevent lithium ions from accumulating and precipitating in the protrusions 103. Furthermore, each of these materials also has its own characteristics: polyurethane foam offers a high cost-performance ratio and is easy to process; rubber foam has excellent flame retardancy and high safety performance; silicone foam has superior resilience and can adapt to high-temperature environments; and polyvinyl alcohol sponge has good water absorption, allowing it to store more electrolyte.
[0033] In some embodiments of this invention, the pressure member 105 includes multiple liquid storage holes, which store electrolyte. The multiple liquid storage holes in the pressure member 105 allow for better electrolyte wetting, enhancing its absorption and retention capacity, providing electrolyte to the area where the protrusion 103 is located, and serving as pathways for electrolyte diffusion, improving wetting uniformity. The porous structure also facilitates the compression of the pressure member 105; during the cycle of the electrochemical device 100, the electrolyte is released when the pressure member 105 is compressed, thus replenishing the electrode. It should be noted that in some embodiments of this invention, the pressure member 105 can be directly fabricated using polyurethane foam, rubber foam, silicone foam, polyvinyl alcohol sponge, etc. These materials are all porous, and their internal pores can serve as liquid storage holes. In some embodiments, the raw material of the pressure member 105 can also be manually processed to have multiple liquid storage holes for storing electrolyte.
[0034] refer to Figure 1 and Figure 3In some embodiments of this utility model, two pressure-applying members 105 are provided between two adjacent negative electrode plates 102, and the two pressure-applying members 105 are symmetrically arranged on both sides of the positive electrode plate 101 along the width direction. On the one hand, the symmetrical arrangement of the two pressure-applying members 105 on both sides in the width direction allows the protrusions 103 on both sides to be evenly stressed, improving the uniformity of lithium-ion flow distribution. On the other hand, it can directly... Figure 3 As shown, the pressure member 105 is set as a whole strip structure and attached along the length of the electrode sheet, which is convenient for processing and facilitates the subsequent winding process.
[0035] refer to Figure 1 and Figure 3 In some embodiments of this utility model, along the length direction of the negative electrode 102, the size of the pressure member 105 is equal to the size of the negative electrode 102, and / or, along the width direction of the negative electrode 102, the size of the pressure member 105 is L1, and the size of the protrusion 103 is L2, where L1 < 0.5L2. The fact that the size of the pressure member 105 along the length direction is equal to that of the negative electrode 102 enables... Figure 3 The protrusion 103 is covered as much as possible and is wound together with the electrode sheet. In the width direction, L1 < 0.5L2 represents... Figure 1 The size of the protrusion 103 on one side shown is larger than the size of the pressure member 105 to avoid the pressure member 105 protruding relative to the protrusion 103, thereby causing unnecessary space occupation and reducing energy density. The width of the pressure member 105 being smaller than the size of the protrusion 103 on one side also allows for a gap between the pressure member 105 and the positive electrode 101, which is beneficial for the setting of the separator 104.
[0036] refer to Figure 1 , Figure 2 In some embodiments of this utility model, two adjacent negative electrode plates 102 are respectively the first electrode plate 201 and the second electrode plate 202. Along the width direction of the negative electrode plate 102, one end of the separator 104 is clamped between the pressure member 105 and the first electrode plate 201, and the other end of the separator 104 is clamped between another pressure member 105 and the second electrode plate 202. Thus, whether it is the separator 104 between the first electrode plate 201 and the positive electrode plate 101, or the separator 104 between the second electrode plate 202 and the positive electrode plate 101, there is at least one stepped structure, which can prevent the separator 104 from loosening and improve the structural stability of the separator 104 disposed between the electrodes. Figure 2 for Figure 1 A magnified view of the left-hand area, combined with... Figure 1 as well as Figure 2 This allows us to know the design of the diaphragm 104 on the right side.
[0037] It should be noted that the reference Figure 1 and Figure 2When viewed along the width direction, the diaphragm 104 has a stepped structure, while the diaphragm 104 being sandwiched between the first electrode 201 or the second electrode 202 and the pressure member 105 is a structural feature in the thickness direction.
[0038] It should be noted that the first electrode 201 and the second electrode 202 are essentially the negative electrode 102. Figure 1 and Figure 2 These are all microcosms of the local structures within the electrochemical device 100. They are named the first electrode 201 and the second electrode 202 to better illustrate and distinguish the repetitive structures.
[0039] In some embodiments of this utility model, 0.1mm ≤ (D2-D1) ≤ 2mm. Specifically, (D2-D1) can be 0.1mm, 0.3mm, 0.5mm, 0.7mm, 0.9mm, 1mm, 1.2mm, 1.3mm, 1.4mm, 1.5mm, 1.6mm, 1.7mm, 1.8mm, 1.9mm, 2mm, or within any two of the above values. Selecting a suitable initial thickness for the pressure member 105 can simultaneously meet the dual requirements of improving lithium plating and energy density. When (D2-D1) is less than 0.1mm, the compression effect of the pressure member 105 positioned between the protrusions 103 is not significant, the rebound force and the pressure applied to the protrusions 103 are also small, the mechanical constraint force on the protrusions 103 is insufficient, and it may displace and fall off, and it cannot effectively improve the lithium plating phenomenon. When (D2-D1) is greater than 2mm, the compression amount is large, and the pressure applied to the electrode is also relatively large. This can easily damage the electrode or cause local stress concentration, which in turn affects the normal insertion and extraction of lithium ions in the protrusion 103, thereby reducing battery performance.
[0040] In some embodiments of this invention, the pressure member 105 has a functional layer on at least one side of its thickness direction. The functional layer is one of an oxidation-resistant layer, a lithium-ion conductive layer, and a thermosensitive coating. Since the pressure member 105 is located inside the electrochemical device 100, in addition to providing it with basic elasticity and a porous structure, the functional layer on its surface can also improve the safety and functionality of the electrochemical device 100. Specifically, setting the functional layer as an oxidation-resistant coating can improve the service life of the pressure member 105 and prevent oxidation products from contaminating the battery interior. This oxidation-resistant layer can be made of inorganic ceramic materials such as alumina or zirconium oxide, and can be applied by coating or impregnation. Setting the functional layer as a lithium-ion conductive layer can improve lithium plating and enhance battery performance. Specifically, it can be coated with a fast ion conductor or a conductive polymer to achieve ion conduction. The thermosensitive coating mainly refers to a thermally shut-off material coating, which actively responds when the electrochemical device 100 overheats, melting and closing the pores to block ion transport and prevent thermal runaway. Specifically, this function can be achieved using thermosensitive polymers such as polyolefins.
[0041] refer to Figure 4 In some embodiments of this utility model, the electrochemical device 100 includes a battery cell 401 and a housing (not shown in the figure). The battery cell 401 is formed by stacking and winding a positive electrode 101, a separator, and a negative electrode 102. A pressure member 105 corresponding to the position of the protrusion 103 is also provided between the battery cell 401 and the housing. When the positive electrode 101 and the negative electrode 102... Figure 3 Wrap to Figure 4 Following the shown battery cell 401, a pressure-applying member 105 is then provided around the outer periphery of the battery cell 401 before it is encapsulated in a housing. This applies a certain static pressure to the OH region of the entire battery cell 401, improving lithium plating. In some embodiments, multiple pressure-applying members 105 are provided around the OH region of the battery cell 401. (Reference) Figure 4 In some embodiments, the battery cell 401 is also provided with positive and negative tabs 402 for better connection to external circuits.
[0042] The electrochemical device 100 according to a second aspect embodiment of the present invention includes the electrochemical device 100 of any one of the first aspect embodiments. The protrusion 103, lacking mechanical constraint from the opposite positive electrode 101, has different internal stresses than the stacked area of the main body of the electrochemical device 100. During electrical cycling, especially high-current fast charging, lithium ions preferentially intercalate and deintercalate in the protrusions 103, making this area prone to lithium plating. The electrochemical device 100 of this embodiment addresses this by placing an elastic pressure member 105 between adjacent protrusions 103. Since the thickness D2 of the pressure member 105 in its normal state is greater than the distance D1 between adjacent protrusions 103, the pressure member 105 is compressed after being placed in this area. The rebound force of the pressure member 105 provides a continuous and stable static pressure to the protrusions 103 on both sides, effectively compacting the negative electrode 102 and the separator 104. During the intercalation and deintercalation of lithium ions in the protrusions 103, this pressure prevents abnormal accumulation areas, improving the uniformity of lithium ion flow distribution. Furthermore, the mechanical constraint reduces deformation of the protrusions 103 and the shedding of the active material layer during long-term cycling, thereby improving lithium plating. Electrical equipment using this electrochemical device 100 also experiences improved service life and power quality.
[0043] It should be noted that the electrical equipment used in this application is not particularly limited, and can be any electrical equipment known in the prior art. The electrochemical device 100 of this application is not particularly limited in its use, and can be used with any electrical equipment known in the prior art. According to some embodiments of this application, the electrical equipment includes, but is not limited to, mobile phones, smartphones, laptops, tablets, wearable devices, smartwatches, smart bracelets, smart glasses, power banks, televisions, game consoles, game controllers, digital cameras, smart speakers, headphones, keyboards, mice, monitors, drones, audio equipment, home appliances, toys, power tools, automobiles, motorcycles, electric bicycles, bicycles, robots, robot dogs, industrial robots, and android robots.
[0044] The embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail above with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments. Within the scope of knowledge possessed by those skilled in the art, various changes can be made without departing from the spirit of the present invention. Furthermore, the embodiments of the present invention and the features thereof can be combined with each other unless otherwise specified.
Claims
1. An electrochemical device, characterized in that, include: Positive electrode plate; A negative electrode sheet is stacked with the positive electrode sheet. The edge of the negative electrode sheet extends outward relative to the outer edge of the positive electrode sheet to form a protrusion. The distance between two adjacent protrusions along the thickness direction of the negative electrode sheet is D1. A separator is disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. The pressure member is elastic and is disposed between two adjacent protrusions. Along the thickness direction of the negative electrode sheet, the thickness of the pressure member in the uncompressed state is D2, where D2 > D1.
2. The electrochemical device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The pressure-applying component is made of one of the following materials: polyurethane foam, rubber foam, silicone foam, or polyvinyl alcohol sponge.
3. The electrochemical device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The pressurizing component includes multiple liquid storage holes, which store electrolyte.
4. The electrochemical device according to claim 1, characterized in that, Two pressure-applying components are disposed between two adjacent negative electrode sheets, and the two pressure-applying components are symmetrically disposed on both sides of the positive electrode sheet along the width direction.
5. The electrochemical device according to claim 4, characterized in that, Along the length of the negative electrode sheet, the size of the pressure member is equal to the size of the negative electrode sheet, and / or, along the width of the negative electrode sheet, the size of the pressure member is L1, and the size of the protrusion is L2, where L1 < 0.5L2.
6. The electrochemical device according to claim 4, characterized in that, The two adjacent negative electrode plates are respectively the first electrode plate and the second electrode plate. Along the width direction of the negative electrode plate, one end of the diaphragm is clamped between the pressure member and the first electrode plate, and the other end of the diaphragm is clamped between the other pressure member and the second electrode plate.
7. The electrochemical device according to claim 1, characterized in that, 0.1mm≤(D2-D1)≤2mm.
8. The electrochemical device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The pressure member has a functional layer on at least one side surface in its thickness direction, and the functional layer is one of an oxidation-resistant layer, a lithium-ion conductive layer, and a thermosensitive coating.
9. The electrochemical device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The electrochemical device includes a battery cell and a housing. The battery cell is formed by stacking and winding the positive electrode, the separator, and the negative electrode. A pressure member corresponding to the position of the protrusion is also provided between the battery cell and the housing.
10. Electrical equipment, characterized in that, The electrochemical device includes any one of claims 1 to 9.