Perovskite cells, stacked cells and photovoltaic modules

Abstract

The application provides a perovskite battery and a stacked battery. The perovskite battery comprises: a plurality of first transparent electrodes arranged at intervals; a plurality of functional layers arranged at intervals and arranged on the surfaces of the plurality of first transparent electrodes respectively, and exposing part of the surfaces of the first transparent electrodes; and a plurality of second transparent electrodes arranged at intervals and arranged on the sides of the plurality of functional layers away from the first transparent electrodes, the second transparent electrodes being electrically connected to the surfaces of the first transparent electrodes exposed through the gaps between the functional layers, and being arranged at intervals with the functional layers arranged adjacent to the second transparent electrodes, the first transparent electrodes, the functional layers and the second transparent electrodes being arranged in stacks to form a battery unit, and the dead zone width between two adjacent battery units being less than or equal to 140 microns. The dead zone size between the battery units is small, which can effectively improve the utilization rate of the active area in the perovskite battery, and further improve the battery efficiency.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of solar cells, specifically to perovskite cells, tandem cells, and photovoltaic modules. Background Technology

[0002] Perovskite solar cells are an emerging battery technology with advantages such as high theoretical efficiency, short fabrication process steps, solution processing capability, wide availability of raw materials, and low cost, showing great promise for development. Currently, perovskite and other thin-film solar cell modules are mainly manufactured using a combination of full-surface coating and laser scribing. The coating process primarily employs vacuum deposition combined with slot coating, followed by four laser scribing processes to complete the final module structure. Two of these laser scribing processes require the overall cutting of the multi-layered functional layers containing the perovskite film, which can easily damage the film. One laser scribing process, in particular, occurs after sputtering TCO (transparent conductive oxide), requiring laser etching of both the TCO layer and the multi-layered functional layers. This process is prone to edge bursting, resulting in greater damage and ultimately degrading the performance of the perovskite module. Furthermore, multiple laser scribing processes can lead to larger dead zones in the cell, reducing the utilization rate of the active area and consequently lowering the cell efficiency. Summary of the Invention

[0003] This invention aims to at least partially solve one of the technical problems in the related art. Therefore, one object of this invention is to provide a perovskite solar cell with a smaller dead region, which can improve the cell efficiency of the perovskite solar cell.

[0004] In one aspect, the present invention provides a perovskite solar cell. According to an embodiment of the present invention, the perovskite solar cell includes: a plurality of spaced-apart first transparent electrodes; a plurality of spaced-apart functional layers, each functional layer being disposed on the surface of the plurality of first transparent electrodes and exposing a portion of the surface of the first transparent electrodes; and a plurality of spaced-apart second transparent electrodes, each second transparent electrode being disposed on the side of the plurality of functional layers away from the first transparent electrodes, wherein the second transparent electrodes are electrically connected to the exposed surface of a first transparent electrode adjacent to a functional layer through gaps between the functional layers, and are spaced apart from the adjacent functional layers, wherein the stacked first transparent electrodes, the functional layers, and the second transparent electrodes constitute a cell, and the dead zone width between two adjacent cell units is less than or equal to 140 micrometers. Therefore, the small dead zone size between the cell units effectively improves the utilization rate of the active region in the perovskite solar cell, thereby improving the cell efficiency.

[0005] According to an embodiment of the present invention, the functional layer includes: a first charge transport layer disposed on the surface of the first transparent electrode and filling the gap between two adjacent first transparent electrodes; a perovskite active layer disposed on the side of the first charge transport layer away from the first transparent electrode; and a second charge transport layer disposed on the side of the perovskite active layer away from the first transparent electrode, wherein the first charge transport layer is prepared by inkjet printing; and / or, the perovskite active layer is prepared by inkjet printing; and / or, the second charge transport layer is prepared by inkjet printing.

[0006] According to an embodiment of the present invention, the spacing between two adjacent functional layers is 60-80 micrometers.

[0007] According to an embodiment of the present invention, the material of the first transparent electrode is silver nanowire, and the first transparent electrode is prepared by inkjet printing.

[0008] According to an embodiment of the present invention, the material of the second transparent electrode is silver nanowires, and the second transparent electrode is prepared by inkjet printing.

[0009] According to an embodiment of the present invention, the spacing between two adjacent first transparent electrodes is 25 to 35 micrometers.

[0010] According to an embodiment of the present invention, the perovskite solar cell further includes: an insulating adhesive disposed in the gap between the second transparent electrode and the functional layer disposed adjacent to the second transparent electrode.

[0011] According to an embodiment of the present invention, one of the first charge transport layer and the second charge transport layer is a hole transport layer and the other is an electron transport layer, wherein the hole transport layer includes a single layer or multiple layers of sub-hole transport layers stacked together.

[0012] In another aspect, the present invention provides a stacked battery. According to an embodiment of the invention, the stacked battery comprises the perovskite battery described above. Therefore, the stacked battery exhibits superior battery performance efficiency. Those skilled in the art will understand that the stacked battery possesses all the features and advantages of the aforementioned perovskite battery, which will not be elaborated upon further here.

[0013] In another aspect, the present invention provides a photovoltaic module. According to an embodiment of the invention, the tandem cell comprises the perovskite cell or tandem cell described above. Therefore, the photovoltaic module has superior cell performance efficiency. Those skilled in the art will understand that the tandem cell possesses all the features and advantages of the aforementioned perovskite cell, which will not be elaborated further here.

[0014] Additional aspects and advantages of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. Attached Figure Description

[0015] The above and / or additional aspects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent and readily understood from the description of the embodiments taken in conjunction with the following drawings, in which: Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a perovskite solar cell in one embodiment of the present invention; Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a perovskite solar cell in another embodiment of the present invention; Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a perovskite solar cell in another embodiment of the present invention; Figure 4 This is a flowchart of the preparation of a perovskite solar cell in another embodiment of the present invention; Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of an inkjet printing device in another embodiment of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0016] The present invention will be explained below with reference to embodiments. Those skilled in the art will understand that the following embodiments are for illustrative purposes only and should not be considered as limiting the scope of the invention. Where specific techniques or conditions are not specified in the embodiments, they are performed according to the techniques or conditions described in the literature in the field or according to the product instructions. Reagents or instruments whose manufacturers are not specified are all conventional products that can be obtained commercially.

[0017] The "range" disclosed in this application is defined by a lower limit and an upper limit. A given range is defined by selecting a lower limit and an upper limit, which define the boundaries of a particular range. Ranges defined in this way can include or exclude endpoints and can be arbitrarily combined; that is, any lower limit can be combined with any upper limit to form a range. For example, if ranges of 60-120 and 80-110 are listed for a specific parameter, it is expected that ranges of 60-110 and 80-120 are also included. Furthermore, if minimum range values ​​of 1 and 2 are listed, and if maximum range values ​​of 3, 4, and 5 are listed, then the following ranges are all expected: 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 2-3, 2-4, and 2-5. In this application, unless otherwise stated, the numerical range "ab" represents a shortened representation of any combination of real numbers between a and b, where a and b are real numbers. For example, the numerical range "0-5" indicates that all real numbers between "0-5" have been listed in this article; "0-5" is simply a shortened representation of these numerical combinations. Furthermore, when a parameter is stated as an integer ≥2, it is equivalent to disclosing that the parameter is, for example, an integer such as 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, etc.

[0018] The present invention will now be described with reference to specific embodiments. It should be noted that these embodiments are merely descriptive and do not limit the present invention in any way.

[0019] The terms "first" and "second" used in this document are for descriptive purposes only and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly specifying the number of technical features indicated. Therefore, a feature marked "first" or "second" may explicitly or implicitly include one or more of that feature. In the description of this application, "multiple" means two or more, unless otherwise explicitly specified.

[0020] In one aspect of the invention, a perovskite solar cell is provided. According to an embodiment of the invention, referring to... Figure 1The perovskite solar cell includes: a plurality of spaced-apart first transparent electrodes 10; a plurality of spaced-apart functional layers 20, each functional layer 20 being disposed on the surface of the plurality of first transparent electrodes 10 (i.e., one functional layer is disposed on the surface of each first transparent electrode), and exposing a portion of the surface of the first transparent electrodes 10; and a plurality of spaced-apart second transparent electrodes 30, each second transparent electrode 30 being disposed on the side of the plurality of functional layers 20 away from the first transparent electrodes 10, and the second transparent electrodes 30 being electrically connected to the exposed surface of a first transparent electrode 10 adjacent to the functional layer 20 through the gaps between the functional layers 20, and to the surface of the first transparent electrode 10. The adjacent functional layers 20 are spaced apart (i.e., each functional layer 20 corresponds to a second transparent electrode 30, and the second transparent electrode 30 extends through the sidewall of the functional layer 20 towards the side closer to the first transparent electrode 10, and is electrically connected to the surface of the first transparent electrode 10 adjacent to it). The stacked first transparent electrode 10, functional layers 20, and second transparent electrodes 30 constitute a battery cell. The dead zone width D between two adjacent battery cells is less than or equal to 140 micrometers. For example, the dead zone width D can be 140 micrometers, 130 micrometers, 120 micrometers, 110 micrometers, 100 micrometers, 90 micrometers, 85 micrometers, 80 micrometers, etc. Therefore, the small dead zone size between the battery cells can effectively improve the utilization rate of the active region in the perovskite battery, thereby improving battery efficiency.

[0021] Among them, such as Figure 1 As shown, a perovskite solar cell includes a cell with an effective power generation area, as well as a dead region, i.e., an inactive region, between two adjacent cells. Multiple cells are connected in series through an electrical connection between a second transparent electrode and a first transparent electrode. Furthermore, as... Figure 1 As shown, the first transparent electrode can be pre-set on the substrate 1 to provide good support for the perovskite solar cell and prevent water and oxygen intrusion.

[0022] According to an embodiment of the present invention, referring to Figure 2The functional layer includes: a first charge transport layer 21, which is disposed on the surface of the first transparent electrode and fills the gap between two adjacent first transparent electrodes 10; a perovskite active layer 22, which is disposed on the side of the first charge transport layer 21 away from the first transparent electrode 10; and a second charge transport layer 23, which is disposed on the side of the perovskite active layer 22 away from the first transparent electrode 10. The first charge transport layer 21 is prepared by inkjet printing; and / or, the perovskite active layer 22 is prepared by inkjet printing; and / or, the second charge transport layer 23 is prepared by inkjet printing. Therefore, by using inkjet printing to fabricate at least one of the first charge transport layer, the perovskite active layer, and the second charge transport layer with fine patterning, the width of the dead zone can be effectively reduced. Furthermore, the process of laser scribing the functional layers can be eliminated (in existing technologies, each layer is prepared using deposition or solution coating, followed by laser scribing to create multiple spaced functional layers), thus reducing damage to the functional layers. Moreover, in the process of forming the second transparent electrode using laser scribing, only the conductive layer needs to be laser scribed to obtain multiple second transparent electrodes; there is no need to laser scribing the stacked structure of the conductive and functional layers. This reduces the risk of edge bursting, thereby contributing to improved battery performance.

[0023] According to some embodiments of the present invention, the spacing d3 between two adjacent functional layers is 60-80 micrometers, or... This helps to achieve the design effect of a small dead zone, that is, helps to reduce the size of the dead zone.

[0024] According to some embodiments of the present invention, one of the first charge transport layer and the second charge transport layer is a hole transport layer, and the other is an electron transport layer. In some embodiments, the spacing between adjacent hole transport layers formed by inkjet printing (i.e., the spacing d3 between the two adjacent functional layers mentioned above) is 60-80 micrometers, and the spacing between adjacent electron transport layers formed by inkjet printing (i.e., the spacing d3 between the two adjacent functional layers mentioned above) is 60-80 micrometers. This helps to achieve the design effect of small dead zones, that is, helps to reduce the size of dead zones.

[0025] According to some embodiments of the present invention, the material of the hole transport layer includes nickel oxide (NiO). x ,1≤x≤2), cuprous iodide (CuI), cuprous oxide (Cu2O), cuprous thiocyanate (CuSCN), 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9'-spirodifluorene (Spiro) OMeTAD), 2,2',7,7'-tetra(di-p-tolylamino)spiro-9,9'-difluorene (Spiro) TTB), poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine] (PTAA), and [4-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid (MeO-4PACz), (4-(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid (Me-4PACz), [4-(9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid (4PACz), (4-(3,6-dibromo- ... It is one or more of the following: (2-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid (Br-4PACz), (2-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid (MeO-2PACz), (2-(9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid (2PACz), and (2-(3,6-dibromo-9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid (Br-2PACz).

[0026] In some embodiments, the hole transport layer includes single or multiple stacked sub-hole transport layers. In some specific embodiments, the hole transport layer includes a nickel oxide hole transport layer and a self-assembled hole transport layer, both of which are formed by inkjet printing. The thickness of the nickel oxide hole transport layer can be 10-20 nm.

[0027] According to some embodiments of the present invention, the electron transport material of the electron transport layer includes, but is not limited to, tin oxide, fullerenes and their derivatives, imide compounds, quinone compounds, etc. Exemplarily, the imide compounds include at least one selected from phthalimide, succinimide, N-bromosuccinimide, glutarimide, or maleimide; exemplarily, the quinone compounds include at least one selected from benzoquinone, naphthoquinone, phenanthrenequinone, or anthraquinone; exemplarily, the fullerenes and their derivatives include fullerene C 60 Fullerene C 70 PCBM([6,6]-phenyl-C 61 methyl butyrate), [6,6]-phenyl C 71 Methyl butyrate (PC) 71 At least one of (BM). Furthermore, the electron transport layer can be a single-layer structure, or a double-layer or triple-layer structure.

[0028] According to some embodiments of the present invention, the material structure of the perovskite active layer can be ABX3, wherein A is a monovalent cation, including but not limited to one or a mixture of several monovalent cations selected from cesium (Cs), rubidium (Rb), methylamino (CH3NH3), and formamidinyl (CH2(NH2)2); B is a divalent cation, including but not limited to one or a mixture of several divalent cations selected from lead (Pb) and tin (Sn); and X is a monovalent anion, including but not limited to one or a mixture of several monovalent anions selected from iodine (I), bromine (Br), chloride (Cl), fluorine (F), and thiocyanate (SCN).

[0029] According to some embodiments of the present invention, the first charge transport layer is a hole transport layer, and the second charge transport layer is an electron transport layer, thus a protective layer is further included between the electron transport layer and the second transparent electrode. In some examples, the material of the protective layer may be the same as that of the electron transport layer.

[0030] According to some embodiments of the present invention, the first transparent electrode and the second transparent electrode are made of transparent conductive oxide (TCO). Thus, when preparing multiple first transparent electrodes and multiple second transparent electrodes, a whole conductive layer can be pre-formed, and then the conductive layer can be laser-scribed to form multiple transparent electrodes.

[0031] In some embodiments, the spacing d1 between two adjacent first transparent electrodes can be 35 to 45 micrometers, such as 35 micrometers, 36 micrometers, 37 micrometers, 38 micrometers, 39 micrometers, 40 micrometers, 41 micrometers, 42 micrometers, 43 micrometers, 44 micrometers, 45 micrometers, etc. The above spacing helps to achieve a small dead zone design.

[0032] In some embodiments, the spacing d2 between two adjacent second transparent electrodes can be 30 to 40 micrometers, such as 31 micrometers, 32 micrometers, 33 micrometers, 34 micrometers, 35 micrometers, 36 micrometers, 37 micrometers, 38 micrometers, 39 micrometers, 40 micrometers, etc. The above spacing helps to achieve a small dead zone design.

[0033] According to other embodiments of the present invention, the first transparent electrode is made of silver nanowires and is prepared by inkjet printing; according to still other embodiments of the present invention, the second transparent electrode is made of silver nanowires and is prepared by inkjet printing. Thus, multiple patterned transparent electrodes can be directly prepared by inkjet printing, which helps to reduce the spacing between adjacent transparent electrodes and also reduces the number of laser scribing operations, thus reducing damage to the battery assembly caused by laser scribing and improving battery yield and efficiency. In some embodiments, the spacing d1 between two adjacent first transparent electrodes formed by inkjet printing can be 25-35 micrometers; in some embodiments, the spacing d2 between two adjacent second transparent electrodes formed by inkjet printing can be 25-35 micrometers. This helps to further reduce the size of the dead zone and improve battery efficiency.

[0034] According to some embodiments of the present invention, with reference to Figure 3 The perovskite solar cell also includes an insulating adhesive 40, which is disposed in the gap between the second transparent electrode 30 and the functional layer 20 adjacent to the second transparent electrode 30. Thus, the insulating adhesive fills the gap, isolating water, oxygen, and particulate contaminants, protecting the functional layer from corrosion by water and oxygen in the air, and improving the stability of the perovskite solar cell.

[0035] In some embodiments, the insulating adhesive can be applied to the grooves in the dead zone by inkjet printing, and its thickness can be set according to the thickness of the perovskite solar cell, for example, it can be 600~1000nm.

[0036] In another aspect, the present invention provides a method for preparing a perovskite solar cell. According to an embodiment of the present invention, the method for preparing the perovskite solar cell includes: S100: Forming multiple spaced first transparent electrodes 10.

[0037] According to some embodiments of the present invention, the method for forming a plurality of spaced-apart first transparent electrodes is implemented by the following method one or method two: Method 1: Refer to Figure 4 A first conductive layer 01 is deposited on a substrate 1; the first conductive layer 01 is then subjected to a first laser scribing (P1 laser scribing) to obtain a plurality of spaced-apart first transparent electrodes 10. The specific parameters of the first laser scribing are not particularly required, and those skilled in the art can flexibly set them according to actual needs; therefore, no limitations are imposed here.

[0038] In some embodiments, the material of the first transparent electrode is a transparent conductive oxide (TCO), such as ITO, FTO, IZO or AZO. Thus, when preparing multiple first transparent electrodes, a complete conductive layer can be pre-formed, and then laser scribing can be performed on the conductive layer to form multiple transparent electrodes.

[0039] In some embodiments, the spacing d1 between two adjacent first transparent electrodes can be 35 to 45 micrometers, such as 35 micrometers, 36 micrometers, 37 micrometers, 38 micrometers, 39 micrometers, 40 micrometers, 41 micrometers, 42 micrometers, 43 micrometers, 44 micrometers, 45 micrometers, etc. The above spacing helps to achieve a small dead zone design.

[0040] In some embodiments, the TCO conductive glass can be pre-cleaned to remove surface particulate impurities, grease, or other contaminants.

[0041] Method 2: Prepare a first conductive paste, which includes silver nanowires; use inkjet printing to directly fabricate multiple spaced first transparent electrodes using the first conductive paste. This method further reduces the need for a laser scribing process and allows for precise control of the spacing between the first transparent electrodes through inkjet printing.

[0042] In some embodiments, the spacing d1 between two adjacent first transparent electrodes formed by inkjet printing can be 15-25 micrometers. This helps to further reduce the size of the dead zone and improve battery efficiency.

[0043] S200: A functional layer 20 is formed on the surface of a plurality of first transparent electrodes 10 by inkjet printing (i.e., a functional layer is formed on the surface of each first transparent electrode), and the functional layer 20 exposes part of the surface of the first transparent electrode.

[0044] According to some embodiments of the present invention, the method of forming a functional layer by inkjet printing includes: forming a plurality of first charge transport layers 21 one-to-one on the surfaces of a plurality of first transparent electrodes 10 by inkjet printing (i.e., forming a corresponding first charge transport layer 21 on the surface of each first transparent electrode), wherein the first charge transport layer 21 fills the gap between two adjacent first transparent electrodes 10; forming a plurality of perovskite active layers 22 one-to-one on the side of the plurality of first charge transport layers 21 away from the first transparent electrodes 10 by inkjet printing; and forming a plurality of second charge transport layers 23 one-to-one on the side of the plurality of perovskite active layers 22 away from the first transparent electrodes 10 by inkjet printing. Therefore, by using inkjet printing for precise pattern printing of the first charge transport layer, perovskite active layer, and second charge transport layer, not only can the width of the dead zone be effectively reduced, but also a step of laser scribing of the entire functional layer can be eliminated in the process (in the existing technology, each layer structure is prepared by deposition or solution coating, and then multiple spaced functional layers are prepared by laser scribing). This reduces damage to the functional layers. Furthermore, in the process of forming the second transparent electrode by laser scribing, only the conductive layer needs to be laser scribed to prepare multiple second transparent electrodes, without the need to laser scribing the stacked structure of the conductive layer and functional layer. This reduces the risk of edge bursting, thereby helping to improve the performance of the battery.

[0045] According to some embodiments of the present invention, one of the first charge transport layer and the second charge transport layer is a hole transport layer and the other is an electron transport layer. In some examples, the first charge transport layer is a hole transport layer and the second charge transport layer is an electron transport layer. In some embodiments, the spacing d3 between adjacent hole transport layers formed by inkjet printing is 60-80 micrometers, and the spacing d3 between adjacent electron transport layers formed by inkjet printing is 60-80 micrometers. This helps to achieve the effect of a small dead zone, that is, helps to reduce the size of the dead zone.

[0046] According to some embodiments of the present invention, the hole transport layer includes single or multiple stacked sub-hole transport layers. In some specific embodiments, the hole transport layer includes a nickel oxide hole transport layer and a self-assembled hole transport layer, both of which are formed by inkjet printing, wherein the thickness of the nickel oxide hole transport layer can be 10~20 nm.

[0047] According to some embodiments of the present invention, a method for forming a hole transport layer by inkjet printing includes: forming a nickel oxide liquid film by a first inkjet printing, drying and first annealing to obtain a nickel oxide hole transport layer; forming a self-assembled molecular liquid film by a second inkjet printing, and second annealing to obtain a self-assembled hole transport layer.

[0048] In some embodiments, the first inkjet printing satisfies at least one of the following conditions: the nickel oxide particle size is 2-5 nm; the viscosity of the nickel oxide solution is 2-3 mPa•s; the droplet size is 3-4 pL; the droplet velocity is 2.5-3.5 m / s; and the first annealing temperature is 300-500 °C. Under the above conditions, a uniform and dense nickel oxide hole transport layer can be formed.

[0049] In some embodiments, the second inkjet printing satisfies at least one of the following conditions: the concentration of the self-assembled molecular solution is 1-2 mg / mL; the viscosity of the self-assembled molecular solution is 1-2 mPa•s; the droplet size is 2-4 pL; the droplet velocity is 3.5-4 m / s; and the first annealing temperature is 100-150°C for 10-15 minutes. Under these conditions, the self-assembled molecular solution can be printed on the surface of the nickel oxide hole transport layer, forming a uniform and dense self-assembled hole transport layer.

[0050] According to some embodiments of the present invention, the perovskite active layer is formed by a third inkjet printing process, wherein the third inkjet printing process satisfies at least one of the following conditions: the concentration of the perovskite precursor solution is 1.3-1.7 mol / L; the viscosity of the perovskite precursor solution is 2-3 mPa•s; the droplet size is 3-4 pL; and the droplet velocity is 3-3.5 m / s. Under the above conditions, a patterned perovskite film is finely printed using an inkjet printing device, and then placed on a hot table or drying oven for thermal annealing at a temperature between 90-110°C for 10-30 min to obtain the perovskite active layer.

[0051] According to some embodiments of the present invention, an electron transport layer is formed by a fourth inkjet printing process, wherein the fourth inkjet printing process satisfies at least one of the following conditions: the viscosity of the electron transport material solution is 2-2.5 mPa•s; the electron transport material is tin oxide with a particle size of 1-3 nm; the droplet size is 3-4 pL; and the droplet velocity is 3-4 m / s. Under the above conditions, a patterned electron transport film is finely printed using an inkjet printing device, and then subjected to thermal annealing at a temperature between 90-110°C for 5-10 min to obtain the electron transport layer.

[0052] S300: On the side of the multiple functional layers 20 away from the first transparent electrode 10, a plurality of second transparent electrodes 30 are formed one at intervals. The second transparent electrodes 30 are electrically connected to the exposed surface of a first transparent electrode 10 adjacent to the functional layer 20 through the gaps between the functional layers 20, and are spaced apart from the adjacent functional layers 20 (i.e., each functional layer 20 is provided with one second transparent electrode 30, and the second transparent electrode 30 extends from the sidewall of the functional side 20 toward the side close to the first transparent electrode 10 and is electrically connected to the surface of the first transparent electrode 10 adjacent to it). The structural schematic diagram can be found in the figure. Figure 2 .

[0053] According to some embodiments of the present invention, the method for forming a plurality of spaced-apart second transparent electrodes is implemented by the following method one or method two: Method 1: Refer to Figure 4 A second conductive layer 02 is deposited on the side of multiple functional layers 20 away from the first transparent electrode 10 and in the gaps between the functional layers 20. A second laser scribing (P2 laser scribing) is performed on the second conductive layer 02 between adjacent functional layers 20 to obtain multiple spaced second transparent electrodes 30. During this process, since the functional layers are broken at the location of the second laser scribing, the processing structure during the second laser scribing does not include the functional layers (in some embodiments, the object of the second laser scribing only includes the second conductive layer 02). This significantly reduces the risk of edge bursting caused by the second laser scribing, thereby significantly improving the battery manufacturing yield and battery efficiency. Simultaneously, it can reduce the power of the laser scribing, further reducing laser damage to the battery assembly. Furthermore, it helps to reduce the size of dead zones and increase the effective area of ​​the battery.

[0054] In this method, the width of the second laser scribing is 30~40nm, that is, the distance d2 between two adjacent second transparent electrodes can be 30~40 micrometers, such as 31 micrometers, 32 micrometers, 33 micrometers, 34 micrometers, 35 micrometers, 36 micrometers, 37 micrometers, 38 micrometers, 39 micrometers, 40 micrometers, etc. The above distance helps to realize the design of small dead zone.

[0055] In some embodiments, after performing the second laser scribing, the grooves at the scribing point can be further cleaned of particles to prevent particle accumulation from causing a short circuit.

[0056] Method 2: Prepare a second conductive paste, which includes silver nanowires; use inkjet printing to directly fabricate multiple spaced second transparent electrodes using the second conductive paste. This method further reduces the need for a laser scribing process and allows for precise control of the spacing between the first transparent electrodes through inkjet printing patterning.

[0057] In some embodiments, the spacing d2 between two adjacent second transparent electrodes formed by inkjet printing can be 15-25 micrometers. This helps to further reduce the size of the dead zone and improve battery efficiency.

[0058] According to some embodiments of the present invention, after the second transparent electrode is formed, the edge of the perovskite cell can be further subjected to a third laser edge cleaning process (P3 laser).

[0059] According to some embodiments of the present invention, with reference to Figure 3 An insulating adhesive 40 is filled in the gap between the second transparent electrode 30 and the functional layer 20 adjacent to the second transparent electrode 30. This insulating adhesive isolates water, oxygen, and particulate contaminants, protecting the functional layer from corrosion by water and oxygen in the air and improving the stability of the perovskite solar cell.

[0060] In some embodiments, the insulating adhesive can be applied to the grooves in the dead zone by inkjet printing, and its thickness can be set according to the thickness of the perovskite solar cell, for example, it can be 600~1000nm.

[0061] According to embodiments of the present invention, the use of inkjet printing to prepare functional layers allows for the direct and precise fabrication of multiple patterned functional layers and the formation of different isolation regions. This not only reduces the steps required for vacuum evaporation to prepare the film structure but also eliminates the need for laser scribing and etching of the functional layers, reducing the number of laser processes from four to three, or even eliminating the laser process altogether. This minimizes damage to the functional layers, lowers the risk of edge bursting, and thus improves battery performance. Furthermore, the use of inkjet printing to precisely pattern multiple functional layers effectively reduces the width of dead zones, thereby improving battery efficiency.

[0062] According to some embodiments of the present invention, with reference to Figure 5 The inkjet printing device may include a drive power supply 600, multiple electrode groups, each electrode group including two electrodes 100 arranged opposite each other, a drive module 200 disposed between the two electrodes, a ceramic substrate 400 and multiple ink chambers 300 located in the ceramic substrate 400, the ink chambers 300 being used to hold the solution to be printed, a nozzle panel 500 disposed at the bottom of the ceramic substrate, and the ink droplet openings of the ink chambers 300 being placed in the nozzles 510 in the nozzle panel 500, wherein the size of the nozzles can be flexibly adjusted according to the size of the required ink droplets and the size of the ink droplet openings of the ink chambers 300.

[0063] According to embodiments of the present invention, the method for preparing a perovskite solar cell can be used to prepare the perovskite solar cell described above. That is, all structural features and advantages of the method for preparing a perovskite solar cell are the same as all structural features and advantages of the aforementioned perovskite solar cell.

[0064] In another aspect, the present invention provides a tandem battery. According to embodiments of the invention, the tandem battery comprises the perovskite battery described above, or comprises a perovskite battery prepared by the methods described above. Thus, the tandem battery exhibits superior battery performance efficiency. Those skilled in the art will understand that the tandem battery possesses all the features and advantages of the aforementioned perovskite battery and its preparation methods, which will not be elaborated further here.

[0065] According to some embodiments of the present invention, in a stacked battery, the top cell can be the perovskite cell described above, and the bottom cell can be a crystalline silicon cell, such as a BC (back contact) cell (e.g., a TBC cell, an IBC cell, etc.), a heterojunction cell, a TOPCon cell, or any other crystalline silicon cell that can be combined with a perovskite cell.

[0066] In another aspect, the present invention provides a photovoltaic module. According to an embodiment of the invention, the tandem cell comprises the perovskite cell or tandem cell described above. Therefore, the photovoltaic module has superior cell performance efficiency. Those skilled in the art will understand that the tandem cell possesses all the features and advantages of the aforementioned perovskite cell, which will not be elaborated further here.

[0067] Example 1 Step 1: Prepare ITO conductive glass and perform a surface cleaning process to remove surface particulate impurities, grease, and other contaminants.

[0068] Step 2: Perform UV 0-zone cleaning on the ITO conductive glass for 15 minutes to remove organic residues on the surface and adjust the surface work function.

[0069] Step 3: Use a P1 laser to scribing process on the TCO conductive glass to form equally spaced strips of ITO evenly distributed on the surface of the glass substrate, forming grooves with a width of about 40μm, so that each ITO conductive glass is physically isolated, that is, to form multiple spaced first transparent electrodes.

[0070] Step 4: Prepare a nickel oxide nanoparticle solution and use an inkjet printer to precisely print the nickel oxide nanoparticle solution to form a nickel oxide film with a certain spacing. The nickel oxide nanoparticles have a particle size between 2-5 nm, the viscosity of the nickel oxide nanoparticle solution is 2.5 mPa•s, the droplet size is 3.5 pL, and the droplet velocity is 3 m / s. Then, dry the nickel oxide film at 100 degrees Celsius, and then perform high-temperature annealing treatment on the dried nickel oxide film at 400 degrees Celsius. Finally, the thickness of the nickel oxide hole transport layer is 15 nm, and the spacing between the nickel oxide hole transport layers is 70 μm.

[0071] Step 5: Prepare an IPA (isopropanol) solution of self-assembled small molecules (SAM molecules). The SAM molecule is 2PACz, the solution concentration is 1.5 mg / mL, and the viscosity is 1.5 mPa•s. Use an inkjet printer to precisely coat the SAM solution onto the surface of the NiOx film. The ink droplet size is 3 pL, the ink droplet velocity is 3.5 m / s, and then anneal at 120℃ for 10 min to obtain a self-assembled hole transport layer.

[0072] Step 6: Prepare a perovskite precursor solution with a bandgap of 1.55 eV, using DMF:DMSO = 4:1 as the solvent, a solution concentration of 1.5 M, and a viscosity of 2.5 mPa•s. Precisely print the perovskite film using an inkjet printer with a droplet size of 3.5 pL and a droplet velocity of 3.2 m / s. The printing area is the same as in Step 5. Place the coated substrate in a VCD for pre-extraction for 30 seconds to obtain a semi-cured perovskite film. Then, place it in a drying oven for thermal annealing at 100℃ for 20 minutes to obtain the α-phase perovskite active layer.

[0073] Step 7: Prepare a dispersion of tin oxide (SnOx) nanoparticles with a particle size between 1-3 nm. Use ethanol as the dispersion solvent and the viscosity of the dispersion is 2.2 mPa•s. Print precisely using an inkjet printer with a droplet size of 3.5 pL and a droplet velocity of 3.5 m / s. After annealing and drying, the corresponding electron transport layer film is obtained. The annealing temperature is 100℃ and the annealing time is 7 min.

[0074] Step 8: Prepare a SnOx protective layer using an ALD device. Prepare a SnOx tunneling film with a thickness of 10 nm at 80 °C for 145 cycles.

[0075] Step 9: ITO is deposited by magnetron sputtering to obtain a second conductive layer with a thickness of 90 nm.

[0076] Step 10: Using a 400W second laser (P2 laser), the second conductive layer is divided into multiple spaced second transparent electrode layers in the groove (which does not overlap with the P1 laser scribing position). The scribing width is 35nm, so that the electrodes on the upper surface of the left and right battery units are disconnected from each other. Finally, the battery units form a series structure to obtain the perovskite battery module.

[0077] Step 11: Perform P3 laser edge cleaning on the edges of the perovskite battery module.

[0078] Step 12: Remove particles from the grooved area after P2 laser scribing to prevent short circuits caused by particle accumulation. Then, apply transparent insulating adhesive to the grooved area using inkjet printing technology. This yields the perovskite solar cell. A structural diagram can be found in the provided image. Figure 3 .

[0079] Comparative Example 1 Step 1: Prepare ITO conductive glass and perform a surface cleaning process to remove surface particulate impurities, grease, and other contaminants.

[0080] Step 2: Perform UV 0-zone cleaning on the ITO conductive glass for 15 minutes to remove organic residues on the surface and adjust the surface work function.

[0081] Step 3: Use a P1 laser to scribing process on the TCO conductive glass to form equally spaced strips of ITO evenly distributed on the surface of the glass substrate, forming grooves with a width of about 40μm, so that each ITO conductive glass is physically isolated, that is, to form multiple spaced first transparent electrodes.

[0082] Step 4: Sputter a NiOx thin film on the surface of TCO conductive glass using magnetron sputtering. The film thickness is 15 nm.

[0083] Step 5: Prepare an IPA (isopropanol) solution of self-assembled small molecules (SAM molecules). The SAM molecule is 2PACz, the solution concentration is 1.5 mg / mL, and the viscosity is 1.5 mPa•s. Coat the SAM solution on the surface of the NiOx hole transport layer and anneal it at 120℃ for 10 min to obtain the self-assembled hole transport layer.

[0084] Step 6: Prepare a perovskite precursor solution with a bandgap of 1.55 eV, using DMF:DMSO = 4:1 as the solvent, with a solution concentration of 1.5 M and a viscosity of 2.5 mPa•s. Coat the perovskite film on the surface of the SAM layer using a slit coating method. Place the coated substrate in a VCD for pre-extraction for 30 seconds to obtain a semi-cured perovskite film. Then, place it in a drying oven for hot annealing at 100℃ for 20 minutes to obtain the α-phase perovskite active layer.

[0085] Step 7: Prepare a dispersion of tin oxide (SnOx) nanoparticles with a particle size between 1-3 nm. Use ethanol as the dispersion solvent and the viscosity of the dispersion is 2.2 mPa•s. Coat the dispersion onto the surface of the perovskite active layer and anneal and dry to obtain the corresponding electron transport layer film. The annealing temperature is 100℃ and the annealing time is 7 min.

[0086] Step 8: Prepare a SnOx protective layer using an ALD device. Prepare a SnOx tunneling film with a thickness of 10 nm at 80 °C for 145 cycles.

[0087] Step 9: Perform P2 laser scribing on the functional layers including the hole transport layer, the self-assembled hole transport layer, the perovskite active layer, and the electron transport layer (without overlapping the positions of the P1 laser scribing). Step 10: ITO is deposited by magnetron sputtering to obtain a second conductive layer with a thickness of 90 nm.

[0088] Step 11: Using a P3 laser scribing tool, the second conductive layer is divided into multiple spaced second transparent electrode layers at the groove (not overlapping with the P1 laser scribing position). The scribing width is 35nm, which disconnects the electrodes on the upper surfaces of the left and right battery units from each other. Finally, the battery units form a series structure to obtain the perovskite battery module.

[0089] Step 12: Perform laser edge cleaning on the edges of the perovskite battery module (P4 laser scribing).

[0090] Step 13: Remove particles from the grooved area after laser scribing in steps 10 and 11 to prevent short circuits caused by particle accumulation. Then, apply transparent insulating adhesive to the grooved area using inkjet printing technology. This yields the perovskite solar cell.

[0091] The perovskite solar cells obtained in Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 were subjected to performance testing. The specific testing method was as follows: using a solar simulator and IV tester, the electrical performance of the solar cells obtained in the above examples was tested under a standard solar intensity by steady-state power output test. The test results are shown in Table 1.

[0092] Table 1

[0093] Based on the test data and fabrication process steps, it can be seen that using inkjet printing to fabricate multilayer functional layers in perovskite solar cells eliminates the need for a laser etching step, thus significantly reducing damage to the functional layers. Furthermore, when performing P2 laser scribing on the second conductive layer, laser etching of the functional layers is further avoided, further reducing the risk of edge bursting. Meanwhile, as shown in Table 1, compared to Comparative Example 1, the inkjet printing method used in Example 1 not only results in a smaller dead zone width D in the cell, as low as 140 micrometers, but also achieves a cell efficiency of 20.213%, significantly improving the cell efficiency.

[0094] In the description of this specification, the references to terms such as "one embodiment," "some embodiments," "example," "specific example," or "some examples," etc., refer to specific features, structures, materials, or characteristics described in connection with that embodiment or example, which are included in at least one embodiment or example of the present invention. In this specification, the illustrative expressions of the above terms do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment or example. Furthermore, the specific features, structures, materials, or characteristics described may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments or examples. Moreover, without contradiction, those skilled in the art can combine and integrate the different embodiments or examples described in this specification, as well as the features of different embodiments or examples.

[0095] Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described above, it is understood that the above embodiments are exemplary and should not be construed as limiting the present invention. Those skilled in the art can make changes, modifications, substitutions and variations to the above embodiments within the scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A perovskite solar cell, characterized in that, include: Multiple spaced-apart first transparent electrodes; Multiple functional layers are spaced apart, and each of the multiple functional layers is respectively disposed on the surface of a plurality of first transparent electrodes, and exposes a portion of the surface of the first transparent electrodes; Multiple second transparent electrodes are spaced apart and respectively disposed on the side of multiple functional layers away from the first transparent electrode. Each second transparent electrode is electrically connected to the exposed surface of a first transparent electrode adjacent to a functional layer through a gap between the functional layers, and the adjacent functional layers are spaced apart. The first transparent electrode, the functional layer, and the second transparent electrode, which are stacked together, constitute a battery cell, and the dead zone width between two adjacent battery cells is less than or equal to 140 micrometers.

2. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 1, characterized in that, The functional layer includes: A first charge transport layer is disposed on the surface of the first transparent electrode and fills the gap between two adjacent first transparent electrodes. A perovskite active layer is disposed on the side of the first charge transport layer away from the first transparent electrode; A second charge transport layer is disposed on the side of the perovskite active layer away from the first transparent electrode, wherein... The first charge transport layer is prepared by inkjet printing; And / or, the perovskite active layer is prepared by inkjet printing; And / or, the second charge transport layer is prepared by inkjet printing.

3. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that, The spacing between two adjacent functional layers is 60-80 micrometers.

4. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that, The first transparent electrode is made of silver nanowires and is prepared by inkjet printing.

5. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that, The second transparent electrode is made of silver nanowires and is prepared by inkjet printing.

6. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 4, characterized in that, The spacing between two adjacent first transparent electrodes is 25-35 micrometers.

7. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that, Also includes: An insulating adhesive is disposed in the gap between the second transparent electrode and the functional layer disposed adjacent to the second transparent electrode.

8. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 2, characterized in that, One of the first charge transport layer and the second charge transport layer is a hole transport layer, and the other is an electron transport layer. The hole transport layer includes one or more sub-hole transport layers stacked together.

9. A stacked battery, characterized in that, The perovskite battery includes any one of claims 1 to 8.

10. A photovoltaic module, characterized in that, The photovoltaic module includes any one of claims 1 to 8 perovskite cells, or includes the tandem cells as described in claim 9.

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