Tool fixture and tool system for curved U-rib without code

Abstract

This utility model discloses a curved U-rib codeless tooling fixture and tooling system, including a base, a U-shaped frame, a drive assembly, and a limiting assembly. The base is divided into a first base and a second base, which are detachably fixed to the top plate of the steel box girder. The U-shaped frame is slidably connected to the first and second bases via slide rails. The drive assembly drives the U-shaped frame to move linearly on the slide rails. The limiting assembly includes a top limiting assembly and a side limiting assembly. The U-rib is placed inside the U-shaped frame. The limiting assembly is adjusted so that it abuts against the top surface and two outer sides of the U-rib, locking the U-rib in conjunction with the top plate of the steel box girder. The outer steel box girder top plate has a curved U-rib profile, and punch holes are provided on the top plate according to the curved profile. The curved U-rib codeless tooling fixture is fixed around the punch holes and bends the U-rib according to the punch holes, solving the problems of inaccurate positioning, difficult adjustment, and low construction efficiency caused by the curved structure.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This utility model relates to the field of box girder manufacturing technology in steel structure engineering, specifically to curved U-rib non-coded tooling fixtures and tooling systems. Background Technology

[0002] With the sustained and rapid development of my country's economy and the continuous acceleration of urbanization, urban traffic flow is increasing day by day, and traffic congestion is becoming increasingly serious. Steel structure bridges have become an important choice for the construction of urban viaducts due to their advantages such as light weight, high strength, short construction period, and flexible construction technology.

[0003] Traditional steel box girder manufacturing technology mainly employs straight U-rib structures, a relatively mature process that has been validated in numerous engineering practices. However, as urban road network planning becomes increasingly complex and diverse, curved bridges are gaining popularity due to their ability to better adapt to urban terrain and spatial layout. Curved bridge designs offer significant advantages in both aesthetics and functionality, but they also place higher demands on structural stress analysis, precision manufacturing, and assembly.

[0004] Traditional U-rib installation techniques often face challenges when dealing with curved structures, such as variable installation angles, difficulty in precision control, and the easy accumulation of assembly errors, making it difficult to meet the dual requirements of precision and efficiency in modern engineering.

[0005] In my country's traditional steel structure bridge technology, existing U-rib installation devices are mainly designed for straight steel box girders, with their structures and positioning systems optimized for straight installation scenarios. The main drawbacks are: firstly, insufficient positioning accuracy. Traditional curved U-rib installation uses clamping fixtures, which cannot adequately handle the constantly changing curvature of curved structures. When applied to curved bridges, this easily leads to installation deviations, resulting in inaccurate component positions and affecting the subsequent installation of diaphragms and other components; secondly, poor adjustability. Once the clamping fixtures are welded and fixed, automatic adjustment is not possible, making operation cumbersome and error correction difficult, increasing construction difficulty; and thirdly, manual adjustment and correction of the U-ribs are required beforehand, sometimes even necessitating cutting the U-ribs into multiple segments to fit the curve curvature, resulting in slow assembly speed, long construction cycles, and increased labor intensity and construction costs. Utility Model Content

[0006] To address the aforementioned shortcomings of existing technologies, a curved U-rib codeless tooling fixture and tooling system is provided, which solves problems such as inaccurate positioning, difficulty in adjustment, and low construction efficiency caused by curved structures.

[0007] The technical solution adopted by this utility model to solve the above-mentioned technical problems is as follows: Firstly, the curved U-rib non-weighted tooling fixture is used in the construction of U-ribs on the top slab of steel box girders, including... The base consists of a first base and a second base, which are detachably fixed to the top plate of the steel box girder; a first slide rail is provided on the first base, and a second slide rail is provided on the second base. The U-shaped frame is divided into two inclined sections on both sides and a horizontal section fixedly connected to the top of the inclined sections. The two inclined sections are arranged in a figure-eight pattern. The bottom ends of the two inclined sections are slidably connected to the first slide rail and the second slide rail, respectively. A drive component is connected between the first base and the U-shaped frame, or between the second base and the U-shaped frame, to drive the U-shaped frame to move linearly on the slide rail; The limiting components include a top limiting component and a side limiting component. At least one side limiting component is provided on each inclined section and at least one top limiting component is provided on each horizontal section. The U-rib is placed inside the U-shaped frame. The limiting components are adjusted so that they abut against the top surface and two outer sides of the U-rib, and lock the U-rib in conjunction with the top plate of the steel box girder.

[0008] According to the above technical solution, the base is a permanent magnet retainer.

[0009] According to the above technical solution, mounting holes are provided on the top plate of the external steel box girder, and the first base and the second base are fixedly installed on the mounting holes by bolts.

[0010] According to the above technical solution, the driving component is a jack, or a hydraulic cylinder, or a pneumatic cylinder, or an electric cylinder, or a motor-driven, gear and rack transmission, or a motor-driven threaded screw transmission; a vertical mounting plate is fixedly provided on the first base and the second base.

[0011] According to the above technical solution, the top limiting component includes a vertically arranged first screw, a disc handle fixedly connected to the top of the first screw, and a long strip pressure block rotatably connected to the bottom of the first screw. The side limiting assembly includes a second screw arranged perpendicular to the inclined section, a disc handle fixedly connected to the top of the second screw, and a long strip pressure block rotatably connected to the bottom of the second screw. Alternatively, the side limiting assembly can be provided in two forms. The first type of side limiting assembly includes a second screw arranged perpendicular to the inclined section, a disc handle fixedly connected to the top of the second screw, and a long strip pressure block rotatably connected to the bottom of the second screw. The second type of side limiting assembly includes a fixing seat fixed on the inclined section, and a long strip pressure block rotatably connected to the fixing seat via a rotating shaft. A universal joint is used to achieve a rotatable connection between the long strip pressure block and the screw, or between the long strip pressure block and the fixed base.

[0012] According to the above technical solution, the first slide rail and the second slide rail are parallel or located on the same straight line; the sides of the first track and the second track are provided with inwardly recessed guide grooves, and the bottom of the inclined section is placed on the slide rail.

[0013] According to the above technical solution, scale lines are provided on the first guide rail and the second guide rail.

[0014] According to the above technical solution, when the radius of the U-rib curve is less than 15m, a temporary support plate is installed on the inner side of the U-rib, and the ratio of the thickness of the temporary support plate to the thickness of the U-rib wall is 1:1-1.5:1.

[0015] Secondly, the curved U-rib codeless tooling system is horizontally arranged on the top plate of the external steel box girder and includes several curved U-rib codeless tooling fixtures as described above. The top plate of the external steel box girder has a curved U-rib profile, and punch holes are provided on the top plate according to the curved profile, which are used as the installation reference for the curved U-rib codeless tooling fixtures and as the reference for bending the U-ribs. The curved U-rib codeless tooling fixtures are fixed around the punch holes and bend the U-ribs according to the punch holes.

[0016] According to the above technical solution, several U-ribs are arranged at intervals along the width direction of the top plate of the outer steel box girder, and partitions are also arranged at intervals on the top of the top plate of the outer steel box girder. The partitions are arranged at intervals along the length direction of the top plate of the outer steel box girder. Punching holes are provided at the intersection of the partitions and U-ribs, and punching holes are also provided in the area between the partitions. The spacing between the punching holes ranges from 1m to 1.5m.

[0017] This utility model has the following beneficial effects: 1. The fixture is detachably fixed to the top plate of the steel box girder. The U-rib is bent on-site using a U-shaped frame, a limiting component, and a drive component. The limiting component is then used in conjunction with the top plate to solidify the bent limiting component, which solves the problems of inaccurate positioning, difficult adjustment, and low construction efficiency caused by curved structures. This fixture is reliable and suitable for various harsh working environments. The adjustable parts can adapt well to various U-rib types.

[0018] 2. Scale lines are provided on the first and second guide rails to quantify the bending process of the U-rib as the U-shaped frame bends. This is superior to the traditional wedge and hammer striking method, ensuring bending accuracy and improving the installation quality of the U-rib.

[0019] 3. Multiple tooling fixtures constitute a tooling system, which, combined with surface marking on the curved bridge panel or U-rib curve marking, adjusts the external curve of the U-rib. Its design is flexible and can be adjusted mechanically to meet different needs; the U-rib clamping and locking mechanism provides a stable and suitable clamping force, ensuring an appropriate gap between the U-rib and the top plate.

[0020] The above description is merely an overview of the technical solution of this utility model. In order to better understand the technical means of this utility model and to implement it according to the contents of the specification, the preferred embodiments of this utility model are described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. The specific implementation methods of this utility model are given in detail in the following embodiments and their accompanying drawings. Attached Figure Description

[0021] The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the present invention and form part of this application, illustrate exemplary embodiments of the present invention and are used to explain the present invention, but do not constitute an undue limitation of the present invention.

[0022] Figure 1 This is a structural schematic diagram of an embodiment provided by this utility model; Figure 2 This is a usage state diagram of an embodiment provided by this utility model; In the diagram, 1. First base; 2. Second base; 3. Top plate of steel box girder; 4. First slide rail; 5. Second slide rail; 6. U-shaped frame; 6-1. Inclined section; 6-2. Horizontal section; 7. Drive assembly; 8. Limiting assembly; 8a. Top limiting assembly; 8b. Side limiting assembly; 8-1. First screw; 8-2. Disc handle; 8-3. Long strip pressure block; 8-4. Second screw; 8-5. Fixed seat; 8-6. Universal joint; 9. U-rib; 10. Vertical mounting plate; 11. Guide groove; 12. Curved U-rib codeless tooling fixture. Detailed Implementation

[0023] The following is in conjunction with the appendix Figure 1-2 The principles and features of this utility model are described below. The examples given are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of this utility model. The utility model is described more specifically in the following paragraphs by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings. The advantages and features of this utility model will become clearer from the following description and claims. It should be noted that the drawings are in a very simplified form and use non-precise proportions, and are only used to facilitate and clarify the illustration of the embodiments of this utility model.

[0024] It should be noted that when a component is described as "fixed to" another component, it can be directly on the other component or may have a component in between. When a component is considered "connected to" another component, it can be directly connected to the other component or may have a component in between. When a component is considered "set on" another component, it can be directly set on the other component or may have a component in between. The terms "vertical," "horizontal," "left," "right," and similar expressions used in this document are for illustrative purposes only.

[0025] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention pertains. The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. The term "and / or" as used herein includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.

[0026] Reference Figures 1-2 As shown, the curved U-rib fixture 12 provided by this utility model is used in the construction of U-ribs on the top plate of steel box girders. Example 1 include The base consists of a first base 1 and a second base 2, which are fixed to the top plate 3 of the steel box girder in a detachable connection manner. A first slide rail 4 is provided on the first base, and a second slide rail 5 is provided on the second base.

[0027] The U-shaped frame 6 is divided into two inclined sections 6-1 on both sides and a horizontal section 6-2 fixedly connected to the top of the inclined sections. The two inclined sections are arranged in a figure-eight pattern. The bottom ends of the two inclined sections are slidably connected to the first slide rail and the second slide rail, respectively.

[0028] Drive component 7 is connected between the first base and the U-shaped frame, or between the second base and the U-shaped frame, and drives the U-shaped frame to move linearly on the slide rail.

[0029] Limiting component 8, including top limiting component 8a and side limiting component 8b, with at least one side limiting component on each inclined section and at least one top limiting component on each horizontal section; U-rib 9 is placed inside the U-shaped frame; adjust the limiting components so that they abut against the top surface and two outer sides of the U-rib, and lock the U-rib with the top plate of the steel box girder.

[0030] Pre-drill holes in the top plate of the steel box girder according to the installation position designed for the U-rib; fix the first and second bases of this fixture near the holes. Use the limiting components on the U-shaped frame to clamp the two sides of the U-rib, and then use the driving components between the U-shaped frame and the base to drive the U-shaped frame to move along the slide rail to bend the U-rib. When the U-rib bends to the set position, place the top limiting component against the top of the U-rib to temporarily fix the U-rib bent to the set position. Then, temporarily fix it by electric welding, and finally weld the U-rib to the top plate.

[0031] This device is detachably fixed to the top plate of the steel box girder. It uses a U-shaped frame and limiting components, along with a drive component, to bend the U-rib on-site. Afterward, the limiting components are used in conjunction with the top plate to solidify the bent limiting components. This solves the problems of inaccurate positioning, difficult adjustment, and low construction efficiency caused by curved structures. This tooling fixture is reliable and suitable for various harsh working environments. The adjustable parts can adapt well to various U-rib types.

[0032] Example 2 Based on Example 1, two types of bases are provided, specifically: The first type uses a permanent magnet fixture with a magnetic attraction force of no less than 10,000 N. The permanent magnet's attraction force (10,000 N) is more energy-efficient than electromagnetic clamps, adaptable to outdoor environments, and eliminates the risk of magnetic leakage interference. Using the permanent magnet fixture, this tooling fixture is fixed to the upper surface of the steel box girder's top plate, forming a fixed track (first and second slide rails) indirectly fixed to the top plate. This limits the sliding range of the U-shaped frame, facilitating the bending of the U-rib using the U-shaped frame.

[0033] The second type has mounting holes on the top plate of the external steel box girder, and the first base and the second base are fixedly installed on the mounting holes by bolts.

[0034] Example 3 Based on embodiments 1 and 2, various structural forms of the drive assembly are given. The drive assembly can be a jack, a hydraulic cylinder, a pneumatic cylinder, an electric cylinder, a motor-driven gear and rack transmission, or a motor-driven threaded screw transmission. To facilitate the installation of the drive assembly on the first and second bases, a vertical mounting plate 10 is fixedly provided on the first and second bases.

[0035] As shown in the figure, scissor jacks, hydraulic jacks, and mechanical jacks are selected, with a pushing stroke of 50-150mm.

[0036] Example 4 Based on Examples 1-3, the structural forms of two types of limiting components are given. Specifically, The first type of top limiting component includes a vertically arranged first screw 8-1, a disc handle 8-2 fixedly connected to the top of the first screw, and a long strip pressure block 8-3 rotatably connected to the bottom of the first screw. The side limiting assembly includes a second screw 8-4 arranged perpendicular to the inclined section, a disc handle 6-2 fixedly connected to the top of the second screw, and a long strip pressure block 6-3 rotatably connected to the bottom of the second screw. The long strip pressure block and the screw, or the long strip pressure block and the fixed base, are rotatably connected by a universal joint. By tightening the screw, the long strip pressure block is pressed firmly onto the U-rib.

[0037] The second type of top limiting assembly includes a vertically arranged first screw 6-1, a disc handle 6-2 fixedly connected to the top of the first screw, and a long strip pressure block 6-3 rotatably connected to the bottom of the first screw; the side limiting assembly has two forms. The first type of side limiting assembly includes a second screw 6-4 arranged perpendicular to the inclined section, a disc handle 6-2 fixedly connected to the top of the second screw, and a long strip pressure block 6-3 rotatably connected to the bottom of the second screw; the second type of side limiting assembly includes a fixed seat 8-5 fixed on the inclined section, and a long strip pressure block rotatably connected to the fixed seat via a rotating shaft. The long strip pressure block and the screw, or the long strip pressure block and the fixed base, are rotatably connected by a universal joint 8-6. By tightening the screw, the long strip pressure block is pressed firmly onto the U-rib.

[0038] In both types of limiting components mentioned above, a long strip pressure block is used to fit against the upper surface and two sides of the U-rib, and the U-rib is locked onto the upper surface of the steel box girder top plate by adjusting the first and second screws. A universal joint achieves a rotatable connection between the long strip pressure block and the screws, or between the long strip pressure block and the fixing seat. The long strip pressure block can rotate freely, which is suitable for welding U-ribs of different sizes and specifications, and ensures a larger contact area between the long strip pressure block and the U-rib when the U-rib is bent.

[0039] In embodiments 1-4, the first and second slide rails are parallel or located on the same straight line. Furthermore, the sides of the first and second rails are provided with inwardly recessed guide grooves 11, and the bottom of the inclined section rests on the slide rail.

[0040] Preferably, scale lines are provided on the working surfaces of the first and second guide rails to measure the distance the U-shaped frame moves along the guide rails and indirectly show the bending condition of the U-rib curve, thereby judging the degree of linear fit.

[0041] In Examples 1-4, when the radius of the U-rib curve is less than 15m, a temporary support plate is installed on the inner side of the U-rib, and the ratio of the thickness of the temporary support plate to the wall thickness of the U-rib is 1:1-1.5:1.

[0042] This utility model also provides a curved U-rib codeless tooling system, in which the top plate of the external steel box girder is horizontally arranged, including several curved U-rib codeless tooling fixtures as described above; the top plate of the external steel box girder has a curved U-rib profile, and punch holes are provided on the top plate according to the curved profile, which are used as the installation reference for the curved U-rib codeless tooling fixtures and as the reference for bending the U-ribs; the curved U-rib codeless tooling fixtures are fixed around the punch holes and bend the U-ribs according to the punch holes.

[0043] Multiple tooling fixtures constitute a tooling system, which, combined with surface marking on the curved bridge panel or U-rib curve marking, adjusts the external curve of the U-rib. Its design is flexible and can be adjusted mechanically to meet different needs; the U-rib clamping and locking mechanism provides a stable and suitable clamping force, ensuring an appropriate gap between the U-rib and the top plate.

[0044] Preferably, several U-ribs are spaced apart along the width direction of the top plate of the outer steel box girder. Partitions are also spaced apart on the top of the top plate of the outer steel box girder, and these partitions are spaced apart along the length direction of the top plate. Punching holes are provided at the intersections of the partitions and U-ribs, and also in the areas between the partitions, with the spacing between the punching holes ranging from 1m to 1.5m. One punching hole is provided every 1m-1.5m. If there is an intersection between a U-rib and a partition within this interval, the intersection point is used as the interval point.

[0045] Instructions for use of this tooling fixture and tooling system; S1. Curve Segment Marking and Positioning: The U-ribs on the top plate of the steel box girder are placed with the U-ribs facing upwards on a marking platform. After measurement and leveling, the U-rib positioning lines are marked using the horizontal and vertical baselines as references. To facilitate curve marking and positioning, the preset curve shape is approximated by dividing it into straight segments at 1m-1.5m intervals, generating a discrete positioning point array including diaphragm intersections. Punch holes are set using the positioning point punch marks to prevent diaphragm interference caused by deviations resulting from substituting straight lines for curves. Finally, the U-rib curve shape is drawn on the top plate.

[0046] S2. Magnetic guide positioning: Detachable magnetic attractors and slide rails are arranged along the discrete positioning point array. The magnetic attractors and slide rails are provided with guide grooves that match the cross-section of the U-shaped frame. The U-shaped frame slides on the slide rails of the first base and the second base.

[0047] S3. Progressive Fitting Adjustment: A curved U-rib fixture is used to fix the starting end of the U-rib. A lateral thrust is applied via a drive assembly (jack in the diagram) to induce elastic deformation in the U-rib, propelling it segment by segment along the slide rail until it coincides with the target curve. The U-rib is adjusted using the jack, with adjustments ranging from 50-150mm each time, gradually fitting the U-rib towards the scribing direction. When the curvature is small, appropriate heat treatment should be performed to improve the bending performance of the U-rib, and an internal support plate should be added to prevent deformation. After the U-rib coincides with the scribing curve, it is locked downwards to fit the U-rib against the top plate, and the fitted portion of the U-rib is spot-welded in place. The above steps are repeated to install the next segment of the U-rib until the entire U-rib is installed. Finally, the magnetic guide rail and the fixture are removed.

[0048] S4. Locking Welding: When advancing 0.5-1m along the U-rib direction, spot welding is performed. Spot welding can be performed by alternating inner and outer arcs, following the principle of inner arc first and then outer arc, and the current segment is fixed by segmented skip welding.

[0049] When welding the entire structure, the principle of welding the inner arc first and then the outer arc should be followed. After welding, the welding stress should be eliminated by hammering with a symmetrical and balanced hammer.

[0050] The above description is merely a preferred embodiment of this utility model and is not intended to limit the utility model in any way. Those skilled in the art can readily implement this utility model based on the accompanying drawings and the above description. However, any modifications, alterations, or variations made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the utility model's technical solution, utilizing the disclosed technical content, are equivalent embodiments of this utility model. Furthermore, any equivalent changes, alterations, or variations made to the above embodiments based on the essential technology of this utility model are still within the protection scope of this utility model's technical solution.

Claims

1. A curved U-rib non-coded tooling fixture, characterized in that: Applications include the construction of U-ribs on the top slab of steel box girders, including The base consists of a first base and a second base, which are detachably fixed to the top plate of the steel box girder; a first slide rail is provided on the first base, and a second slide rail is provided on the second base. The U-shaped frame is divided into two inclined sections on both sides and a horizontal section fixedly connected to the top of the inclined sections. The two inclined sections are arranged in a figure-eight pattern. The bottom ends of the two inclined sections are slidably connected to the first slide rail and the second slide rail, respectively. A drive component is connected between the first base and the U-shaped frame, or between the second base and the U-shaped frame, to drive the U-shaped frame to move linearly on the slide rail; The limiting components include a top limiting component and a side limiting component. At least one side limiting component is provided on each inclined section and at least one top limiting component is provided on each horizontal section. The U-rib is placed inside the U-shaped frame. The limiting components are adjusted so that they abut against the top surface and two outer sides of the U-rib, and lock the U-rib in conjunction with the top plate of the steel box girder.

2. The curved U-rib codeless tooling fixture according to claim 1, characterized in that: The base is a permanent magnet retainer.

3. The curved U-rib codeless tooling fixture according to claim 1, characterized in that: Mounting holes are provided on the top plate of the external steel box girder, and the first base and the second base are fixedly mounted on the mounting holes by bolts.

4. The curved U-rib codeless tooling fixture according to claim 1, characterized in that: The driving component is a jack, or a hydraulic cylinder, or a pneumatic cylinder, or an electric cylinder, or a motor-driven, gear and rack transmission, or a motor-driven threaded screw transmission; a vertical mounting plate is fixed on the first base and the second base.

5. The curved U-rib codeless tooling fixture according to claim 1, characterized in that: The top limiting component includes a vertically arranged first screw, a disc handle fixedly connected to the top of the first screw, and a long strip pressure block rotatably connected to the bottom of the first screw. The side limiting assembly includes a second screw arranged perpendicular to the inclined section, a disc handle fixedly connected to the top of the second screw, and a long strip pressure block rotatably connected to the bottom of the second screw. Alternatively, the side limiting assembly can be provided in two forms. The first type of side limiting assembly includes a second screw arranged perpendicular to the inclined section, a disc handle fixedly connected to the top of the second screw, and a long strip pressure block rotatably connected to the bottom of the second screw. The second type of side limiting assembly includes a fixed seat fixed on the inclined section, and a long strip pressure block rotatably connected to the fixed seat via a rotating shaft. A universal joint is used to achieve a rotatable connection between the long strip pressure block and the screw, or between the long strip pressure block and the fixed base.

6. The curved U-rib codeless tooling fixture according to claim 1, characterized in that: The first and second slide rails are parallel or located on the same straight line; the sides of the first and second slide rails are provided with inwardly recessed guide grooves, and the bottom of the inclined section is placed on the slide rail.

7. The curved U-rib codeless tooling fixture according to claim 1 or 6, characterized in that: Scale lines are provided on the first and second guide rails.

8. The curved U-rib codeless tooling fixture according to claim 1, characterized in that: When the radius of the U-rib curve is less than 15m, a temporary support plate is installed on the inner side of the U-rib, and the ratio of the thickness of the temporary support plate to the thickness of the U-rib wall is 1:1-1.5:

1.

9. A curved U-rib non-coded tooling system, with horizontal arrangement on the top plate of the external steel box girder, characterized in that: It includes several curved U-rib tooling fixtures as described in any one of claims 1-8; the top plate of the outer steel box girder has a curved U-rib profile, and punch holes are provided on the top plate according to the curved profile, which are used as the installation reference for the curved U-rib tooling fixtures and as the reference for bending the U-rib; the curved U-rib tooling fixtures are fixed around the punch holes and the U-ribs are bent according to the punch holes.

10. The curved U-rib codeless tooling system according to claim 9, characterized in that: Several U-ribs are spaced apart along the width of the top plate of the outer steel box girder. Partitions are also spaced apart on the top of the top plate of the outer steel box girder, and the partitions are spaced apart along the length of the top plate of the outer steel box girder. Punching holes are provided at the intersection of the partitions and U-ribs, and punching holes are also provided in the area between the partitions. The spacing between the punching holes ranges from 1m to 1.5m.

Images