CARRIER AND THIS COMPOSITION OVERCOMES

Abstract

A support comprising: a magnetic core; and a polymeric coating over at least a part of a surface of the core, wherein the polymeric coating comprises a cation-binding group containing at least one cyclic structure, and wherein the polymeric coating comprises a copolymer derived from an aliphatic cycloacrylate and at least one additional acrylate, and wherein the polymeric coating comprises at least one resin having a carbon / oxygen ratio of 3:1 to 8:1.

Description

STATE OF THE ART The present disclosure relates generally to toner compositions and more specifically toner compositions comprising coated carrier components. In embodiments, the coated carrier particles can be produced with polymeric components using dry powder processes. Electrophotographic printing uses toner particles, which can be produced by a variety of methods. One such method is an emulsion aggregation (EA) process that forms toner particles, using surfactants in the formation of a latex emulsion. See, for example, US 6,120,967 A as an example of such a process. The EA process allows the use of combinations of amorphous and crystalline polyesters. This resin combination can impart high gloss and relatively low melting point properties to the toner (occasionally referred to as low melting, ultra-low melting, or ULM), enabling more energy-efficient and faster printing. The use of additives along with the EA toner particles can be important for achieving optimal toner performance, particularly regarding charge buildup, where crystalline polyesters on the particle surface can lead to poor charge buildup in the A-zone. The sensitivity of toner charging to relative humidity (RH) can lead to a significant loss of toner concentration (TC) headroom, so TC must be controlled more precisely to ensure good development and background. High triboelectric charging at low RH limits development, while low triboelectric charging at high RH produces background, and both high and low triboelectric charging result in poor print quality. Furthermore, the latest trends toward ultra-low melting (ULM) toners, due to the use of polyester resins, which may include crystalline polyesters, are even more sensitive to relative humidity. Similarly, the trend toward even smaller toner particles reduces triboelectric charge and the TC margin, and these toners can no longer tolerate large charge differences with the environment. For example, toners with particles 4 micrometers or smaller have a much smaller margin between development at low RH and background at high RH. Therefore, excellent triboelectric charge / RH sensitivity is crucial for these toners. US 4,592,989 A relates to an electrostatic toner composition comprising resin particles, pigment particles and a complex of a dipolar molecule or salt bound to an ionophore polymer. US 2008 / 0236446 A1 discloses a toner process comprising the aggregation and coalescence of an amorphous polyester, a crystalline polyester and a dye, wherein the coalescence is carried out at a temperature lower than the initial melting point temperature of the crystalline polyester. There remains a need to improve the use of additives in toner production. • SUMMARY The present disclosure provides carriers that can be added to toners and used in compositions, including in electrophotographic developers. In embodiments, a carrier of the present disclosure comprises a magnetic core and a polymeric coating over at least a portion of a surface of the core, wherein the polymeric coating comprises a cation-binding group having at least one cyclic structure, and wherein the polymeric coating comprises a copolymer derived from an aliphatic cycloacrylate and at least one additional acrylate, and wherein the polymeric coating has at least one resin having a carbon / oxygen ratio of 3:1 to 8:1. Compositions containing such carriers are also created. In embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure comprises a toner comprising at least one resin and one or more optional components such as colorants, waxes and combinations thereof, and the carrier mentioned above. • BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE IMAGES In the following, various embodiments of the present disclosure are described with reference to the following figures, wherein: Fig. 1 is a diagram showing the charging properties of the A-zone and C-zone over 60 minutes in carriers of the present disclosure; Fig. 2 is a diagram showing the charging properties of the A-zone and C-zone over 60 minutes in toners comprising carriers of the present disclosure; and Fig. 3 is a diagram showing the electrical resistance of carriers of the present disclosure. • DETAILED DESCRIPTION In embodiments, the present disclosure provides carrier particles comprising a core, in embodiments a core metal, in embodiments a magnetic core metal, with a coating overlying it. The coating comprises a polymer that includes a cation-binding group. The cation-binding group can be part of a monomer used to form a polymer or copolymer, or can be added separately to the polymer after polymerization.Since toners tend to absorb water vapor in humid environments, leading to poor, RH-dependent charge ratios and poor image quality, coating materials of the present disclosure comprise a combination of hydrophobic monomers with a high C / O ratio, which provides a considerable improvement in sensitivity to relative humidity (RH) and enables better RH sensitivity of the developer to charging, as demonstrated by the RH-dependent charge ratio. Furthermore, toner aging reduces the effectiveness of additives, and the operating behavior reverts to the poor charging of the original toner. Moreover, additives cannot improve the charging of the original toner in the A-zone, which limits the additive concept. Adding a cation-binding group according to the present disclosure to a powder-coated support made with a resin having a high C / O ratio can provide excellent charging of the original toner, RH sensitivity, and excellent final toner charging. As used here, the C / O ratio is 3:1 to 8:1, in embodiments from 3:1 to less than 5:1, and in further embodiments from 5:1 to 8:1. • Carrier Various suitable solid core materials can be used for the carriers and developers of the present disclosure. Typical core properties include those that enable the toner particles in embodiments to assume a positive or negative charge, and carrier cores that provide desirable flow properties in the developer reservoir present in an electrophotographic imaging device. Other desirable core properties include, for example, suitable magnetic properties that allow magnetic brush formation in magnetic brush development processes, desirable mechanical aging properties, and a desirable surface morphology to enable electrical conductivity of any developer comprising the carrier and a suitable toner. Examples of support cores that can be used include iron and / or steel, such as atomized iron or steel powders available from Hoeganaes Corporation or Pomaton S.p.A. (Italy); ferrites, such as Cu / Zn ferrite, containing, for example, 11 percent copper oxide, 19 percent zinc oxide, and 70 percent iron oxide, including those commercially available from DM Steward Corporation or Powdertech Corporation; Ni / Zn ferrite, available from Powdertech Corporation; Sr (strontium) ferrite, containing, for example, 14 percent strontium oxide and 86 percent iron oxide, commercially available from Powdertech Corporation; and Ba ferrite; magnetites, including those commercially available, for example, from Hoeganaes Corporation (Sweden); nickel; and combinations thereof.In embodiments, the polymer particles obtained can be used to coat support cores of any known type by various known methods, these support cores then being combined with a known toner to form a developer for electrophotographic printing. Further suitable support cores are described, for example, in US 4,937,166 A, US 4,935,326 A, and US 7,014,971 B2 and can include granulated zirconia, granulated silicon, glass, silicon dioxide, and combinations thereof. In embodiments, suitable support cores can have a mean particle size of, for example, 20 micrometers to 400 micrometers in diameter, and in embodiments, of 40 micrometers to 200 micrometers. In embodiments, a ferrite can be used as the core, comprising a metal such as iron and at least one other metal such as copper, zinc, nickel, manganese, magnesium, calcium, lithium, strontium, zirconium, titanium, tantalum, bismuth, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, strontium, barium, yttrium, lanthanum, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, aluminum, gallium, silicon, germanium, antimony, and combinations thereof. The polymeric coating on at least a portion of the core metal surface comprises a latex. In embodiments, a polymeric coating for the support core comprises a copolymer derived from an aliphatic cycloacrylate and at least one additional acrylate. In further embodiments, a coating may comprise a copolymer of cyclohexyl methacrylate and isobornyl methacrylate, wherein the cyclohexyl methacrylate is present in an amount of 0.1 wt.% to 99.9 wt.% of the copolymer, or in embodiments, 35 wt.% to 65 wt.% of the copolymer, and the isobornyl methacrylate is present in an amount of 99.9 wt.% to 0.1 wt.% of the copolymer, or in embodiments, 65 wt.% to 35 wt.% of the copolymer. According to the present disclosure, a charge control agent is disclosed that is specifically designed to enhance the charge of the original toner using toner resins containing a functional group of ionic character. For example, a negatively charging toner may comprise an ionic functional group bonded to the resin chain and carrying a negative charge, and the cationic counterion may carry a positive charge. Suitable ionic functional groups on the resin include, for example, carboxylic acids and sulfonic acids, salts of such acids, and combinations thereof. These end groups are commonly found in toner resins, such as acrylic acid or β-CEA in styrene / acrylate emulsion-aggregation toners, or carboxylic acids or their salts in ejected or emulsion-aggregation polyester toner resins.In embodiments, the cationic counterion can be an end group, for example H+, Na+, K+, Li+, Ca2+, Al3+, Zn2+, Mg2+, or NR4+, where R is hydrogen or an organic group such as a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or alkyl group, or a combination thereof. As shown in Equation I below, the interaction of a cation-binding group on the support resin, denoted KB, with a positive counterion on the toner resin leads to a positive transfer from the toner to the support, which in turn results in a negative charge on the toner and a positive charge on the support. (Toner resin)-COO(-)(+)H + KB-(support resin) → (Toner resin)-COO(-)+(+)H:KB-(support resin) (I). The resulting complex can form equally well at low and high relative humidity, which offers good RH sensitivity. The cation-binding groups contained in the polymeric coating can be a monomer or a functional group bonded to a monomer, which can then be polymerized onto the polymer or copolymer of the coating. Alternatively, the cation-binding group can be added as a separate component to a monomer, with the polymer then being converted into the polymer or copolymer of the coating. In another alternative approach, the cation-binding monomer or functional group can be dissolved in a solvent along with the coating polymer and used to produce a latex, such as by phase inversion, as described in US 2010 / 0015544 A1. Suitable cation-binding monomers or functional groups include, for example, those exhibiting a cyclic structure. In embodiments, suitable cation-binding monomers or functional groups include crown ether complexes, cryptands, cycles, porphins, porphyrins, and combinations thereof.Suitable crown ether complexes include, for example,

[12] -crown-4,

[15] -crown-5, 4-acryloylamidobenzo

[15] -crown-5, benzo

[15] -crown-5, methylbenzo

[15] -crown-5, stearylbenzo

[15] -crown-5, hydroxymethylbenzo

[15] -crown-5, benzo

[15] -crown-5-dinitrile, aza

[15] -crown-5, vinylbenzo

[15] -crown-5, 4-formylbenzo

[15] -crown-5,

[18] -crown-6, 4-acryloylamidobenzo

[18] -crown-6, benzo

[18] -crown-6, methylbenzo

[18] -crown-6, and hydroxymethylbenzo

[18] -crown-6. Benzo

[18] -crown-6-dinitrile, Aza

[18] -crown-6, Vinylbenzo

[18] -crown-6, 4-Formylbenzo

[18] -crown-6, Dibenzo

[18] -crown-6, Stearylbenzo

[18] -crown-6, Dibenzo

[21] -crown-7, Dibenzo

[24] -crown-8, Bis(m-phenylene)-

[32] -crown-10, Bis(carboxy-m-phenylene)-

[32] -crown-10, and combinations thereof. General structures that may be suitable for crown ethers include the benzocrown ethers shown in Formula II below and the dibenzocrown ethers shown in Formula III below: In the crown ethers, n and / or m range from 0 to 6, and in embodiments from 1 to 5. The functional groups R (i.e., R1, R2, R3, R4, R1', R2', R3' and R4') can be identical or different and are H or any alkyl group or substituted alkyl group such as methyl, ethyl, stearyl, chloromethyl, hydroxymethyl, hydroxyethyl, and combinations thereof, a formyl group, a carboxyl group or carboxylate group, or any aromatic group such as phenyl or hydroxyphenyl, any halide group, a nitro group, a sulfonate group, any polymerizable group, including a vinyl group, and combinations thereof. Suitable cryptands include, for example, 1,10-Diaza-4,7,13,16,21,24-hexaoxabicyclo[8.8.8]hexacosane, [2.2.2]cryptand, Benzo[2.2.2]cryptand, Dibenzo[2.2.2]cryptand, Methylbenzo[2.2.2]cryptand, Bis(dimethylbenzo)[2.2.2]cryptand, Vinylbenzo[2.2.2]cryptand, and combinations thereof. Suitable cyclenes include, for example, 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane, dimethylcyclene, diacetylcyclene-12-ane-N4, tetrahydroxyethyl-12-ane-N4, 13-ane-N4, 14-ane-N4, 15-ane-N4, 16-ane-N4, 9-ane-N312-ane-N3O, and combinations thereof. Porphine, also known as porphyrin or 21,22-dihydroporphyrin, is also suitable if the compound exists in the form of the free base, thus lacking a central metal ion.Suitable substituted porphines, generally known as porphyrins, include those existing in the form of the free base and lacking a central metal atom. Examples include meso-tetraphenylporphyrin, tetratolylporphyrin, tetrabenzoporphyrin, tetraphenylporphyrin, phthalocyanines, and orthophenyltetraazaporphyrin, and combinations thereof. Other suitable porphyrins may include polymerizable vinyl groups, such as 5-mono(p-acrylamidophenyl)-10,15,20-triphenylporphine and 5,10,15,20-tetra(α,α,α,α-o-methacrylamidopheny])porphine. In embodiments, the cation-binding group can be brought into contact with or attached to a monomer such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, beta-carboxyethyl acrylate, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate, diethylaminoethyl methacrylate, dimethylaminobutyl methacrylate, methylaminoethyl methacrylate, and combinations thereof. According to the present disclosure, it was found that the addition of a cation-binding monomer enables the transfer of a positive counterion from the toner to the support, resulting in a negative charge on the toner and a positive charge on the support. For example, when cyclohexyl methacrylate (CHMA) and a conventional charge-controlling agent such as 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) are used as a coating, the water absorption is strong, resulting in an A-zone / C-zone charge ratio of only 0.22. Therefore, in the charge spectrometer, the Q / D charge in the A-zone is only a 5.2 mm displacement. The Q / D charge in mm displacement can be converted to a charge in femtocoulombs per micrometer by multiplying by 0.092. When the coatings of the present disclosure are used with higher C / O ratios in combination with cation-binding monomers, the amount of water adsorption gradually decreases.The higher C / O ratio considerably improves the RH sensitivity and can reach a level of 0.41 in embodiments, resulting in a Q / D charge shift in the A-zone of 12.6 mm. The C-zone charge is also increased by using the cation-binding monomers, from a Q / D charge shift of 23.2 mm with CHMA and a conventional charge control agent to a Q / D charge shift of 33.3 mm when using the cation-binding monomer of the present disclosure with CHMA. Thus, the A-zone charge can range from -15 to -60 microcoulombs per gram (µC / g) in some embodiments, and from -20 to -55 µC / g in others, while the C-zone charge can range from -15 to -60 µC / g, and from -20 to -55 µC / g in others. The ratio of A-zone charge to C-zone charge, which is occasionally referred to herein in some embodiments as the ratio of relative humidity (RH), can range from 0.40 to 1.0, and from 0.6 to 0.8 in others. Methods for forming the polymeric coating are within the scope of application for those skilled in the art and, in embodiments, include emulsion polymerization of the monomers used for forming the polymeric coating. In the polymerization process, the reactants can be placed in a suitable reactor, such as a mixing vessel. The appropriate amount of starting materials can optionally be dissolved in a solvent, an initiator can be added to the solution, and at least one surfactant can be brought into contact with it to form an emulsion. A copolymer can be formed in the emulsion, which can then be recovered and used as a polymeric coating for a support particle. If used, suitable solvents include, but are not limited to, water and / or organic solvents, including toluene, benzene, xylene, tetrahydrofuran, acetone, acetonitrile, carbon tetrachloride, chlorobenzene, cyclohexane, diethyl ether, dimethyl ether, dimethylformamide, heptane, hexane, methylene chloride, pentane, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the latex for forming the polymeric coating can be produced in an aqueous phase containing a surfactant or cosurfactant, optionally under an inert gas such as nitrogen. Surfactants that can be used with the resin to form a latex dispersion can be ionic or non-ionic surfactants in an amount of 0.01 to 15 percent by weight of the solids, and in other embodiments, from 0.1 to 10 percent by weight of the solids. Anionic surfactants that can be used include sulfates and sulfonates, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, sodium dodecylnaphthalene sulfate, dialkylbenzenealkyl sulfates and sulfonates, acids such as abietic acid (available from Aldrich), NEOGEN R™, NEOGEN SC™ (obtained from Daiichi Kogyo Seiyaku Co., Ltd.), and combinations thereof. Other suitable anionic surfactants include, in embodiments, DOWFAX™ 2A1, an alkyl diphenyl oxide disulfonate from The Dow Chemical Company, and / or TAYCA POWER BN2060 from Tayca Corporation (Japan), which is a branched sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate. In embodiments, combinations of these surfactants and any of the aforementioned anionic surfactants may be used. Examples of cationic surfactants include, but are not limited to, ammonium salts, for example, alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chloride, dialkylbenzenealkylammonium chloride, lauryltrimethylammonium chloride, alkylbenzylmethylammonium chloride, alkylbenzyldimethylammonium bromide, benzalkonium chloride, C12-, C15-, and C17-trimethylammonium bromides, and combinations thereof. Other cationic surfactants include cetylpyridinium bromide, halide salts of quaternized polyoxyethylalkylamines, dodecylbenzyltriethylammonium chloride, MIRAPOL and ALKAQUAT, available from Alkaril Chemical Company, SANISOL (benzalkonium chloride), available from Kao Chemicals, and combinations thereof. In embodiments, a suitable cationic surfactant comprises SANISOL B-50, available from Kao Corp., which consists mainly of benzyldimethylalkonium chloride. Examples of nonionic surfactants include, but are not limited to, alcohols, acids, and ethers, for example, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylic acid, methalose, methylcellulose, ethylcellulose, propylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, polyoxyethylene centetyl ether, polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, polyoxyethylene octyl ether, polyoxyethylene octyl phenyl ether, polyoxyethylene oleyl ether, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate, polyoxyethylene stearyl ether, polyoxyethylene nonyl phenyl ether, dialkylphenoxy-poly(ethyleneoxy)ethanol. Commercially available surfactants from Rhone-Poulenc, such as... B. IGEPAL CA-210™, IGEPAL CA-520™, IGEPAL CA-720™, IGEPAL CO-890™, IGEPAL CO-720™, IGEPAL CO-290™, IGEPAL CA-210™, ANTAROX 890™ and ANTAROX 897™ are used. The choice of specific surfactants or combinations thereof, as well as the quantities of each to be used, are within the scope of application of a person skilled in the art. In embodiments, initiators can be added to form the latex used for the formation of the polymeric coating. Examples of suitable initiators include water-soluble initiators, such as ammonium persulfate, sodium persulfate, and potassium persulfate, as well as organically soluble initiators, including organic peroxides and azo compounds, including vazoperoxides, such as VAZO 64™, 2-methyl-2-2'-azobispropanitrile, VAZO 88™, 2-2'-azobisisobutyramide dehydrate, and combinations thereof. Other water-soluble initiators that can be used include azoamidine compounds, for example, 2,2'-azobis(2-methyl-N-phenylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride, 2,2'-azobis[N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-methylpropionamidine] dihydrochloride, 2,2'-azobis[N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-methylpropionamidine] dihydrochloride, 2,2'-azobis[N-(4-aminophenyl)-2-methylpropionamidine] tetrahydrochloride, 2,2'-azobis[2-methyl-N-(phenylmethyl)propionamidine] dihydrochloride, 2,2'-Azobis[2-methyl-N-2-propenylpropionamidine] dihydrochloride, 2,2'-Azobis[N-(2-hydroxy-ethyl)-2-methylpropionamidine] dihydrochloride, 2,2'-Azobis[2-(5-methyl-2-imidazolin-2-yl)propane] dihydrochloride, 2,2'-Azobis[2-(2-imidazolin-2-yl)propane] dihydrochloride, 2,2'-Azobis[2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-1,3-diazepin-2-yl)propane] dihydrochloride, 2,2'-Azobis[2-(3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidin-2-yl)propane] dihydrochloride, 2,2'-Azobis[2-(5-hydroxy-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidin-2-yl)propane]-dihydrochloride, 2,2'-Azobis{2-[1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-imidazolin-2-yl]propane}-dihydrochloride, and combinations thereof. Initiators can be added in suitable quantities, such as 0.1 to 8 percent by weight, and in embodiments from 0.2 to 5 percent by weight of the monomers. In the formation of the emulsions, the starting materials, surfactant, optional solvent, and optional initiator can be combined using any means within the scope of application by those skilled in the art. In some embodiments, the reaction mixture can be mixed for 1 minute to 72 hours, in others for 4 hours to 24 hours (although periods outside these ranges are possible), while the temperature is maintained at 10°C to 100°C, in others from 20°C to 90°C, and in still others from 45°C to 75°C, although temperatures outside these ranges are possible. Experts will recognize that by optimizing reaction conditions, temperatures, and initiator loading, polyesters with different molecular weights can be produced, and structurally related starting materials can be polymerized using comparable techniques. Once the copolymer used as the coating for a substrate has been formed, it can be recovered from the emulsion by any technique within the scope of application by experts, including filtration, drying, centrifugation, spray drying, and combinations thereof. Once obtained, the copolymer used as a coating for a substrate can, in embodiments, be dried into powder forms by any method within the scope of application by those skilled in the art, including freeze-drying, optionally in a vacuum, spray-drying, and combinations thereof. Particles of the copolymer can have a size of 40 to 200 nanometers, in embodiments of 60 to 120 nanometers. If the particle size of the dried polymer coating is too large, the particles can be subjected to homogenization or ultrasonic treatment in embodiments to further disperse the particles and break apart any agglomerates or loosely bound particles, thereby obtaining particles with the sizes listed above. If a homogenizer (i.e., a high-shearing device) is used, it can be operated at a speed of 6,000 rpm to 10,000 rpm, or in embodiments from 7,000 rpm to 9,750 rpm, for a period of 0.5 minutes to 60 minutes, or in embodiments from 5 minutes to 30 minutes, although speeds and periods outside these ranges can be used. The polymers used as the support coating can have a number-averaged molecular weight (Mn) of, for example, 60,000 to 400,000, in embodiments of 170,000 to 280,000, as measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and a weight-averaged molecular weight (M) of, for example, 200,000 to 800,000, in embodiments of 400,000 to 600,000, as determined by gel permeation chromatography using polystyrene standards. The polymers used as carrier coatings can have a glass transition temperature (Tg) of 85°C to 140°C, and in embodiments of 100°C to 130°C. In some embodiments, the substrate coating can include a conductive component. Suitable conductive components include, for example, carbon black. A number of additives can be added to the carrier, for example charge-enhancing additives, including particulate amine resins such as melamine and certain fluoropolymer powders, such as alkylaminoacrylates and methacrylates, polyamides, and fluorinated polymers such as polyvinylidine fluoride and poly(tetrafluoroethylene), as well as fluoroalkyl methacrylates, such as 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate. Other charge-enhancing additives that may be used include quaternary ammonium salts, including distearyldimethylammonium methyl sulfate (DDAMS), ammonium, sodium, and hydrogen to [1-[(3,5-disubstituted 2-hydroxyphenyl)azo]-3-(monosubstituted-2-naphthalenolato(2-)]chromate(1-) (TRH), cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), FANAL PINK® D4830, and combinations thereof, as well as other known charge additives. The charge additive components may be selected in varying amounts, such as…from 0.5% to 20% by weight and from 1% to 3% by weight, for example, based on the sum of the weights of the polymer / copolymer, conductive component, and other charge-inducing components. These components can be incorporated by roller mixing, drum coating, milling, shaking, electrostatic powder cloud coating, fluidized bed, electrostatic disc atomization, and electrostatic curtain, as described, for example, in US 6,042,981 A, wherein the carrier coating is fused to the carrier core either in a rotary kiln or by passing through a heated extrusion apparatus. Conductivity is important for the development of semiconducting magnetic brushes to enable good development of solid areas that would otherwise be poorly developed. It has been found that the addition of the polymeric coating of the present disclosure, optionally with a conductive component such as, for example,Carbon black, to carriers with reduced triboelectric response of the developer when relative humidity changes by 20 percent to 90 percent, in embodiments from 40 percent to 80 percent, can lead to a more stable charge when the relative humidity changes, and thus to a smaller decrease in charge at high humidity, which reduces background toner on prints, and a smaller increase in charge at low relative humidity and subsequently less loss of development, resulting in improved image quality performance due to the improved optical density. As described above, the polymer coating can be dried in some embodiments and then applied to the core support as a dry powder. Powder coating processes differ from conventional solution coating processes. Solution coating requires a coating polymer whose composition and molecular weight properties allow the resin to be soluble in a solvent used in the coating process. This typically requires a relatively low molecular weight compared to powder coatings, which does not provide the most durable coating. The powder coating process does not require solubility in solvents, but it does require the resin to be applied as particles with a particle size of 10 nm to 2 micrometers, in some embodiments from 30 nm to 1 micrometer, and in others from 50 nm to 400 nm. Examples of processes that can be used to apply the powder coating include combining the substrate core material and copolymer coating by cascade roll mixing, drum coating, milling, shaking, electrostatic powder cloud coating, fluidized bed coating, electrostatic disc atomization, electrostatic curtain coating, and combinations thereof. When the resin-coated substrate particles are produced using a powder coating process, most of the coating material can be melted onto the substrate surface, reducing the number of toner impact sites on the substrate. Fusing of the polymer coating can be achieved by mechanical impact, electrostatic attraction, and combinations thereof. After the copolymers are applied to the core, heating can be initiated to allow the coating material to flow over the surface of the carrier core. The concentration of the coating material, in some embodiments the powder particles, and the heating parameters can be selected to enable the formation of a continuous film of the coating polymers on the surface of the carrier core or to allow selective coating of only chosen areas of the carrier core. In some embodiments, the carrier with the polymeric powder coating can be heated to a temperature of 170°C to 280°C, or 190°C to 240°C, for a period of, for example, 10 to 180 minutes, in others 15 to 60 minutes, to allow the polymer coating to melt and fuse with the carrier core particles.After the micropowder is incorporated onto the surface of the substrate, heating can be initiated to allow the coating material to flow over the surface of the substrate core. In some embodiments, the micropowder can be fused to the substrate core either in a rotary kiln or by passing it through a heated extrusion apparatus. See, for example, US 6,355,391 B1. In some embodiments, the coating covers 10 percent to 100 percent of the carrier core. If selected areas of the metallic carrier core remain uncoated or exposed, the carrier particles can exhibit electrically conductive properties if the core material is a metal. The coated carrier particles can then be cooled, in embodiments to room temperature, and obtained for use in the formation of a winder. In embodiments, carriers of the present disclosure may comprise a core, in embodiments a ferrite core, with a size of 20 µm to 100 µm, in embodiments of 30 µm to 75 µm, which is coated with 0.5 wt.% to 10 wt.%, in embodiments of 0.7 wt.% to 5 wt.% of the polymer coating of the present disclosure, which may optionally comprise carbon black. Thus, with the carrier compositions and methods of the present disclosure, developers with selected triboelectric charging properties and / or conductivity values ​​can be formulated using a number of different combinations. • Toner The coated carriers produced in this way can then be combined with toner resins, which may contain colorants, to form a developer of the present disclosure. Any latex resin can be used in the formation of a toner according to the present disclosure. Such resins can in turn be produced from any suitable monomer. Depending on the specific polymer to be used, any monomer can be selected. In embodiments, the resins can be an amorphous resin, a crystalline resin, and / or a combination thereof. In further embodiments, the polymer used to form the resin can be a polyester resin, including those described in US 6,593,049 B1 and US 6,756,176 B2. Suitable resins can also include a mixture of an amorphous polyester resin and a crystalline polyester resin, as described in US 6,830,860 B2. In embodiments, the resin can be a polyester resin formed by the reaction of a diol with a dicarboxylic acid in the presence of an optional catalyst. Suitable organic diols for the formation of a crystalline polyester include aliphatic diols with 2 to 36 carbon atoms, such as 1,2-ethanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,7-heptanediol, 1,8-octanediol, 1,9-nonanediol, 1,10-decanediol, and 1,12-dodecanediol, as well as aliphatic alkali sulfodiols such as... B. Sodium 2-sulfo-1,2-ethanediol, lithium 2-sulfo-1,2-ethanediol, potassium 2-sulfo-1,2-ethanediol, sodium 2-sulfo-1,3-propanediol, lithium 2-sulfo-1,3-propanediol, potassium 2-sulfo-1,3-propanediol, and mixtures thereof.The aliphatic diol can be selected, for example, in an amount of 40 to 60 mol percent, in embodiments of 42 to 55 mol percent, in embodiments of 45 to 53 mol percent (although amounts outside these ranges can be used), and the aliphatic alkali sulfodiol can be selected in an amount of 0 to 10 mol percent, in embodiments of 1 to 4 mol percent of the resin. Examples of organic dicarboxylic acids or diesters selected for the production of crystalline resins, including vinyl dicarboxylic acids or vinyl diesters, include oxalic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, sebacenic acid, fumaric acid, dimethyl fumarate, dimethyl itaconate, cis-1,4-diacetoxy-2-butene, diethyl fumarate, diethyl maleate, phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, naphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylic acid, naphthalene-2,7-dicarboxylic acid, cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, malonic acid and mesaconic acid, a diester or an anhydride thereof, and an organic alkali sulfodicarboxylic acid such as, for example,Sodium, lithium or potassium salts of dimethyl 5-sulfoisophthalate, dialkyl 5-sulfoisophthalate-4-sulfo-1,8-naphthalic anhydride, 4-sulfophthalic acid, dimethyl 4-sulfophthalate, dialkyl 4-sulfophthalate, 4-sulfophenyl-3,5-dicarbomethoxybenzene, 6-sulfo-2-naphthyl-3,5-dicarbomethoxybenzene, sulfoterephthalic acid, dimethyl sulfoterephthalate, 5-sulfoisophthalic acid, dialkyl sulfoterephthalate, sulfoethanediol, 2-sulfopropanediol, 2-sulfobutanediol, 3-sulfopentanediol, 2-sulfohexanediol, 3-sulfo-2-methylpentanediol, 2-sulfo-3,3-dimethylpentanediol, Sulfo-p-hydroxybenzoic acid, N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-aminoethanesulfonate, or mixtures thereof. The organic dicarboxylic acid can be selected in an amount of, for example, 40 to 60 mol percent, in other embodiments 42 to 52 mol percent, and in other embodiments 45 to 50 mol percent, and the aliphatic alkali sulfodicarboxylic acid can be selected in an amount of 1 to 10 mol percent of the resin. Examples of crystalline resins include polyesters, polyamides, polyimides, polyolefins, polyethylene, polybutylene, polyisobutyrate, ethylene-propylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, polypropylene, and mixtures thereof. Specific crystalline resins can be polyester-based, such as... B. Poly(ethylene adipate), poly(propylene adipate), poly(butylene adipate), poly(pentylene adipate), poly(hexylene adipate), poly(octylene adipate), poly(ethylene succinate), poly(propylene succinate), poly(butylene succinate), poly(pentylene succinate), poly(hexylene succinate), poly(octylene succinate), poly(ethylene sebacate), Poly(propylene sebacate), poly(butylene sebacate), poly(pentylene sebacate), poly(hexylene sebacate), poly(octylene sebacate), poly(decylene sebacate), poly(dodecylene sebacate), poly(decylene sebacate), copoly(ethylene fumarate)-copoly(ethylene sebacate), copoly(ethylene fumarate)-copoly(ethylene decanoate), copoly(ethylene fumarate)-copoly(ethylene dodecanoate), alkali copoly(5-sulfoisophthaloyl)-copoly(ethylene adipate),Alkali-copoly(5-sulfoisophthaloyl)-copoly(propylenadipat), Alkali-copoly(5-sulfoisophthaloyl)-copoly(butylenadipat), Alkali-copoly(5-sulfoisophthaloyl)-copoly(pentylenadipat), Alkali-copoly(5-sulfoisophthaloyl)-copoly(hexylenadipat), Alkali-copoly(5-sulfoisophthaloyl)-copoly(octylenadipat), Alkali-copoly(5-sulfoisophthaloyl)-copoly(ethylenadipat), Alkali-copoly(5-sulfoisophthaloyl)-copoly(propylenadipat), Alkali-copoly(5-sulfoisophthaloyl)-copoly(butylenadipat), Alkali-copoly(5-sulfoisophthaloyl)-copoly(pentylenadipat), Alkali-copoly(5-sulfoisophthaloyl)-copoly(hexylenadipat), Alkalicopoly(5-sulfoisophthaloyl)-copoly(octylenadipat), Alkali-copoly(5-sulfoisophthaloyl)-copoly(ethylensuccinat), Alkali-copoly(5-sulfoisophthaloyl)-copoly(propylensuccinat), Alkali-copoly(5-sulfoisophthaloyl)-copoly(butylensuccinat), Alkali-copoly(5-sulfoisophthaloyl)-copoly(pentylensuccinat), Alkali-copoly(5-sulfoisophthaloyl)-copoly(hexylensuccinat),Alkali-copoly(5-sulfoisophthaloyl)-copoly(octylensuccinat), Alkali-copoly(5-sulfoisophthaloyl)-copoly(ethylensebacat), Alkali-copoly(5-sulfoisophthaloyl)-copoly(propylensebacat), Alkali-copoly(5-sulfoisophthaloyl)-copoly(butylensebacat), Alkali-copoly(5-sulfoisophthaloyl)-copoly(pentylensebacat), Alkali-copoly(5-sulfoisophthaloyl)-copoly(hexylensebacat), Alkali-copoly(5-sulfoisophthaloyl)-copoly(octylensebacat), Alkali-copoly(5-sulfoisophthaloyl)-copoly(ethylenadipat), Alkali-copoly(5-sulfoisophthaloyl)-copoly(propylenadipat), Alkali-copoly(5-sulfoisophthaloyl)-copoly(butylenadipat), Alkali-copoly(5-sulfoisophthaloyl)-copoly(pentylenadipat), Alkali-copoly(5-sulfoisophthaloyl)-copoly(hexylenadipat), Poly(octylenadipat), sowie Kombinationen davon, wobei Alkali ein Metall wie Natrium, Lithium oder Kalium ist. Beispiele für Polyamide umfassen Poly(ethylenadipamid), Poly(propylenadipamid), Poly(butylenadipamid), Poly(pentylenadipamid), Poly(hexylenadipamid), Poly(octylenadipamid),Poly(ethylenesuccinimide) and poly(propylene sebacamide). Examples of polyimides include poly(ethylene adipimide), poly(propylene adipimide), poly(butylene adipimide), poly(pentylene adipimide), poly(hexylene adipimide), poly(octylene adipimide), poly(ethylenesuccinimide), poly(propylenesuccinimide), and poly(butylenesuccinimide). The crystalline resin can be present, for example, in an amount of 5 to 50 percent by weight of the toner components, or in embodiments, in an amount of 10 to 35 percent by weight of the toner components. The crystalline resin can have different melting points, for example, from 30°C to 120°C, or in embodiments, from 50°C to 90°C. The crystalline resin can have a number-averaged molecular weight (Mn), measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), of, for example, 1,000 to 50,000, or in embodiments, from 2,000 to 25,000, and a weight-averaged molecular weight (Mw), determined by gel permeation chromatography using polystyrene standards, of, for example, 2,000 to 100,000, or in embodiments, from 3,000 to 80,000. The molecular weight distribution (Mw / Mn) of the crystalline resin can, for example, range from 2 to 6, or in embodiments from 3 to 4. Examples of dicarboxylic acids or diesters used in the production of amorphous polyesters, including vinyl dicarboxylic acids or vinyl diesters, include dicarboxylic acids or diesters such as... B. Terephthalic acid, phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, fumaric acid, dimethyl fumarate, dimethyl itaconate, cis-1,4-diacetoxy-2-butene, diethyl fumarate, diethyl maleate, maleic acid, succinic acid, itaconic acid, succinic acid, succinic anhydride, dodecyl succinic acid, dodecyl succinic anhydride, glutaric acid, glutaric anhydride, adipic acid, pimelic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, dodecanedioic acid, dimethyl terephthalate, diethyl terephthalate, dimethyl isophthalate, diethyl isophthalate, dimethyl phthalate, phthalic anhydride, diethyl phthalate, dimethyl succinate, dimethyl fumarate, dimethyl maleate, dimethyl glutarate, dimethyl adipate, dimethyl dodecyl succinate, and combinations thereof.The organic dicarboxylic acids or diesters can be present, for example, in an amount of 40 to 60 mol percent of the resin, in embodiments in 42 to 52 mol percent of the resin, and in embodiments in 45 to 50 mol percent of the resin. Examples of alkylene oxide adducts of bisphenol include polyoxypropylene-(2,2)-2,2-bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane, polyoxypropylene-(3,3)-2,2-bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane, polyoxyethylene-(2,0)-2,2-bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane, polyoxyethylene-(2,2)-2,2-bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane, polyoxypropylene-(2,0)-polyoxyethylene-(2,0)-2,2-bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane, and polyoxypropylene-(6)-2,2-bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane. These compounds can be used alone or as a combination of two or more of them.Examples of other diols that can be used in the production of the amorphous polyesters include 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,2-butanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, pentanediol, hexanediol, 2,2-dimethylpropanediol, 2,2,3-trimethylhexanediol, heptanediol, dodecanediol, 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, 1,3-cyclohexanedimethanol, xylenedimethanol, cyclohexanediol, diethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, dibutylene, and combinations thereof. The amount of selected organic diols can vary, but they can be present, for example, in amounts of 40 to 60 mol percent of the resin, in embodiments of 42 to 55 mol percent of the resin, and in embodiments of 45 to 53 mol percent of the resin. Polycondensation catalysts that can be used in the formation of either crystalline or amorphous polyesters include tetraalkyl titanates, dialkyltin oxides such as dibutyltin oxide, tetraalkyltin compounds such as...Dibutyltin dilaurate and dialkyltin oxide hydroxides such as butyltin oxide hydroxide, aluminum alkoxides, alkylzinc, dialkylzinc, zinc oxide, tin(II) oxide, or combinations thereof. Such catalysts can be used in amounts ranging from, for example, 0.01 mol% to 5 mol%, based on the starting dicarboxylic acid or diester used to produce the polyester resin. In embodiments, suitable amorphous resins include polyesters, polyamides, polyimides, polyolefins, polyethylene, polybutylene, polyisobutyrate, ethylene-propylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, polypropylene, and combinations thereof. Examples of amorphous resins that may be used include alkalisulfonated polyester resins, branched alkalisulfonated polyester resins, alkalisulfonated polyimide resins, and branched alkalisulfonated polyimide resins. Alkalisulfonated polyester resins may be useful in embodiments such as…the metal or alkali salts of copoly(ethylene terephthalate)-copoly(ethylene-5-sulfoisophthalate), copoly(propylene terephthalate)-copoly(propylene-5-sulfoisophthalate), copoly(diethylene terephthalate)-copoly(diethylene-5-sulfoisophthalate), Copoly(propylene diethylene terephthalate)-copoly(propylene diethylene 5-sulfoisophthalate), Copoly(propylene butylene terephthalate)-copoly(propylene butylene 5-sulfoisophthalate), Copoly(propoxylated bisphenol A fumarate)-copoly(propoxylated bisphenol A 5-sulfoisophthalate), Copoly(ethoxylated Bisphenol A fumarate)-copoly(ethoxylated bisphenol A-5-sultoisophthalate) and copoly(ethoxylated bisphenol A maleate)-copoly(ethoxylated Bisphenol-A-5-sulfoisophthalate, wherein the alkali metal is, for example, a sodium, lithium, or potassium ion. In embodiments, as shown above, an unsaturated, amorphous polyester resin can be used as a latex resin. Examples of such resins include those described in US 6,063,827 A.Examples of unsaturated, amorphous polyester resins include poly(propoxylated bisphenol-co-fumarate), poly(ethoxylated bisphenol-co-fumarate), poly(butyloxylated bisphenol-co-fumarate), poly(co-propoxylated bisphenol-co-ethoxylated bisphenol-co-fumarate), poly(1,2-propylene fumarate), poly(propoxylated bisphenol-co-maleate), poly(ethoxylated bisphenol-co-maleate), poly(butyloxylated bisphenol-co-ethoxylated bisphenol-co-maleate), poly(1,2-propylene maleate), poly(propoxylated bisphenol-co-itaconate), poly(ethoxylated bisphenol-co-itaconate), poly(butyloxylated bisphenol-co-itaconate), poly(co-propoxylated bisphenol-co-ethoxylated bisphenol-co-itaconate). Poly(1,2-propylene itaconate) and combinations thereof, but are not limited to these. Furthermore, in embodiments, a crystalline polyester resin can be included in the binding resin. The crystalline polyester resin can be synthesized from an acid component (dicarboxylic acid) and an alcohol component (diol). Hereinafter, an “acid-derived component” indicates a constituent unit that was originally an acid component prior to the synthesis of a polyester resin, and an “alcohol-derived component” indicates a constituent unit that was an alcoholic component prior to the synthesis of the polyester resin. A “crystalline polyester resin” refers to one that, when analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), does not show a stepwise endothermic change in quantity but rather a clear endothermic peak. However, a polymer obtained by copolymerization of the main chain of the crystalline polyester and at least one other component is also referred to as a crystalline polyester if the amount of the other component is 50 wt% or less. The acid-derived component can be an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid, such as an unbranched-chain carboxylic acid. Examples of unbranched-chain carboxylic acids include oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, pimelic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, sebacenic acid, 1,9-nonanedicarboxylic acid, 1,10-decanedicarboxylic acid, 1,1-undecanedicarboxylic acid, 1,12-dodecanedicarboxylic acid, 1,13-tridecanedicarboxylic acid, 1,14-tetradecanedicarboxylic acid, 1,16-hexadecanedicarboxylic acid, and 1,18-octadecanedicarboxylic acid, as well as their lower alkyl esters and acid anhydrides. Among these, acids with 6 to 10 carbon atoms may be desirable to provide a suitable crystalline melting point and charge properties. To improve crystallinity, the unbranched chain carboxylic acid can be present in an amount of 95 mol% or more of the acid component, and in embodiments in an amount of more than 98 mol% of the acid component. Other acids are not particularly restricted, and examples include conventionally known dihydric carboxylic acids and dihydric alcohols, such as those described in the "Polymer Data Handbook: Basic Edition" (Soc. Polymer Science, Japan Ed.: Baihukan). Specific examples of monomer components include dibasic acids such as phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, naphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylic acid, naphthalene-2,7-dicarboxylic acid, and cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, as well as their anhydrides and lower alkyl esters, and combinations thereof. The acid-derived component can also be a component such as one derived from a dicarboxylic acid with a sulfonic acid group. A dicarboxylic acid with a sulfonic acid group can be effective in obtaining excellent dispersion of a coloring agent, such as a pigment. Furthermore, when an entire resin is emulsified or suspended in water to form a toner mother particle, a sulfonic acid group allows the resin to be emulsified or suspended without a surfactant. Examples of such dicarboxylic acids with a sulfonic acid group include, but are not limited to, sodium 2-sulfoterephthalate, sodium 5-sulfoisophthalate, and sodium sulfosuccinate. In addition, lower alkyl esters and acid anhydrides of such dicarboxylic acids with a sulfonic acid group can also be used. Among these, sodium 5-sulfoisophthalate may be desirable from a cost perspective. The content of the dicarboxylic acid with a sulfonic acid group can range from 0.1 mol% to 2 mol%, and in embodiments from 0.2 mol% to 1 mol%.If the concentration exceeds 2 mol%, the charging properties may deteriorate. Here, "component mol%" indicates the percentage when the total amount of each component (acid-derived component and alcohol-derived component) in the polyester resin is assumed to be 1 unit (mol). Aliphatic dialcohols can be used as the alcohol component. Examples include ethylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,7-heptanediol, 1,8-octanediol, 1,9-nonanediol, 1,10-decanediol, 1,11-dodecanediol, 1,12-undecanediol, 1,13-tridecanediol, 1,14-tetradecanediol, 1,18-octadecanediol, and 1,20-eicosanediol. Among these, those with 6 to 10 carbon atoms can be used to achieve desirable crystalline melting points and charge properties. To increase crystallinity, it may be beneficial to use unbranched chain dialcohols in an amount of 95 mol% or more, or in embodiments 98 mol% or more. Examples of other dihydric alcohols that can be used include bisphenol A, hydrogenated bisphenol A, bisphenol A ethylene oxide adduct, bisphenol A propylene oxide adduct, 1,4-cyclohexanediol, 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, 1,3-butanediol, neopentyl glycol, and combinations thereof. The following can be used to adjust the acid number and hydroxyl number: monohydric acids such as acetic acid and benzoic acid; monohydric alcohols such as cyclohexanol and benzyl alcohol; benzene tricarboxylic acid, naphthalene tricarboxylic acid and their anhydrides and lower alkyl esters; trihydric alcohols such as glycerol, trimethyl olethane, trimethylolpropane, and pentaerythritol; and combinations thereof. Crystalline polyester resins can be synthesized using common, well-known methods from a combination of components selected from the monomers mentioned above. Exemplary methods include the ester exchange process and the direct polycondensation process, which can be used individually or in combination. The molar ratio (acid component / alcohol component) in the reaction of the acid and alcohol components can vary depending on the reaction conditions. In direct polycondensation, the molar ratio is generally 1:1. In the ester exchange process, a monomer such as ethylene glycol, neopentyl glycol, or cyclohexanedimethanol, which can be distilled off under vacuum, can be used in excess. Examples of other suitable resins or polymers that can be used include poly(β-carboxyethyl acrylate), poly(styrene-butadiene), poly(methylstyrene-butadiene), poly(methyl methacrylate-butadiene), poly(ethyl methacrylate-butadiene), poly(propyl methacrylate-butadiene), poly(butyl methacrylate-butadiene), poly(methyl acrylate-butadiene), poly(ethyl acrylate-butadiene), poly(propyl acrylate-butadiene), poly(butyl acrylate-butadiene), poly(styrene-isoprene), poly(methyl styrene-isoprene), poly(methyl methacrylate-isoprene), poly(ethyl methacrylate-isoprene), poly(propyl methacrylate-isoprene), poly(butyl methacrylate-isoprene), poly(methyl acrylate-isoprene), poly(ethyl acrylate-isoprene), poly(propyl methacrylate-isoprene), poly(butyl methacrylate-isoprene), poly(styrene-propyl acrylate). Poly(styrene-butyl acrylate), Poly(styrene-butadiene-acrylic acid), Poly(styrene-butadiene-methacrylic acid), Poly(styrene-butadiene-acrylonitrile-acrylic acid), Poly(styrene-butylacrylate-acrylic acid), Poly(styrene-butylacrylate-methacrylic acid)Polystyrene-butyl acrylate-acrylonitrile) and poly(styrene-butyl acrylate-acrylonitrile-acrylic acid), as well as combinations thereof, are not limited to these. The polymer can be a block, random, or alternating copolymer. In some embodiments, the resins can have a glass transition temperature of 30°C to 80°C, and in others, of 35°C to 70°C. In further embodiments, the resins used in the toner can have a melt viscosity of 10 to 1,000,000 Pa·s at 130°C, and in others, of 20 to 100,000 Pa·s at 130°C. One, two, or more toner resins can be used. In embodiments where two or more toner resins are used, the toner resins can be present in any suitable ratio (e.g., weight ratio), such as from 10% (first resin) / 90% (second resin) to 90% (first resin) / 10% (second resin). The resin can be formed in certain embodiments using emulsion polymerization processes. • Surfactants In embodiments, colorants, waxes, and other additives used to form toner compositions can be present in surfactant-containing dispersions. Furthermore, toner particles can be formed by means of an emulsion aggregation process in which the resin and other components of the toner are added to one or more surfactants, an emulsion is formed, and the toner particles are aggregated, coalesced, optionally washed, dried, and isolated. One, two, or more surfactants can be used. The surfactants can be selected from ionic and non-ionic surfactants. Any surfactant described above for use in the formation of the copolymer used as a polymer coating for the support core can be employed. • Dye Various well-known colorants, such as dyes, pigments, dye mixtures, pigment mixtures, and pigment-dye mixtures, can be added to the toner. The colorant may be present in the toner in amounts ranging from, for example, 0.1 to 35% by weight, or 1 to 15% by weight, or 3 to 10% by weight, although amounts outside these ranges are also possible. Examples of suitable colorants include carbon black such as REGAL 330® (Cabot), magnetites such as Mobay magnetite MO8029™, MO8060™; Colombian magnetites; MAPICO BLACKS™ and surface-treated magnetites; Pfizer magnetites CB4799™, CB5300™, CB5600™, MCX6369™; Bayer magnetites BAYFERROX 8600™, 8610™; Northem Pigments magnetites NP-604™, NP-608™; and Magnox magnetites TMB-100™ or TMB-104™. Colored pigments such as cyan, magenta, yellow, red, green, brown, blue, or mixtures thereof can be selected. Generally, cyan, magenta, or yellow pigments or dyes, or mixtures thereof, are used. The pigment(s) are generally used as water-based pigment dispersions. Specific examples of pigments include the water-based pigment dispersions SUNSPERSE 6000, FLEXIVERSE, and AQUATONE from SUN Chemicals; HELIOGEN BLUE L6900™, D6840™, D7080™, D7020™; PYLAM OIL BLUE™; PYLAM OIL YELLOW™; PIGMENT BLUE 1™, available from Paul Uhlich & Company, Inc.; PIGMENT VIOLET 1™; PIGMENT RED 48™; LEMON CHROME YELLOW DCC 1026™; ED TOLUIDINE RED™; and BON RED C™, available from Dominion Color Corporation, Ltd., Toronto, Ontario, Canada; NOVAPERM YELLOW FGL™; HOSTAPERM PINK E™ from Hoechst; and CINQUASIA MAGENTA™, available from E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Company. Generally, colorants that can be selected are black, cyan, magenta, or yellow, or mixtures thereof. Examples of magenta colors include 2,9-dimethyl-substituted quinacridone and anthraquinone dye, identified in the Color Index as CI 60710 and CI Dispersed Red 15; diazo dye, identified in the Color Index as CI 26050; and CI Solvent Red 19.Illustrative examples of cyan dyes include copper tetra(octadecylsulfonamido)phthalocyanine, x-copper phthalocyanine pigment, listed in the Color Index as CI 74160, CI Pigment Blue, Pigment Blue 15:3, and Pigment Blue 15:4, and anthrathrene blue, identified in the Color Index as CI 69810 and Special Blue X-2137. Illustrative examples of yellow dyes include diarylide yellow (3,3-dichlorobenzidene acetoacetanilide), a monoazo pigment identified in the Color Index as CI 12700 and CI Solvent Yellow 16; a nitrophenylamine sulfonamide identified in the Color Index as Foron Yellow SE / GLN and CI Dispersed Yellow 33; 2,5-dimethoxy-4-sulfonanilide phenylazo-4'-chloro-2,5-dimethoxyacetoacetanilide; and Yellow 180 and Permanent Yellow FGL. Colorants can also be selected, such as colored magnetites, like mixtures of MAPICO BLACK™, and cyan components. Other known colorants can also be selected, such as...Levanyl Black A-SF (Miles, Bayer) and Sunsperse Carbon Black LHD 9303 (Sun Chemicals), as well as colored dyes such as e.g.Neogen Blue (BASF), Sudan Blue OS (BASF), PV True Blue B2G01 (American Hoechst), Sunsperse Blue BHD 6000 (Sun Chemicals), Irgalite Blue BCA (Ciba-Geigy), Paliogen Blue 6470 (BASF), Sudan 111 (Matheson, Coleman, Bell), Sudan II (Matheson, Coleman, Bell), Sudan IV (Matheson, Coleman, Bell), Sudanorange G (Aldrich), Sudanorange 220 (BASF), Paliogen-Orange 3040 (BASF), Ortho Orange OR 2673 (Paul Uhlich), Paliogen-Yellow 152, 1560 (BASF), Lithol Echtgelb 0991K (BASF), Paliotol-Yellow 1840 (BASF), Neogen-Yellow (BASF), Novoperm-Yellow FG 1 (Hoechst), Permanent Yellow YE 0305 (Paul Uhlich), Lumogen Yellow D0790 (BASF), Sunsperse Yellow YHD 6001 (Sun Chemicals), Suco Yellow L1250 (BASF), Suco Yellow D1355 (BASF), Hostaperm Pink E (American Hoechst), Fanal Pink D4830 (BASF), Cinquasia Magenta (DuPont), Lithol Scarlet D3700 (BASF), Toluidine Red (Aldrich), Scarlet for Thermoplastics NSD PS PA (Ugine Kuhlmann of Canada), EDToluidine Red (Aldrich), Lithol Rubine Toner (Paul Uhlich), Lithol Scarlet 4440 (BASF), Bon Red C (Dominion Color Company), Royal Brilliant Red RD-8192 (Paul Uhlich), Oracet Pink RF (Ciba-Geigy), Paliogen Red 3 871 K (BASF), Paliogen Red 3340 (BASF), Lithol True Scarlet L4300 (BASF), and combinations of the foregoing. • Wax If desired, a wax can be combined with the resin and the optional colorant during the formation of the toner particles. If present, the wax can be contained in an amount ranging from, for example, 1% to 25% by weight of the toner particles, or in embodiments from 5% to 20% by weight of the toner particles, although amounts outside these ranges can also be used. Waxes that can be selected include waxes with, for example, a weight-averaged molecular weight of 500 to 20,000, in embodiments of 1,000 to 10,000, although molecular weights outside these ranges can be used. Waxes that can be used include, for example, polyolefins such as polyethylene, polypropylene, and polybutene waxes such as those supplied by Allied Chemical and Petrolite Corp. commercially available, for example POLYWAXT"^-polyethylene waxes from Baker Petrolite, wax emulsions available from Michelman Inc. and the Daniels Products Company, EPOLENE N-15 commercially available from Eastman Chemical Products, Inc., and VISCOL 550-P, a low mass-averaged molecular weight polypropylene available from Sanyo Kasel KK, plant-based waxes such as carnauba wax, rice wax, candelilla wax, Japan wax and jojoba oil, animal waxes such asBeeswax, mineral-based waxes and petroleum-based waxes such as montan wax, ozokerite, ceresin, paraffin wax, microcrystalline wax, and Fischer-Tropsch wax; ester waxes obtained from higher fatty acids and higher alcohols, such as stearyl stearate and behenyl behenate; ester waxes obtained from higher fatty acids and monohydric or polyhydric lower alcohols, such as butyl stearate, propyl oleate, glyceride monostearate, glyceride distearate, and pentaerythritol tetrabehenate; ester waxes obtained from higher fatty acids and polyhydric alcohol multimers, such as diethylene glycol monostearate, dipropylene glycol distearate, diglyceryl distearate, and triglyceryl tetrastearate; higher fatty acid ester waxes containing sorbitan, such as... B. Sorbitan monostearate and higher fatty acid ester waxes containing cholesterol such as cholesteryl stearate.Examples of functionalized waxes that can be used include amines, amides (e.g., AQUA SUPERSLIP 6550™, SUPERSLIP 6530™, available from Micro Powder Inc.), fluorinated waxes (e.g., POLYFLUO 190™, POLYFLUO 200™, POLYSILK 19™, POLYSILK 14™, available from Micro Powder Inc.), mixed fluorinated amide waxes (e.g., MICROSPERSION 19™, also available from Micro Powder Inc.), imides, esters, quaternary amines, carboxylic acids, or acrylic polymer emulsions (e.g., JONCRYL 74™, 89™, 130™, 537™, and 538™, all available from SC Johnson Wax), and chlorinated polypropylenes and polyethylenes (available from Allied Chemical and Petrolite Corporation and SC Johnson Wax). In some embodiments, mixtures and combinations of the aforementioned waxes may also be used. Waxes may, for example, be included as a fixing roller release agent. • Toner production The toner particles can be produced by any method within the scope of application of a person skilled in the art. Although embodiments relating to the production of toner particles are described below with regard to emulsion aggregation processes, any suitable method for producing toner particles can be employed, including chemical processes such as the suspension and encapsulation processes described in US 5,290,654 A and 5,302,486. In embodiments, toner compositions and toner particles can be produced by aggregation and coalescence processes in which small-sized resin particles are aggregated to the appropriate toner particle size and subsequently coalesced to achieve the final toner particle shape and morphology. In embodiments, the toner compositions can be produced by emulsion aggregation processes, such as a process comprising aggregating a mixture of an optional colorant, an optional wax, and any other desired or required additives, as well as the emulsions containing the resins described above, optionally present in surfactants as described above, and subsequently coalescing the aggregate mixture. A mixture can be prepared by adding a colorant and optionally a wax or other materials, which may also optionally be present in a surfactant-containing dispersion, to the emulsion, which may be a mixture of two or more resin-containing emulsions. The pH of the resulting mixture can be adjusted using an acid such as acetic acid or nitric acid.In some embodiments, the pH of the mixture can be adjusted to 4 or 5, although a pH outside this range is also possible. Furthermore, in some embodiments, the mixture can be homogenized. If homogenization is required, it can be achieved by mixing at speeds between 600 and 4,000 revolutions per minute, although speeds outside this range are also possible. Homogenization can be achieved by any suitable means, including, for example, an IKA ULTRA TURRAX T50 probe homogenizer. Following the preparation of the aforementioned mixture, an aggregating agent may be added. Any suitable aggregating agent may be used to form the toner. Suitable aggregating agents include, for example, aqueous solutions of a divalent cation or a polyvalent cation material. The aggregating agent may include, for example, polyaluminum halides such as polyaluminum chloride (PAC), or the corresponding bromide, fluoride, or iodide; polyaluminum silicates such as polyaluminum sulfosilicate (PASS); and water-soluble metal salts, including aluminum chloride, aluminum nitrite, aluminum sulfate, potassium aluminum sulfate, calcium acetate, calcium chloride, calcium nitrite, calcium oxylate, calcium sulfate, magnesium acetate, magnesium nitrate, magnesium sulfate, zinc acetate, zinc nitrate, zinc sulfate, zinc chloride, zinc bromide, magnesium bromide, copper chloride, copper sulfate, and combinations thereof.In embodiments, the aggregating agent can be added to the mixture at a temperature below the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the resin. The aggregating agent can be added to this mixture used to form a toner in an amount of, for example, 0.1 wt% to 8 wt%, in embodiments from 0.2 wt% to 5 wt%, and in further embodiments from 0.5 wt% to 5 wt% of the resin in the mixture, although amounts outside these ranges can be used. This ensures a sufficient amount of aggregating agent. To control particle aggregation and subsequent coalescence, the aggregating agent can be dosed into the mixture over a period of time in certain embodiments. For example, the agent can be dosed over a period of 5 to 240 minutes, or in some embodiments, 30 to 200 minutes, although more or less time can be devoted to the desired result or requirement. The agent can also be added while the mixture is stirred, in some embodiments at speeds from 50 rpm to 1,000 rpm, and in others from 100 rpm to 500 rpm, although speeds outside these ranges can be used, and, as discussed above, kept at a temperature below the glass transition temperature of the resin, in some embodiments from 30°C to 90°C, and in others from 35°C to 70°C, although temperatures outside these ranges can be used. The particles can be aggregated until a predetermined, desired particle size is obtained. A predetermined, desired size refers to the desired particle size to be obtained, which is set prior to formation. The particle size is monitored during the growth process until this size is reached. During the growth process, samples can be taken and analyzed, for example, using a counter to determine the mean particle size. Aggregation can thus be continued under continuous stirring while maintaining an elevated temperature, or by slowly increasing the temperature from, for example, 30°C to 99°C and holding the mixture at this temperature for a period of 0.5 to 10 hours, or in embodiments from 1 to 5 hours (although periods outside these ranges are possible), to yield the aggregated particles.Once the predetermined, desired particle size is reached, the growth process is stopped. In various embodiments, the predetermined, desired particle size lies within the toner particle size ranges listed above. The growth and shaping of the particles after the addition of aggregating agent can be achieved under any suitable conditions. For example, growth and shaping can be carried out under conditions in which aggregation occurs separately from coalescence. With separate aggregation and coalescence stages, the aggregation process can be carried out under shear conditions at an elevated temperature, which, as discussed above, can be below the glass transition temperature of the resin, for example, from 40°C to 90°C, or in embodiments from 45°C to 80°C (although temperatures outside these ranges can be used). Once the desired final toner particle size is reached, the pH of the mixture can be adjusted with a base to a value of 3 to 10, or in some embodiments, 5 to 9, although a pH outside these ranges can be used. Adjusting the pH can be used to freeze, or stop, toner growth. The base used to stop toner growth can include any suitable base, such as alkali metal hydroxides like sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) can be added to aid in adjusting the pH to the desired values ​​specified above. In some embodiments, a resin, including any resin described above for the formation of the toners, can be applied to the toner particles to form a shell on them. • Coalescence After aggregation to the desired particle size and application of any optional coating, the particles can then be coalesced to the desired final shape. Coalescence is achieved by heating the mixture to a temperature of, for example, 45°C to 100°C, or in embodiments, 55°C to 99°C (although temperatures outside these ranges can be used). The temperature can be at or above the glass transition temperature of the resins used to form the toner particles. Additionally, the stirring speed can be reduced to, for example, 100 rpm to 1,000 rpm, or in embodiments, 200 rpm to 800 rpm (although speeds outside this range can be used). The shape factor or roundness of the fused particles can be measured, for example, with a Sysmex FPIA 2100 analyzer, until the desired shape is achieved. Higher or lower temperatures can be used, although it is understood that the temperature depends on the resins used for the binder. Coalescence can take place over a period of 0.01 to 9 hours, and in some embodiments from 0.1 to 4 hours (although periods outside these ranges are also possible). After aggregation and / or coalescence, the mixture can be cooled to room temperature, e.g., from 20°C to 25°C. Cooling can be rapid or slow, as desired. A suitable cooling method may involve introducing cold water into a jacket surrounding the reactor. After cooling, the toner particles can optionally be washed with water and then dried. Drying can be carried out using any suitable drying method, including, for example, freeze-drying. • Additives As described above, the coated carriers of the present disclosure can be combined with these toner particles. In embodiments, the toner particles can also contain further optional additives, as desired or required. For example, the toner can comprise additional charge-controlling agents for a positive or negative charge, for example, in an amount of 0.1 to 10 wt.% of the toner, in embodiments of 1 to 3 wt.% of the toner (although amounts outside these ranges may be used). Examples of suitable charge-controlling agents include quaternary ammonium compounds, including alkylpyridinium halides, bisulfates; alkylpyridinium compounds, including those disclosed in US 4,298,672 A; organic sulfate and sulfonate compounds, including those disclosed in US 4,338,390 A; cetylpyridinium tetrafluoroborates; distearyldimethylammonium methyl sulfate; aluminum salts such as...BONTRON E84™ or E88™ (Orient Chemical Industries, Ltd.); and combinations thereof. Such charge control agents can be applied concurrently with the shell resin described above or after the shell resin has been applied. Following formation, external additive particles, including flow aids, can also be mixed with the toner particles, with the additives potentially being present on the surface of the toner particles. Examples of these additives include metal oxides such as titanium oxide, silicon dioxide, aluminum oxides, cerium oxides, tin oxide, and mixtures thereof; colloidal and amorphous silica gels such as AEROSIL®; metal salts and metal salts of fatty acids, including zinc stearate and calcium stearate; and / or long-chain alcohols such as UNILIN 700, as well as combinations thereof. In general, silicon dioxide can be applied to the toner surface to improve toner flow, triboelectric charging, mixing control, development and transfer stability, and to enable higher toner blocking temperatures. TiO2 can be applied to improve relative humidity (RH) stability, control triboelectric charging, and enhance development and transfer stability. Zinc stearate, calcium stearate, and / or magnesium stearate can also be applied as external additives to provide lubrication, developer conductivity, triboelectric charging, and to enable higher toner charging and charge stability by increasing the number of contacts between toner and carrier particles.In some embodiments, commercially available zinc stearate, known as Zinc Stearate L and obtained from Ferro Corporation, can be used. The external surface additives can be used with or without a coating. Each of these external additives can be present in an amount of 0.1% to 5% by weight of the toner, or in embodiments, from 0.25% to 3% by weight of the toner. In embodiments, the toners can, for example, comprise 0.1% to 5% by weight of titanium dioxide, 0.1% to 8% by weight of silicon dioxide, and 0.1% to 4% by weight of zinc stearate. Suitable additives include those described in US 3,590,000 A and US 6,214,507 B1. These additives can be applied simultaneously with the shell resin described above or after the shell resin has been applied. In embodiments, the toners of the present disclosure can be used as ultra-low melt (ULM) toners. In embodiments, the dry toner particles with a core and / or a shell, without external surface additives, can have one or more of the following properties: (1) The volume-averaged diameter (also referred to as the "volume-averaged particle diameter") was measured for the toner particle volume and diameter variations. The toner particles exhibited a volume-averaged diameter of 3 to 25 µm, in embodiments of 4 to 15 µm, and in further embodiments of 5 to 12 µm.(2) Number-averaged geometric size distribution (GSDn) and / or volume-averaged geometric size distribution (GSDv): In embodiments, the toner particles described in (1) above may have a very narrow particle size distribution with a lower number-average GSD of 1.15 to 1.38, and in further embodiments of less than 1.31. The toner particles of the present disclosure may also have a size such that the upper volume-averaged GSD is 1.20 to 3.20, and in further embodiments of 1.26 to 3.11. Volume-averaged particle diameter D5ov, GSDv, and GSDn may be measured using a measuring instrument such as a Beckman Coulter Multisizer 3, operated according to the manufacturer's instructions.A typical sampling procedure can be performed as follows: A small amount of toner sample, 1 gram, can be obtained and filtered through a 25-micrometer sieve and then added to an isotonic solution to obtain a concentration of 10%, the sample then being analyzed in a Beckman Coulter Multisizer 3.◯ (3) Form factor SF1*a of 105 to 170, in embodiments of 110 to 160. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) can be used to determine the form factor analysis of the toners by SEM and image analysis (IA). The mean particle shapes are quantified by using the following equation for the form factor (SF1*a): SF1*a = 100πd² / (4A), where A is the area of ​​the particles and d is the principal axis. A perfectly round or spherical particle has a form factor of exactly 100. With increasing irregularity of the shape or with increasing elongation of the shape with a higher surface area, the form factor SF1*a also increases.◯ (4) Roundness of 0.92 to 0.99, in embodiments of 0.94 to 0.975. The instrument used to measure particle roundness may be an FPIA-2100 manufactured by Sysmex. The toner particle properties can be determined using any suitable technique and any suitable device and are not limited to the techniques and devices mentioned above. The toner particles in embodiments can have a weight-averaged molecular weight (Mw) in the range of 17,000 to 60,000 Daltons, a number-averaged molecular weight (Mn) of 9,000 to 18,000 Daltons, and an MWD (a ratio of Mw to Mn of the toner particles, a measure of the polydispersity or width of the polymer) of 2.1 to 10 (although values ​​outside these ranges can be obtained). For cyan and yellow toners, the toner particles in embodiments can have a weight-averaged molecular weight (Mw) in the range of 22,000 to 38,000 Daltons, a number-averaged molecular weight (Mn) of 9,000 to 13,000 Daltons, and an MWD of 2.2 to 10 (although values ​​outside these ranges can be obtained). In black and magenta toners, the toner particles in embodiments can have a weight-averaged molecular weight (Mw) in the range of 22,000 to 38,000 Daltons, a number-averaged molecular weight (Mn) of 9,000 to 13.000 Daltons and an MWD of 2.2 to 10 (although values ​​outside these ranges can be obtained). Toners produced according to the present disclosure can exhibit excellent charge properties when exposed to extreme relative humidity (RH) conditions. The low-humidity zone (C-zone) can have 15% RH at 12°C, while the high-humidity zone (A-zone) can have 85% RH at 28°C. Toners of the present disclosure can have an initial toner charge / mass ratio (Q / M) of -5 µC / g to -80 µC / g, e.g., from -10 µC / g to -70 µC / g, and a final toner charge after mixing with surface additives of -15 µC / g to -60 µC / g, e.g., from -20 µC / g to -55 µC / g. • Developer The toner particles can be formulated into a developer composition by combining them with the coated carriers of the present disclosure. For example, the toner particles can be mixed with the coated carrier particles to give a two-component developer composition. The carrier particles can be mixed with the toner particles in various suitable combinations. The toner concentration in the developer can be from 1 wt% to 25 wt% of the total weight of the developer, or in embodiments from 2 wt% to 15 wt% of the total weight of the developer, wherein the carrier is present in an amount of 80 wt% to 96 wt% of the developer, or in embodiments from 85 wt% to 95 wt% of the developer. However, different toner and carrier proportions can be used to obtain a developer composition with the desired properties. According to the present disclosure, for example, developers can have a specific resistance, determined in a conductive magnetic brush cell, of 109 ohm·cm to 1014 ohm·cm at 10 volts, in embodiments of 1010 ohm·cm to 1013 ohm·cm at 10 volts, and of 108 ohm·cm to 1013 ohm·cm at 150 volts, in embodiments of 109 ohm·cm to 1012 ohm·cm at 150 volts. • Specific resistance To measure the carrier conductivity or resistivity, 30 to 50 grams of the carrier can be placed between two round, plane-parallel steel electrodes (radius = 3 centimeters) and compressed with a weight so that the total packing force corresponds to 142 g / cm², forming a layer 0.4 to 0.5 centimeters thick. A DC voltage of 500 volts can be applied between the electrodes, and a DC current can be measured in series between the electrodes and the voltage source one minute after the voltage is applied. The conductivity in ohms per centimeter can be obtained by multiplying the current in amperes by the layer thickness in centimeters and dividing by the electrode area in cm² and by the voltage, 500 volts. The resistivity can be obtained as the reciprocal of the conductivity and measured in ohms per centimeter.According to the present disclosure, a carrier can have a specific resistance of 108 ohm·cm to 1013 ohm·cm at 500 volts. According to the present disclosure, it has been found that the RH sensitivity during developer charging can be improved by increasing the molar C / O ratio and adding a cation-binding agent, which can enable the transfer of a positive charge from the toner to the substrate, resulting in a negative charge of the toner and a positive charge of the resin coating the substrate. Thus, developers according to the present disclosure can exhibit an RH sensitivity of 0.4 to 1.0, and in embodiments, 0.6 to 0.8. • Image generation The carrier particles of the present disclosure can be selected for a number of different image-generating systems and devices, such as electrophotographic copiers and printers, including high-speed electrophotographic color systems, printers, digital systems, combinations of electrophotographic and digital systems, and wherein colored images with excellent and substantially no background deposits can be obtained. Developer compositions comprising the carrier particles described herein, and produced, for example, by a dry coating process, can be useful for electrostatographic or electrophotographic imaging systems, particularly for electrophotographic imaging and printing processes, as well as for digital processes. Furthermore, the developer compositions of this disclosure, comprising the conductive carrier particles of this disclosure, can be useful for imaging processes in which relatively constant conductivity parameters are desired. In addition, in the aforementioned imaging processes, the triboelectric charging of the toners with the carrier particles can be preselected, the charging depending, for example, on the polymer composition applied to the carrier core and, optionally, on the type and amount of the selected conductive compound.Image generation processes include, for example, the production of an image using an electrophotographic device comprising a charging component, an image generation component, a photoconductive component, a developing component, a transfer component, and a fixing component. In embodiments, the developing component may include a developer prepared by mixing a carrier with a toner composition described herein. The electrophotographic device may include a high-speed printer, a high-speed black-and-white printer, and a color printer. Once the image has been produced using toners / developers via a suitable image development process, such as one of the aforementioned methods, the image can be transferred to an image-receiving medium, such as paper. In some embodiments, the toners can be used in an image development device employing a fuser roller element. Fuser roller elements are contact fixing devices that are within the scope of application for a person skilled in the art and in which heat and pressure from the roller can be used to fix the toner to the image-receiving medium.In embodiments, the fusion fixing element can be heated to a temperature above the fusion fixing temperature of the toner before or during melting onto the image-receiving substrate, for example to temperatures of 70°C to 160°C, in embodiments from 80°C to 150°C, in further embodiments from 90°C to 140°C (although temperatures outside these ranges can be used). Images, especially colored images, obtained with the developer compositions of the present disclosure exhibit, in embodiments, for example, acceptable solids, excellent halftones and a desirable line resolution with acceptable or substantially no background deposits, excellent hue, higher color intensity, constant hue and intensity over longer periods such as 1,000,000 image generation cycles. The following examples are provided to illustrate the embodiments of the present disclosure. These examples are intended to be illustrative only; it is in no way intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure. Furthermore, unless otherwise stated, all parts and percentages refer to weight. As used herein, "room temperature" refers to a temperature of 20°C to 25°C. • EXAMPLES • EXAMPLE 1 A latex emulsion comprising polymer particles produced by the emulsion polymerization of monomers, in most cases a primary and a secondary monomer, was prepared as follows. An aqueous surfactant solution containing 1.23 mmol sodium lauryl sulfate (anionic emulsifier) ​​and 9.4 mol deionized water was prepared by combining the monomers in a beaker and mixing for 10 minutes. The aqueous surfactant solution was then transferred to a reactor. The reactor was continuously purged with nitrogen while being stirred at 450 revolutions per minute (rpm). Separately, 0.88 mmol of ammonium persulfate initiator was dissolved in 110 mmol of deionized water to form an initiator solution. In a separate container, 297 mmol of cyclohexyl methacrylate (CHMA) and 1.5 mmol of 4-acryloylamidobenzo

[15] -crown-5 were combined. The resulting molar ratio of crown ether monomer to CHMA was 0.5 mol%. 10 wt% of this solution was added as a seed to the aqueous surfactant mixture. The reactor was then heated to 65°C at a controlled rate of 1°C / minute. Once the reactor temperature reached 65°C, the initiator solution was slowly loaded into the reactor over a period of 40 minutes. Subsequently, the remainder of the emulsion was continuously transferred to the reactor using a dosing pump at a rate of 0.8 wt% / minute. After all the monomer emulsion had been loaded into the main reactor, the temperature was maintained at 65°C for a further 2 hours to complete the reaction. The reactor was then fully cooled until the reactor temperature was reduced to 35°C. The product was then collected in a container and dried to a powder using a freeze dryer. The final polymer particle size was 94 nm. The resulting polymer had a weight-averaged molecular weight (Mw) of 528,500 and a number-averaged molecular weight (Mn) of 188,000. • COMPARISON EXAMPLE 1 A reference latex was prepared in the same manner as in EXAMPLE 1, except that 298.5 mol of cyclohexyl methacrylate monomer were added without the addition of the 4-acryloylamidobenzo

[15] -crown-5 monomer. The final polymer particle size was 117 nm, the Mw was 629,000, and the Mn was 306,000. • EXAMPLE 2 In a 250 ml polyethylene bottle, 120 grams of a 35-micrometer ferrite core (commercially available from Powdertech), 0.912 grams of the polymer latex from EXAMPLE 1, and 5% by weight (based on coating weight) of Cabot Vulcan XC72 Carbon Black were added. The bottle was then sealed and loaded into a C-zone turbo mixer. The turbo mixer was operated for 45 minutes to disperse the powder onto the core particles. Subsequently, a Haake mixer was set up with the following conditions: target temperature 200°C (all zones), 30-minute reaction time, 30 RPM, with large shear rotors. Once the Haake mixer reached its operating temperature, the mixer rotation was started and the mixture was transferred from the turbula into the Haake mixer. After 30 minutes, the carrier was drained from the mixer and classified using a 125 µm sieve. The carrier was very well coated, which was confirmed by SEM analysis and conductivity measurements. • COMPARISON EXAMPLE 2 A substrate was coated as in Example 2, except that instead of the polymer latex from EXAMPLE 1, 0.912 grams of the polymer latex from COMPARISON EXAMPLE 1 were used. • Laboratory charging Developers with a cyan toner were prepared by mixing in the Henschel mixer. The three supports were those from EXAMPLE 2, COMPARISON EXAMPLE 2, and a support coated with CHMA and 0.5% 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) as a charge control agent (CCA). The developers were acclimatized overnight in zones A and C and then aged for 60 minutes using the Turbula method. The charging results are shown in Fig. 1 and Table 1 below. As shown in Fig. 1, substrates coated with CHMA and 0.5% 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) or with CHMA alone without DMAEMA (CHMA control) showed very poor initial toner charging in the A-zone, but high charging in the C-zone, and therefore a poor (high) RH ratio for charging. In contrast, the addition of the crown ether monomer to CHMA considerably increased the initial charging in both the A-zone and the C-zone, resulting in a much better, improved RH ratio (by a factor of 2), as well as higher initial charging in the A-zone. TABLE 1 Q / DQ / MQ / DQ / MQ / DQ / M COMPARISON EXAMPLE 23,213,116,869,90,190,19 CHMA w / 0.5% DMAEMA5,221,723,296,60,220,22 EXAMPLE 212,648,633,3117,70,380,41 The charge data of the finished mixed toner are shown in Fig. 2 and Table 2 below. Compared with the CHMA control, the copolymer according to the invention with CHMA and 0.25% crown ether showed a slightly higher final toner charge in the A-zone and a higher C-zone charge (both in Q / M and Q / D). At t = 0, the surface additives should moderate the effect of the charge control agent on the initial toner charge. As expected, there was no indication that the CHMA crown ether increased the charge due to the additives themselves, which would show an increase in the charge in the A-zone. TABLE 2 Q / DQ / MQ / DQ / MQ / DQ / M COMPARISON EXAMPLE 27,733,715,166,00,510,51 CHMA w / 0.5% DMAEMA8,236,712,354,20,670,68 EXAMPLE 28,540,215,565,80,550,61 Compared to the standard copolymer CHMA and 0.5% DMAEMA charge control agent, the copolymer according to the invention with CHMA and 0.25% crown ether showed improved charging in the A-zone. The charging in the C-zone for CHMA with crown ether was equal to that of the control and slightly lower than the control with CHMA alone. Thus, both the performance of the mixed toner and the performance of the original toner charging were improved with the carrier according to the invention. • Resistance measurement Resistance measurements were performed on the carriers after their fabrication using a parallel-plate resistance tester. The carriers were filled into a cylindrical mold placed on a round lower electrode, using an excess of carrier. The carriers were then balanced by scraping off the excess, the cylindrical mold was removed, and a top electrode was placed on the carrier stack. Weights were then placed on top of the assembly so that the total packing force was equal to 142 g / cm². The electrodes were then connected to an HP 4339A high-resistance meter, and the final height of the carrier stack between the electrodes was measured. Using the HP 4339A high-resistance meter, the resistance was measured at a range of voltages.These data were then plotted on a resistance-voltage curve using the electrode area and the distance between the electrodes, showing how the carrier resistance changed with applied voltage. The resistance at an applied voltage of 500 volts was recorded as a typical value, since this voltage is close to the development conditions in electrophotographic equipment. As shown in Fig. 3, all three substrates were within the functional range for electrophotographic devices, exhibiting resistivity values ​​of 10⁸ ohms / cm and 10¹³ ohms / cm at 500 V. The substrate according to the invention was within this range by an order of magnitude below the control value. This was a relatively small change in resistivity and was well within the adjustment range of an optimized coating weight, furnace coating process conditions, and loading with the conductive agent carbon black.

Claims

A support comprising: a magnetic core; and a polymeric coating over at least a part of a surface of the core, wherein the polymeric coating comprises a cation-binding group containing at least one cyclic structure, and wherein the polymeric coating comprises a copolymer derived from an aliphatic cycloacrylate and at least one additional acrylate, and wherein the polymeric coating comprises at least one resin having a carbon / oxygen ratio of 3:1 to 8:

1. Carrier according to claim 1, wherein the core with a mean particle size of 20 micrometers to 400 micrometers in diameter is selected from the group consisting of iron, steel, ferrites, magnetites, nickel and combinations thereof, and wherein the cation-binding group is selected from the group consisting of crown ethers, cryptands, cycles, porphins, porphyrins and combinations thereof. Carrier according to claim 1, wherein the cation-binding group comprises a crown ether consisting of [12]-crown-4, [15]-crown-5, 4-acryloylamidobenzo[15]-crown-5, benzo[15]-crown-5, methylbenzo[15]-crown-5, stearylbenzo[15]-crown-5, hydroxymethylbenzo[15]-crown-5, benzo[15]-crown-5-dinitrile, aza[15]-crown-5, vinylbenzo[15]-crown-5, 4-formylbenzo[15]-crown-5, [18]-crown-6, 4-acryloylamidobenzo[18]-crown-6, benzo[18]-crown-6, methylbenzo[18]-crown-6, Hydroxymethylbenzo[18]-crown-6, Benzo[18]-crown-6-dinitrile, Aza[18]-crown-6, Vinylbenzo[18]-crown-6, 4-Formylbenzo[18]-crown-6, Dibenzo[18]-crown-6, Stea-rylbenzo[18]-crown-6, Dibenzo[21]-crown-7, Dibenzo[24]-crown-8, Bis(m-phenylene)-[32]-crown-10, Bis(carboxy-m-phenylene)-[32]-crown-10, and combinations thereof, or wherein the cation-binding group comprises a crown ether consisting of the group consisting of and is selected where n is from 0 to 6, m is from 0 to 6 and R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 1 ', R 2 ', R 3 ' and R 4 'are identical or different and are selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl groups, substituted alkyl groups, formyl groups, carboxylic acid groups, carboxylate groups, aromatic groups, halide groups, nitro groups, sulfonate groups, vinyl groups and combinations thereof. Composition comprising: a toner comprising at least one resin and a carrier, wherein the carrier is a carrier according to any one of claims 1 to 3. Composition according to claim 4, wherein the cation-binding group comprises a crown ether selected from the group consisting of [12]-crown-4, [15]-crown-5, 4-Acryloylamidobenzo[15]-crown-5, Benzo[15]-crown-5, Methylbenzo[15]-crown-5, Stearylbenzo[15]-crown-5, Hydroxymethylbenzo[15]-crown-5, Benzo[15]-crown-5-dinitrile, Aza[15]-crown-5, Vi-nylbenzo[15]-crown-5, 4-Formylbenzo[15]-crown-5, [18]-crown-6, 4-Acryloylamidobenzo[18]-crown-6, Benzo[18]-crown-6, Methylbenzo[18]-crown-6, Hydroxymethylbenzo[18]-crown-6, Benzo[18]-crown-6-dinitrile, Aza[18]-crown-6, Vinylbenzo[18]-crown-6, 4-Formylbenzo[18]-crown-6, Dibenzo[18]-crown-6, Stearylbenzo[18]-crown-6, Dibenzo[21]-crown-7, Dibenzo[24]-crown-8, Bis(m-phenylene)-[32]-crown-10, and Bis(carboxy-m-phenylene)-[32]-crown-10, and combinations thereof. Composition according to claim 4, the cation-forming group is selected from the group consisting of crown ethers, cryptands, cycles, porphins, porphyrins and combinations thereof. Composition according to claim 6 wherein the toner comprises an ionic functional group selected from the group consisting of carboxylic acids, sulfonic acids, carboxylic acid salts, sulfonic acid salts and combinations thereof, and wherein the ionic functional group comprises a counterion selected from the group consisting of H+, Na+, K+, Li+, Ca2+, Al3+, Zn2+, Mg2+, and NR4+, wherein R represents hydrogen or an organic group, or wherein the carrier has a specific resistance of 108 ohm·cm to 1013 ohm·cm at 500 volts.

Images