Coil parameters and control

Abstract

Method for monitoring a power transfer between a primary resonant network (15) and a secondary resonant network (17) of a transcutaneous energy transfer system (11), comprising: measuring at least one state parameter of the system, wherein the at least one state parameter of the system includes a control time parameter, wherein measuring the control time parameter includes measuring a primary current signal indicating the timing control of the voltage regulation in the secondary resonant network (17), and wherein measuring the primary current signal includes measuring a current in the primary resonant network (15) with a current probe (1620) connected in series with a primary coil (1648);Performing calculations using the measured state parameters, wherein performing calculations using measured state parameters of the system includes calculating a coupling factor (k), and performing a control operation based on the calculations of the coupling factor.

Description

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of US Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 029,333, filed July 25, 2014, and US Provisional Patent Application, filed April 14, 2015, under 35 USC §119(e), No. 62 / 147,402. The entire contents of each of these previously filed provisional applications are incorporated by reference as if fully disclosed herein. TECHNICAL AREA

[0002] The technology described herein relates to systems and methods for measuring and calculating parameters to control and monitor power transmission in an implanted medical device. BACKGROUND

[0003] Currently, there is a need to deliver electrical power to implanted medical devices such as artificial hearts and ventricular heart assist systems. It is possible to deliver power non-invasively using electromagnetic energy transmitted through the skin. However, problems may arise related to the implanted secondary winding drawing power from the external primary winding. Specifically, the secondary winding can heat up and injure the person as a result of unintentional sub-optimal coupling including possible over-coupling or under-coupling between the primary winding and the secondary winding. Because the secondary winding is implanted and thus relatively inaccessible, a problem can arise and cause injury before the user or the system is aware of the problem. Prior art systems fail to provide mechanisms to address these and other problems involving transmission of electromagnetic energy to implanted medical devices. Addressed herein are these and other deficiencies in the prior art. SUMMARY

[0004] The present embodiments are directed to measuring and calculating parameters to control and monitor power transmission in an implanted medical device. The medical device may be implanted in a patient and may include an artificial heart or ventricular assist device. The system measures the parameters and uses them to calculate a coupling factor for coils that transfer power between an external primary winding and an implanted secondary winding. The system uses the calculated coupling factor to estimate the heat flux generated in the system. Based on the detected balanced heat flux, the system can issue alarm signals that warn the patient or direct actions to mitigate the effects of heat flux.

[0005] In one embodiment, the present disclosure is directed to a method for monitoring power transfer between primary and secondary of a transcutaneous energy transfer system, which comprises measuring at least one state parameter of the system, performing calculations using measured state parameters, and performing a control operation based on the calculations.

[0006] In some implementations, the at least one system state parameter includes a control timing parameter.

[0007] In some implementations, measuring the regulation timing parameter includes measuring a primary current signal indicative of the timing of voltage regulation on the secondary.

[0008] In some implementations, measuring the regulation timing parameter includes measuring a primary coil voltage signal indicative of the timing of the voltage regulation on the secondary.

[0009] In some implementations, measuring the regulation timing parameter includes measuring a primary capacitor voltage signal indicative of the timing of the voltage regulation on the secondary.

[0010] In some implementations, the at least one system status parameter includes a primary current signal.

[0011] In some implementations, measuring the primary current signal includes measuring a current on the primary side through the function of a current probe placed in series with a primary coil.

[0012] In some implementations, measuring the primary current signal includes measuring a voltage across a primary coil.

[0013] In some implementations, measuring the primary current signal includes measuring a voltage across a primary coil capacitor.

[0014] In some implementations, performing calculations using measured state parameters of the system includes calculating a coupling factor.

[0015] In some implementations, performing calculations using measured system state parameters includes a first calculation of primary coil heat flux and a second calculation of primary coil temperature.

[0016] In some implementations, performing calculations using measured system state parameters includes a first calculation of a coupling factor, a second calculation of secondary coil current, a third calculation of secondary coil heat flux, and a fourth calculation of secondary coil temperature.

[0017] In some implementations, the control operation includes controlling the input voltage based on the coupling factor.

[0018] In some implementations, the control operation includes controlling the secondary coil current to control the secondary heat flux based on the secondary coil heat flux calculation.

[0019] In some implementations, the control operation includes controlling the secondary coil current to control the secondary temperature based on a secondary coil temperature calculation

[0020] In some implementations, the control operation includes controlling the primary coil current to control a primary heat flux based on a primary coil heat flux calculation.

[0021] In some implementations, the control operation includes controlling the primary coil current to control a primary temperature based on a primary coil temperature calculation.

[0022] In another embodiment, the present disclosure is directed to a method for monitoring power transfer between a primary and a secondary of a transcutaneous energy transfer system, including measuring at least one system health parameter, performing calculations using measured health parameters, and generating an output based on the calculations.

[0023] In some implementations, the at least one system state parameter includes a control time parameter.

[0024] In some implementations, measuring the regulation timing parameter includes measuring a primary current signal indicative of the timing of voltage regulation on the secondary.

[0025] In some implementations, measuring the regulation timing parameter includes measuring a primary coil voltage signal indicative of the timing of the voltage regulation on the secondary.

[0026] In some implementations, measuring the regulation timing parameter includes measuring a primary capacitor voltage signal indicative of the timing of the voltage regulation on the secondary.

[0027] In some implementations, the at least one system status parameter includes a primary current signal.

[0028] In some implementations, measuring the primary current signal includes measuring a current through the operation of a current probe placed in series with a primary coil.

[0029] In some implementations, measuring the at least one system health parameter includes determining the primary voltage.

[0030] In some implementations, measuring the primary current signal includes measuring a voltage across a primary coil.

[0031] In some implementations, measuring the primary current signal includes measuring a voltage across a primary capacitor.

[0032] In some implementations, performing calculations using measured system state parameters includes calculating a coupling factor.

[0033] In some implementations, performing calculations using measured system state parameters includes calculating primary coil heat flux.

[0034] In some implementations, performing calculations using measured system state parameters includes a first calculation of a coupling factor, a second calculation of secondary coil current, and a third calculation of secondary coil heat flux.

[0035] In some implementations, performing calculations using measured system state parameters includes a first calculation of a coupling factor, a second calculation of secondary coil current, and a third calculation of secondary coil heat flux.

[0036] In some implementations, performing calculations using measured system state parameters includes a first calculation of a coupling factor, a second calculation of secondary coil current, a third calculation of secondary coil heat flux, and a fourth calculation of secondary coil temperature.

[0037] In some implementations, the output includes support for placement and orientation of the external coil based on the calculated coupling factor.

[0038] In some implementations, the output includes decoupling displays based on the calculated coupling factor.

[0039] In some implementations, the output includes heat flow indications based on the calculated primary heat flow.

[0040] In some implementations, the output includes temperature indications based on the calculated primary temperature.

[0041] In some implementations, the output includes heat flow indications based on the calculated secondary heat flow.

[0042] In some implementations, the output includes temperature indications based on the calculated secondary temperature.

[0043] In another embodiment, the present disclosure is directed to a portable, external device for a mechanical circulatory support system (MSC) comprising a housing, a battery removably connected to the housing, and a power module disposed in the housing and powered by the battery designed to wirelessly transmit electrical power across a skin boundary to an implantable pump.

[0044] In some implementations, the module is configured to measure at least one system health parameter, perform calculations using the measured health parameters, and perform a control operation based on the calculations.

[0045] In some implementations, the at least one system state parameter includes a control time parameter.

[0046] In some implementations, measuring the regulation timing parameter includes measuring a primary current signal indicative of the timing of the voltage regulation on the secondary.

[0047] In some implementations, measuring the regulation timing parameter includes measuring a primary coil voltage signal indicative of the timing of the voltage regulation.

[0048] In some implementations, measuring the regulation timing parameter includes measuring a primary capacitor voltage signal indicative of the timing of the voltage regulation on the secondary.

[0049] In some implementations, the at least one system status parameter includes a primary current signal.

[0050] In some implementations, measuring the primary current signal includes measuring a current on the primary side through the function of a current probe placed in series with a primary coil.

[0051] In some implementations, measuring the primary current signal includes measuring a voltage across a primary coil.

[0052] In some implementations, measuring the primary current signal includes measuring a voltage across a primary capacitor.

[0053] In some implementations, performing calculations using the measured system state parameters includes calculating a coupling factor.

[0054] In some implementations, performing calculations using the measured system state parameters includes a first primary heat flux calculation and a second primary coil temperature calculation.

[0055] In some implementations, performing calculations using the measured system state parameters includes a first calculation of the coupling factor, a second calculation of the secondary coil current, a third calculation of the secondary coil heat flux, and a fourth calculation of the secondary coil temperature.

[0056] In some implementations, the control operation includes controlling an input voltage based on the coupling factor.

[0057] In some implementations, the control operation includes controlling the secondary coil current to control the secondary heat flux based on a secondary coil heat flux calculation.

[0058] In some implementations, the control operation includes controlling the secondary coil current to control a secondary temperature based on a secondary coil temperature calculation.

[0059] In some implementations, the control operation includes controlling the primary coil current to control the primary heat flux based on a primary coil heat flux calculation.

[0060] In some implementations, the control operation includes controlling the primary coil current to control a primary temperature based on a primary coil temperature calculation.

[0061] In some implementations, the power module is configured to measure at least one system health parameter, perform calculations using the measured health parameters, and generate an output based on the calculations.

[0062] In some implementations, the at least one system state parameter includes a control time parameter.

[0063] In some implementations, measuring the regulation timing parameter includes measuring the primary current signal indicative of the timing of the voltage regulation on the secondary.

[0064] In some implementations, measuring the regulation timing parameter includes measuring a primary coil voltage signal indicative of the timing of the voltage regulation on the secondary.

[0065] In some implementations, measuring the regulation timing parameter includes measuring a primary capacitor voltage signal indicative of the timing of the voltage regulation on the secondary.

[0066] In some implementations, the at least one system status parameter includes a primary current signal.

[0067] In some implementations, measuring the primary current signal includes measuring a current on the primary side through the function of a current probe placed in series with a primary coil.

[0068] In some implementations, measuring the at least one system health parameter includes determining the primary voltage.

[0069] In some implementations, measuring the primary current signal includes measuring a voltage across a primary coil.

[0070] In some implementations, measuring the primary current signal includes measuring a voltage across a primary capacitor.

[0071] In some implementations, performing calculations using the measured system state parameters includes calculating a coupling factor.

[0072] In some implementations, performing calculations using the measured system state parameters includes calculating primary coil heat flux.

[0073] In some implementations, performing calculations using the measured system health parameters includes calculating the primary coil temperature.

[0074] In some implementations, performing calculations using measured system state parameters includes a first calculation of a coupling factor, a second calculation of secondary coil current, and a third calculation of secondary coil heat flux.

[0075] In some implementations, performing calculations using measured system state parameters includes a first calculation of a coupling factor, a second calculation of secondary coil current, a third calculation of secondary coil heat flux, and a fourth calculation of secondary coil temperature.

[0076] In some implementations, the output includes support for placement and orientation of the external coil based on the calculated coupling factor.

[0077] In some implementations, the output includes decoupling displays based on the calculated coupling factor.

[0078] In some implementations, the output includes heat flow indications based on the calculated primary heat flow.

[0079] In some implementations, the output includes temperature indications based on the calculated primary temperature.

[0080] In some implementations, the output includes heat flow indications based on the calculated primary heat flow.

[0081] In some implementations, the output includes temperature indications based on the calculated secondary temperature.

[0082] In some implementations, the battery forms an integral part of the housing when connected to the housing, and the battery includes an energy-dense battery.

[0083] In some implementations, the battery comprises a rechargeable battery configured to operate for a period of time ranging from about 4 hours to about 12 hours without recharging.

[0084] In some implementations, the rechargeable battery is designed to operate for a period that is approximately 8 hours without recharging.

[0085] In some implementations, the housing includes a width ranging from about 60 millimeters to about 90 millimeters, a length ranging from about 100 millimeters to about 140 millimeters, and a depth ranging from about 20 millimeters to about 40 millimeters.

[0086] In some implementations, the housing includes a volume ranging from 120 cubic centimeters to about 504 cubic centimeters.

[0087] In some implementations, the portable external device includes a weight ranging from about 0.25 kilogram to about 1.0 kilogram.

[0088] In some implementations, the portable external device further includes a pusher configured to release the battery for removal from the housing, the pusher configured to be actuated to push the battery for removal from the housing through at least release two independent movements.

[0089] In some implementations, the pusher includes two push buttons, each biased to a locked position that blocks removal of the battery from the housing, and both configured to be simultaneously pushed to an unlocked position to prevent the battery from being removed Release the battery for removal from the housing.

[0090] In some implementations, the two snaps are located on opposite sides of the housing such that the two buttons are configured to be pressed in approximately opposite directions to each other.

[0091] In some implementations, the pusher includes a channel and a rod biased toward a first end of the channel in a locked position that blocks removal of the battery from the housing, and the rod is configured to pivot in at least two directions being pushed toward a second end of the channel to an unlocked position to release the battery for removal from the housing.

[0092] In some implementations, the battery and power module are each designed to operate the implantable pump.

[0093] In some implementations, the energy stable battery includes a rechargeable lithium ion (Li-Ion), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), or nickel cadmium (NiCd) battery.

[0094] In some implementations, the energy stable battery has an energy density ranging from about 455 watt-hours per liter to about 600 watt-hours per liter.

[0095] In some implementations, the energy hardened battery has an energy density ranging from about 700 watts per liter to about 6 kilowatts per liter.

[0096] In some implementations, the portable external device further includes at least one piezoelectric speaker controlled by the power module to emit one or more audible tones.

[0097] In some implementations, the portable, external device also includes a first telemetry module configured to communicate information between the portable, external device and one or more other devices according to a first wireless communication method.

[0098] In some implementations, the portable, external device further includes a second telemetry module configured to communicate information between the portable, external device and one or more devices according to a second wireless communication method.

[0099] In some implementations, the first wireless communication method is different than the second wireless communication method.

[0100] In some implementations, the portable external device further comprises a user interface that includes a capacitive sensor configured to receive user input.

[0101] In some implementations, the portable, external device also includes a recess in which the capacitive sensor is arranged.

[0102] In some implementations, the power consumed by the power module ranges from about 0.25 to about 1.25 watts.

[0103] This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the detailed description. The summary is not intended to identify key dates or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter. A more comprehensive disclosure of the features, details, uses and advantages of the present invention as defined in the claims is provided in the following written description of various embodiments of the invention and illustrated in the accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0104] figure 1 is a conceptual diagram depicting an exemplary left ventricular assist device (LVAD) with a portable, external control and power source module.

[0105] figure 2A bis figure 2E is a number of top and side views showing an example of the control and power source module of FIG figure 1 illustrate.

[0106] figure 3 is an exploded view of the exemplary control and power source module of FIG figure 2A bis figure 2E.

[0107] figure 4A and figure 4B are perspective views of the battery release latch of the exemplary control and power source module of FIG figure 2A bis figure 3.

[0108] figure 4C to figure 4H illustrate a number of alternative battery release latch mechanisms that may be employed in connection with control and power source modules according to this disclosure.

[0109] figure 5 is a functional block diagram depicting an exemplary control and power source module according to this disclosure.

[0110] figure 6 is a state diagram illustrating a process by which the state of power sources of the control and power source module of FIG figure 5 can be communicated to a user.

[0111] figure 7A bis figure 10B depict a number of functions comprising elements of an example user interface of the control and power source module of FIG figure 5 are assigned.

[0112] figure 11A bis figure 113 (” figure 11”) are circuit diagrams showing a circuit of an example of the power connection of the control and power source module of FIG figure 5 represent.

[0113] figure 12A to figure 12F(" figure 12”) are circuit diagrams showing a circuit of an example of the charging device of the control and power source module of FIG figure 5 represent.

[0114] figure 13A and figure 13B illustrate another battery release latch mechanism that may be employed in connection with control and power source modules according to this disclosure.

[0115] figure 14A to figure 14D illustrate two other battery release latch mechanisms that may be employed in conjunction with control and power source modules according to this disclosure.

[0116] figure 15 is a block diagram of a wireless energy transfer system in accordance with embodiments discussed herein.

[0117] figure 16 is a schematic diagram for certain components of the in figure 15 shown system.

[0118] figure 17A and figure 17B are schematic representations of the figure 1 inner and outer coils shown.

[0119] figure 18 is a schematic diagram showing an implementation of the in figure 15 shown inverter shows.

[0120] figure 19 is a representation of waveform image traces for signals used in the system of FIG figure 15 are present when power is transferred between the outer assembly and the inner assembly.

[0121] figure 20 is a collection of coupling factor datasets for the system described in figure 15 is shown.

[0122] figure 21 is a graphical representation of safety level data collected in an empirical study.

[0123] figure 22 is a flow chart illustrating a method for calculating a coupling factor in accordance with embodiments discussed herein.

[0124] figure 23 is a flow chart illustrating a method for estimating a secondary coil heat flux in accordance with embodiments discussed herein.

[0125] figure 24 is a flow chart illustrating a method for estimating a secondary coil temperature in accordance with embodiments discussed herein.

[0126] figure 25 is a flow chart illustrating a method for estimating a primary coil heat flux in accordance with embodiments discussed herein.

[0127] figure 26 is a flow chart illustrating a method for estimating a primary coil heating temperature in accordance with embodiments discussed herein.

[0128] figure 27 is a flow chart illustrating a method for performing at least one control operation consistent with embodiments discussed herein.

[0129] figure 28 is a flow chart illustrating a method for performing control operations consistent with embodiments discussed herein.

[0130] figure 29 is a flow chart illustrating a method for providing at least one alert signal in accordance with embodiments discussed herein.

[0131] figure 30 is a flowchart illustrating a method for providing alert signals in accordance with embodiments discussed herein. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0132] Present embodiments are directed to an external controller that may be configured to calculate parameters for sensing and acting on a condition, including a fault condition, during power transfer in an implanted medical device. The medical device can be implanted in a person and can include a device such as an artificial heart or ventricular assist device. The system measures at least one parameter and uses the at least one parameter to calculate a coupling factor for coils that transfer power between an external primary winding and an implanted secondary winding. The system uses the calculated coupling factor to estimate a heat flux in the primary and secondary coils generated in the system. Based on the detected level of heat flux, the system can issue alarm signals to warn the person or direct actions to mitigate the effects of heat flux.

[0133] figure 1 is a conceptual diagram showing an example left ventricular assist device (LVAD) 10 with a portable control and power source module 12 illustrates designed to provide electrical power for an implanted pump controller21 and an implanted pump 14 through a wireless power transmission system 11 to provide. The control and power source module 12 includes a housing 22 , an optional internal battery (see figure 3 and figure 5) and a replaceable battery 24 , in the figure 1 are shown. The control and power source module 12 also includes a plug 26 and a user interface 50 . The user interface 50 includes a screen 52 and input buttons 54 as well as a number of other elements referred to below figure 2B will be described.

[0134] The wireless power transmission system 11 includes an external resonance network 15 that is on the outside of the patient 22 is arranged, and an internal resonance network 17 that in the patient 22 is implanted. The external resonance network 15 is through an external cable 19 with the control and power source module 12 tied together. The internal resonance network 17 is through an internal cable 18 with the internal controller module 21 tied together. The internal controller module 21 is generally designed to manage power transfer occurring over the external resonant network 15 and the internal resonance network 17 occurs, and power and pump control for the implanted pump 14 is provided. In some implementations, the implanted pump controller module includes 21 a battery that powers the implanted pump when no power is available via the external resonant network 15 and the internal resonance network 17 is available. In this version, the with the control and power source module 12 associated internal battery may be omitted, with battery charging support included in the implanted pump controller. How the TETS component works 11 is hereinafter referred to in connection with figure 15 to figure 30 described in more detail.

[0135] As will be described in more detail in the following examples, the control and power source module 12 a portable, external device for a mechanical circulatory support system that includes a controller for transmitting energy to the implanted pump controller 21 and the implanted pump 12 which is powered by a power source integral with the controller. The power source of the example control and power source module 12 includes a replaceable battery 24 that with the housing 22 of the control and power source module is removably connected, and an internal backup battery located inside the housing (see figure 3 and figure 5). The control and power source module 12 is sized to provide multiple portable designs for the patient 20 accommodate what z. B. to be worn on a belt that is in figure 1 around the patient's waist 20 is laid around includes.

[0136] The external resonance network 15 and the internal resonance network 17 connect the control and power source module 12 and the implanted pump regulator 21 to transmit power and other signals between the external module and the implanted pump controller. In the example of figure 1 is the cable 19 via the plug 26 with the control and power source module 12 tied together. The cable 19 can be manufactured and deployed in a variety of lengths to provide flexibility, control and power source module 12 on the patient's body 20 to wear, to improve. In one example, the cable 19 itself be extensible so that it can assume a number of different lengths. For example, the cable 19 coiled so that stretching and unwinding of the coiled extension cord will cause it to assume a number of different lengths. In another example, the control and power source module 12contain a mechanism from which the cable 19 can be unwound and onto which the extension can be rewound to cause it to assume a number of different lengths.

[0137] The control and power source module 12 also includes control electronics (in figure 1 not shown) designed to enhance the function of various components of the LVAD 10 including the implanted pump regulator 21 , the replaceable battery 24 , the internal battery (see figure 3 and figure 5) and the user interface 50 to control. As noted above, the user interface includes 50 a screen 52 and input buttons 54 . The screen 52 can be a number of different types of displays including e.g. liquid crystal display (LCD), dot matrix display, light emitting diode display (LED), organic light emitting diode display (OLED), touch screen or any other device capable of providing and / or receiving information from a user. The screen 52 may be designed to display text and graphical information in one or more colors. For example, the screen 52 be designed to monitor the state of charge of the removable battery 24 and the internal battery of the control and power source module 12 and present alerts to a user including instructions for taking action in response to the alert. In an embodiment in which the with the control and power source module 12 associated battery is omitted, the screen can 52 be designed to control the state of charge of the implanted in the pump 21 contained implanted battery. In an example of the control and power source module 12 are the input buttons 54 non-contact capacitive sensors designed to indicate input from a user without the user actually touching the buttons or any other part of the control and power source module.

[0138] The pump 14 of the LVAD 10 can inside the patient 20 be surgically implanted, including e.g. B. in the abdomen of the patient, as in the example of figure 1 is illustrated. In other examples, the pump 14 elsewhere inside the patient 20 to be implanted. The pump 14 is through input and output cannulas 32 , 34 to the heart 30 of the patient 20 connected. In the example LVAD 10 from figure 1 transmits the entrance cannula 32 Blood from the left ventricle 36 (LV) of the heart 30 to the pump 14 . The exit cannula 34 transfers blood from the pump 14 to the aorta 38 of the patient 20 . The pump 14 includes a rigid housing formed of or with a biocompatible material or coating that resists corrosion and embrittlement from bodily fluids. Examples of suitable biocompatible materials include titanium and biologically inert polymers. The pump 14 can include a variety of types of positive displacement mechanisms capable of drawing blood into and expelling blood from the pump. For example, the pump 14 a centrifugal compressor wheel, peristaltic piston, electromagnetic piston, axial turbine pump, magnetic bearing centrifugal pump, positive displacement pneumatic pump, or other positive displacement mechanism intended for use with implantable devices such as the RVAD 10 , are suitable.

[0139] The implantation pump controller 21 is generally designed to pump the implanted 14 and / or other components of the LVAD 10 to provide performance and control inputs. In one embodiment, the implantation pump controller includes 21 a main power circuit and a rectifier through which the controller accomplishes power transmission that is carried out over the external network 15and the internal network 17 takes place. Another embodiment includes power transfer components through which the controller 21 performance for the implanted pump 14 provides. The various components of the implantation pump controller 21 including power circuit, rectifier and power transmission components are used in connection with figure 15 and figure 16 described in more detail.

[0140] In the example of figure 1 is a chamber support system 10 shown representing the left ventricle 36 (LV) from the heart 30 a patient 20 supports. However, in other examples, the disclosed methods may be employed in other types of mechanical circulatory support systems (MCS) that are configurable, e.g. B. the right ventricle 40 if you have a right ventricular assist device (RVAD) and both ventricles 36 , 40 with a biventricular cardiac assist device (BiVAD). Therefore, in general terms, for ventricular assist systems, for example, the blood source can normally be described as the assisted heart chamber, while the arterial vessel can be referred to as the destination of the pressurized blood delivered by the control and power source module.

[0141] Referring again to figure 1 can each of the input and output cannulas 32 , 34 be formed of flexible tubing, each extending to the left ventricle 36 and the aorta 38 extends. The entry and exit cannulas 32 , 34 can each affect the tissue of the left ventricle 36 and aorta 38 to be fixed, e.g. by sutures to introduce and maintain blood flow and may provide suitable structure for such attachment methods including e.g. B. sewing rings 42 , 44 , include. In any of the LVAD, RVAD, or BiVAD configurations mentioned above, the entry cannula 32 anastomoses with the assisted ventricle (or ventricles) while the exit cannula 34 anastomosed with the corresponding supported arterial vessel, which for left ventricular support is typically the aorta 38 and for right ventricular assist is typically the pulmonary artery 46 is.

[0142] figure 2A-E is a number of top and side views showing an exemplary implementation of the control and power source module 12 from figure 1 represent. figure 2A is the front view of an exemplary control and power source module 12 . figure 2B and figure 2C are left and right side views, respectively, of the control and power source module 12 . figure 2D and figure 2E are plan and elevation views, respectively, of the control and power source modules 12 from underneath. The control and power source module 12 includes a housing 22 , a user interface 50 , a cable connection 60 , a connector for an external power source 62 , battery release buttons 64 and 66 and a compartment access for the removable battery 68 . The user interface 50 contains in figure 2B shown screen 52 , input buttons 54 and mute button 70 and status displays 72 and 74 .

[0143] The control and power source module 12 contains a control unit for controlling the implanted pump 12 which is powered by a power source integral with the control unit and is sized to accommodate a variety of patient needs 20 to accommodate portable designs, which includes, e.g. B. to be worn on a belt looped around the patient's waist, as required in figure 1 is illustrated. In one example is the control and power source module 12 , and in particular the case 22 , designed for specific height and weight goals to keep the module at a size that provides flexibility and comfort for the patient 20relieved. For example, the housing 22 of the control and power source module 12 with a length L in a range from about 100 millimeters to about 140 millimeters, a width W in a range from about 60 millimeters to about 90 millimeters and a depth D in a range from about 20 millimeters to about 40 millimeters. The control and power source module 12 can also be of a size based on an overall volume of the device. For example, the housing 22 of the control and power source module 12 be fabricated to encompass a volume in a range from about 120 cubic centimeters to about 504 cubic centimeters. In one example, the control and power source module 12 also include a weight goal in addition to or in place of specific height goals. For example, the control and power source module 12 including replaceable battery 24 and internal battery (in figure 2A bis figure 2E not shown) can be fabricated to include a weight ranging from about 0.4 kilograms to about 0.8 kilograms.

[0144] Size and weight of the control and power source module 12 may depend, at least in part, on the components that make up the device, including e.g. B. Housing 22 , Screen 52 , replaceable battery 24 and internal battery as well as the control electronics arranged in the housing of the device. In one example, the electronics of the control and power source module 12 e.g. B. include one or more processors, memory, telemetry, charging circuitry, speaker, power saving circuitry and power transfer circuitry. In any case, the size and weight of the internal components of the control and power source module, including e.g. B. Screen 52 , status displays 72 and 74 and internal electronics of the device, to be proportional to the energy required to operate the components. Thus, reducing the power requirements of the electronics of the control and power source module 12 not only serve to prolong battery life but can also reduce the size and weight of the device.

[0145] In another example, the control and power source module 12 be designed so that the power consumed by the electronics of the control and power source module meets a target value. For example, the electronics of the control and power source module 12 be designed to dissipate power in a range of approximately 0.25 to 1.25 watts.

[0146] The example control and power source module 12 from figure 2A bis figure 2E includes a user interface 50 including screen 52 , input buttons 54 , mute button 70 and status displays 72 and 74 . The screen 52 may include a number of different screens and be configured to display text and graphical information in one or more colors. In one example are the input buttons 54 non-contact, capacitive sensors designed to indicate input from a user without the user actually touching the buttons or any other part of the control and power source module. Although the input buttons include non-contact sensors in one example, the buttons can be in recesses 76 in the housing 22 be arranged to provide tactile feedback to the user searching for or using the buttons to navigate on the screen 52 display information and otherwise with the control and power source module 12 to interact. In one example, the input buttons 54 Soft keys designed to perform different functions on the control and power source module 12 , e.g. B. based on on the screen 52 displayed, current functions and contexts. In such examples, the buttons associated with the actual functions 54 , which function as soft keys, as labels on the screen 52displayed directly above each of the buttons. In one example, the input buttons correspond 54 two main functions to interact with the control and power source module 12 . For example, one of the input buttons 54 function as a "target" button which, when activated by a user, becomes an on-screen 52 the user interface 50 navigates to the default screen shown. Also, in such an example, the other of the input buttons 54 function as a "next" button which, when activated by the user, advances to the next screen in a range of possible screens displayed on the screen 52 the user interface 50 can be displayed, toggles.

[0147] As in figure 2E includes the user interface 50 of the control and power source module 12 also a mute button 70 and status displays 72 and 74 . In one example, the mute button 70 be designed to provide, when pressed, audible alarm signals emitted by speakers of the control and power source module 12 be issued to mute. The mute button 70 may, in one example, only temporarily silence alarm signals to allow a patient 20 Leaving a public place with another human being through the speakers of the Control and Power Source Module 12 output alarm signals is disturbed. In one example, the status indicators 72 and 74 be illuminated, for example with LED-lit windows, indicating the operational status of the control and power source module 12 and / or the implanted pump 14 Show. For example, the status indicator 72 be illuminated to indicate the control and power source module 12 and / or implanted pump 14 work correctly and normally. On the other hand, the status display 74 be illuminated to indicate one or more alarm conditions, faults, or other actionable conditions of the control and power source module 12 and / or the implanted pump 14 indicate. For example, the status indicator 74 be illuminated to indicate the condition of the replaceable battery 24 and / or the internal battery of the control and power source module 12 as being at or below a threshold charge level. In some examples, the status indicator 74 be enlightened in many ways to different states of the control and power source module 12 and / or the implanted pump 14 including being illuminated in different colors to indicate removable battery alarm conditions 24 and / or the internal battery and / or the implanted battery with different levels of accuracy.

[0148] The example control and power source module of figure 2A bis figure 2E also includes a cable connector 60 , an external power source connector 62 and the battery release buttons 64 and 66 . The cable connection 60 can be designed to be a cable 19 via the plug 26 , as in figure 1 shown. The external power source connector 62 can be designed to accommodate one or more types of external power source adapters, e.g. B. an AC / DC or DC / DC adapter, which are designed to accommodate the removable battery 24 and / or the internal battery of the control and power source module 12 to load.

[0149] As it relates to figure 3 and figure 4 includes the control and power source module 12 a pusher that runs to the removable battery 24 out of the case 22 to solve. The control and power source module battery release button 12 may be configured to enable the removable battery, in one example 24 out of the case 22 to be actuated with at least two independent movements. Infigure 2A bis figure 2E includes the battery release latch of the control and power source module 12 the battery release buttons 64 and 66 . In one example are the battery release buttons 64 and 66 biased to a locked position allowing removal of the removable battery 24 out of the case 22 prevented and configured to be simultaneously depressed to an unlocked position to release the first power source for removal from the housing. In the example control and power source module 12 from figure 2A bis figure 2E is the battery release button 64 on the right (from the perspective of the views of figure 2A bis figure 2E) of the housing 22 arranged, and the battery release button 66 is on the opposite left side of the case 22 arranged so that the two buttons are designed to be pressed in approximately opposite directions to each other.

[0150] figure 3 is an exploded view of the example control and power source module 12 from figure 2A bis figure 2E. The example control and power source module 12 includes housing 22 , replaceable battery 24 , internal battery 80 , user interface 50 , cable connection 60 , external power source connection 62 , battery release button 82 , circuit boards 84 , 86 and 88 as well as loudspeakers 90 . The case 22 includes a number of parts that make up the front shield 22a , side and rear shielding 22b , cover cap 22c , motherboard pad 22d , condition display document 22e and status indicator surround 22f include. like it in figure 3 forms the replaceable battery 14 part of the back of the control and power source module 12 . The case 22 of the control and power source module 12 with one or more of front shielding 22a , side and rear shielding 22b , cover cap 22c , motherboard pad 22d , condition display document 22e and status indicator surround 22f can be made of various materials, e.g. B. Plastics including acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polyvinylsiloxane (PVS), silicone, metals including stainless steel, aluminum, titanium, copper and composites including carbon fiber, glassware and ceramics. In some examples, different parts of the housing 22 including front shield 22a , side and rear shielding 22b , cover cap 22c , motherboard pad 22d , condition display document 22e and status indicator surround 22f be made of the same materials. In another example, different parts of the housing 22 including one or more of the front shield 22a , side and rear shielding 22b , cover cap 22c , motherboard pad 22d , condition display document 22e and status indicator surround 22f be made of different materials.

[0151] In one example, the front shield 22a of the housing 22 a metallic bezel containing the screen 52 the user interface 50 partially or completely surrounded. The metallic enclosure can be made from a variety of thermally conductive materials including e.g. aluminium, copper and alloys thereof. The metallic surround of the front shield 22a of the housing 22 can be designed to cause thermal conductivity of heat passing through one or more circuit boards 84 , 86 and 88 and the internal battery 80 and / or replaceable battery 24 is produced. In one example is a metallic bezel of the front shield 22aExecuted to reduce heat generated by using the user interface 50 associated board 86 is produced. The metallic part of the front shield 22a can with the board 86 be thermally coupled to increase the heat conduction between the components by z. B. a thermally conductive pad, potting material or thermal grease sandwiched between the shield and the circuit board is used. Similarly to the front shield 22a can the metallic edging 22f in one example be designed to thermal conductivity from through the board 88 to effect generated heat. In such an example, the display bezel 22f from a variety of thermally conductive materials, including e.g. B. aluminum, copper and alloys thereof, and can be made with the board 88 be thermally coupled to increase thermal conduction between the two devices by e.g. B. a thermally conductive pad, potting material or thermal grease sandwiched between the shield and the circuit board is used.

[0152] The user interface 50 of the control and power source module includes the screen 52 , input buttons 54 , the mute button 70 and status displays 72 and 74 . The battery release button 82 includes the bottom 92 , each with right and left snaps 64 and 66 and right and left back plates, respectively 94 and 96 . The control and power source module 12 contains a number of circuit boards, including the main circuit board 84 , display board 86 and status display board 88 , one or more of which may be connected to each other. In one example, the motherboard includes 84 the main electronic controls for the control and power source module 12 , including e.g. B. processor(s), memory, telemetry, charging and power saving circuit electronics. The display board 86 contains input buttons 54 and may include other electronics related to the function of the screen 52 assigned. In addition, the status display board 88 contain a number of electronic components that make up the mute button 70 and status displays 72 and 74 assigned.

[0153] In figure 3 is the rear reinforcement of the motherboard 22d designed to match the front shield 22a to be connected and the motherboard 84 to secure as well as the fastening of cable connection 60 and external power source connection 62 along with the cover cap 22c to support. The motherboard 84 is between the cover cap 22c and the rear reinforcement of the motherboard 22c inserted. The cable connection 60 and the external power source connector 62 are through openings in the cover cap 22c and the rear reinforcement of the motherboard 22d recorded. The rear reinforcement of the status indicator board 22e is designed to match the front shield 22a to be connected and the status display board 88 on the housing 22 of the control and power source module 12 to fix. The status indicator board 88 can with the rear reinforcement 22e get connected. mute button 70 and status displays 72 and 74 each consist of an interface component that is run through the mount 22f to be included, and an electronic component on the status display board 88 . In the example of figure 3 includes the mute button 70 one in an opening in the enclosure 22f recorded push button and a contact sensor or contactless sensor on the display board 88 . In the example of figure 3 contain the status displays 72 and 74 each a lens designed to fit in a corresponding opening in the bezel 22fto be included, and a light emitter, such as a light emitting diode (LED) on the status indicator board 88 . The status indicator board 88 and the push button of the mute button as well as the lenses of the indicators 72 and 74 are between the rear reinforcement of the motherboard 22e and the surround 22f inserted.

[0154] The sides of the shield 22b are designed to fit with the sides of the front shield 22a of the housing 22 of the control and power source module 12 fit and lie over them. The sides and rear shield 22b contain openings 98 and 100 . The opening 98 is designed so that the edging 22f is recorded. The openings 100 are designed to the knobs 64 and 66 the battery release button 82 accommodate and with appropriate openings 102 in the front shield 22a to swear, only one of which in the representation of figure 3 can be seen. The replaceable battery 24 is to the housing 22 connected and designed to push through the battery release button 82 to be released. In particular, the stripes 104 on the replaceable battery 24 designed to be on rails 106 on the inside of the front shield 22a to be included, so that the battery is in a locked connection with the housing 22 of the control and power source module 12 via the battery release button 82 can slide in and out. Screen 52 , display board 86 including input buttons 54 , Speaker 90 , internal battery 80 and battery release button 82 are designed to fit inside the case 22 of the control and power source module over the removable battery 24 to be arranged. The underlay 92 the battery release button 82 is designed to attach to the front shield 22a to be fastened and right and left snaps 64 and 66 as well as backplates 94 and 96 to be moved. The screen 52 generally flush with a window in the front shield 22a , and the input buttons 54 on the display board 86 are generally aligned with indentations 76 in the front shield of the chassis 22 of the control and power source module 12 .

[0155] In some examples, the control and power source module 12 various methods of waterproofing and mechanisms to protect various components of the device from the ingress or egress of one or more materials into the housing 22 or use it. In one example, the removable battery 24 with one or more of the boards 84 , 86 and 88 be electrically coupled, for example with a multi-pin connection that uses a seal to ensure the detachable connection between battery 24 and the internal components of the control and power source module 12 due to the entry of materials into the housing 22 to seal. Such a seal may be made from a variety of materials including e.g. B. a compressible polymer or an elastomer, such as rubber. In an example, one or more parts of the housing 22 , for example one from front shield 22a , side and rear shielding 22b , cover cap 22c or more hermetically sealed. For example, front shielding 22a , side and rear shielding 22b and cover cap 22c bonded to the encapsulated housing by gasket(s), switching technology welding or adhesives 22 to build.

[0156] In one example, the speakers 90 piezoelectric speakers designed to e.g. B. with an adhesive on an inner surface of the front shield 22a of the housing22 of the control and power source module 12 to be attached. The piezoelectric speakers can include a piezoelectric crystal bonded to a mechanical diaphragm. Sound is produced by applying and removing an electrical signal to and from the crystal, which responds by tightening and loosening the mechanical membrane in proportion to the voltage applied across the crystal faces. The action of tightening and loosening the mechanical membrane at relatively high frequencies creates vibrations in the membrane which emits an audible sound, e.g. B. Tones in a frequency range from about 150 Hz to about 4 kHz.

[0157] In some examples, part of the housing 22 be designed to operate in conjunction with speakers 90 to increase the amplitude of sounds emitted by speakers. For example, the geometry of a portion of the front shield 22a of the housing 22 , on which the speakers 90 connected must be shaped and sized to cause the shield to resonate in response to speaker vibration. For example, the part of the front shield 22a of the housing 22 , on which the speakers 90 connected, be shaped and sized to modulate the natural frequency of the cabinet / loudspeaker combination to a target frequency within the operating range of the loudspeakers. Controlling the speakers 90 Working at a specific frequency can then cause the speakers and part of the front shield 22a resonate, effectively increasing the amplitude of the sounds emitted by the speakers. In one example, the speakers include 90 piezoelectric speakers, which generally work better above 1000 Hz. As such, the natural frequency of the combination of the part of the front shield 22a , on which the speakers 90 are attached and the speaker is modulated to more than 1000 Hz.

[0158] Tuning the enclosure of a control and power source module to specific resonant frequencies can be accomplished by a number of analytical, numerical, and experimental methods. In one example, the resonant frequency of the enclosure of a control and power source module can be analytically tuned using thin elastic plate theory to determine a starting point for geometry and material properties of the enclosure. In another example, the case resonant frequency of the control and power source module may be numerically tuned using finite element analysis (FEA) modeling to simulate the vibrational characteristics of various modeled geometries. In addition, a number of processes and methods, such as Chladnian sound figures, can be used to experimentally refine the natural frequency of the cabinet containing the loudspeakers.

[0159] Although the example of figure 3 two speakers 90 includes, in other examples, more or fewer speakers configured to generate audible sounds, e.g. B. Alarm signals to a user of the control and power source module 12 to spend In one example, a control and power source module according to this disclosure includes a speaker. In another example, a control and power source module according to this disclosure includes four speakers.

[0160] figure 4A and figure 4B are perspective views of replaceable battery 24 and battery release button 82 of the control and power source module 12 . The replaceable battery 24 contains locks 106 that are designed to fit into clasps 108 on the battery release button 82 indent the battery in the case 22 of the control and power source module 12 to lock. The battery release button 82 includes the bottom 92 , right and left snaps 64 or. 66 ., right and left back plates, respectively 94 or. 96 , Lock out 108 and feathers 110 .

[0161] In figure 4A and figure 4B stand by the snaps 64 or. 66 the approaches 112 and 114 protruding through slits 116 or. 118 in the lower part 92 are recorded. backplates 94 and 96 are also through slots 116 and 118 added and at the approaches 112 and 114 attached to the snaps 64 or. 66 movable with the lower part 92 the battery release button 82 connect to. Between a front of the slots 116 and 118 of the lower part 92 are feathers 110 inserted and with the approaches 112 and 114 and the back plates 94 and 96 tied together. The feathers 110 can work so that the snaps 64 and 66 be biased into a locked position allowing removal of the battery 24 out of the case 22 of the control and power source module 12 with special needs. In the example of figure 4A and figure 4B are the feathers 110 designed to accommodate the snaps 64 and 66 to bias laterally outward, in generally opposite directions from the outer surfaces of the removable battery 24 gone, leaving the clasps 108 in locks 106 on the replaceable battery 24 intervene to prevent the battery from coming out of the case 22 of the control and power source module 12 is removed. To release the battery 24 from the housing 22 of the control and power source module 12 will both snaps 64 and 66 pushed laterally inward, generally in opposite directions to the interior of the removable battery 24 out so that the clasps are out of engagement with the locks 106 on the replaceable battery 24 move. In one example, the control and power source module 12 with a second mechanical locking mechanism for the battery 24 be designed. For example, the battery 24 in the housing 22 of the control and power source module 12 be included with a press fit so that a user can apply a threshold force, e.g. B. the force of 1 pound, apply to remove the battery from the housing.

[0162] Although that with reference to figure 2A bis figure 4 described and illustrated example control and power source module 12 a battery release button 82 includes, of snaps 64 and 66 , in another example according to this disclosure, the trigger may be driven by a different mechanism that requires two independent motions to detach a removable battery from a control and power source module. In an example according to this disclosure, a battery release latch, actuated by at least two independent motions and configured to release a replaceable power source from the housing of a control and power source module, may include a channel and rod that engages in a locked position biased toward a first end of the channel preventing removal of the power source from the housing. In such an example, the rod may be configured to be pushed in at least two directions toward a second end of the channel to an unlocked position for releasing the removable power source from the housing of the control and power source module. figure 4C- figure 4H illustrate a number of specific alternative locking mechanisms that may be used in connection with control and power source modules according to this disclosure. In each of the examples from figure 4C- figure 4H, the control and power source module includes a removable battery that can be detached from and locked to the housing by the respective example locking mechanisms. Also, the direction in which the removable battery can be detached from the control and power source module in the illustrated examples is indicated by the arrow R in each of the figures.

[0163] figure 4C is a perspective view of a control and power source module 12 including the battery release button 122 . The battery release button 122 includes a locking element 122a , two approaches 122b (of which in figure 4C only one is visible), pin 122c and cams 122d . In figure 4C are closure members 122a and approaches 122b rotatable with the control and power source module on the pin 122c tied together. The cam 122d is a protrusion extending from the locking element 122b extends. The pusher 122 can be actuated by the locking element 122a rotated away from the control and power source module, resulting in rotation of the lugs 122b around the pen 122c causes. The Approaches 122b rotate the cam 122d , which can be accommodated in a channel in the replaceable battery. The turning of the cam 122d presses against the removable battery, forcing it down and out of engagement with the control and power source module. If the battery or a new battery or replaceable spare battery is inserted into the control and power source module of figure 4C can be used again, a channel in the battery with the cam 122d come into engagement and the closure element 122a turn, which in turn approaches 122b turns; can cause the cam to pull the battery into the housing and lock the battery in place. In an example of the pusher 122 can the locking element 122a detachable on the housing of the control and power source module 12 fastened to prevent accidental actuation of the handle. For example, the closure element 122a held on the case by a small permanent magnet.

[0164] figure 4D is a perspective view of a control and power source module including a battery release latch 124 . The battery release button 124 includes the closure element 124a , two approaches 124b (of which in figure 4C only one is visible), pin 124c and staff 124d . The Approaches 124b each contain two paragraphs 122e , 122f , designed to engage the wand when the removable battery is released and in the control and power source module of FIG figure 4D is locked. In figure 4D are closure element 124a and approaches 124b on the pen 124c rotatably connected to the control and power source module's replaceable battery. The rod 124d protrudes from the housing of the control and power source module. The pusher 124 can be actuated by the locking element 124a is rotated away from the control and power source module, causing the lugs 124b around the pen 124c rotate. The Approaches 124b rotate until a release paragraph 124f with the staff 124b comes into action. If closure element 124a and approaches 124c keep rotating, the heel pinches 124f against the staff 124b , which causes the pusher and removable battery to release from the Control and Power Source Module housing. If the battery or a new battery or replaceable spare battery is reinserted into the control and power source module of figure 4D can be used battery and pushers 124 pressed into the housing until the paragraph 124f with the staff 124d comes into engagement, after which the closure element 124a and approaches 124b Can be rotated until the locking heel 124e with the staff 124d comes into action. If closure element 124a and approaches 124c turn further, the paragraph pinches 124e against the staff 124b , causing the pusher and removable battery to be drawn into and locked into the Control and Power Source Module housing. In an example of the pusher 124 can the locking element 124abe releasably attached to the housing of the control and power source module to prevent inadvertent actuation of the trigger. For example, the closure element 124a held in place by a small permanent magnet on the case.

[0165] figure 4E is a perspective view of a control and power source module including a battery release latch 126 . The control and power source module from figure 4E includes a clam shell shape having two halves pivotally connected together. The battery release button 126 contains two buttons 126a and two clamps 126b . In figure 4E are buttons 126a and clamps 126b connected to the housing of the control and power source module. Buttons 126a are designed to cause the clamps 126b engages detents in the other half of the clam shell of the control and power source module of FIG figure 4E and move out of it. The pusher 126 can be operated by both snaps 126a pressed at the same time to cause both clamps to open 126b simultaneously move out of engagement with respective detents in the other half of the shell. In one example, the inner surface of the half of the housing opposite the terminals 126b Includes slots designed to receive the clips.

[0166] figure 4F is a perspective view of a control and power source module including a battery release latch 128 . The battery release button 128 includes two snaps 128a and two clamps 128b . In figure 4F are snaps 128a and clamps 128b connected to the housing of the control and power source module. The snaps 128a are designed to cause the clamps 128b into engagement with the locks in the tower 128c of the housing of the control and power source module figure 4E and move out of this. The pusher 128 can be operated by both snaps 128a pressed at the same time to cause both clamps to open 128b out of engagement with respective locks in the essay 128c move. In one example, the inner surface of the attachment 128c of the housing contain slots designed to receive the terminals.

[0167] figure 4G and figure 4H are perspective views of a control and power source module with a battery release latch 129 . The battery release button 129 contains the button 129a , Pivot 129b and the canal 129c . In figure 4G and figure 4H is the button 129a on the pivot 129b rotatably connected to the housing of the control and power source module. The replaceable battery of the control and power source module from figure 4G and figure 4H includes a rod protruding from one end of the battery and designed to fit within the channel 129c to be included. The pusher 129 can be operated to charge the battery by turning the knob 129a around the pivot 129b to release. In one example, the button 129a about 180° around the pivot 129b turned. The channel 129c is designed to press on the stick protruding from the battery when the button 129a rotated so that the battery is gradually released upward away from the housing. After the button 129a complete, e.g. B. rotated 180 °, the rod in the battery of the channel 129c loosened to release the battery from the Control and Power Source Module housing.

[0168] figure 5 is a functional block diagram showing components of an example control and power source module 12 represents which is the replaceable battery 24 , the internal battery 90 , with the cable 19 via the plug 26 connected cable connector 60 , external power source connection 62 , Speaker 90 and diverse electronics. The electronics of the control and power source module12 includes a first processor 130 , a second processor 132 , the store 134 , a first telemetry module 136 , a second telemetry module 138 , a power control module 140 , charger 142 and charger switch 144 , power connection 146 and power transmission inverter or power bridge 148 . The control and power source module 12 includes speakers 90 that through the driver 150 be controlled to provide audible tones such as alarm signals to the patient 20 or to dispatch caregivers, such as a clinician. As in the example of figure 5, the control and power source module 12 also one or more sensors 152 , including e.g. B. motion or light sensors included. In one example, the sensors include 152 a backlight sensor designed to monitor contrast and / or brightness of the screen 52 the user interface 50 based on the current ambient light conditions.

[0169] The control and power source module 12 is designed to match the components of a VAD, e.g. B. the implanted pump 14 To provide uninterrupted power by using a replaceable battery 24 as the primary power source and internal battery 80 as a reserve for bridging operation of the components of the control and power source module when recharging the removable battery 24 be used. The internal battery 80 can with the control and power source module 12 be non-removably connected in the sense that it is not designed to be removed and replaced by users in the normal operation of the device. In some examples, the internal battery 80 of course from the control and power source module 12 be removed, e.g. B. by disassembling the device and disconnecting the internal battery from the internal circuitry of the device. In one example, one or both of the removable batteries 24 and internal battery 80 of the control and power source module 12 , e.g. B. include rechargeable lithium ion (Li-ion), lithium polymer (Lipoly), nickel metal hydride (NiMH) or nickel cadmium (NiCd) battery cells. In one example, the removable battery includes 24 rechargeable battery cells made from lithium ion (Li-ion), nickel metal hydride (NiMH) or nickel cadmium (NiCd), while the internal battery 80 Contains lithium polymer (lipoly) battery cells.

[0170] The control and power source module 12 uses two power sources for redundancy and continuous operation. The primary power source is a replaceable battery 24 , which can be removed in order to recharge them, e.g. B. a separate charging station is used. The internal battery 80 is generally non-removable and can, in some instances, be replaced by either the removable battery 24 or an external power source. Although the control and power source module 12 is described as having a replaceable battery 24 as the primary power source, the module also includes an adapter, an external power source connector 62 for a DC or AC power source. One with the control and power source module 12 about the connection 62 connected, external power source can not only charge the removable battery 24 and internal battery 80 , but also function as a third power source for the device. In one example, such an external power source can be provided by the control and power source module 12 both about the replaceable battery 24 as well as the internal battery 80 be used to components of the device, such as z. B. the implanted pump 14 , to operate.

[0171] The control and power source module 12 may contain only the primary power source, the replaceable battery 24, which can be removed to recharge the battery by e.g. B. a separate charging station is used. An implant battery in the implant controller 21 can be used for redundancy and continuous operation. In some examples, the implantation battery can be replaced by either the removable battery 24 or an external power source can be charged by transferring power to the battery charger in the implantable regulator. Although the control and power source module 12 it is described as having the replaceable battery 24 as the primary power source, the module also includes an adapter, the external power source connector 62 for a DC or AC power source. One over the port 62 with the control and power source module 12 connected, external power source can work to not only the removable battery 24 and to charge the implantation battery, but also as a third power source for the device. In one example, such an external power source can be provided by the control and power source module 12 both about the replaceable battery 24 and the implant battery are used to power the components of the device, the implant controller 21 as well as e.g. B. the implanted pump 14 to operate.

[0172] In examples according to this disclosure, the removable battery 24 in addition to connecting an external power source to the control and power source module 12 as a third power source by an external power source, including e.g. B. an alternating or direct current source (AC or DC), are replaced. In one such example, the removable battery 24 include an adapter to which the external power source can be connected. As an alternative to that in the example of figure 5 illustrated embodiment, in the event that the patient 20 wants longer run time between charges than the removable battery 24 provides the control and power source module 12 be designed to have an enlarged, replaceable battery attached to the device. In one example, the enlarged removable battery can be twice the capacity of the removable battery 24 included, but can also be significantly larger than the battery 24 being. In any case, such an enlarged, replaceable battery z. B. via connection 62 or by connecting to the replaceable battery 24 with the control and power source module 12 to be connected.

[0173] Referring again to the example of figure 5 can replaceable battery 24 and internal backup battery 80 be designed in such a way that they have the same or different service lives. Also allows replaceable battery 24 and internal backup battery 80 be rated for the same or different number of charge cycles before replacement is required. In one example, the removable battery is designed to operate for a period of time ranging from about 4 hours to about 8 hours without recharging. Another example is the removable battery 24 designed to operate for a period equivalent to approximately 6 hours without recharging. In one example is the internal battery 80 designed to operate for a period of time from about 30 minutes to about 2 hours without recharging. In one example is the internal battery 80 designed to work for a period equivalent to approximately 1 hour without recharging. The use of a smaller, internal battery 80 in the control and power source module 12 can reduce the size, complexity and cost of the device by eliminating the need for two full-size external batteries and a mechanical battery locking mechanism.

[0174] One example is the removable battery 24 a 4S2P battery with four battery cells connected in series and two in parallel. The replaceable battery 24may include a 14.4 volt, 3 ampere-hour (Ah) battery designed to operate in a range of from about 500 to about 1000 recharge cycles before replacement is required. The operational life of the removable battery 24 over the approximately 500 to 1000 recharge cycles may correspond to approximately one year in one example. In one example is the internal battery 80 a 4S1P battery with four battery cells connected in series and one battery cell connected in parallel. The internal battery 80 may include a 100 milliamp hour (mAh) 14.4V battery rated to operate for approximately 500 recharge cycles before replacement is required. As indicated above, in examples according to this disclosure, the internal battery 80 with the control and power source module 12 not be interchangeably linked in the sense that it is not designed to be removed and replaced by users during normal operation of the device. However, the internal battery can 80 from the control and power source module 12 be removed, e.g. B. the device is disassembled and the internal battery is disconnected from the internal circuitry of the device, e.g. B. to replace the battery after it is no longer able to hold a charge.

[0175] The control and power source module 12 includes a power control module 140 , which can be represented as a variety of hardware and / or software components. In one example, the power management module 140 one or more algorithms that are in memory 134 are stored and by one or both of the first processor 130 and second processor 132 of the control and power source module 12 is performed. In any case, the power control module 140 be designed to allow charging of the power sources of the control and power source module 12 to handle the power supply from the power sources to the components in different operating modes of the device, and the status of the power sources to the users, e.g. B. via one or more elements of the user interface 50 , communicates.

[0176] In an example of the control and power source module 12 from figure 5, accomplishes the power control module 140 charging the replaceable battery 24 and internal battery 80 . For example, the power control module 140 the function of the charger 142 and the charger switch 144 control one or both of the removable battery 24 and internal battery 80 to load selectively. As noted above, includes the control and power source module 12 an external power source connection 62 for connecting a third external power source to the device. In examples where a third power source is employed, some or all of the components of the control and power source module 12 to operate, the device can also employ flexible charging methods that give users the ability to use the replaceable battery 24 and / or internal battery 80 charge while connected to the device. The third power source can either be an additional external battery or another external power source, e.g. B. be an external DC or AC power source.

[0177] In one example, the charger switch 144 include a series of field effect transistors (FETs), or other switches may allow for one or more algorithms e.g. B. in memory 134 are stored and by the power control module 140 of the control and power source module 12 run to control which of the removable battery 24 or the internal battery 80 at a given time and operating state of the module 12 should be loaded. Additionally, in one example, the power control module 140 The charger 142 and / or the charger switch 144 of the control and power source module 12 control to either the removable battery 24or preferentially select the third external power source that is connected to the port to be used to charge the other power sources of the device 62 connected is. The charger 142 and the charger switch 144 associated components of the control and power source management module 12 are described below with reference to the example circuits of FIG figure 12 described in detail. In one example, the same or different algorithms used by the power control module 140 be run to control which power source of the control and power source module 12 charging, also the battery charge profile based on the status of the removable battery 24 and internal battery 80 and, when connected through the port 62 , control the third external power source.

[0178] When deployed for use with a VAD or other MCS, power is supplied through the control and power source module 12 the implanted pump controller primarily from the replaceable battery 24 fed. If the battery 24 depleted and requires removal and recharging, or if the replaceable battery fails, the power control module 140 of the control and power source module 12 automatically on the internal battery 80 or to one via the connector 62 external power source connected to the device. The power control module 140 performs this multiple operation of with the control and power source module 12 via the power connection 146 in the example of figure 5 connected power sources through.

[0179] In one example, the power connection 146 include a number of ideal diodes associated with the replaceable battery 24 , internal battery 80 and, when connected to the control and power source module 12 about the connection 62 , a third external power source are connected. The ideal diodes of this example of a power connection 146 so can be designed that the power source is automatically selected, connected to the control and power source module 12 connected to the highest voltage. In some examples of the control and power source module 12 However, replaceable battery can 24 and internal battery 80 be designed to operate at approximately the same voltage. In such an example, a small amount of discharge of the removable battery 24 cause the operating voltage of the removable battery to drop below that of the internal battery 80 falls, which without intervention would cause the ideal diodes of the power connection 146 selects the internal battery only after a small amount of use of the removable battery. As such, in one example, in addition to the ideal diodes, the power connection 146 one by the power control module 140 controlled switch that can function to disable the diodes under certain conditions to protect the removable battery 24 to operate components of the control and power source module and the implanted pump 14 via the internal battery 80 to select.

[0180] The power control module 140 can switch the power connection 146 control the removable battery 24 select to deliver power until the removable battery is depleted to a threshold charge, at which point the power management module 140 e.g. B. can disable the switch, so that the ideal diodes 146 the internal battery 80 can choose. In one example, the power management module 140 along with the power connection 146 be designed so that an external power source is selected to control and power source module components 12 and the implanted pump 14 via the replaceable battery 24 and internal battery 80 always operate when such a power source via the connector 62connected to the device. In one example, the power management module 140 along with the power connection 146 be designed so that the external power source can be used regardless of the charge level in terms of the removable battery 24 the internal battery 80 is selected. Additional power connection details 146 are below with respect to the example circuits of FIG figure 11 described in detail.

[0181] Regardless of the particular design of the power connection 146 can the power control module 140 those to the control and power source module 12 connected power sources and selectively activate one of the power sources depending on the operating conditions of the device. For example, the power control module 140 monitor which of the removable battery 24 , the internal battery 80 and an external power source with the control and power source module 12 are connected to determine which of the connected power sources should be used to power both components of the module 12 as well as the implanted pump 14 to operate. In addition, the power control module 140 the replaceable battery 24 and the internal battery 80 monitor to selectively activate one of the batteries based on the level of charge remaining in the batteries. For example, while the removable battery 24 is used, the internal reserve battery 80 by the power control module 140 be tested periodically to determine a remaining charge level in the internal battery. In the case that the replaceable battery 24 falls below a threshold charge level, the power management module 140 the internal battery 80 enable provided that the internal battery has at least a threshold amount of charge remaining in some examples.

[0182] The power control module 140 alone or together with the power connection 146 can be designed so that one of the power sources of the module 12 is selectively activated based on reasons other than the voltage supplied by the power source and the level of charge remaining on the power source. For example, the power control module 140 be designed to use one of the replaceable battery 24 or internal battery 80 to selectively activate based on the current source and amplitude of a particular power demand. As noted above, the replaceable battery 24 and internal battery 80 rechargeable batteries of diverse chemistries including, for example, lithium ion (Li-ion), lithium polymer (Lipoly), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), or nickel cadmium (NiCd). In addition to the replaceable battery 24 and internal battery 80 , including special chemistry, each of the batteries of the control and power source module 12 be designed with specific performance characteristics based on which power control module 140 , in some examples, can selectively activate one of the batteries.

[0183] In an example according to this disclosure, the control and power source module includes 12 or other such device according to this disclosure, an energy-dense current source and a power-dense current source. For example, the replaceable battery 24 of the control and power source module 12 an energy-dense power source and the internal battery 80 be a power-dense power source. In another example, the removable battery 24 of the control and power source module 12 a power-dense power source and the internal battery 80be an energy-dense power source. An energy-dense power source can be a power source designed to maximize the total amount of energy per unit volume that the source can deliver. In the case of a rechargeable battery, an energy-dense power source can be a battery designed to maximize the total amount of energy per unit volume that the source can deliver between successive charges. A power-dense current source, on the other hand, may be a current source designed to maximize the power per unit volume that the source can deliver at any one time, for example to accommodate large power loads.

[0184] In one example, the removable battery 24 of the control and power source module 12 an energy-dense power source having an energy density in a range of from about 455 to about 600 watt-hours per liter (W-hr / L). In one example, the internal battery 80 a power-dense power source having a power density in a range from about 700 watts / liter (W / L) to about 6 kilowatts per liter (kW / L). In an example where the removable battery 24 of the control and power source module 12 an energy-dense power source and the internal battery 80 is a power-dense current source, the power control module can 140 be run to one of the replaceable battery 24 or the internal battery 80 to selectively activate based on the amplitude of a particular power demand. For example, the implanted pump 14 exhibit operational transients that will temporarily cause large spikes in the power drawn by the pump. In one example, starting the implanted pump 14 remove a significantly larger amount of power than when the pump is running in a constant state, e.g. B. the start-up can draw about 50 watts, while the steady state draws about 5 watts. In another example, the patient's physiological transition states 20 high withdrawals of the pump 14 cause. In examples with large power peaks in power demands, e.g. B. the implanted pump 14 , the power control module can 140 the internal battery 80 e.g. B. by controlling the power connection 146 regardless of the performance level of the replaceable battery 24 activate selectively because the power-dense internal battery is more adaptable to handle peak power than the energy-dense removable battery.

[0185] In addition to handling power source charging and selective activation of power sources for power delivery, as described in the previous examples, the power management module 140 also be designed to facilitate the communication of the power source status to the users, e.g. B. via one or more elements of the user interface 50 , to accomplish. An example method by which the power control module 140 of the control and power source module 12 communicating the power source status of the device to the users is shown in the state diagram of figure 6 illustrates. Functions and appearance of a sample configuration of user interface elements 50 of the control and power source module 12 are shown in figure 7A- figure 9C, some of which relate to the state diagram of FIG figure 6 are described by which the power control module 140 of the control and power source module 12 accomplishes communicating the status of the power sources of the device to the users in an example according to this disclosure.

[0186] figure 6 illustrates states 170 – 194 the one with the control and power source module 12 connected power sources, e.g. B. the replaceable battery 24 , the internal battery 80 and in some examples one over the port 62 connected external power source. The state diagram offigure 6 is organized such that movement between states from the left side to the right side of the diagram indicates states where the removable battery 24 from the control and power source module 12 disconnected and reconnected. In addition, the state diagram of figure 6 is organized so that movement between states from top to bottom of the diagram indicates states where one or both of the removable battery 24 and internal battery 80 are progressively depleted to different thresholds of charge.

[0187] The state diagram of figure 6 uses a number of abbreviations. In figure 6, “Batt” generally refers to battery. Each of the states 170 – 194 contains a status description, e.g. B. ”Normal” for state 170 , status and user interface indicators, each on the removable battery 24 and the internal battery 80 are related, e.g. B. "E: OK, GRN, BLK" for the replaceable battery 24 and "I: OK, GRN, BLK" for the internal battery 80 and alerts sent to users via the user interface 50 be communicated. Referring to status and user interface indicators, each related to the removable battery 24 and the internal battery 80 are related, have the in figure 6 abbreviations used the following meanings. The first letter, e.g. B. E or I, each refers to the removable battery 24 or internal battery 80 , to which the status and user interface displays refer. Both the first letter E and the abbreviation Ext in the status description refer to an external battery, which in the example from figure 6 a removable battery such as the removable battery 24 of the control and power source module 12 is equivalent to. Both for the replaceable battery 24 as well as for the internal battery 80 Status and user interface indicators are the charge and operating status of the battery, the color of the alarm indicator on the user interface 50 and the color of the graphical representation of the battery on the user interface 50 . For example means in the state 170 ”E: OK, GRN, BLK”, that is the removable battery 24 the charge level is above a low threshold and is working correctly (OK), the color of the alarm indicator on the user interface 50 Green (GRN) is the color of the graphical representation of the battery on the user interface 50 Black (BLK) is.

[0188] In the state diagram of figure 6, the alarm and battery display color "YLW" stands for yellow and "RED" indicates the color red. In the case where the removable battery 24 from the control and power source module 12 disconnected, the battery status is in figure 6 as "DC" which stands for disconnected. Also includes both the replaceable battery 24 as well as the internal battery 80 Enter three charge level thresholds indicated by “OK, LOW, and EMPTY”. The battery condition OK indicates, as far as charge levels are concerned, that the battery to which the condition relates is above a low threshold of charge levels, while LOW indicates that the battery is at a low threshold, which is a range of charge levels; and EMPTY indicates that the battery is at a threshold of empty charge levels, which may also be a range of charge levels and may be greater than zero charge. The removable battery threshold charge levels 24 and internal battery 80 indicate that the battery is at a threshold of empty charge levels, which may also be in a range of charge levels and may be greater than zero charge. The threshold charge levels for the removable battery used in examples according to this disclosure 24 and internal battery 80 may be the same or different in number and size.

[0189] Beginning in the upper-right corner of the state machine diagram figure 6 gives the state 170 a normal operating condition for the control and power source module 12 on. In condition 170 are replaceable battery and internal battery 80 both above a low charge level threshold, and thus the state is in state 170 indicated as OK. The display in the state 170 that the removable battery 24 and internal battery 80 Both OK because the batteries are above a low charge level threshold does not necessarily mean that the batteries are fully charged and can occur regardless of whether the control and power source module 12 connected to an external power source to charge one or both of the batteries. For example, state 170 occur when the removable battery 24 partially discharged, but the battery charge levels are still above a low threshold level that may require user alerting and recharging. Likewise, the condition 170 occur when the internal battery 80 partially discharged, but the battery charge levels are still above a low threshold level that may require user alerting and recharging. The state 170 can also occur when both the removable battery 24 as well as the internal battery 80 partially discharged, but the charge levels of both batteries are still above a low charge level threshold, requiring user alerting and recharging. In another example, the state 170 occur when both the removable battery 24 as well as the internal battery 80 are fully charged and when an external power source is connected to the control and power source module 12 connected as long as both batteries are also above a low charge level threshold.

[0190] figure 7A and figure 7B show examples of the way the power control module 140 the user interface 50 can control when the control and power source module 12 himself in the through state 170 in figure 6 is in normal operating condition. As described above, the user interface includes 50 of the control and power source module 12 a screen 52 , input buttons 54 and a mute button 70 and status displays 72 and 74 . In the examples of figure 7A and figure 7B contains the screen 52 the replaceable battery icon 200 , the internal battery icon 202 and the status display 204 . Also in the examples of figure 7A and figure 7B as well figure 8th- figure 10B are input buttons 54 encoded with two different icons, a rectangular icon and another triangular icon. In these user interface examples 50 correspond to input buttons 54 two main functions associated with the control and power source module 12 interact. The input button coded with rectangular icon 54 can function as a "home" button which, when activated by a user, becomes an on-screen 52 the user interface 50 navigates to the default screen shown. The input button coded with triangle icon 54 may function as a "next" button which, when activated by a user, moves to the next screen in a range of possible screens displayed on the screen 52 the user interface 50 can be displayed, toggles.

[0191] figure 7A illustrates an example in which the removable battery 24 and the internal battery 80 of the control and power source module 12 fully charged as indicated by the fill size in the removable battery icon 200 and internal battery icon 202, each of the replaceable battery 24 and internal battery 80 are assigned, is indicated. In figure 7A will neither replace the battery 24 nor the internal battery 80 , e.g. B. either by an external power source via the port 62 connected to the control and power source module or in the case of an internal battery 80 with the replaceable battery 24 , currently charged.

[0192] If the conditions of replaceable battery 24 and internal battery 80 as well as various other components of the control and power source module 12 in figure 7A indicate a normal operating state corresponding to the state 170 from figure 6 corresponds to the status display 204 on the screen 52 represents a heart icon. In addition, the status display 72 through the control and power source module 12 activated to light up the heart-shaped display. Because the conditions of replaceable battery 24 and internal battery 80 as well as various other components of the control and power source module 12 display a normal operating condition that does not require alarm signals, the screen provides 52 finally, no alarm icons, and the status display associated with alarm conditions 74 is not enlightened.

[0193] figure 7B illustrates an example in which the removable battery 24 and internal battery 80 of the control and power source module 12 Less than fully charged but above a low charge threshold level as indicated by the fill size in the chart associated with the removable battery and internal battery respectively 200 and 202 is specified. In addition, in figure 7B both removable battery 24 as well as internal battery 80 currently charged as indicated by the charging icon 206 indicated is the replaceable battery icon 200 and the internal battery icon 202 is superimposed. As described above, the replaceable battery 24 loaded while connected to the control and power source module 12 is connected through a via connector 62 with the module 12 connected external power source. Also, the internal battery 80 by the external power source or replaceable battery 24 getting charged. If the conditions of replaceable battery 24 and internal battery 80 as well as various other components of the control and power source module 12 in figure 7B indicate a normal operating state corresponding to the state 170 from figure 6 corresponds, as in the state of in figure 7A shown device, represents the status display 204 on the screen 52 a heart icon is the status indicator 72 is lit and the associated status indicator is not lit.

[0194] In both figure 7A and figure 7B, the power control module 140 the replaceable battery icon 200 and the internal battery icon 202 display in black while the charge level of removable battery 24 and internal battery 80 by the fill in the battery icon 200 and internal battery icon 202 is displayed, as is the status display 204 on the screen 52 and status display 72 can be represented in green as indicated by the state 170 in figure 6 is indicated

[0195] Referring again to figure 6 shows moving state 170 right in state 172 at that the removable battery 24 from the control and power source module 12 is disconnected while the internal battery 80 is above a low charge level. Condition 172 shows the disconnection of the removable battery 24 as direct current. In the exemplary state diagram of figure6 will always when the removable battery 24 from the control and power source module 12 is separated, the alarm color is not indicated by a color but by an icon that appears in the states of figure 6 is abbreviated as "SYM". An example of this separator symbol is in the user interface example 50 in figure 8 shown. The replaceable battery 24 can from the control and power source module 12 be separated for various reasons. In an example, a user, e.g. B. the patient 20 , have more than one removable battery connected to the control and power source module 12 connected so that it is possible to always or almost always have a fully charged, replaceable battery that can be swapped out for a discharged battery. In another example, the removable battery 24 be defective and require a full replacement. In another example, the removable battery 24 reaching its maximum number of charge cycles such that it is no longer able to hold a charge, necessitating a complete replacement.

[0196] figure 8 illustrates an example of how the power control module 140 the user interface 50 can control when the control and power source module 12 in which by the state 172 in figure 6 is in the condition of the disconnected, replaceable battery. In the example of figure 8 includes the screen 52 the replaceable battery icon 200 , the internal battery icon 202 , the status indicator 204 and the separator symbol 206 . figure 8 illustrates an example in which the removable battery 24 is separated from the control and power source module as indicated by the separator symbol 206 is displayed, the replaceable battery icon 200 is superimposed. The internal battery 80 of the control and power source module 12 , as in the state 172 in figure 6, is above a low threshold charge level, and is, particularly in figure 8, fully charged, as indicated by the fill size in the internal battery icon 202 is shown. In figure 8, neither will the replaceable battery 24 nor the internal battery 80 currently loaded, e.g. B. either by an external power source that is connected to the control and power source module 12 via connection 62 connected, or, in the case of the internal battery 80 , through the replaceable battery 24 .

[0197] When the internal battery conditions 80 as well as various other components of the control and power source module 12 in figure 8 display no alarm conditions, the power control module can 140 the status display 204 on the screen 52 display as a heart icon. In addition, the status display 72 by the power control module 140 activated to light up the heart-shaped display. Because the state of the control and power source module 12 there is no need for any alarms, the screen shows 52 finally, no alarm icons, and the status indicator associated with alarm conditions 74 is not enlightened.

[0198] In figure 8 can power control module 140 the battery icon 200 , the internal battery icon 202 and the separator symbol 206 Show in black while filling in the internal battery icon 202 internal battery charge level displayed 80 and the status display 204 on the screen 52 and status display 72 can be displayed in green as indicated by the state 172 in figure 6 is indicated.

[0199] Referring again to figure 6 shows moving state 172 right into the state 174 that a separation pause has been reached causing the power control module 140triggers an alarm signal that alerts a user of the control and power source module 12 instructing the replaceable battery 24 or reconnect another such power source to the device. The separation pause in the example of figure 6 is displayed as five minutes, so when the removable battery 24 from the control and power source module 12 remains disconnected for more than five minutes an alarm sounds to reconnect the battery. However, in other examples according to this disclosure, the separation pause may be more or less time than the example of FIG figure be 6 For example, the separation pause may correspond to ten minutes, so the power control module 140 will trigger a battery reconnection alarm signal after the removable battery 24 from the control and power source module 12 been left apart for more than ten minutes. In an example of state 174 can the power control module 140 the user interface 50 control to provide instructions to a user of the control and power source module 12 on the screen 52 represent inserting a new or recharged replaceable battery after the Separation Period has been reached. In another example, the power management module 140 also the speaker driver 150 and the speakers 90 control to cause the speakers to emit an audible tone.

[0200] In the example of figure 6 become when moving down from the normal state 170 to the condition 188 the charge levels of the removable battery 24 and the internal battery 80 progressively lower. Further, when moving down, take away from the normal state 170 into the state 188 by the power control module 140 issued alarm signals and instructions associated with such alarm signals, e.g. B. by changing the graphic symbols, color and / or the amplitude of audible tones emitted by the speaker 90 of the control and power source module 12 be issued. In condition 176 has the replaceable battery 24 reaches a low threshold charge level while the internal battery 80 remains above a low threshold charge level. In condition 178 has the replaceable battery 24 reaches an empty threshold charge level while the internal battery 80 remains above a low threshold charge level. In condition 178 triggers the power control module 140 of the control and power source module 12 a low battery alarm because the removable battery 24 has reached an empty threshold level. In an example of state 18 , the user interface can 50 the status display 74 illuminate and a status indicator 204 on the screen 52 display as an alarm icon. In addition, the user interface 50 the user of the control and power source module 12 an on-screen display 52 the low battery charge level, e.g. B. by coloring part or all of the replaceable battery icon on the screen 52 in yellow. In condition 180 has the replaceable battery 24 reaches an empty threshold charge level, and the internal battery 80 has reached a low threshold charge level. Finally have in the state 188 replaceable battery 24 and internal battery 80 both reach an empty threshold charge level.

[0201] Complementary to the charge levels of the removable battery 24 and the internal battery 80 , moving downwards from the state 170 to state 188 in the example of figure 6 progressively decrease, take through the power control module 140 alarm signals issued and the instructions associated with such alarm signals, e.g. B. by changing the graphical symbols and colors, the elements of the user interface 50associated, and / or changing the amplitude of audible tones emitted by loudspeakers 90 of the control and power source module 12 be issued. While that's the state 178 alarm signal associated with replaceable battery "dead" and internal battery "OK". 50 may include that of the user of the control and power source module 12 a “low” battery charge level indicator on the screen 52 represents, e.g. B. by coloring part or all of the replaceable battery icon on the screen 52 in yellow, for example, may indicate the state 180 Alarm signal associated with empty removable battery and low internal battery the display of user instructions on the screen 52 included to insert a new battery. In such an example, the priority of the alarm signal instructing the user to insert a new battery, e.g. B. by the amplitude of one of the speakers 90 output sound will be mediocre.

[0202] In condition 188 depleted removable battery and depleted internal battery can be in contrast to both states 178 and 180 the power control module 140 further increase the sharpness of the alarm signals presented to the user of the control and power source module. As in figure 6 specified, the power control module 140 for example through the user interface 50 on the screen 52 red color displayed alarm signals and battery icons and can also issue instructions to the user to insert a new battery and / or the control and power source module 12 with an external power source, e.g. B. via the connection 62 , connect to. In such an example, the priority of the alarm signal instructing the user to insert a new battery and / or the control and power source module 12 to be connected to an external power source as indicated, e.g. B. by the amplitude of one of the speakers 90 emitted tone, be high.

[0203] Referring again to the condition 180 in the example of figure 6 gives moving to the right of state 180 situations where the internal battery 80 maintains a charge at a low threshold charge level, but the removable battery condition changes 24 changed, including disconnecting and reconnecting or replacing the removable battery. In condition 182 is the replaceable battery 24 from the control and power source module 12 disconnected, and the internal battery 80 is at a low threshold charge level. In condition 182 can the power control module 140 to the user of the control and power source module 12 issue an alarm signal, e.g. B. Controlling the user interface 50 includes to represent a symbol associated with a removable battery icon indicating that the battery 24 has been disconnected and part or all of the internal battery icon on the screen 52 to color yellow. The power control module 140 can also provide on-screen instructions 52 represent to insert a new battery and indicate the priority of the alarm signal instructing the user to insert a new battery as fair, e.g. B. by controlling the speakers 90 to output an audible tone at a specific amplitude.

[0204] In condition 184 is a low threshold charge level removable battery with the control and power source module 12 connected, and the internal battery 80 is at a low threshold charge level. In an example of state 184 became the replaceable battery 24 recharged at the low threshold charge level and reconnected to the control and power source module 12 connected. In another example, the replaceable battery 24but replaced with another removable battery that is at the low threshold charge level and that is connected to the control and power source module 12 connected. In condition 184 can the power control module 140 an alarm signal to a user of the control and power source module 12 spend what e.g. B. Controlling the user interface 50 includes part or all of the removable battery icon and an internal battery icon on the screen 52 yellow, on-screen instructions 52 to insert a new battery and the priority of the alarm signal instructing the user to insert a new battery as fair, e.g. B. by controlling the speakers 90 to output an audible tone at a specific amplitude.

[0205] In condition 186 is a removable battery above a low threshold charge level to the control and power source module 12 connected, and the internal battery 80 is at a low threshold charge level. In an example of the state 186 became the replaceable battery 24 recharged above the low threshold charge level and reconnected to the control and power source module 12 connected. In another example, the replaceable battery 24 however, by another removable battery charged above the low threshold charge level and connected to the control and power source module 12 connected, replaced. At the state 186 can the power control module 140 an alarm signal to a user of the control and power source module 12 spend what e.g. B. Controlling the user interface 50 includes to turn some or all of the removable battery icon green to indicate that the removable battery is above the threshold low charge level, and controlling the user interface 50 to select part or all of the internal battery icon on the screen 52 yellow to indicate that the internal battery is charging 80 is still at the low threshold charge level.

[0206] Referring again to the condition 188 in the example of figure 6, shows moving right from the state 188 Situations where the internal battery 80 maintains a charge at a threshold empty charge level, the state of the removable battery 24 however, changes, including disconnecting and reconnecting or replacing the removable battery. In condition 190 is the replaceable battery 24 from the control and power source module 12 disconnected, and the internal battery 80 is at an empty threshold charge level. In condition 190 can the power control module 140 an alarm signal to a user of the control and power source module 12 spend what e.g. B. Controlling the user interface 50 includes to present a symbol associated with the removable battery icon indicating that the battery 24 been disconnected and part or all of the battery icon on the screen 52 to color red. The power control module 140 can also provide on-screen instructions 52 represent inserting a new battery and / or the control and power source module 12 connect to an external power source and indicate the priority of the alarm signal instructing the user to insert a new battery as high, e.g. B. by controlling the speakers 90 to get an audible tone at a specific amplitude, e.g. B. a higher amplitude than a tone that is issued for an alarm signal of medium priority.

[0207] In condition 192 is a removable battery at low threshold charge level to the control and power source module 12 connected, and the internal battery 80 is at an empty threshold charge level. In an example of the state 192 became the replaceable battery 24recharged at the low threshold charge level and reconnected to the control and power source module 12 connected. In another example, the replaceable battery 24 but replaced with another removable battery that is at low threshold charge level and connected to the control and power source module 12 connected. In condition 192 can the power control module 140 an alarm signal to a user of the control and power source module 12 spend what e.g. B. Controlling the user interface 50 includes to turn part or all of the removable battery icon yellow and an internal battery icon on the screen 52 red color, as well as on-screen instructions 52 to represent the control and power source module 12 connect to an external power source. In condition 194 the removable battery is above a low threshold charge level to the control and power source module 12 connected, and the internal battery 80 is at an empty threshold charge level. In an example of the state 194 became the replaceable battery 24 recharged above the low threshold charge level and reconnected to the control and power source module 12 connected. In another example, the replaceable battery 24 however, replaced with another removable battery that is charged above the low threshold charge level and connected to the control and power source module 12 connected. In condition 194 can the power control module 140 an alarm signal to the user of the control and power source module 12 spend what e.g. B. Controlling the user interface 50 encloses part or all of the internal battery icon on the screen 52 turn red to indicate that the internal battery is charging 80 is still at the low threshold charge level. Because the internal battery 80 is still at the empty threshold charge level, the power control module 140 also on-screen instructions 52 represent to the control and power source module 12 connect to an external power source to charge the internal battery above the empty threshold without depleting the removable battery.

[0208] The previous example of the state diagram of figure 6 is described by using the state 170 starting in the upper right corner of the diagram and moving in a number of directions of this state. The choice of state 170 however, the starting point and movement from there to other states described below is arbitrary and does not show a necessary order for the states of the control and power source module 12 on. The arrows in the state diagram of figure 6 illustrate the movement between the various states of the control and power source module 12 due to a number of different factors, e.g. B. Removing or installing a removable battery, depleting or increasing the charge level of one or both of the removable batteries 24 and internal battery 80 to a number of different thresholds and charging one or both of the removable batteries 24 and internal battery 80 includes.

[0209] figure 9A- figure 10B depict a number of additional example functions and appearances of an example implementation of user interface elements 50 of the control and power source module 12 represent. figure 9A-C illustrate a number of example user interfaces 50 , through which the power control module 140 three states of the control and power source module 12 with the replaceable battery 24 and the internal battery 80 at changing charge levels. In the examples of figure 9A-C will not include the replaceable battery 24 nor the internal battery 80currently charged, e.g. B. either by an external power source that is connected to the control and power source module 12 about the connection 62 connected, or in the case of the internal battery 80 with the replaceable battery 24 .

[0210] figure 9A illustrates examples of how the power control module 140 the user interface 50 can control when the replaceable battery 24 at a low threshold charge level and the internal battery 80 are above a threshold charge level. In an example of the through the user interface 50 in figure 9A, the power control module 140 the status display 204 on the screen 52 as an alarm icon. In the example of figure 9A shows the status display 204 indicates the lowest level alarm condition by highlighting the alarm icon and displaying no highlight icons. The status display 72 is also controlled by the power control module 140 disabled so that the heart-shaped indicator is not illuminated and the status indicator 74 is illuminated to indicate the alarm condition. In the example of figure 9A shows the status display 204 indicates the lowest level alarm condition by illuminating the triangular portion of the display without illuminating the highlight icons, which appear as two curved lines in figure 9A are indicated. In one example, the power management module 140 the replaceable battery icon 200 and internal battery icon 202 display in black while the charge level of the removable battery 24 by the fill in the battery icon 200 is displayed and the status display 204 on the screen 52 and the status display 74 can be shown in yellow. The power control module can monitor the charge level of the internal battery 80 represent, indicated by the fill in the battery icon 202 as green to indicate that, as opposed to the removable battery 24 , the internal battery is above a low threshold charge level.

[0211] figure 9B illustrates examples of how the power control module 140 the user interface 50 can control when both, replaceable battery 24 and internal battery 80 , are at the low threshold charge level. In an example of the through the user interface 50 in figure 9B, the power control module 140 a status indicator 204 on the screen 52 as an alarm icon. In the example of figure 9B gives the status indication 204 indicates a medium level alarm condition by filling the alarm icon and displays a highlight icon represented by a thickened curved line. The condition indicator 72 is also controlled by the power control module 140 disabled so that the heart-shaped indicator is not illuminated and the status indicator 74 is illuminated to indicate the alarm condition. In the example of figure 9B shows the status display 204 indicates the medium level alarm condition by illuminating the triangular portion of the display and one of the two highlight icons as two curved lines in figure 9B is displayed. In one example, the power management module 140 the replaceable battery icon 200 and internal battery icon 202 display in black while the charge level of the removable battery 24 and the internal battery 80 indicated by the fill in the battery icons 200 and 202 , as well as the status display 204 on the screen 52 and the status display 74 can be shown in yellow.

[0212] figure 9C illustrates examples of how the power control module 140 the user interface 50 can control when both, replaceable battery24 and internal battery 80 , are at an empty threshold charge level. In an example of the through the user interface 50 in figure 9C state, the power control module 140 the status display 204 on the screen 52 as an alarm icon. In the example of figure 9C gives the status indication 204 indicates a high level alarm condition by filling the alarm icon and showing two highlight symbols represented by two thickened curved lines. The status display 72 is also controlled by the power control module 140 disabled so that the heart-shaped indicator does not light up and the status indicator 74 is illuminated to indicate the alarm condition. In the example of figure 9C gives the status indication 204 indicates the high level alarm condition by illuminating the triangular portion of the display and illuminating both highlight icons, shown as two curved lines in figure 9C are indicated. In one example, the power management module 140 the replaceable battery icon 200 and Internal Battery icon 202 display in black while the charge level of the removable battery 24 and internal battery 80 by the fill in the battery icons 200 and 202 is displayed, as well as the status display 204 on screen 52 and status display 74 can be shown in red.

[0213] figure 10A and figure 10B depict screens generated by the screen 52 the user interface 50 can be shown, in addition to screens showing battery charge status and alarm conditions. figure 10A illustrates an example in which the power control module 140 represents various parameters related to the implanted pump 14 are related. As will be described below, the power management module 140 together with the in figure 5 current bridge shown 148 be carried out to determine the operating parameters of the motor-driven, implanted pump 14 capture. In figure 10A represents the power control module 140 represents the current power in watts (W) being drawn by the motor driven pump, the current flow rate of the pump in liters per minute (L / min) and the current angular velocity of the pump motor in revolutions per minute (RPM). figure 10B illustrates an example in which the power control module 140 represents the description of an alarm signal that the module sends to a user of the control and power source module 12 and instructions for corrective actions that can be taken by the user to take the control and power source module out of the alarm state.

[0214] Regarding figure 7A, figure 7B and figure 9A- figure 10B provides the power control module 140 Control and power source module users 12 not only estimates the size of the removable battery in the 24 and internal battery 80 remaining charge, but also provides an estimate of the amount of time the batteries will continue to operate before replacement or recharging is required. For example calculated in figure 7A and figure 7B the power control module 140 the time remaining on the battery charges than two hours and 45 minutes, which through the user interface 50 on the screen 52 directly below the replaceable battery icon 200 is shown. In figure 9A and figure 9B calculates the power control module 140 the time remaining on the battery charges than 45 minutes, which is indicated by the user interface 50 on the screen 52 directly below the replaceable battery icon 200 is shown. In one example, the power management module 140 that of the charge of the replaceable battery 24 calculate remaining time, and the user interface 50can represent them. In another example, the power management module 140 that of charging the internal battery 80 calculate remaining time, and the user interface 50 can represent them. In another example, the power management module 140 which charges both the replaceable battery 24 as well as the internal battery 80 calculate total time remaining, and the user interface 50 can represent them. In another example, the power management module 140 those of the charges of the replaceable battery 24 and internal battery 80 Calculate remaining time using the user interface on the screen 52 can be shown separately.

[0215] The power control module 140 may use a number of different types of estimates and / or assumptions to estimate the time remaining on battery charges for the control and power source module 12 to calculate. In one example, the power management module 140 a preset nominal power draw from the components of the control and power source module 12 and the implanted pump 14 assume and the time remaining on the battery charges based on the preset power requirement and that in the removable battery 24 and internal battery 80 Calculate remaining charge size. In another example, the power management module 140 by the components of the control and power source module 12 and the implanted pump 14 Track and store power drawn and average power requirements over time. Then the power control module 140 the time remaining on battery charges based on the average historical power requirement and that of the removable battery 24 and internal battery 80 Calculate remaining charge size.

[0216] Referring again to figure 5 includes the control of the control and power source module 12 , in addition to the redundant power source architecture described above, dual processors 130 , 132 and two telemetry modules 136 , 138 , both elements of the device from figure 5 can be configured for redundant and / or complementary operation. The control and power source module 12 can first and second processors 130 , 132 to provide fault protection and redundant operation in the event that a processor malfunctions. In addition, the first and second processors 130 , 132 be configured so that various components of the control and power source module 12 are supplied and the power control accomplished by the device is further improved. In this sense, the use of the first and second processors 130 , 132 by the power control module 140 which, as noted above, in some examples as one or both of the processors 130 , 132 and storage 134 concrete form can be given.

[0217] In an example employing error protection and redundancy techniques, the first and second processors are 130 , 132 configured to test itself periodically to detect malfunctions and / or failures. In the case that one of the first and second processors 130 , 132 malfunctions or fails, the other of the processors can shut down the malfunctioning processor and management / control of any of the components of the control and power source module 12 and / or the implanted pump 14 take over that were previously processed by the faulty processor. In addition, the one of the first and second processors 130 , 132 , which is still operating properly, trigger an alarm signal to a user of the control and power source module 12 to warn of the processor error / failure. For example, the one of the first and second processors 130 , 132, which is still working properly, the screen 52 the user interface 50 control so that the user of the control and power source module 12 a message is delivered which the processor, e.g. B. from memory 134 , can retrieve.

[0218] In addition to the error protection and redundancy methods, the first and second processors 130 , 132 be configured so that various components of the control and power source module 12 managed and controlled, either of which can be configured to control the implanted pump 14 to operate and control. In the example of figure 5 is the first processor 130 with the memory 134 , the first telemetry module 136 , the power control module 140 and the speaker driver 150 communicatively connected. The power control module 140 , that with the first processor 130 connected and assigned to it is communicatively connected to the charger 142 , the power connection 146 and the power inverter 148 . In the example of figure 5 is therefore the first processor 130 configured by default to the implanted pump 14 via power control module 140 and power inverters 148 to control and operate. The second processor 132 on the other hand is with the store 134 , second telemetry module 138 , sensors 152 , and user interface 50 tied together. Thus, the control and management of the control and power source module 12 between the first processor 130 and second processor 132 divided. This does not mean that between the components of the control and power source module 12 in figure 5 represent the only connections in the device. For example, in the case that the first processor 130 works incorrectly or fails, the second processor 132 Control and management of the implanted pump 14 via the power control module 140 and the power bridge 148 take.

[0219] To redundant operation of the implanted pump controller 21 to effect are both first and second processors 130 , 132 configured to control and manage power transfer in the event that the other processor malfunctions or fails. However, the first and second processors can 130 , 132 , in some examples, may not be exactly the same. For example, one of the first and second processors 130 , 132 have lower power requirements than the other processor to accommodate the current loads in the removable battery 24 and internal battery 80 of the control and power source module 12 to decrease further. In any case, allows sharing control and management of the control and power source module 12 between the first processor 130 and second processor 132 to turn off some of the device's components when not in use, which in turn can significantly reduce the power requirements of the device's electronics. Although the control and power source module 12 can be designed to maximize space utilization and minimize the size of the device and although two processors take up more space and weigh more than one, the use of the first and second processors can 130 , 132 consequently reduce the power requirements effectively enough, so the size and capacity of the replaceable battery 24 and internal battery 80 are also reduced.

[0220] In one example, the first processor 130 configured to transmit power and to the pump controller 21 over power bridge 148 , first telemetry module 136 , power control module 140 to transmit and also the speaker driver 150 to control. The second processor 132 is configured to user interface 50 , second telemetry module 138 and sensors152 to control. However, only a limited number of these components of the control and power source module 12 run all or even most of the time, which are primarily those performing the function of power transmission and communications to the pump controller 21 affect or relate to. In itself, the first processor can 130 and second processor 132 be configured to shut down one or more of the components they control when not in use. For example, the second processor 132 be configured to user interface 50 and second telemetry module 138 turn off when these components of the control and power source module 12 Not used. In addition, the second processor controls in this example 132 no components affecting the implanted pump controller 21 or any other component that must work continuously. By itself, the second processor can 132 be switched off. In such examples where the second processor 132 is switched off, in case a component controlled by the processor has to work, e.g. B. a user calls a user interface element 50 on, the first processor 130 be configured to detect this activity and the second processor 132 to reactivate. In addition, the first processor 130 be configured to the second processor 132 reactivate periodically to continue providing error protection and redundancy, which in turn can then check the first processor for any malfunctions or failures. In another example, the second processor 132 be configured to periodically reactivate itself so that the first processor 130 tested for errors or failures.

[0221] Consistent with the foregoing exemplary division of control between the first and second processors 130 , 132 can the first processor 130 which on the function of the pump controller 21 and the pump 14 as well as e.g. B. the speaker 90 related data in memory 134 save and retrieve from. In particular, the first processor 130 e.g. B. Retrieve information that is in memory 134 are stored and on parameters for controlling the pump 14 are related to blood flowing through the heart 30 of the patient 20 to pump. In some examples, the pump 14 contain an electric motor that controls the operation of the pump to pump blood from the left ventricle 36 to suck it and the aorta 38 to supply For example, the pump 14 any number of types of DC or three-phase AC motors controlled by the implanted pump controller 21 using those from the first processor 130 received parameters, e.g. B. including engine speed (RPM) and power range (normal, high, maximum power in watts) obtained from memory 134 be retrieved.

[0222] The first processor 130 can also receive feedback from the pump controller 21 or other devices, e.g. B. including replaceable battery 24 and internal battery 80 , record and store data related to the operation of the device in memory 134 are related. In another example, the first processor monitors 130 , e.g. B. as part of the power control module 140 , the level of charge in each removable battery 24 and internal battery 80 and controls the state of the user interface 50 to the patient 20 show how much charge is left in each battery, e.g. B. graphically on the screen 52 .

[0223] In another example, one or more of the foregoing functions applicable to the operation of the implanted pump 14 are obtained, by the second processor 132 to be executed. For example, in the case that the first processor 130 works incorrectly or fails, the second processor132 be configured to transmit power to the implanted pump controller 21 to take over.

[0224] The memory 134 of the control and power source module 12 is a computer-readable storage medium that can be used to store data including instructions for execution by the first and second processors 130 , 132 or to store the processor of another device, such as, but not limited to, data related to the operation of the pump 14 are related to the heart 30 of the patient 20 to support. In another example, memory 134 store data related to power control functions performed by the power control module 140 to be executed. In another example, memory 134 Store data related to power transfer functions performed by the power inverter 148 to be executed. For example, memory 134 Threshold charge level values, the different threshold charge levels for one or both of the removable battery 24 and internal battery 80 are assigned, save. In one example, the memory stores 134 the low and empty threshold charge levels shown in the power control state diagram of FIG figure 6 are used. The memory 134 may include separate memories for storing instructions, patient information, pump or pump motor parameters (e.g., motor speed and power range), patient and pump performance trends, and other categories of information such as any other data that benefits from the separate physical memory modules. In some examples, the memory stores 134 Data dies when passed through the first or second processor 130 , 132 are processed, cause the control and power source module 12 and the pump 14 perform the functions assigned to them in this disclosure.

[0225] Components acting as processors within the control and power source module 12 are described, e.g. B. first and second processors 130 , 132 or any other device described in this disclosure, each may include one or more processors such as one or more microprocessors, digital signal processing processors (DSPs), application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field programmable logic arrays (FPGAs), a programmable logic circuitry or the like, either alone or in any suitable combination. In addition, the memory described in this disclosure 62 and other computer-readable storage media include a variety of types of volatile and non-volatile memory, e.g. B. including operational memory (RAM), static operational memory (SRAM), read only memory (ROM), programmable read only memory (PROM), erasable and reprogrammable read only memory (EPROM), electronically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM), flash memory, hard drive, magnetic media, optical media, or other computer-readable media.

[0226] In addition to the first and second processors 130 , 132 as well as the storage 134 includes the control and power source module 12 first and second telemetry modules 136 , 138 . In general, the first telemetry module promotes 136 wireless communication from and to the control and power source module 12 and the implanted pump regulator 21 . In general, the second telemetry modules promote 138 wireless communication from and to the control and power source module 12 and other devices, e.g. B. including a separate display device to the patient 20 or another user such as a clinician, or a device implanted in the patient, e.g. B. an implanted physiological sensor to display a user interface. The first and second telemetry modules 136 , 138 in the control and power source module 12and telemetry modules in other devices described in this disclosure can be used to utilize a variety of wireless messaging methods, e.g. B. including radio frequency messaging methods to be configured to wirelessly send information to and receive information from other devices. First and second telemetry modules 136 , 138 can e.g. B. Use radio frequency communications conforming to any of the 802.11 standards, Medical Implant Communications Service (MICS), Bluetooth or Bluetooth Low Energy specification series, infrared (IR) communications conforming to the IRDA specification series, or any other standard or proprietary telemetry protocol. The first and second telemetry modules 136 , 138 can send information to the control and power source module 12 on a continuous basis, at periodic time periods, or upon request from a user, e.g. B. Patients 20 , sent via and received by a user interface device. In an example, the second telemetry modules communicate 138 with a separate user interface device having a screen, e.g. B. includes a liquid crystal display (LCD) to the patient 20 or another user, the health status of the control and power source module 12 , the implanted pump regulator 21 and the pump 14 and the specific condition of the replaceable battery 24 and internal battery 80 to display.

[0227] In an example of the control and power source module 12 can power unregulated from the replaceable battery 24 or internal battery 80 , e.g. B. via a switch, the driver 150 and the speakers 90 be supplied. As opposed to the function of a component such as the speaker 90 , the power control module can 140 however, the power that comes from the replaceable battery 24 or internal battery 80 by plug 26 and cable 18 the primary resonance network 15 is supplied using the power inverter 148 handle. In one example, the first processor 130 the power bridge 148 control, which may include circuitry to the internal pump controller 21 deliver power accurately and safely.

[0228] figure 11 is a circuit diagram showing the circuit construction of the power connection 146 ( figure 5) presents in more detail. As in figure 11 includes the power connection 146 power multiplexer circuitry, generally at 500 is shown, and charger switch circuitry, generally at 502 is shown. As will be described in more detail below, the power multiplexer allows circuitry 500 , current from multiple current sources, i. H. a power adapter, the replaceable battery 24 and internal battery 80 , to combine and power only from a single power source the power inverter 148 to supply

[0229] According to this disclosure, the power multiplexer circuitry 500 designed so that the highest voltage between the power sources, i. H. a power adapter, the replaceable battery and the internal battery, can be selected to power the pump motor. like it in figure 11 is the adapter voltage rail 504 with the Schottky diode 506 , the tension rail 508 the removable battery with the FET 510 and the tension rail 512 the internal battery with the FET 514 tied together. The cathode of the diode 506 and the deduction of the FET 510 are at a first terminal of the charger sense resistor 516 connected, and the deduction of the FET 514 is connected to a second terminal of the sense resistor 516 tied together. Each of the FETs 510 , 514 is controlled by a FET regulator, namely the FET regulator respectively 518 , 520 controlled the operation of the FETs 510 ,514 to be maintained at maximum efficiency. An example FET regulator used to control the FETs 518 , 520 can be used is an LM5050-2 available from National Semiconductor.

[0230] Each of the FETs 518 , 520 behaves like ideal diodes, effectively creating three "OR" gate diodes. No matter which of the three voltage rails, i. H. the adapter voltage rail 504 , the voltage rail 508 the replaceable battery and the voltage rail 512 the internal battery, which is highest, is connected to the common node between the three, i. H. the sensing resistance 516 , to appear. For example, the Replaceable Battery Voltage Rail 508 and the internal battery voltage rail 512 each have a maximum voltage of 16.8 volts (V), and the adapter voltage rail 504 can have a maximum voltage of 18V. Whenever an adapter with a control and power source module, e.g. B. the control and power source module 12 , the adapter voltage will always be taken as the voltage to power the pump motor through the motor bus 522 (an unregulated high voltage rail to the pump) selected. That is, the adapter voltage rail 504 is through the Schottky diode 506 reduced by about 0.2-0.3V to a voltage of about 17.7-17.8V, and the removable battery voltage rail 508 and Internal Battery Voltage Rail 512 is due to the ideal diode drop (0.6V-0.7V) of the FETs 510 , 514 reduced to a voltage of about 16.1-16.2V. It should be noted that the adapter voltage (either AC or DC) is designed to be higher than either the removable battery voltage or the internal battery voltage, so the power multiplexer circuitry 500 the adapter automatically as power supply for the motor rail 522 assigns.

[0231] Still referring to the power multiplexer circuitry 500 is the internal battery voltage rail 512 also with the FET 524 tied together. the FET 524 acts as a switch and is in the power multiplexer circuitry 500 included to allow the internal battery to be connected and disconnected. Besides, if not for the FET 524 , the internal battery and removable battery would drain at the same voltage level.

[0232] On the left of the FET 524 in figure 11 is the logic circuitry for controlling the operation of the FET 524 contain. In general, the at 526 illustrated removable battery voltage rail to the comparator 528 which includes an internal reference voltage of 1.25V. The output of the comparator 528 becomes the 3-input OR-AND gate 530 along with the two internal battery signals 532 , 534 fed. In particular, the output of the comparator 528 along with the internal battery signal 532 from a pump processor, e.g. B. the first processor 130 of the control and power source module 12 from figure 5, the OR portion of the OR-AND gate 530 supplied; and the internal battery signal 534 by a UI processor, e.g. B. the second processor 132 of the control and power source module 12 from figure 5, together with the output of the OR portion, becomes the AND portion of the OR-AND gate 530 fed. In this way, the operation of the FET 524 and consequently whether the internal battery is connected to the control and power source module can be controlled (via inverter gates 536 and FET 538 ). For example, as a safety feature, if there is no removable battery voltage, then both pump processor and UI processor must agree and generate control signals for the system to detect the FET 524 turns off (thereby disconnecting the internal battery from the circuitry and the control and power source module).

[0233] As an added safety feature, a sudden drop in removable battery voltage will turn off the FET 524 switch on, which connects the internal battery to the control and power source module. In particular, comparator compares 528 the removable battery voltage with its internal reference and provides an output, e.g. B. a logic state L for the OR part of the OR-AND gate 530 ready. The output of the OR component is used together with the internal battery signal 534 , e.g. B. a logic state L, the AND portion of the OR-AND gate 530 entered, who subsequently the FET 524 via the inverter gate 536 and FET 538 turns on, connecting the internal battery to the control and power source module.

[0234] In other examples, FET 524 automatically controlled based on load requirements. For example, the pump motor can draw more current when it is turned on than it is during a steady state. Using the methods described above, the power multiplexer circuitry 500 Automatically switch from the removable battery to the higher power density internal battery until the pump motor reaches a steady state. During operation, when the removable battery cannot withstand the load, the removable battery voltage rail will break temporarily 526 together, resulting in the comparator 528 turns on, causing the FET 524 powered on and the internal battery voltage rail 508 to the motor busbar 522 is connected.

[0235] In some examples, the pump processor may use the FET 524 control when switching on the pump by issuing special control signals. It may be desirable for the first processor to use the FET 524 at power-up because if the removable battery voltage is allowed to collapse momentarily, unnecessary heat may be generated. In addition to switching on, physiological conditions can cause the pump motor to work harder and consequently increase the load. For example, certain medical treatments can cause the blood to thicken, and certain activities, such as lifting heavy objects, can cause vasoconstriction. In either case, the pump may have to work harder and, as a result, draw more power from the power source. Using methods described above, an alternate power source can be used to accommodate increased demand from the pump.

[0236] It should be noted that to save power, the second processor can be configured to turn off when there are no services to be provided. The second processor may periodically turn back on, e.g. once every second, to confirm that the first processor is operating properly, thereby providing a consistency checking function. In some examples, the first processor may send a signal to the second processor, e.g. B. via a serial peripheral interface bus (SPI), and receives a predictable response. figure 12 is a circuit diagram showing the circuit configuration of the charger 142 ( figure 5) presents in more detail. In figure 12 effects the charger circuitry 600 via the battery charger 602 a dynamic power control that delivers less power to the battery when the system demands more power, so the system doesn't run out of power. Using the methods of this disclosure, the charger circuitry 600 change the power limit of the system based on which battery the system is drawing power from.

[0237] As mentioned above and in figure 11, both external power sources, i. H. the adapter and replaceable battery with the sensing resistor 516 tied together. The battery charger 602 measures how much current is coming into the system, and the battery charger 602 knows how much power it is providing to the removable battery when charging. Using dynamic power control, the charger circuit design600 change the power system limit based on the battery from which the system is drawing power to provide less power while charging the battery so that power is not drained from the system. The power system limit means how much power the system requires and is adjustable according to this disclosure. The charger circuitry 600 specifically includes FET 604 and a resistive divider network generally at 606 is shown. The pump processor controls the FET based on whether the system needs more or less current 604 to turn it on or off, creating a path of resistor divider network 606 switched on or off. In some example implementations, the power system limit may be controlled via a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) output.

[0238] Also, according to this disclosure, the sense resistor is 516 ( figure 11) connected to the external power sources, namely the adapter and removable battery, and not the internal battery. The sensing resistor 516 must be connected to the internal battery because by design the system will not charge from the internal battery.

[0239] Also includes the charger circuitry 600 a resettable fuse to be on the safe side 606 . It should be noted that in some example implementations, the resettable fuse 606 may be included on the charger board.

[0240] Referring again to figure 11 represents the charger switch circuitry 502 provides a fail-safe means of controlling whether the internal battery or the removable battery is drawing power from the charger, allowing the system to utilize a single charger circuit. The charger switch circuitry 502 includes a combination of FETs and logic circuitry that allows the pump processor to choose which battery to charge. The logic circuitry eliminates the possibility of a short circuit between the internal battery and the removable battery.

[0241] In the charger switch circuit layout 502 the pump processor provides two control signals, namely the internal battery switch signal 608 and the replaceable battery switch signal 610 to the exclusive OR gate 612 . The output of the exclusive OR gate 612 is applied to the input of each of the AND gates of a dual 2-input positive AND gate located at 614 is generally shown supplied. The other two inputs of the AND gate of the dual 2-input AND gate 614 are controlled by the internal battery switch signal 608 and the replaceable battery switch signal 610 fed. In particular, the internal battery switch signal 608 an input of the AND gate 616 supplied, and the replaceable battery switch signal 610 becomes an input of the AND gate 618 fed. The output of the AND gate 616 switches the FET 620 one, which causes the internal battery to charge through the FETs 624 and 626 begins. The output of the AND gate 618 switches the FET 622 a, which causes the removable battery to charge through the FETs 628 and 630 begins.

[0242] In an example implementation, the removable battery begins charging when the internal battery switch signal 608 a logic low level and the replaceable battery switch signal 610 a logic level is H; and the internal battery starts charging when the internal battery switch signal 608 a logic high and the replaceable battery switch signal 610 is a logic level L. When the internal battery switch signal 608 and the replaceable battery switch signal 610 are at the same logic level (low or high), then the battery will not charge either.

[0243] figure 13A and figure 13B are top and side views, respectively, of replaceable battery 24 and battery release button 700for use with a control and power source module according to this disclosure, e.g. B. Control and power source module 12 of figure 2A- figure 4B. Although only a battery release pusher 700 in figure 13A, a second similarly configured battery release latch may be mounted on the opposite side of the control and power source module so that both latches can be depressed to release the removable battery 24 to release. In the example of figure 13A and 13B includes the battery release button 700 the push button 702 , the barrier 704 , the pencil 706 and the spring return 708 . The replaceable battery 24 contains a stop 710 , used to engage the lock 704 on the battery release button 700 is designed to house the battery 22 of the control and power source module 12 to fix.

[0244] In figure 13A and figure 13B are snap button 702 and lock 704 the battery release button 700 linked together and rotate around pin 706 . The spring return 708 is set up to snap to the snap 702 abuts and indents to release the battery release button 700 pretension so that the lock 704 around the pen 706 turns so that the stop 710 on the replaceable battery 24 indents. To release the replaceable battery 24 a user can click the push button 702 press what turning the push button 702 and the lock 704 around the pen 706 causes so that the lock 704 out of engagement with the stop 710 on the replaceable battery 24 emotional. The replaceable battery 24 can be removed manually by the user after the battery release pusher 700 is unlocked; or the control and power source module 12 may include an automatic ejection mechanism that at least partially ejects the battery from the housing 22 ejects when the trigger is no longer engaged with the battery.

[0245] figure 14A and figure 14B are respectively broken top and side views of the removable battery 24 and another type of battery release button 800 for use with a control and power source module according to this disclosure, e.g. B. the control and power source module 12 from figure 2A- figure 4B. the figure 14C and figure 14D are sectional views taken along line A-A of FIG figure 14A and two different examples of the battery release button 800 illustrate. Although only a battery release pusher 800 in the figure 14A - figure 14D, a second similarly configured battery release latch may be mounted on the opposite side of the control and power source module so that both latches can be depressed to release the removable battery 24 to release. In figure 14A and figure 14B forms the battery release button 800 a unit with the replaceable battery 24 and executed with snaps rotating around the X-axis (horizontal in the view from figure 14A) or the Y-axis (vertical in the view of figure 14A and figure 14B) can rotate. In the figure 14C and figure 14D both include push buttons designed to rotate about the Y axis. However, in other examples, a battery release latch according to the examples of FIG figure 14C and figure 14D style with the push buttons rotating around the X-axis.

[0246] In the example of figure 14C includes the one with the replaceable battery 24 unitary battery release pushers 800A a push button 802 , a lock 804 and a bouncy strip 806 . The case 22 contains a stop 808 , used to engage the lock 804 on the battery release button 800Ais designed to house the battery 22 of the control and power source module. push button 802 and lock 804 the battery release button 800A are designed to fit on resilient strips 806 to turn. The bouncy strip 806 may be formed of an elastic material, in one example, holding the battery release button 800A pretensions, so that the lock 804 around the springy strip 806 rotates to stop 808 on the case 22 to indent To the replaceable battery 24 release, a user can click the push button 80 press, bending the resilient strip 806 causes what allows it to push button 802 and lock 804 around the springy strip 806 rotate so that the lock turns 804 out of engagement with the stop 808 on the case 22 emotional. The replaceable battery 24 can be removed manually by the user after the battery release pusher 800A is detached, or the control and power source module may include an automatic ejection mechanism that at least partially ejects the battery from the housing 22 ejects when the trigger is no longer engaged with the battery.

[0247] In the example of figure 14D includes the one with the replaceable battery 24 unitary battery release pushers 8008 a push button 802 , a lock 804 , a pen 810 and a spring return 812 . In this example are push button 802 and lock 804 the battery release button 800A designed to wrap around the pen 810 rotate. The spring return 812 is set up to snap to the snap 802 abuts and indents to release the battery release button 800A pretension so that the lock 804 around the pen 810 rotates to stop 808 on the case 22 to indent To release the removable battery 24 a user can click the push button 80 press what the spring return 812 squeezes and causes snap button 802 and lock 804 around the pen 810 rotate so that the lock turns 804 out of engagement with the stop 808 on the case 22 emotional. The replaceable battery 24 can by the user after the battery release pusher 800B be removed manually, or the control and power source module may include an automatic ejection mechanism that at least partially ejects the battery from the housing 22 ejects when the trigger is no longer engaged with the battery. WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

[0248] figure 15 is a block diagram of the in figure 1 wireless power transmission system shown 11 . The system 11 may be referred to as a transcutaneous energy transfer system (TETS) when applied to implantable applications. The system 11 includes an external assembly 1504 provided at an external location outside of a subject, and an internal assembly 1508 , which is implanted in the subject. The internal assembly contains an implantable medical device. The implantable medical device can be any medical device that is implantable in a subject, such as a heart pump, an artificial heart, a right ventricular assist device, a left ventricular assist device, BIVAD, minimally invasive circulatory assist system, a pacemaker and so on. While the implanted device can be any implantable medical device, this disclosure describes the transcutaneous energy transfer system 11 associated with a heart pump 14 exemplary and without limitation.

[0249] As in figure 15, the external assembly 1504 the external resonance network 15 include. Likewise, the internal assembly1508 the internal resonance network 17 include. The external assembly 1504 and the internal assembly 1508 are also in figure 16, which is a schematic showing certain components of the transcutaneous energy transfer system 11 contains. like it in figure 16, the external resonance network 15 an external coupler in the form of an induction coil 1648 and a capacitor connected in series 1652 contain. Likewise, the internal resonance network 17 an internal coupler in the form of an induction coil 1656 and a capacitor connected in series 1660 contain. It should be clearly recognized that the figure The row-row topology shown in FIG. 16 is presented by way of example and without limitation. Alternative embodiments may be employed using other circuit topologies such as series-parallel, parallel-series, parallel-parallel, and so on.

[0250] figure 17A and figure 17B are schematic representations of the internal coil 1656 and the external coil 1648 . In figure 17A is the internal coil 1656 under the skin 1664 a subject and the external coil 1648 generally the internal coil 1656 arranged adjacent. In figure 17B is the internal coil 1656 under the skin 1664 a subject and the external coil 1648 at some distance from the internal coil 1656 arranged. like it in figure 17A and figure 17B, ​​the internal coil 1656 a variety of conductive windings 1704 exhibit, in a circular, insulating element 1708 are arranged. Likewise, the external coil 1648 a variety of conductive windings 1712 exhibit, in an insulating ring 1716 are arranged. The inductance of each of the coils 1656 , 1648 can be determined by the number, diameter and spacing of the windings 1704 , 1712 to be determined. The inductive or electromagnetic coupling between the coils 1648 , 1656 is a function of their physical, spatial proximity, operating frequencies, coil sizes and inductances. While the in figure 17A and figure The coils shown in FIG. 17B have a generally circular shape, other shapes and structures may be used to form the internal coil 1656 and the external coil 1648 to be implemented depending on the implementation. For example, the coils 1648 , 1656 shaped as a triangle, square, rectangle, pentagon, octagon and so on. In general, the coils 1648 , 1656 be shaped as polygons with any number of sides, which may be of equal or unequal length. The coils can be straight and / or curved in certain sections. The spools 1648 , 1656 may be mounted in a planar array. Alternatively, the coils 1648 , 1656 be arranged so that parts of the coils are in different planes.

[0251] Wash 1648 , 1656 together form a little densely packed transformer, with the external coil 1648 as a primary winding and the internal coil 1656 acts as a secondary winding. Wash 1648 , 1656 and the capacitors 1652 , 1660 , to which they can be connected, can form a resonant circuit. Wash 1648 , 1656 can be tuned to the same or different resonant frequencies. For example, the coils 1648 , 1656 tuned in series to a power transmission frequency of about 200 kHz. The external coil 1648 can create an electric current in the internal coil 1656 induce, where the current generally behaves according to the following equation:

[0252] In Equation (1), I 1 the one in the external resonance network 15 induced current. I 2 is the one in the internal coil network 17 induced current. V 1is the voltage across the external resonant network 15 . V 2 is the voltage across the internal resonant network 17 . ω is the frequency of the voltage across the coils 1648 , 1656 , where the coil networks are tuned to the same frequency ω. L 1 is the inductance of the external coil 1648 . L 2 is the inductance of the internal coil 1656 . k is the coupling factor.

[0253] The external assembly 1504 is on the outside of the skin 1664 of the subject and contains the external coil network 15 . The external assembly 1504 also includes the control and power source module 12 , which is generally in figure 1 is shown. like it in figure 5 includes the control and power source module 12 various components including the battery 24 , the first processor 130 and the power inverter 148 . These components each play a role in the wireless power transmission system 11 and are in themselves again figure 15, figure 16 and figure 18 shown. Other components of the control and power source module part 12 the external assembly 1504 are in for clarity figure 15, figure 16 and figure 18 omitted.

[0254] Referring to both figure 15 and figure 16 contains the external assembly 1504 the power supply 24 , which generally provides power in the form of a DC voltage. In some embodiments, the power supply 24 a portable battery or battery pack that provides a DC voltage of between 10 and 18 volts. The external assembly 1504 also includes the power inverter 148 , connected to the power connection 146 through a pair of wires 1604 , 1608 connected. The power connection 146 carries the direct current from a variety of possible power sources including batteries 24 or 80 or an external DC supply to the power inverter 148 which converts the DC voltage into a high-frequency voltage. The high-frequency voltage is the external resonance network 15 over a pair of ladders 1612 , 1616 fed. A current sensor 1620 can be used to guide the in conductor 1616 to sample the flowing current. The current sensor 1620 can be configured to either any magnitude and phase or both of the electric current or both in the conductor 1616 to scan. The first processor 130 can with the current sensor 1620 via a ladder 1624 be connected and can be used to operate the power bridge 148 based on one or more characteristics of the detected by the sensor 1620 to control the sampled current. The first processor 130 can also be configured to measure the voltage V in to control that through the power connection 146 provided. The external coil network 15 , which is adjacent to the skin 1664 placed on the subject transmits electrical power through the skin 1664 the subject to the internal coil network 17 that's under the skin 1664 the subject is arranged.

[0255] The internal assembly 1508 is under the skin 1664 of the subject and contains the internal coil network 17 . The internal assembly 1508 also contains the internal controller module 21 , which is generally in figure 1 is shown. As mentioned, the internal regulator module 21 generally configured to effect power transfer occurring across the external resonant network 15 and the internal resonance network 17 occurs and around the implanted pump 14 to supply with electricity. The internal controller module 21 includes various components such as a power circuit and a rectifier that are included in figure 15 and figure 16 are shown in more detail. So is as infigure 15, the internal coil network 17 with a power circuit 1532 via a pair of ladders 1628 , 1632 tied together. The power circle 1532 contains a rectifier 1652 , which is a two-way circuit of the internal coil 1656 induced sinusoidal alternating current through the external coil 1648 performs.

[0256] In one embodiment, the rectifier includes 1652 four switching elements, which may be in the form of diodes or Schottky diodes. During a first half of the AC cycle, a first pair of the diodes provide a conductive path from ground up, through the internal coil 1656 and to the leader 1628 out ready. During a second half of the AC cycle, a second pair of the diodes provide a conduction path from ground up, through the internal coil 1656 and to the leader 1628 out ready. This is how the rectifier converts 1652 those by the internal coil network 17 AC power provided into DC power supplied by various components of the internal assembly 1508 can be used.

[0257] The power circle 1532 also includes a regulator 1556 , which the through the rectifier 1652 supplied power regulates. The regulator 1556 carries electrical power to a regulator 1536 and other elements via a pair of conductors 1640 , 1644 to. The regulator 1536 can affect the functioning of the heart pump 14 Taxes. The conductors 1640 , 1644 also supply electrical power to a motor inverter which powers the heart pump 14 through the regulator 1536 supplies. controller 1556 can be a shunt regulator that repeatedly charges and discharges a power supply capacitor. In other implementations, other types of regulators, such as a series regulator, may be used. In one embodiment, the power supply capacitor is a component of the charging circuit 1544 . The voltage across the power capacitor is across the leads 1640 , 1644 to the controller 1536 output and can be reversed to the implanted medical device such as the heart pump 14 to supply with electricity.

[0258] During operation, the motor controller drives 1536 the heart pump 14 to cause blood to be pumped through the artificial heart assembly by electrical current from the charging circuit 1544 associated power supply capacitor 1544 is removed. As current is drawn from the capacitor, the voltage across the capacitor decreases. To charge the voltage across the capacitor, the power circuit works 1532 periodically in a power supply mode by passing through the rectifier 1652 generated current to the capacitor via the lines 1640 , 1644 is supplied. When not working in the power supply mode, the power circuit works 1532 in an idle mode in which no current is supplied to the capacitor.

[0259] In the case of the shunt regulator 1556 can short-circuit the resonant secondary winding 17 by one or more short-circuit switches 1672 be carried out that work so that the power circuit 1532 switched between power mode and idle mode. In power supply mode, the shorting switches open 1672 , hence the current from the internal resonant network 17 through the rectifier 1652 and out to the ladders 1640 / 1644 can flow. In idle mode, the shorting switches close 1672 to the internal resonance network 17 short circuit, leaving current only within the resonant network 228 instead of out into the ladder 1640 / 1644 flows.

[0260] The size of the control loop 1556 associated output voltage across the power supply capacitor can control whether the short-circuit switch 1672 be opened or closed and therefore whether the power circuit 1532operates in power mode or idle mode. For example, the short-circuit switches open 1672 , in case the output voltage falls below a certain value, and the power circuit 1532 works in power supply mode. When the output voltage increases to a certain value, the shorting switches close 1672 , and the power supply circuit 1532 works in idle mode. By selectively energizing the power supply capacitor only during certain times (i.e., in the power supply mode), the voltage across the capacitor is regulated or maintained within a predetermined voltage range, such as between about 13 and about 14 volts.

[0261] In one embodiment, the shorting switches are 1672 embodied as a pair of switching transistors such as field effect transistors, although any suitable configuration may be used. For example, the short-circuit switch 1672 be implemented using bipolar junction transistors and so on. The switching transistors can be designed to power the rectifier 1652 to short-circuit associated diodes in the conducting state and not to do this in the non-conducting state. A switching control circuit can determine the conducting state of the switching transistors based on the regulator circuit 1556 control the associated output voltage across the power supply capacitor. When the output voltage is above a certain value, the control circuit switches the switching transistors to those with the rectifier 1652 to short-circuit the connected diodes. In this case, current flows through the internal resonance network 17 and through the conducting transistors. When the output voltage is below a certain value, the control circuit turns off the switching transistors, leaving those with the rectifier 1652 connected diodes are not short-circuited. Here, the current from the internal resonance network 17 , through the rectifier 1652 and out to the conductor 1640 / 1644 flow.

[0262] The external assembly 1504 may be responsive to the internal assembly moving between power mode and idle mode. As mentioned above, the external assembly includes a first processor 130 , which is used to control the function of the power inverter 148 based on one or more properties of the sensor 1620 sampled current can be used. In this regard, the performance of the first processor 130 change the frequency at which the power inverter 148 operates to conserve electric power during idle mode. During idle mode, when there is no electric current connected to the charging circuit 1544 connected capacitors, which becomes the internal coil 1656 through the external coil 1648 transmitted power reduced to be economical with power. This is realized by changing the frequency at which the power inverter 148 is working.

[0263] As noted above, internal and external coils 1648 , 1656 tuned to a power transmission frequency such as 200 kHz. Therefore, the power inverter 148 , when transferring power to the internal coil 1656 is desired, transmitted at the power transmission frequency to which it is tuned. However, when it is not necessary to transfer a significant amount of power, as in the above idle mode, the frequency of the power inverter becomes 148 changed. The frequency at which the power inverter 148 while operating in power supply mode, can be changed to an odd subharmonic of this frequency during idle mode. For example, the idle mode frequency may be 1 / 3, 1 / 5, 1 / 7, 1 / 9 of the power supply mode frequency. The size of the internal coil 1656Power transmitted varies with idle mode frequency, with less power being transmitted at the seventh subharmonic (i.e. 1 / 7 the power mode frequency or 28.6 kHz if the power transmission frequency is 200 kHz) than at the third subharmonic (i.e. 1 / 3 the power mode frequency). . Since odd undershoots of a fundamental frequency, according to the Fourier analysis, still contain some components of the fundamental frequency, using an odd undershoot of the power supply mode frequency in idle mode will still result in some power being applied to the internal coil 1656 is transmitted, which is generally desirable.

[0264] figure 18 is a schematic diagram showing an embodiment of the power inverter 148 represents. like it in figure 18, the power inverter 148 four transistors 1804 , 1808 , 1812 , 1816 that may be metal-oxide field effect transistors (MOSFETs) that may be connected in an H-bridge configuration. The four transistors 1804 , 1808 , 1812 , 1816 can the external coil network 15 through the leader 1612 drive. Each of the transistors 1804 , 1808 , 1812 , 1816 can by a corresponding, in the conductor 1668 provided high-frequency drive signal, two of the drive signals being 180° out of phase, or with respect to the other two via an inverter 1820 to be complemented. The drive signals may be 50% duty cycle square waves effected at a frequency of about 200 kHz, for example. Although a specific type of inverter is described above, any type of electronic switching network that generates a high frequency voltage can be used. For example, as an alternative to the H-bridge configuration, the power inverter 148 Transistors arranged in a voltage source half-bridge configuration or in a current source configuration or a voltage source configuration with DE class amplifier.

[0265] The power inverter 148 can with the first processor 130 be connected to the operation of the power inverter 148 based on one or more properties of the sensor 1620 to control the sampled current. Regarding figure 16 can the power inverter 148 with the first processor 130 through the leader 1668 to be connected. The first processor 130 can turn with the current sensor 1620 over the ladder 1624 to be connected. Regarding figure 18 can be the first processor 130 certain pre-processing circuits 1824 included, which work according to the current signal, and a processor 1826 , the one through the pre-processing circuit 1824 based on the current signal generated input. The preprocessing circuits 1824 may include circuitry that performs such functions as current-to-voltage conversion, decoupling detection, interference detection, and short / unshort detection, and so on.

[0266] In one embodiment, the pre-processing circuitry 1824 be configured to generate a voltage which is the magnitude of the through the external coil 1648 indicates the current flowing through the external coil 1648 current flowing is proportional to the voltage across the internal coil 1656 is. During idle mode, the short circuit switches are 1672 closed, causing the voltage across the internal coil network 17 significantly decreases. This voltage drop causes the current in the external coil 1648 is significantly reduced according to equation (1). Consequently, the through the pre-processing circuit 1824 generated voltage decreases significantly when the power circuit 1532 is in idle mode.

[0267] The output of the first processor 130 can be configured to the power inverter 148at different frequencies depending on that of the pre-processing circuit 1824 to control the recorded voltage. In one embodiment, the output of the power management module 140 through the processor 1826 are provided, one on the input from the preprocessing circuit 1824 appealing output. If the pre-processing circuit 1824 generates a voltage that is not reduced, indicating that the power circuit is turning 1532 is in power supply mode, the output of the first processor 130 the power inverter 148 at a first frequency, such as 200 kHz. If the pre-processing circuit 1824 generates a voltage that is reduced, indicating that the power circuit is turning 1532 is in idle mode, the output of the first processor 130 the power bridge 148 drive at a second frequency that is an odd subharmonic of the frequency generated in the power supply mode. SYSTEM MONITORING

[0268] The embodiments discussed herein are directed to measuring and calculating various parameters associated with power transmission in the TETS system 11 are connected. The system 11 can be configured to derive various parameters based on current and / or voltage measurements made on the primary side. According to various embodiments, the current and / or voltage measurements taken on the primary side can be used to calculate or estimate the coupling factor between the primary winding and the secondary winding, heat flow or temperature on the secondary side, and heat flow or temperature on the primary side. Primary current and / or voltage measurements can also be used to determine if there is external interference between the primary and secondary. As described in more detail below, the system can 11 use these calculations, estimates and evaluations to support control operations and / or to provide warning signals to the user. coupling calculations

[0269] Turning first to the calculation of the coupling magnitude between the primary and secondary windings, reference is made to figure 16 taken. According to various embodiments, the system 11 be configured to calculate the magnitude of the coupling occurring between the external coil 1648 and the internal coil 1656 is available. In Equation (1), is the amount of coupling between the coils 1648 , 1656 represented by the coupling factor k, which ranges from 0.0 to 1.0. Larger values ​​for the coupling factor k indicate larger amounts of coupling between the coils 1648 , 1656 on.

[0270] The coupling factor k is typically a function of the separation size between the coils 1648 , 1656 . This aspect of the coupling factor k can be discussed with reference to figure 17A and figure 17B. In figure 17A is the external coil 1648 on the subject's skin 1664 in close proximity to the implanted internal coil 1656 arranged. In figure 17B is the external coil 1648 a certain distance from the subject's skin 1660 and thus from the implanted, internal coil 1656 away. This difference in the amount of separation between the coils 1648 , 1656 in figure 17A and the coils 1648 , 1656 in figure 17B will typically result in these two coil assemblies having a different coupling magnitude and hence different values ​​for the factor k.

[0271] Over a certain range of coil separation distances, smaller distances between the coils correspond 1648 , 1656 higher coupling magnitudes and consequently k values ​​closer to 1.0. Also, in this same range of coil separation distances, larger distances between coils correspond 1648 , 1656 smaller coupling sizes and consequently k-values ​​closer to 0. Provided that the in figure17A and figure 17B falling within this range of separation distances, the coil assembly of FIG figure 17A has a higher coupling magnitude and consequently a higher k-value compared to the coil arrangement of FIG figure 17B.

[0272] The system 11 can reduce the amount of coupling between the external coil 1648 and the internal coil 1656 consists, on the basis of control timing parameters, related to the operation of the power circuit 1532 are assigned, calculate. The control timing parameters used in coupling calculations include the power mode duty cycle DC ein and the duration of the idle mode period T aus . DC ein is the duration of the power mode T ein compared to the duration of the control period T reg , where the control period T reg the power mode period T ein and the idle mode period T aus is equivalent to. Like it in connection with figure 19, one or more of these control timing parameters can be made observable through measurements made on the primary side of the system 11 be made. For a circuit with an in figure 15, the embodiments discussed herein utilize the following equation when the amount of coupling between the external coil 1648 and the internal coil 1656 is estimated: k = α Toff DC on + β DCon - γ (2)

[0273] For any single coil design there is a set of values ​​for α, β and γ that satisfy equation (2), where κ is the coupling factor between the external coil 1648 and the internal coil 1656 is. During operation, the system can 11 use equation (2) to calculate the amount of coupling that there is between the external coil 1648 and the internal coil 1656 gives to estimate at any given time. The system can 11 programmed with values ​​for α, β, and γ that correspond to the particular coil design to be used. The control timing parameters DC ein and t aus can be derived from a current or voltage measurement made on the primary side when power is switched between the external assembly 1504 and internal assembly 1508 is transferred. In some implementations, the system directs 11 the control timing parameters depend on a current signal, as received from the current sensor 1620 generated in the external coil 1648 measures the current present. The system 11 can also derive the regulation timing parameters from voltage signals generated by voltage sensors located at various locations on the primary side. For example, the system can 11 derive the regulation timing parameters from voltage signals generated by either across the coil 1648 or the condenser 1652 of the external network 15 arranged voltage sensors are generated.

[0274] Regarding figure 19 are aspects of the system 11 described in more detail relating to deriving control timing parameters from measurements on the primary side. figure 19 is a representation of various waveform traces representing signals generated in the system 11 are present if between the external assembly 1504 and the internal assembly 1508 power is transmitted. figure 19 illustrates the size of the regulator circuit 1544 associated voltage across the power supply capacitor as this signal varies over time. This voltage is called V AUS marked and with the reference number 1904 designated. As in figure 19, v AUS gradual if from that with the regulator circuit 1544 current is drawn from the capacitor connected to it, and increases in steps when the capacitor is removed from the rectifier 1652 power is supplied. The gradual decrease of V AUS corresponds to the power circuit in idle mode 1532 . Likewise, the incremental increase in V AUSthe power circuit in power supply mode 1532 .

[0275] figure 19 also illustrates a current signal generated in the external coil 1648 represents current present when between the external assembly 1504 and the internal assembly 1508 power is transmitted. This current signal is called I 1 marked and with the reference number 1908 designated. The current signal I 1 can through the current sensor 1620 are generated and is the example of a primary side signal that the system 11 can use to derive control timing parameters. figure 19 also illustrates a current signal flowing in the internal coil 1656 represents current present when between the external assembly 1504 and the internal assembly 1508 power is transmitted. This current signal is given as I 2 marked and is given the reference number 1912 designated. As in figure 19, the amplitudes of both I 1 as well as from I 2 smaller if the power circle 1532 is in idle mode, compared with when the power circuit 1532 is in power supply mode. I 1 is smaller because v 2 drops to approximately zero in response to the shorting switches 1672 that close, hence the internal resonant network 17 is short-circuited. I 2 is smaller because v 1 to a fraction of its power mode value in response to the current bridge 148 operating at a subharmonic frequency.

[0276] T aus is defined as the duration of the short period and thus corresponds to the length of time that the short-circuit switches 1672 are closed to the internal coil network 17 to close briefly. Explained in another way, T aus the length of time that the power circle 1532 is in idle mode. T aus can be derived from measurements of the current flowing in the external coil 1648 is present when between the external assembly 1504 and the internal assembly 1508 power is transmitted. Specifically, as in figure 19 can be seen, p aus can be measured by calculating the time that elapses between when I 1 transitions to a low amplitude, and when I 1 transitions back to the high amplitude. Alternatively, T aus can be calculated by subtracting the power mode period T ein from the regulation period T reg . In figure 19 is an example time frame for a measurement of T off and is generally given with the reference number 1916 expelled.

[0277] T ein is defined as the duration of the non-short-circuited period and thus corresponds to the length of time that the short-circuit switches 1672 are open to allow current from the internal resonant network 17 through the rectifier 1652 and out to the conductor 1640 / 1644 can flow. Explained in another way, T ein the length of time that extends the power circle 1532 is in power supply mode. T ein can be derived from measurements of the current flowing in the external coil 1648 is present when between the external assembly 1504 and internal assembly 1508 power is transmitted. Specifically, as in figure 19 can be seen, p ein can be measured by calculating the time that elapses between when I 1 goes into high amplitude, and when I 1 goes back to the low amplitude. Alternatively, T ein can be calculated by subtracting the idle mode period T aus from the regulation period T reg . An example time frame for a measurement of T ein is in figure 19 and is generally referenced 1920 expelled.

[0278] T reg is defined as the duration of the regulation period and thus corresponds to the length of time that the short-circuit switches 1672are open, and the length of time that the shorting switches 1672 are closed. Explained in another way, T reg the length of time that extends the power circle 1532 is in idle mode and the length of time the power circuit is in power supply mode. T reg can be derived from measurements of the current flowing in the external coil 1648 is present when between the external assembly 1504 and internal assembly 1508 power is transmitted. As in figure 19 can be seen, T reg can be measured by calculating the time that elapses between when I 1 transitions to high amplitude for the first time, and when I 1 transitions back to high amplitude a second subsequent time. Alternatively, T reg can be calculated by adding the power mode period T on along with the idle mode period T aus . An example time frame for a measurement of T reg is in figure 19 and is generally referenced 1924 expelled.

[0279] DC ein is the performance mode duty cycle. DC ein is defined as the duration of the power mode T ein compared to the length of the control period T reg . Typically, current or voltage measurements are not made, the DC ein arise directly. Rather, DC ein derived from other parameters, themselves derived from current measurements. Specifically, DC ein can be derived by dividing the power mode period T ein through the control period T reg is divided.

[0280] Because there are a range of values ​​for α, β and γ that satisfy Equation (2) for any particular coil design, Equation (2) can be used to estimate the coupling factor k when connected between the external assembly 1504 and the internal assembly 1508 power is transmitted. Specifically, the system can 11 in a particular embodiment, be programmed with the values ​​for α, β and γ corresponding to the coil design used in that particular embodiment. If the system between the external assembly 1504 and the internal assembly 1508 Power transmits, the power mode duty cycle can be DC ein and the idle mode period T aus be derived from measurements on the primary side. As in figure 19, DC ein and t aus from the current signal I 1 be derived in the current sensor 1620 is generated and that in the external coil 1648 represents the available electricity. In other examples, the system 11 derive the regulation timing parameters from voltage signals generated by voltage sensors located at various locations on the primary side, for example either across the coil 1648 or the condenser 1652 of the external network 15 . Once DC ein and t aus are derived, equation (2) can be used to calculate a value for the coupling factor k.

[0281] The procedure for calculating the coupling factor k shown in Equation (2) was based on data collected from operational TETS systems 1500 proven. Equation (2) was applied to collected short circuit and duty cycle data. Many of these data samples are in figure 20 shown graphically. It should be clear that Equation (2) applies to the in figure 15 illustrated series-series topology takes place. According to alternative embodiments, other equations very similar to equation (2) may be derived for alternative topologies such as series-parallel, parallel-series, parallel-parallel, and so on.

[0282] The system 11may use coupling factor calculations to aid in control operations and / or provide warning signals to the user. For example, coupling calculations can be used when characterizing a coil assembly, performing control operations that mitigate excessive heat flux or temperature and / or provide warning signals related to excessive heat flux or temperature. These control operations and user warning signals are used in conjunction with figure 22 to figure 30 described in more detail. Heat flow and temperature calculations

[0283] The system 11 can be further configured to estimate levels of heat flux magnitude and / or temperature when power from the external assembly 1504 to the internal assembly 1508 is transferred. Greater levels of heat flow or temperature in the system 11 can lead to tissue damage or the subject using the system 11 is used, hurt. Excessive heat flow or temperature can occur on either the primary side or the secondary side. To ensure the safety of the test subject, the system 11 thus monitor heat flux and / or temperature levels on either or both of the primary and secondary.

[0284] The system 11 can monitor heat flow and / or temperature by controlling the magnitude of the current flowing in different parts of the system 11 flows. Higher current levels produce losses of I 2 R that generate heat. In one respect, excessive heat flux can be generated when coupling between the primary and secondary is not optimal. Here, a non-optimal coupling can lead to high currents that generate excessive heat due to parasitic resistances that are present in the inductive components 1648 , 1656 or other components of internal or external networks 15 , 17 can be present. If in the system 11 When higher current levels are present, heat flow tends to increase and temperature tends to increase in a predictable manner. Higher current levels can be present in either or both of the primary or secondary. Consequently, the system can 11 Monitor heat flow and / or temperature by controlling currents present on either the primary and / or secondary side. In one embodiment, current levels in the system are controlled by different, on the primary side of the system 11 measurements made are checked.

[0285] For current levels on the primary side, the system can 11 make direct measurements by gauges or probes applied to components in the external resonant network 15 are attached. In one example, the system 11 the primary current with current sensor 1620 measure the den in the external coil 1648 measures the current present. The system 11 can also calculate the primary current based on voltage signals generated by voltage sensors located at various locations on the primary side, such as either across the coil 1648 or the condenser 1652 of the external network 15 . For example, the system can 11 the primary current using a known value of inductance for the coil 1648 and a measured value for the voltage across the coil 1648 calculate. Alternatively, the system can 11 Calculate the primary current by a known capacitance value for the capacitor 1652 and a measured value for the voltage across the capacitor 1652 be used.

[0286] For current levels on the secondary side, the system can 11 measure certain control timing parameters on the primary side and estimate secondary side current levels based on these primary side measurements. The system can be more specific 11 first estimate the coupling magnitude between the primary winding and the secondary winding based on the measurements of the control timing parameter. The system 11can then use the estimated coupling measurements taken on the primary to estimate the current level on the secondary. Thus, in a relationship, the system 11 the coupling magnitude between the external coil 1648 and the internal coil 1656 is present as part of an assessment of heat flux or temperature levels in the internal assembly 1508 calculate. Smaller coupling sizes generate heat because poor coupling leads to higher currents flowing in the coils 1648 , 1656 be generated. For a circuit with the in figure In the series-series topology shown in Figure 15, the inverse relationship between coupling and current on the secondary side can be assessed by modifying Equation (1) in terms of I 2 is rewritten:

[0287] The coupling factor k appears in the denominator of equation (3). Thus, decreases in the value of the coupling factor k correspond to increases in the value of the current on the secondary.

[0288] As can be seen from Equation (3), the coupling factor k is a parameter needed to determine the current I 2 to calculate which is present on the secondary side. Another parameter needed for this calculation is V 1 , the voltage across the external resonant network 15 . V 1 is proportional to the DC voltage V in the power supply. Typically, the power supply voltage V changes in Not. Except that v 1 is geared down with frequency when the system shifts to another subharmonic, V is 1 consequently static. Thus V can 1 be derived from system settings and is typically known without any measurements. For a full-bridge inverter, the relationship between V in and V 1 determined by the following equation: V 1 = 4*V in / π. (4)

[0289] Once values ​​for k and V 1 are determined, Equation (3) can be used to calculate the current I 2 to calculate which is present on the secondary side. As described above, the current I 1 present on the primary side can be determined by direct measurements using gauges or probes connected to the primary winding. Once values ​​for I 1 and I 2 are fixed, the heat flow can be determined on the primary side and / or the secondary side. Heat flow on the primary side is based on the current I 1 in the primary coil, the known parasitic resistance of the primary coil and the surface area of ​​the primary coil. Heat flow on the secondary side is based on the current I 2 in the secondary side coil, the known parasitic resistance of the secondary side coil and the surface of the secondary side coil. The heat flux on either the primary side or the secondary side can be determined using the following equation: heat flow = (I rms 2 ·R) / coil surface. (5)

[0290] The temperature of the coils 1648 , 1656 can be estimated based on the amount of heat flux determined to be present in either the primary winding or the secondary winding. In general, the interdependence between temperature and heat flow depends on the environment in which either the primary winding or the secondary winding is operating. This is how the system can 11 be programmed with an equation, look-up table, or other data structure that correlates amounts of heat flow with temperature changes in the primary winding and / or the secondary winding. The system 11 can be programmed with different equations, look-up tables, or other data structures for the primary and secondary because these system components are located in different environments.

[0291] The primary winding is external to the subject and so the temperature of the primary winding can be estimated based on calculations of heat flux and the predictable behavior of the primary winding when operating outdoors. In one respect, temperature changes can be estimated based on estimates of the amount of heat flux made over a period of time. Temperature increases can be correlated with sustained increased heat flux levels. Likewise, temperature reductions can be correlated with lower heat flux levels sustained over time. The system 11 can be programmed with an equation, look-up table, or other data structure that quantifies these correlations and that can be accessed when making determinations of the temperature in the primary winding.

[0292] Depending on the location of the coil 1648 In the body there can be a specific relationship between coil temperature and heat flux flowing from the coil 1648 goes out, give. For different current levels, animal studies can be used to estimate magnitudes of secondary side heat flux and safety levels. Results from one such animal study are in figure 21 shown. Previous research by Pennsylvania State University found that a level of 15 mW / cm 2 for sure is. The system 11 can be based on the in figure 21 or programmed with other suitable heat flux ratings. As was the case for the primary winding, temperature increases in the secondary winding can be correlated with sustained increased heat flux levels; and temperature reductions can be correlated with smaller heat flux levels sustained over time. The system 11 can be correlated to an equation, look-up table, or other data structure that quantifies these correlations and heat ratings, and that can be accessed when making determinations of the temperature in the secondary winding. The heat flow rating of figure 21 is presented by way of example and without limitation. It should be made clear that the figure 21 shown assessment of the heat flow can be adjusted based on future animal studies, and that through the system 11 heat flow-to-temperature correlations used may be based on animal studies, which may be updated on an ongoing basis. interference calculations

[0293] The system 11 can also take measurements on the primary side to determine if between the coils 1648 , 1656 interference is present. Interference can occur due to the presence of a metal or metallic object near one or both coils 1648 , 1656 . The presence of a metal or metallic object can damage the coils 1648 , 1656 by changing the magnitude and property of the mutual inductance occurring between the coils 1648 , 1656 is present, adjust. The adjustment can be seen on the primary side as a phase shift between the voltage V 1 over the external resonance network 15 and the current I 1 through the external resonance network 15 appear. This is how the system can 11 determine if any interference between the coils 1648 , 1656 is present by measuring this phase difference. Specifically, the system measures the voltage V 1 over the external resonance network 15 and the current I 1 through the external resonance network 15 over a predetermined period of time by the methods described above. These measurements are then compared to determine if there is any phase shift. If the system 11 determines a phase shift, it can determine that the coils 1648 , 1656 have been detuned as a result of an interfering metal or metallic object.

[0294] The system 11may additionally take one or more corrective actions in response to determining that the coils 1648 , 1656 were adjusted. In some cases, the system 11 provide a warning signal indicating to the user that an interfering metal or metallic object is present. The system 11 can then suppress estimates that depend on the current I 2 have been made in the secondary winding until the user removes the metal or metallic object. The system 11 can suppress estimates derived from the current I 2 were made because Equation (2) is based on the assumption that the voltage V 1 and the current I 1 are in phase. Specifically, Equation (2) is based on the assumption that the tank circuit operates at resonance and that there is a specific relationship between the parameters of the tank circuit, namely L1, C1, k, M, L2, C2. This relationship breaks when metal is introduced. So, if the voltage V 1 and the current I 1 are out of phase, equation (2) stop the behavior of the system 11 to characterize precisely. In other cases, the system can 11 the phase difference between the voltage V 1 and the current I 1 compensate rather than wait for the user to remove the offending metal or metallic object. Specifically, the system can 11 the way the power bridge 148 works, change. In one embodiment, the power management module 140 the control frequency of the current bridge 148 to compensate for a resonance shift that occurs as a result of metal objects changing the mutual and leakage inductance of the coil and consequently changing the resonance point of the system. REGULATOR OPERATIONS

[0295] According to the present embodiments, the first processor 130 work in such a way that it measures and calculates various parameters associated with power transmission in the TETS system 11 are connected. The first processor 130 can then use these parameters to trigger control operations and / or provide warning signals. For example, the first processor 130 Trigger control operations and / or provide warning signals indicative of possible decoupling between the coils 1648 , 1656 , estimated elevated heat flux levels in the primary or secondary winding and / or estimated elevated temperature levels in the primary or secondary winding.

[0296] Turning first to the operations of the first processor 130 to that will work to calculate a coupling factor k on figure 22 referenced. figure 22 is a flowchart 2200 10, which illustrates a method for calculating a coupling factor k in accordance with embodiments discussed herein. That through the flowchart 2200 The method illustrated includes operations that are carried out by the in figure 15 shown, first processor 130 to be executed. The first processor 130 is external to the subject and can be configured to receive input signals from various points on the primary side of the system 11 to recieve. As shown in the flowchart 2200 is explained, the power control module 140 the coupling factor k between the external coil 1648 and the internal coil 1656 calculate by performing various calculations based on the primary-side input signals.

[0297] Determined in the beginning in the arithmetic operation 2200 the system 11 the length of the regulation period T reg . The regulation period T reg corresponds to the duration of the power supply period T ein , plus duration of idle period T asu . An example regulation period T reg 1924 is related to in figure 19 illustrates exemplary wavy image traces. The system 11 the length of the regulation period T reg based on measurements of the current in the external resonant network 15determine that will be made when power from the external assembly 1504 to the internal assembly 1508 is transferred. Specifically, the current sensor 1620 produce an output signal that is the magnitude of the through the external coil 1648 corresponding current flowing, the signal as an input to the first processor 130 is forwarded. The first processor 130 can then monitor the current signal to determine when the power circuit 1532 transitions between power mode and idle mode by determining when the current signal transitions between a low amplitude and a high amplitude. The first processor 130 can be a control period T reg as occurring between the time when the current signal transitions to high amplitude a first time and the time when the current signal transitions back to high amplitude a second subsequent time.

[0298] In the arithmetic operation 2208 determines the system 11 the duration of the performance mode. An example power mode period T on 1920 is related to in figure 19 shown exemplary, wavy image traces. The system 11 the duration of the power mode period T on determine based on measurements of the current in the external resonant network 15 that are made when power from the external assembly 1504 to the internal assembly 1508 is transferred. Specifically, the current sensor 1620 produce an output signal that is the magnitude of the through the external coil 1648 corresponding current flowing, the signal to the power control module 140 forwarded as input. The first processor 130 can then monitor the current signal to determine when the power circuit 1532 transitions between power mode and idle mode by determining when the current signal transitions between low amplitude and high amplitude. The first processor 130 a power mode period T on as occurring between the time when the current signal transitions to high amplitude and the time when the current signal transitions to low amplitude.

[0299] In the arithmetic operation 2212 calculates the system 11 the power mode duty cycle DC ein . DC ein is defined as duration of power mode T ein compared to the length of the control period T reg . The first processor 130 can power mode duty cycle DC ein determine by the in the arithmetic operation 2208 power mode period T obtained ein through the in the arithmetic operation 2204 Received regulatory period T reg is divided.

[0300] In the arithmetic operation 2216 determines the system 11 the duration of idle mode. An example idle mode period T aus 1916 is shown in conjunction with the exemplary wavy image traces shown in figure 19 are shown. The system 11 the duration of the idle mode period T aus based on measurements of the current in the external resonant network 15 determine that will be made when power from the external assembly 1504 to the internal assembly 1508 is transferred. Specifically, the current sensor 1620 produce an output signal that is the magnitude of the through the external coil 1648 corresponding current flowing, the signal as an input to the first processor 130 is forwarded. The first processor 130 can then monitor the current signal to determine when the power circuit 1532 transitions between power mode and idle mode by determining when the current signal transitions between a low amplitude and a high amplitude. The first processor 130 an idle mode period T aus as occurring between the time when the current signal transitions to a low amplitude and the time when the current signal transitions to a high amplitude.

[0301] In the arithmetic operation 2220 calculates the system11 the coupling factor k between the external coil 1648 and the internal coil 1656 . The system 11 can determine the coupling factor k using equation (2). Here, the first processor 130 programmed with values ​​for α, β, and γ that correspond to the particular coil design to be used. When calculating the coupling factor k, the first processor can 130 these pre-programmed values ​​and the value for the in the arithmetic operation 2212 obtained power mode duty cycle DC ein and the one in the arithmetic operation 2216 obtained value for the idle mode period T aus to use. Specifically, the first processor 130 enter these programmed and measured values ​​into equation (2) and, doing so, an estimate for the coupling factor k between the external coil 1648 and the internal coil 1656 receive.

[0302] figure 23 is a flowchart 2300 10, which illustrates a method for estimating heat flux of a secondary coil in accordance with embodiments discussed herein. That through the flowchart 2300 The method presented includes arithmetic operations that are carried out by the in figure 15 shown power control module 140 to be executed. The first processor 130 is external to the subject and can be configured to receive input signals from various points on the primary side of the system 11 to recieve. As shown in the flowchart 2300 is explained, the first processor 130 calculate the heat flux of the secondary coil by performing various calculations based on the primary side input signals.

[0303] Initially determined in the arithmetic operation 2304 the system 11 the voltage V 1 over the external resonance network 15 . As mentioned, v 1 the power supply DC voltage V ein proportional and thus does not typically change except to scale with frequency when the system shifts to a different subharmonic. So can V 1 derived from system settings and is typically known without any measurements. In implementations using a full-bridge inverter, the first processor 130 V 1 by means of v in and calculate equation (4).

[0304] In the arithmetic operation 2308 calculates the system 11 the coupling factor k between the external coil 1648 and the internal coil 1656 . As in connection with figure 22 explained, the system can 11 use equation (2) to calculate the coupling factor k based on programmed values ​​for α, β and γ and measured values ​​for the power mode duty cycle DC ein and the idle mode period T aus to calculate.

[0305] In the arithmetic operation 2312 appreciates the system 11 the current I 2 , which is in the internal coil 1656 is present, using the voltage V 1 over the external resonance network 15 and the coupling factor k between the external coil 1648 and the internal coil 1656 . The system 11 can the current I 2 determine who is in the internal coil 1656 is present by the in the arithmetic operation 2304 obtained value for the voltage V 1 and the one in the arithmetic operation 2308 value obtained for the coupling factor k is used. Specifically, the first processor 130 enter these measured values ​​into equation (3) and, doing so, get an estimate for the current I 2 receive.

[0306] In the arithmetic operation 2316 appreciates the system 11 the heat flow in the secondary coil by the current I 2 away. As mentioned, the heat flow in the secondary winding is based on the current I 2 in the secondary coil, the known parasitic resistance of the secondary coil and the surface area of ​​the secondary coil. Thus, the heat flux in the secondary winding can be calculated or otherwise estimated using that in the internal coil 1656existing current I 2 is used as in the arithmetic operation 2312 is determined. Here, the power control module 140 calculate the heat flow in the secondary winding using equation (5).

[0307] figure 24 is a flowchart 2400 14 illustrating a method for estimating a secondary coil temperature in accordance with embodiments discussed herein. That through the flowchart 2400 The method illustrated includes operations that are carried out by the in figure 15 shown first processor 130 to be executed. The first processor 130 is external to the subject and can be configured to receive input signals from various points on the primary side of the system 11 to recieve. As in the flow chart 2400 is explained, the first processor 130 calculate the temperature of the secondary coil heat by performing various calculations based on the primary side input signals.

[0308] Determined in the beginning in the arithmetic operation 2404 the system 11 the voltage V 1 over the external resonance network 15 . As mentioned, v 1 the power supply DC voltage V in proportional and thus typically does not change except to scale with frequency when the system shifts to a different subharmonic. Consequently, V can 1 derived from system settings and is typically known without any measurements. In implementations using a full-bridge inverter, the power control module 140 V 1 by means of v in and calculate equation (4).

[0309] In the arithmetic operation 2408 calculates the system 11 the coupling factor k between the external coil 1648 and the internal coil 1656 . As in connection with figure 22, the system can 11 use equation (2) to calculate the coupling factor k based on programmed values ​​for α, β and γ and measured values ​​for the power mode duty cycle DC ein and the idle mode period T aus to calculate.

[0310] In the arithmetic operation 2412 appreciates the system 11 the one in the internal coil 1656 existing current I 2 using the voltage V 1 over the external resonance network 15 and the coupling factor k between the external coil 1648 and the internal coil 1656 away. The system 11 can the current I 2 determine who is in the internal coil 1656 is present using the value for the voltage V1 calculated in the arithmetic operation 2404 is obtained, and the value for the coupling factor k used in the arithmetic operation 2408 is obtained. Specifically, the first processor 130 enter these measured values ​​into equation (3) and, doing so, an estimate for the current I 2 receive.

[0311] In the arithmetic operation 2416 appreciates the system 11 the heat flow of the secondary coil by the current I 2 . As mentioned, the heat flow in the secondary winding is based on the current I 2 in the secondary coil, the known parasitic resistance of the secondary coil and the surface area of ​​the secondary coil. Thus, the heat flux in the secondary winding can be calculated or otherwise estimated using the in the coil 1656 existing current I 2 , as in the arithmetic operation 2412 determined, is used. Here, the first processor 130 calculate the heat flow in the secondary winding using equation (5).

[0312] In the arithmetic operation 2420 appreciates the system 11 calculates the secondary coil temperature using the secondary side heat flux. In one embodiment, the system 11 Estimate temperature changes based on estimates of heat flux levels made over a period of time. So can the first processor 130 measure and calculate a number of heat flow calculations, as in the arithmetic operation 2416is explained, and make temperature estimates based on these heat flow calculations. The power control module 140 can correlate temperature increases with sustained increased heat flux levels. Likewise, the first processor 130 Temperature reductions correlate with lower heat flux levels sustained over time. Heat flow to temperature correlations may be based on animal studies, which may be updated on an ongoing basis.

[0313] figure 25 is a flowchart 2500 14 illustrating a method for estimating a primary coil heat flux in accordance with embodiments discussed herein. That through the flowchart 2500 The method illustrated includes operations that are carried out by the in figure 15 shown power control module 140 to be executed. The first processor 130 is external to the subject and can be configured to receive input signals from various points on the primary side of the system 2900 to recieve. As in the flowchart 2500 is explained, the first processor 130 Estimate primary coil heat flux by performing various calculations based on primary side input signals.

[0314] Initially calculated in the arithmetic operation 2504 the system 11 the current I 1 , which is in the external coil 1648 is available. An example primary-side current I 1 1904 is related to in figure 19 shown exemplary, wavy image traces. The system 11 can the current I 1 determine based on measurements made in the external resonant network 15 be made if by the external assembly 1504 to the internal assembly 1508 power is transmitted. Specifically, the current sensor 1620 produce an output signal that is the magnitude of the through the external coil 1648 corresponding current flowing, the signal as an input to the first processor 130 is forwarded. The first processor 130 can subsequently sample this signal when it is necessary to determine the size of the coil in the external 1648 to determine the current available.

[0315] In arithmetic operation 2512 appreciates the system 11 the heat flow of the primary coil by the current I 1 away. As mentioned, heat flow in the primary winding is based on the current I 1 in the primary coil, the known parasitic resistance of the primary coil and the surface area of ​​the primary coil. Thus, the heat flow in the primary winding can be calculated or otherwise estimated using the current I 1 , which is in the external coil 1648 exists as in arithmetic operation 2504 is determined. Here, the first processor 130 calculate the heat flow in the primary winding by equation (5).

[0316] figure 26 is a flowchart 2600 10 that illustrates a method for estimating a primary coil temperature in accordance with embodiments discussed herein. That through the flowchart 2600 The method illustrated includes operations that are carried out by the in figure 15 shown power control module 140 to be executed. The first processor 130 is external to the subject and can be configured to receive input signals from various points on the primary side of the system 11 to recieve. As in the flowchart 2600 explained, the first processor 130 estimate the primary coil temperature by performing various calculations based on primary side input signals.

[0317] Initially calculated in the arithmetic operation 2604 the system 11 the current I 1 , which is in the external coil 1648 is available. An example primary-side current I 1 1904 is related to in figure 19 illustrates exemplary wavy image traces. The system 11 can the current I 1 determine based on measurements made in the external resonant network 15be made if by the external assembly 1504 to the internal assembly 1508 power is transmitted. Specifically, the current sensor 1620 produce an output signal that is the magnitude of the through the external coil 1648 corresponding current flowing, the signal as an input to the power control module 140 is forwarded. The first processor 130 can then sample this signal as needed to determine the magnitude of the current flowing in the external coil 1648 is present to determine.

[0318] In the arithmetic operation 2612 appreciates the system 11 the heat flow of the primary coil by the current I 1 away. As mentioned, the heat flow in the primary winding is based on the current I 1 in the primary coil, the known parasitic resistance of the primary coil and the surface area of ​​the primary coil. Thus, the heat flux in the primary winding can be calculated or otherwise estimated by using the current I 1 used in the external coil 1648 , as in the arithmetic operation 2604 determined, is present. Here, the first processor 130 calculate the heat flow in the primary winding using equation (5).

[0319] In the arithmetic operation 2616 appreciates the system 11 calculates the primary coil temperature using the heat flow on the primary side. In one embodiment, the system 11 Estimate temperature changes based on estimates of heat flux levels made over a period of time. So can the power control module 140 a number of heat flow calculations, as in the arithmetic operation 2612 explain, measure and record, and make temperature estimates on which these heat flow calculations are based. The first processor 130 can correlate temperature increases with sustained increased heat flux levels. Likewise, the first processor 130 Temperature reductions correlate with lower heat flux levels maintained over time.

[0320] figure 27 is a flowchart 2700 10 that illustrates a method for performing at least one control operation in accordance with embodiments discussed herein. That through the flowchart 2700 The method illustrated includes operations that are carried out by the in figure 15 shown power control module 140 be performed. The first processor 130 0 is external to the subject and can be configured to receive input signals from various points on the primary side of the system 11 to recieve. On the basis of these input signals, the first processor can 130 Trigger control operations on the primary side that determine the operation of the system 11 affect on one or both of primary side or secondary side.

[0321] In the beginning measures in the arithmetic operation 2704 the system 11 at least one system parameter. Here, the first processor 130 that by the current sensor 1620 sample the provided current signal to determine voltage regulation timing parameters such as the regulation period T reg , the power mode duration T ein , the idle mode duration T aus , the power mode duty cycle DC ein , and so on to measure. The first processor 130 may also measure or otherwise determine other circuit parameters on the primary such as primary current, primary voltage, phase between primary current and primary voltage, input voltage, and so on.

[0322] In arithmetic operation 2708 runs the system 11 at least one calculation by adding the at least one in the arithmetic operation 2704 measured state parameter is used. As in connection with figure 22 to figure 26 explained, the first processor 130 calculate the coupling factor, the secondary side heat flux, the secondary coil temperature, the primary side heat flux, the primary coil temperature, and so on.

[0323] In arithmetic operation 2712 runs the system 11at least one control operation based on the at least one in the arithmetic operation 2708 performed calculation. In one embodiment, the system 11 perform a control operation to adjust or otherwise control power transmitted based on the coupling factor k. How to measure in arithmetic operation 2804 the power control module 140 the idle mode duration T aus and the power mode duty cycle DC ein . In the arithmetic operation 2708 calculates the first processor 130 the coupling factor k, as in connection with figure 22 explained. Finally puts in the arithmetic operation 2712 the power control module 140 the power transmitted from the primary side to the secondary side based on the arithmetic operation 2708 calculated coupling factor k is transmitted.

[0324] In some cases, the first processor 130 adjust the power that is transmitted by issuing a control signal that allows the power source to operate at a lower voltage V in causes. A decrease in the voltage V output by the power source in lowers the voltage V 1 over the internal resonance network. A reduction in voltage V 1 causes the internal resonance network 17 circulating current I 2 according to equation (1) decreases. In other cases, the first processor 130 the voltage V 1 decrease and consequently the current I 2 , which is in the internal resonance network 17 circulated using phase shift control of the inverter or subharmonic frequencies. By lowering the voltage V 1 or otherwise adjusted to reduce the current I 2 to effect the internal resonance network 17 circulates, lowers the system 11 the I 2 R losses resulting from the potential decoupling involved in the arithmetic operation 2708 is detected can occur.

[0325] The first processor 130 can also adjust the power transferred by switching to another subharmonic. Here, the first processor 130 change the frequency at which the current bridge 148 operates to transfer power by means of subharmonics. During this frequency shift, the primary-side current I remains 1 the same, but the non-short-circuit period T is lengthened ein . This leads to larger I 2 R losses in the primary winding. The result of this operation is heat transfer from the secondary side to the primary side in response to the potential decoupling involved in the operation 2708 is detected. The overall efficiency remains the same.

[0326] In another embodiment, the system 11 perform a control operation to set the secondary coil current I 2 to be adjusted or otherwise controlled to control the secondary side heat flux based on the secondary coil heat flux calculations. This is how it measures in the arithmetic operation 2804 the first processor 130 the idle mode duration T aus and the power mode duty cycle DC ein . The first processor 130 In addition, the primary-side voltage V 1 determine from system settings through which the primary-side voltage V 1 known or otherwise inferred. In the arithmetic operation 2708 the controller calculates the heat flow of the secondary coil as it is in connection with figure 23 is explained. Finally puts in the arithmetic operation 2712 the power control module 140 the secondary coil current I 2 based on that in the arithmetic operation 2708 calculated secondary coil heat flux.

[0327] The system 11 can also be a control operation to adjust or otherwise regulate the secondary coil current I 2 execute to control the secondary temperature based on the secondary coil temperature calculation. How to measure in arithmetic operation 2804 the power control module 140Idle mode duration T aus , Power mode duty cycle DC ein and the primary voltage V 1 . In the arithmetic operation 2708 the controller calculates the secondary temperature as it is linked to figure 24 is explained. Finally puts in the arithmetic operation 2712 the power control module 140 the secondary coil current I 2 based on the in the arithmetic operation 2708 calculated secondary-side temperature.

[0328] The system 11 can also perform a control operation to adjust or otherwise regulate the primary coil current I 1 run to control the primary side heat flux based on the primary coil heat flux calculation. This is how it measures in the arithmetic operation 2804 the first processor 130 the primary coil current I 1 . In the arithmetic operation 2708 the controller calculates the heat flow on the primary side, as in connection with it figure 25 is explained. Finally puts in the arithmetic operation 2712 the power control module 140 the primary coil current I 1 based on that in the arithmetic operation 2708 calculated heat flow on the primary side.

[0329] The system 11 can also be a control operation to adjust or otherwise regulate the primary coil current I 1 execute to regulate the primary temperature based on a calculation of the primary coil temperature. This is how it measures in the arithmetic operation 2804 the first processor 130 the primary coil current I 1 . In the arithmetic operation 2708 the controller calculates the primary coil temperature as it is linked to figure 26 is explained. Finally puts in the arithmetic operation 2712 the first processor 130 the primary coil current I 1 based on the in arithmetic operation 2708 calculated primary coil temperature.

[0330] In conjunction with the various control operations discussed above, over-temperature on the primary side may be reduced. Per Equation (1), if the secondary voltage V 2 is reduced, the primary current I 1 also fall off. The secondary voltage V 2 can be reduced by reducing the input power beyond the power required by the secondary. Reduction of the primary current I 1 diminished I 2 R losses in the primary winding, but does not affect the duration of a non-short-circuit period T ein the secondary coil 1656 . So secondary winding losses remain the same and efficiency improves.

[0331] figure 28 is a flowchart 2800 10 that illustrates a method for performing at least two control operations in accordance with embodiments discussed herein. That through the flowchart 2800 The method presented includes arithmetic operations that are carried out by the in figure 15 shown power control module 140 to be executed. The first processor 130 is external to the subject and can be configured to receive input signals from various points on the primary side of the system 11 to recieve. On the basis of these input signals, the first processor can 130 Execute arithmetic operations on the primary side that determine the working of the system 11 affect either one or both of the primary and secondary.

[0332] Finally, in the arithmetic operation, measures 2804 the system 11 at least one system parameter. Here, the first processor 130 that by the current sensor 1620 sample the provided current signal to determine regulation timing parameters of the voltage, such as the regulation period T reg , the power mode duration T ein , the idle mode duration T aus , the power mode duty cycle DC ein , and so on, to measure. The first processor 130 may also measure or otherwise determine other circuit parameters on the primary side, such as primary current, primary voltage, phase between primary current and primary voltage, input voltage, and so on.

[0333] In the arithmetic operation 2808 runs the system11 at least one calculation by adding the at least one in the arithmetic operation 2804 measured state parameters, is used. Like it in connection with figure 22 to figure 26, the first processor 130 calculate the coupling factor, the secondary side heat flux, the secondary coil temperature, the primary side heat flux, the primary coil temperature and so on.

[0334] In the arithmetic operation 2812 determines the first processor 130 whether the system 11 approaching an error condition. The fault condition can be coil decoupling, excessive heat flow, over temperature, insufficient power available, and so on. If the first processor 130 determined that the system 11 not approaching an error condition, the arithmetic operation can 2804 after the arithmetic operation 2812 be executed again. When he determines that the system 11 approaching an error condition, the arithmetic operation 2816 after the arithmetic operation 2812 be performed.

[0335] In arithmetic operation 2816 leads the first processor 130 a first control operation based on the at least one in the arithmetic operation 2808 performed calculation. Here, the first processor 130 perform a control operation to control the power transferred from the primary side to the secondary side, the secondary coil current and / or the primary coil current as described above in connection with figure 27 is described to set.

[0336] In the arithmetic operation 2820 measures the first processor 130 at least one state parameter. Here, the first processor 130 that by the current sensor 1620 sample the provided current signal to determine regulation timing parameters of the voltage, such as the regulation period T reg , the power mode duration T ein , the idle mode duration T aus , the power mode duty cycle DC ein , and so on to measure. The power control module 140 may also measure or otherwise determine other circuit parameters on the primary side, such as primary current, primary voltage, phase between primary current and primary voltage, input voltage, and so on.

[0337] In the arithmetic operation 2824 runs the system 11 at least one calculation made by the at least one, in arithmetic operation 2820 measured state parameter is used. As in connection with figure 22 to figure 26, the first processor 130 Calculate coupling factor, secondary side heat flux, secondary coil temperature, primary side heat flux, primary coil temperature and so on.

[0338] In the arithmetic operation 2828 determines the power control module 140 whether the system is in an error state. The fault condition can be coil decoupling, excessive heat flow, over temperature, insufficient power available, and so on. If the first processor 130 determined that the system 11 is in an error state, the arithmetic operation 2804 after the arithmetic operation 2828 to be executed. If the power control module 140 determined that the system 11 is not in an error state, the arithmetic operation can 2832 after the arithmetic operation 2828 to be executed.

[0339] In the arithmetic operation 2832 determines the first processor 130 whether the system is still approaching an error state. The fault condition can be coil decoupling, excessive heat flow, over temperature, insufficient power available, and so on. If the power control module 140 determined that the system 11 not yet approaching an error state, the arithmetic operation can 2804 again following the arithmetic operation 2832 to be executed. If the power control module 140 determined that the system 11 but approaching an error condition, the arithmetic operation can 2816again following the arithmetic operation 2832 to be executed.

[0340] In arithmetic operation 2836 leads the first processor 130 perform a second control operation based on the at least one calculation. Here, the first processor 130 perform a control operation to control the power transferred from the primary side to the secondary side, the secondary coil current and / or the primary coil current as described above in connection with figure 27 is described to set. The arithmetic operation 2820 can again subsequently to the arithmetic operation 2836 to be executed.

[0341] figure 29 is a flowchart 2900 , which illustrates a method for providing at least one warning signal in accordance with embodiments discussed herein. That through the flowchart 2900 The method presented includes arithmetic operations that are carried out by the figure 15 shown, first processor 130 to be executed. The first processor 130 is external to the subject and can be configured to receive input signals from various points on the primary side of the system 11 to recieve. On the basis of these input signals, the first processor can 130 provide a warning signal on the primary side perceivable by a user who can then take action to stop the operation of the system 11 affecting either one or both of the primary side or secondary side.

[0342] In the beginning measures in the arithmetic operation 2904 the system 11 at least one system parameter. Here, the first processor 130 that by the current sensor 1620 sample the provided current signal to determine regulation timing parameters of the voltage, such as the regulation period T reg , the power mode duration T ein , the idle mode duration T aus , the power mode duty cycle DC ein , and so on to measure. The first processor 130 may also measure or otherwise determine other circuit parameters on the primary side such as primary current, primary voltage, phase between primary current and primary voltage, input voltage, and so on.

[0343] In the arithmetic operation 2908 runs the system 11 at least one calculation by adding the at least one in the arithmetic operation 2904 measured state parameter is used. As in connection with figure 22 to figure 26, the first processor 130 calculate the coupling factor, the secondary side heat flux, the secondary coil temperature, the primary side heat flux, the primary coil temperature, and so on.

[0344] In arithmetic operation 2912 creates the system 11 at least one output signal based on the at least one calculation included in the arithmetic operation 2908 is carried out. In one embodiment, the system 11 provides an output signal that assists in placement and alignment of the external coil 1648 based on the calculated coupling factor. This is how it measures in the arithmetic operation 2904 the power control module 140 the idle mode duration T aus and the power mode duty cycle DC ein . In the arithmetic operation 2908 calculates the first processor 130 the coupling factor as related to figure 22 is explained. Finally puts in the arithmetic operation 2912 the first processor 130 a support for locating and aligning the external coil 1648 based on the coupling factor used in the arithmetic operation 2908 is calculated.

[0345] The system 11 may also provide an output signal that includes decoupling reports based on the calculated coupling factor. This is how it measures in the arithmetic operation 2904 the first processor 130 the idle mode duration T ein and the power mode duty cycle DC ein . In the arithmetic operation 2908 calculates the first processor 130 the coupling factor, as in connection with figure 22 is explained. Finally puts in the arithmetic operation 2912the first processor 130 a decoupling message based on the in the arithmetic operation 2908 calculated coupling factor ready.

[0346] The system 11 may also provide an output signal containing heat flux reports based on the calculated primary side heat flux. This is how it measures in the arithmetic operation 2904 the first processor 130 the primary current I 1 . In arithmetic operation 2908 calculates the first processor 130 the primary-side heat flow, as in connection with figure 25 is explained. Finally puts in the arithmetic operation 2912 the first processor 130 a heat flow report based on the arithmetic operation 2908 calculated heat flow on the primary side.

[0347] The system 11 can also provide an output signal containing temperature reports based on the calculated primary temperature. This is how it measures in the arithmetic operation 2904 the first processor 130 the primary current I 1 . In the arithmetic operation 2908 calculates the first processor 130 the primary temperature as related to figure 26 is explained. Finally puts in the arithmetic operation 2912 the power control module 140 a temperature report based on the in the arithmetic operation 2908 calculated primary-side heat flow ready.

[0348] The system 11 can also provide an output signal containing heat flow reports based on the calculated secondary side heat flow. This is how it measures in the arithmetic operation 2904 the first processor 130 or otherwise determines the idle mode duration T aus the power mode duty cycle DC ein , and the primary voltage V 1 . In the arithmetic operation 2908 calculates the power control module 140 the secondary-side heat flow, as in connection with figure 23 is explained. Finally puts in the arithmetic operation 2912 the first processor 130 a heat flow report based on the arithmetic operation 2908 calculated, secondary-side heat flow ready.

[0349] The system 11 may also provide an output signal containing temperature reports based on the calculated secondary temperature. This is how it measures in the arithmetic operation 2904 the first processor 130 or otherwise determines the idle mode duration T aus , the power mode duty cycle DC ein and the primary voltage V 1 . In the arithmetic operation 2908 calculates the first processor 130 the secondary temperature as related to it figure 24 is explained. Finally puts in the arithmetic operation 2912 the first processor 130 a secondary temperature report based on the one used in the arithmetic operation 2908 calculated secondary temperature ready.

[0350] figure 30 is a flowchart 3000 , which illustrates a method for providing at least two warning signal levels in accordance with the embodiments discussed herein. That through the flowchart 3000 The method presented includes arithmetic operations that are carried out by the figure 29 shown first processor 130 to be executed. The first processor 130 is external to the subject and can be configured to receive input signals from various points on the primary side of the system 11 to recieve. Based on these input signals, the first processor 130 Provide warning signals on the primary side perceivable by a user who can then take action to improve system operation 11 affecting either one or both of the primary and secondary sides.

[0351] In the beginning measures in the arithmetic operation 3004 the system 11 at least one system parameter. Here, the first processor 130 that by the current sensor 3020 sample the provided current signal to determine regulation timing parameters of the voltage, such as the regulation period T reg , the power mode duration T ein , the idle mode duration T aus, the power mode duty cycle DC ein , and so on to measure. The first processor 130 may also measure or otherwise determine other circuit parameters on the primary side, such as primary current, primary voltage, phase between primary current and primary voltage, input voltage, and so on.

[0352] In the arithmetic operation 3008 runs the system 11 performs at least one calculation using the at least one state parameter used in the arithmetic operation 3004 was measured. Like it in connection with figure 22 to figure 26, the first processor 130 calculate the coupling factor, the secondary side heat flux, the secondary coil temperature, the primary side heat flux, the primary coil temperature, and so on.

[0353] In the arithmetic operation 3012 determines the power control module 140 whether the system is approaching an error condition. The fault condition can be coil decoupling, excessive heat flow, over temperature, insufficient power available, and so on. If the first processor 130 determined that the system 11 not approaching an error condition, the arithmetic operation can 3004 again following the arithmetic operation 3012 to be executed. If the first processor 130 determined that the system 11 approaching an error condition, the arithmetic operation 3016 after the arithmetic operation 3012 to be executed.

[0354] In arithmetic operation 3016 puts the first processor 130 a first output signal based on the at least one calculation. Here, the first processor 130 provide an output signal containing external coil location and orientation support, decoupling, temperature and / or heat flow indication as described above in connection with figure 29 is described.

[0355] In the arithmetic operation 3020 measures the first processor 130 140 at least one state parameter. Here, the first processor 130 that by the current sensor 1620 sample the provided current signal to determine regulation timing parameters of the voltage, such as the regulation period T reg , the power mode duration T ein , the idle mode duration T aus , the power mode duty cycle DC ein , and so on to measure. The first processor 130 can also measure or otherwise determine other circuit parameters on the primary side, such as primary current, primary voltage, phase between primary current and primary voltage, input voltage, and so on.

[0356] In the arithmetic operation 3024 runs the system 11 at least one calculation by using the at least one state parameter is used in arithmetic operation 3020 was measured. Like it in connection with figure 22 to figure 26, the first processor 130 calculate the coupling factor, secondary side heat flux, secondary coil temperature, primary side heat flux, primary coil temperature and so on.

[0357] In the arithmetic operation 3028 determines the first processor 130 whether the system is in an error state. The fault condition can be coil decoupling, excessive heat flow, over temperature, insufficient power available, and so on. If the first processor 130 determined that the system 11 is in an error state, the arithmetic operation 3036 after the arithmetic operation 3028 to be executed. If the first processor 130 determined that the system 11 is not in an error state, the arithmetic operation can 3032 after the arithmetic operation 3028 to be executed.

[0358] In the arithmetic operation 3032 determines the power control module 140 whether the system is approaching an error state. The fault condition can be coil decoupling, excessive heat flow, over temperature, insufficient power available, and so on. If the first processor 130determined that the system 11 but not approaching an error condition, the arithmetic operation can 3004 again after the arithmetic operation 3032 to be executed. If the first processor 130 determined that the system 11 but approaching an error condition, the arithmetic operation can 3016 again after the arithmetic operation 3032 to be executed.

[0359] In the arithmetic operation 3036 puts the first processor 130 a second output signal based on the at least one calculation. Here the first processor 130 provide an output signal containing external coil location and orientation support, decoupling indications, temperature indications and / or heat flow indications as described above in connection with figure 29 is described. The arithmetic operation 3020 can again subsequently to the arithmetic operation 3036 to be executed.

[0360] In general, as described throughout the disclosure, the system may perform one or any number of control operations. Likewise, the system can provide one or any number of warning signal levels or messages. The warning signals can be discrete or constant. A steadily increasing or decreasing alert may indicate multiple alert levels. For example, an audible tone or other sound may indicate multiple warning signal levels by increasing or decreasing in volume, frequency, or the like. In another example, a light may indicate multiple warning signal levels by increasing or decreasing in brightness, and so on.

[0361] The technology described herein may be implemented as functional operations and / or modules in one or more systems. The functional operations may be realized as a sequence of processor-implemented steps running on one or more computer systems and as coupled devices or circuit modules in one or more computer systems. Likewise, the descriptions of various component modules can be provided in terms of operations performed or influenced by the modules. The resulting implementation is a matter of choice depending on the performance requirements of the underlying system implementing the technology described. Thus, the functional operations that make up the embodiments of the technology described herein variously refer to operations, steps, objects, or modules. Further, it is to be understood that functional operations can be performed in any order, unless expressly claimed otherwise, or unless a specific order is inherently required by the language of the claims.

[0362] In some implementations, articles of manufacture are provided as computer program products that cause the promptness of computational operations on a computer system to implement the invention. An implementation of the computer program product provides a non-transitory storage medium of the computer program readable by a computer system and encoding of a computer program. It should also be understood that the technology described can be used in special devices, independently of a workstation computer. QUOTES INCLUDED IN DESCRIPTION

[0363] This list of documents cited by the applicant was generated automatically and is included solely for the better information of the reader. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA assumes no liability for any errors or omissions. Non-patent Literature Cited

[0364] Standards 802.11

[0226]

Claims

[1] Method for monitoring power transfer between a primary and secondary side of a transcutaneous energy transfer system, comprising Measuring at least one state parameter of the system; Performing calculations using the measured state parameters; and Performing a control operation based on the calculations. [2] Method according to claim 1, wherein the at least one system state parameter includes a control time control parameter. [3] Method according to claim 2, wherein measuring the control timing parameter comprises measuring a primary current signal that indicates the timing control of the voltage regulation on the secondary side. [4] Method according to claim 2, wherein measuring the control timing parameter comprises measuring a primary coil voltage signal indicating the timing control of the voltage regulation on the secondary side. [5] Method according to claim 2, wherein measuring the control timing parameter comprises measuring a primary capacitor voltage signal indicating the timing control of the voltage regulation on the secondary side. [6] Method according to claim 1, wherein the at least one system state parameter includes a primary current signal. [7] Method according to claim 6, wherein measuring the primary current signal comprises measuring a current on the primary side by the function of a current probe connected in series with a primary coil. [8] Method according to claim 6, wherein measuring the primary current signal comprises measuring a voltage across a primary coil. [9] Method according to claim 6, wherein measuring the primary current signal comprises measuring a voltage across a primary capacitor. [10] Method according to claim 2, wherein performing calculations using measured system state parameters includes the calculation of a coupling factor. [11] Method according to claim 6, comprising performing calculations using measured system state parameters: a first calculation of the primary heat flow; and a second calculation of the primary coil temperature. [12] Method according to claim 2, wherein performing calculations using measured system state parameters comprises: a first calculation of a coupling factor; a second calculation of the secondary coil current; a third calculation of the secondary coil heat flux; and a fourth calculation of the secondary coil temperature. [13] Method according to claim 10, wherein the control operation comprises regulating an input voltage based on the coupling factor. [14] Method according to claim 12, wherein the control operation comprises controlling the secondary coil current to control secondary-side heat flux based on the calculation of the secondary coil heat flux. [15] Method according to claim 12, wherein the control operation comprises controlling the secondary coil current to control the secondary temperature based on the calculation of the secondary coil temperature. [16] Method according to claim 11, wherein the control operation comprises controlling the primary coil current to control the primary heat flux based on a calculation of the primary coil heat flux. [17] Method according to claim 11, wherein the control operation comprises controlling the primary coil current to control the primary temperature based on a calculation of the primary coil temperature. [18] Method for monitoring power transfer between a primary and secondary side of a transcutaneous energy transfer system, comprising: Measuring at least one system state parameter; Performing calculations using measured state parameters; and Generating an output signal based on the calculations. [19] Method according to claim 18, wherein the at least one system state parameter includes a control time parameter. [20] Method according to claim 18, wherein the at least one system state parameter includes a primary current signal.