Carbon dioxide capture

Abstract

A packaging sheet for transferring carbon dioxide, CO2, from atmospheric air into a CO2 capture solution, the packaging sheet comprising: a first side; a second side opposite the first side; a leading edge which, in an installed configuration of the packaging sheet, is substantially parallel to the vertical; a trailing edge which is separated from the leading edge by an air movement depth which is substantially parallel to a direction along which atmospheric air flows from the leading edge to the trailing edge; several connecting edges comprising: a top edge which extends between the leading and trailing edges; and a bottom edge which extends between the leading and trailing edges, the top and bottom edges being separated from each other by a fluid movement dimension which is substantially parallel to a direction along which the CO2 capture solution flows from the top edge to the bottom edge;a mass transfer zone on the first side and on the second side between the leading edge, the trailing edge, the top edge and the bottom edge, wherein the mass transfer zone comprises a plurality of mass transfer microstructures designed to receive the CO2 separation solution and to bring the atmospheric air into contact with the CO2 separation solution, wherein the plurality of mass transfer microstructures has a microstructure height; a plurality of stiffening elements extending from the first side and from the second side, wherein each stiffening element of the plurality of stiffening elements has an orientation that is substantially parallel to the fluid motion dimension;and a plurality of spacers arranged on the mass transfer zone and extending from the first side and from the second side, wherein the plurality of spacers are spaced apart along the fluid motion dimension and have a spacing height greater than the microstructure height.

Description

TECHNICAL AREA This disclosure describes systems, apparatus, and methods for the separation of carbon dioxide. STATE OF THE ART Carbon dioxide (CO2) capture from the atmosphere is an approach to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and slowing climate change. However, many technologies developed for CO2 capture from point sources of emissions, such as flue gases from industrial plants, are generally ineffective at capturing CO2 from the atmosphere due to the significantly lower CO2 concentrations and the large volumes of atmospheric air required for processing. In recent years, progress has been made in finding technologies better suited to capturing CO2 directly from the atmosphere. Some of these direct air capture (DAC) systems use a solid sorbent, in which an active ingredient is bound to a substrate.These DAC systems typically use a cyclic adsorption / desorption process in which the solid sorbent, after saturation with CO2, releases the CO2 through a humidity or temperature fluctuation and is regenerated. Other DAC systems use a liquid sorbent (sometimes called a solvent) to capture CO2 from the atmosphere. An example of such a DAC system would be one that uses a fan to draw air over a large-surface-area package wetted with a solution containing the liquid sorbent. CO2 in the air reacts with the liquid sorbent to create a CO2-rich solution. This rich solution is then processed to regenerate a lean solution and release a concentrated carbon stream, such as CO, CO2, or other carbon products. SUMMARY In an example implementation, a packaging sheet for transferring carbon dioxide (CO2) from atmospheric air into a CO2 capture solution comprises a first side; a second side opposite the first side; a leading edge that, in an installed configuration of the packaging sheet, is substantially parallel to the vertical; a trailing edge that is arranged from the leading edge through an air-motion depth substantially parallel to a direction in which atmospheric air flows from the leading edge to the trailing edge; a plurality of connecting edges; a mass transfer zone; a plurality of stiffening elements extending from the first side and from the second side; and a plurality of spacers arranged on the mass transfer zone and extending from the first side and from the second side.The plurality of connecting edges comprises a top edge extending between the front and back edges; and a bottom edge extending between the front and back edges, the top and bottom edges being separated by a fluid motion dimension that is substantially parallel to the direction along which the CO2 capture solution flows from the top edge to the bottom edge. The mass transfer zone is located on the first and second sides between the front edge, back edge, top edge, and bottom edge, and the mass transfer zone comprises a plurality of mass transfer microstructures designed to receive the CO2 capture solution and bring the atmospheric air into contact with the CO2 capture solution, the plurality of mass transfer microstructures having a microstructure height.Each stiffening element of the plurality of stiffening elements has an orientation that is essentially parallel to the fluid motion dimension. The plurality of spacers are separated from each other along the fluid motion dimension and have a spacer height that is greater than the height of the microstructure. In one aspect that can be combined with the example implementation, the packaging sheet has an orientation axis of the spacer extending between the top edge and the bottom edge on the first and second sides, wherein the orientation axis of the spacer runs between at least two spacers of the plurality of spacers aligned along the fluid movement dimension, and wherein the orientation axis of the spacer in the installed configuration of the packaging sheet is substantially parallel to the vertical. In another aspect, which can be combined with one, some or all of the preceding aspects, the packaging sheet has an orientation axis of the stiffening element extending between the top edge and the bottom edge on the first side and on the second side, wherein the orientation axis of the stiffening element runs between at least two stiffening elements of the plurality of stiffening elements aligned along the fluid movement dimension, wherein the orientation axis of the stiffening element in the installed configuration of the packaging sheet is substantially parallel to the vertical. In another aspect, which can be combined with one, some, or all of the preceding aspects, the plurality of stiffening elements has a plurality of intermediate stiffening elements between the leading edge and the trailing edge, wherein the plurality of intermediate stiffening elements has a plurality of intermediate stiffening bodies arranged adjacent to one another along the fluid motion dimension, each intermediate stiffening body of the plurality of intermediate stiffening bodies extending from one of the first and second sides to a mounting wall, the mounting wall defining a stiffening body height that is greater than the microstructure height. In another aspect, which can be combined with one, some, or all of the preceding aspects, the plurality of intermediate stiffening bodies has a first set of intermediate stiffening bodies extending from the first side and a second set of intermediate stiffening bodies extending from the second side, wherein the first set of intermediate stiffening bodies forms a first set of recesses on the second side and the second set of intermediate stiffening bodies forms a second set of recesses on the first side, wherein the first set of intermediate stiffening bodies alternates with the second set of recesses on the first side along an axis, and the second set of intermediate stiffening bodies alternates with the first set of recesses along the axis on the second side. In another aspect, which can be combined with one, some, or all of the preceding aspects, each intermediate stiffening body of the plurality of intermediate stiffening bodies has a plurality of flat walls extending from one of the first sides and the second side to the mounting wall; and a plurality of flow channels, each flow channel of the plurality of flow channels being arranged in a flat wall of the plurality of flat walls. In another aspect, which may be combined with one, some or all of the preceding aspects, the plurality of flow channels comprises at least one longitudinal flow channel which is substantially parallel to the fluid motion dimension; and at least one lateral flow channel comprising an inlet end and an outlet end, the inlet end being closer to the mounting wall than the outlet end. In another aspect, which can be combined with one, some or all of the preceding aspects, the plurality of stiffening elements has a plurality of peripheral ribs adjacent to at least one of the trailing edge and the leading edge, each peripheral rib of the plurality of peripheral ribs extending from one of the first and second sides and forming a corresponding depression in the other of the first and second sides. In another aspect, which may be combined with one, some, or all of the preceding aspects, the plurality of peripheral ribs has a plurality of leading-edge ribs adjacent to the leading edge, wherein the plurality of leading-edge ribs has an innermost set of ribs extending from the first side and forming corresponding depressions in the second side; and an outermost set of ribs extending from the second side and forming corresponding depressions in the first side, wherein the outermost set of ribs is further from the leading edge along the depth of air movement than the innermost set of ribs. In another aspect, which may be combined with one, some, or all of the preceding aspects, the plurality of peripheral ribs includes a plurality of trailing-edge ribs, wherein the plurality of trailing-edge ribs includes a third set of ribs extending from the first side and forming corresponding depressions in the second side; and a fourth set of ribs extending from the second side and forming corresponding depressions in the first side, wherein the fourth set of ribs is located further from the trailing edge along the depth of air movement than the third set of ribs. In another aspect, which can be combined with one, some, or all of the preceding aspects, the plurality of peripheral ribs has at least one longitudinal rib pairing of two peripheral ribs spaced apart in a direction that is substantially parallel to the fluid motion dimension to define a longitudinal pairing gap, with some mass transfer microstructures of the plurality of mass transfer microstructures being present in the longitudinal pairing gap. In another aspect, which can be combined with one, some, or all of the preceding aspects, the plurality of peripheral ribs has at least one lateral rib pairing of two peripheral ribs spaced apart in a direction that is essentially parallel to the airflow depth to define a lateral pairing gap, with some mass transfer microstructures of the plurality of mass transfer microstructures being present in the lateral pairing gap. In another aspect, which can be combined with one, some or all of the preceding aspects, the plurality of stiffening elements has a plurality of peripheral stiffening bodies arranged adjacent to one another along the fluid motion dimension, the plurality of peripheral stiffening bodies defining at least one of the trailing edge and the leading edge. In another aspect, which can be combined with one, some, or all of the preceding aspects, the plurality of spacers has a plurality of spacer pairings spaced apart from each other along the fluid motion dimension and along the air motion depth, the spacers in each spacer pairing of the plurality of spacer pairings being spaced apart from each other in a direction that is substantially parallel to the air motion depth. In another aspect, which can be combined with one, some, or all of the preceding aspects, the spacers in each spacer pair have a first spacer extending from the first side and forming a corresponding recess in the second side, and a second spacer extending from the second side and forming a corresponding recess in the first side. In another aspect, which can be combined with one, some or all of the preceding aspects, the plurality of stiffening elements has a plurality of intermediate stiffening elements arranged between the leading edge and the trailing edge, wherein at least the plurality of intermediate stiffening elements has a plurality of intermediate ribs oriented substantially parallel to the fluid motion dimension, wherein the plurality of intermediate ribs has a first set of ribs spaced apart from each other in the fluid motion dimension and extending from the first side and forming corresponding depressions in the second side;and has a second set of ribs extending from the second side and forming corresponding depressions in the first side, the second set of ribs being spaced apart from the first set of ribs in a direction substantially parallel to the depth of air movement. In another aspect, which may be combined with one, some, or all of the preceding aspects, each rib of the first set of ribs has a first rib end and a second rib end; and each rib of the second set of ribs has a third rib end and a fourth rib end, the third rib end of at least one rib of the second set of ribs being positioned between the first rib end and the second rib end of at least one rib of the first set of ribs. In another aspect, which can be combined with one, some or all of the preceding aspects, the packaging sheet has a rectangular shape, wherein the front edge and the rear edge in the installed configuration of the packaging sheet are substantially parallel to the vertical, wherein the top edge is substantially perpendicular to the front edge and the rear edge, and the bottom edge is substantially perpendicular to the front edge and the rear edge. In another aspect, which can be combined with one, some, or all of the preceding aspects, the fluid movement dimension is greater than the air movement depth. In another aspect, which can be combined with one, some, or all of the preceding aspects, the depth of air movement is between 3 feet and 5 feet. In another aspect, which can be combined with one, some, or all of the preceding aspects, at least some mass transfer microstructures of the plurality of mass transfer microstructures have a first wall section extending on a first side to a first vertex; and a second wall section extending from the first vertex to a second vertex on the second side, wherein at least one of the first wall section and the second wall section has at least one wall feature extending from the at least one of the first wall section and the second wall section. In another aspect, which can be combined with one, some, or all of the preceding aspects, the at least one wall feature has a first wall feature extending outwards from the first wall section on the first side; and a second wall feature extending from the second wall section on the second side. In another aspect, which can be combined with one, some or all of the preceding aspects, the packaging sheet has a center of gravity, with the packaging sheet exhibiting point symmetry around the center of gravity. In another aspect, which can be combined with one, some or all of the preceding aspects, the multitude of stiffening elements features a multitude of stiffening bodies arranged adjacent to one another along the depth of air movement and between the leading edge and the trailing edge. In another aspect, which can be combined with one, some or all of the preceding aspects, the multitude of reinforcing bodies is arranged between the top edge and the bottom edge. In another aspect, which can be combined with one, some or all of the preceding aspects, the multitude of reinforcing bodies defines at least one of the top edge and the bottom edge. In another aspect, which can be combined with one, some or all of the preceding aspects, each reinforcing body of the plurality of reinforcing bodies extends outwards from at least one of the first side or the second side to a mounting wall, the mounting wall defining a body height that is greater than the microstructure height. In another aspect, which can be combined with one, some, or all of the preceding aspects, the multitude of reinforcing bodies has a first set of reinforcing bodies extending from the first side and a second set of reinforcing bodies extending from the second side. The first set of reinforcing bodies forms a first set of depressions on the second side, and the second set of reinforcing bodies forms a second set of depressions on the first side. The first set of reinforcing bodies alternates with the second set of depressions along a horizontal axis on the first side, and the second set of reinforcing bodies alternates with the first set of depressions along the horizontal axis on the second side. In another aspect, which may be combined with one, some or all of the preceding aspects, each reinforcement body of the plurality of reinforcement bodies comprises: a plurality of flat walls extending from at least one of the first side or the second side to the mounting wall; and at least one flow channel extending into a flat wall of the plurality of flat walls on at least one of the first side or the second side, the at least one flow channel being substantially parallel to the depth of air movement. In another aspect, which can be combined with one, some, or all of the preceding aspects, each reinforcing body of the plurality of reinforcing bodies has a plurality of flat walls extending from at least one of the first sides or the second side to the mounting wall, the mounting wall having a mounting wall slope, and at least one flat wall of the plurality of flat walls having a step element. The step element comprises a first wall segment extending from the mounting wall and having a first slope that differs from the slope of the mounting wall; a second wall segment extending from the first wall segment and having a second slope that differs from the first slope; and a third wall segment extending from the second wall segment and having a third slope that differs from the second slope. In another aspect, which can be combined with one, some, or all of the preceding aspects, at least some mass transfer microstructures of the multitude of mass transfer microstructures exhibit a multitude of basic microstructures having a first wall section and a second wall section extending to a first vertex on one of the first and second sides; and a multitude of complementary microstructures projecting outwards from the first and second wall sections of the multitude of basic microstructures. In another example implementation, a structured packaging for transferring carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air into a CO2 capture solution comprises a plurality of joined packaging sheets. At least one packaging sheet of the plurality of packaging sheets includes a first side; a second side opposite the first side; a leading edge; a trailing edge spaced from the leading edge by an air-motion depth substantially parallel to a direction in which atmospheric air flows from the leading edge to the trailing edge; a plurality of joining edges; a mass transfer zone; a plurality of stiffening elements extending from the first side and from the second side; and a plurality of spacers arranged on the mass transfer zone and extending from the first side and from the second side.The leading edge of the at least one packaging sheet runs substantially parallel to the vertical in an installed configuration of the at least one packaging sheet. The plurality of connecting edges has a top edge extending between the leading edge and the trailing edge; and a bottom edge extending between the leading edge and the trailing edge, the top and bottom edges being separated from each other by a fluid movement dimension running substantially parallel to a direction along which the CO2 separation solution flows from the top edge to the bottom edge.The mass transfer zone is located on the first and second sides between the leading, trailing, top, and bottom edges. This zone comprises a multitude of mass transfer microstructures, each with a microstructure height designed to bring the CO2 capture solution into contact with the atmospheric air. Each stiffening element within this multitude is oriented substantially parallel to the fluid movement dimension. The multitude of spacers are separated along this fluid movement dimension and have a spacer height greater than the microstructure height. Adjacent packaging sheets within this multitude are attached along a corresponding multitude of spacers, defining an airflow channel through which atmospheric air flows from the leading to the trailing edge. In one aspect that can be combined with the example implementation, the airflow channel has a rectangular channel shape defined in a plane perpendicular to the fluid motion dimension. In another aspect, which can be combined with one, some, or all of the preceding aspects, the plurality of stiffening elements has a plurality of intermediate stiffening elements between the leading edge and the trailing edge, wherein the plurality of intermediate stiffening elements has a plurality of intermediate stiffening bodies arranged adjacent to each other along the fluid motion dimension, each intermediate stiffening body of the plurality of intermediate stiffening bodies extending from one of the first and second sides to a mounting wall, the mounting wall defining a stiffening body height that is greater than the microstructure height, with the adjacent packaging sheets being attached along their mounting walls. In another aspect, which can be combined with one, some, or all of the preceding aspects, each intermediate stiffening body of the plurality of intermediate stiffening bodies has a plurality of flat walls extending from one of the first and second sides to the mounting wall, and a plurality of flow channels, each flow channel of the plurality of flow channels being arranged in a flat wall of the plurality of flat walls, the plurality of flow channels having at least one longitudinal flow channel that is substantially parallel to the fluid motion dimension and extends from the attached mounting walls of the adjacent packing sheets. In another aspect, which can be combined with one, some, or all of the preceding aspects, the plurality of intermediate stiffening bodies has a first set of stiffening bodies extending from the first side and a second set of stiffening bodies extending from the second side, wherein the first set of stiffening bodies forms a first set of recesses on the second side and the second set of stiffening bodies forms a second set of recesses on the first side, wherein the first set of stiffening bodies alternates with the second set of recesses on the first side along an axis, and the second set of stiffening bodies alternates with the first set of recesses along the axis on the second side, wherein the flow channel between the adjacent packing sheets extends through the first sets of recesses and the second sets of recesses.In another aspect, which can be combined with one, some, or all of the preceding aspects, the plurality of stiffening elements comprises a plurality of intermediate stiffening elements between the leading edge and the trailing edge, wherein at least the plurality of intermediate stiffening elements comprises a plurality of intermediate ribs oriented substantially parallel to the fluid motion dimension; wherein the plurality of stiffening elements comprises a plurality of peripheral stiffening elements arranged adjacent to at least one of the trailing edge and the leading edge, wherein the plurality of peripheral stiffening elements comprises a plurality of peripheral stiffening bodies arranged adjacent to each other along the fluid motion dimension, and wherein the plurality of peripheral stiffening bodies defines at least one of the trailing edge and the leading edge;and wherein the plurality of intermediate ribs has an intermediate rib height that is less than the height of a peripheral stiffening body of the plurality of peripheral stiffening bodies. In another aspect, which can be combined with one, some, or all of the preceding aspects, the plurality of stiffening elements has a plurality of peripheral stiffening bodies arranged adjacent to one another along the fluid motion dimension, wherein the plurality of peripheral stiffening bodies defines at least one of the trailing edge and the leading edge, wherein the plurality of peripheral stiffening bodies has a first set of stiffening bodies extending from the first side and a second set of stiffening bodies extending from the second side, wherein the first set of stiffening bodies forms a first set of recesses on the second side, and the second set of stiffening bodies forms a second set of recesses on the first side.and wherein the first set of stiffening bodies alternates along an axis with the second set of recesses on the first side, and the second set of stiffening bodies alternates along the axis with the first set of recesses on the second side, wherein the first set of stiffening bodies of a first packaging sheet of the adjacent packaging sheets is attached to the second set of stiffening bodies of a second packaging sheet of the adjacent packaging sheets, wherein stiffening body flow channels are formed between the first set of recesses and the second set of recesses of the adjacent packaging sheets, wherein the stiffening body flow channels are in fluid communication with the airflow channel. In another aspect, which can be combined with one, some or all of the preceding aspects, the structured packaging has an orientation axis of the spacer extending between the top edge and the bottom edge on the first side and on the second side, wherein the orientation axis of the spacer runs between at least two spacers of the plurality of spacers aligned along the fluid movement dimension, wherein the orientation axis of the spacer in the installed configuration of the at least one packaging sheet is substantially parallel to the vertical. In another aspect, which can be combined with one, some or all of the preceding aspects, the structured packaging has an orientation axis of the stiffening element extending between the top edge and the bottom edge on the first side and on the second side, wherein the orientation axis of the stiffening element runs between at least two stiffening elements of the plurality of stiffening elements aligned along the fluid movement dimension, and wherein the orientation axis of the stiffening element in the installed configuration of the at least one packaging sheet is substantially parallel to the vertical. In another aspect, which can be combined with one, some, or all of the preceding aspects, the plurality of stiffening elements has a plurality of intermediate stiffening elements between the leading edge and the trailing edge, wherein at least the plurality of intermediate stiffening elements has a plurality of intermediate stiffening bodies arranged adjacent to each other along the fluid motion dimension, each intermediate stiffening body of the plurality of intermediate stiffening bodies extending from one of the first and second sides to a mounting wall, the mounting wall defining a stiffening body height that is greater than the microstructure height. In another aspect, which can be combined with one, some, or all of the preceding aspects, the plurality of intermediate stiffening bodies has a first set of intermediate stiffening bodies extending from the first side and a second set of intermediate stiffening bodies extending from the second side, wherein the first set of intermediate stiffening bodies forms a first set of recesses on the second side and the second set of intermediate stiffening bodies forms a second set of recesses on the first side, wherein the first set of intermediate stiffening bodies alternates with the second set of recesses on the first side along an axis, and the second set of intermediate stiffening bodies alternates with the first set of recesses along the axis on the second side. In another aspect, which can be combined with one, some or all of the preceding aspects, each intermediate stiffening body of the plurality of intermediate stiffening bodies has a plurality of flat walls extending outwards from one of the first sides and the second side to the mounting wall, and a plurality of flow channels, each flow channel of the plurality of flow channels being arranged in a flat wall of the plurality of flat walls. In another aspect, which can be combined with one, some or all of the preceding aspects, the plurality of flow channels has at least one longitudinal flow channel which is substantially parallel to the fluid motion dimension and at least one lateral flow channel which includes an inlet end and an outlet end, the inlet end being closer to the mounting wall than the outlet end. In another aspect, which can be combined with one, some or all of the preceding aspects, the plurality of stiffening elements has a plurality of peripheral ribs adjacent to at least one of the trailing edge and the leading edge, each peripheral rib of the plurality of peripheral ribs extending from one of the first and second sides and forming a corresponding depression in the other of the first and second sides. In another aspect, which may be combined with one, some, or all of the preceding aspects, the plurality of peripheral ribs has a plurality of leading-edge ribs adjacent to the leading edge, wherein the plurality of leading-edge ribs has an innermost set of ribs; and an outermost set of ribs which is spaced further from the leading edge along the depth of air movement than the innermost set of ribs, wherein the innermost set of ribs extends from the first side and forms corresponding depressions in the second side, wherein the outermost set of ribs extends from the second side and forms corresponding depressions in the first side. In another aspect, which can be combined with one, some, or all of the preceding aspects, the plurality of peripheral ribs has a plurality of trailing-edge ribs adjacent to the trailing edge, wherein the plurality of trailing-edge ribs has a third set of ribs and a fourth set of ribs spaced further from the trailing edge along the depth of air movement than the third set of ribs, wherein the third set of ribs extends from the first side and forms corresponding depressions in the second side, and wherein the fourth set of ribs extends from the second side and forms corresponding depressions in the first side. In another aspect, which can be combined with one, some, or all of the preceding aspects, the plurality of peripheral ribs has at least one longitudinal rib pairing of two peripheral ribs spaced apart in a direction that is substantially parallel to the fluid motion dimension to define a longitudinal pairing gap, with some mass transfer microstructures of the plurality of mass transfer microstructures being present in the longitudinal pairing gap. In another aspect, which can be combined with one, some, or all of the preceding aspects, the plurality of peripheral ribs has at least one lateral rib pairing of two peripheral ribs spaced apart in a direction that is essentially parallel to the airflow depth to define a lateral pairing gap, with some mass transfer microstructures of the plurality of mass transfer microstructures being present in the lateral pairing gap. In another aspect, which can be combined with one, some or all of the preceding aspects, the plurality of stiffening elements has a plurality of peripheral stiffening bodies arranged adjacent to one another along the fluid motion dimension, the plurality of peripheral stiffening bodies defining at least one of the trailing edge and the leading edge. In another aspect, which can be combined with one, some, or all of the preceding aspects, the plurality of spacers has a plurality of spacer pairings spaced apart from each other along the fluid motion dimension and along the air motion depth, with the spacers in each spacer pairing being spaced apart from each other in a direction that is substantially parallel to the air motion depth. In another aspect, which can be combined with one, some, or all of the preceding aspects, the spacers in each spacer pair have a first spacer extending from the first side and forming a corresponding recess in the second side, and a second spacer extending from the second side and forming a corresponding recess in the first side. In another aspect, which can be combined with one, some or all of the preceding aspects, the plurality of stiffening elements has a plurality of intermediate stiffening elements between the leading edge and the trailing edge, wherein at least the plurality of intermediate stiffening elements has a plurality of intermediate ribs that are oriented substantially parallel to the fluid motion dimension, wherein the plurality of intermediate ribs has a first set of ribs that are spaced apart from each other in the fluid motion dimension;and has a second set of ribs spaced apart from each other in the fluid motion dimension, wherein the second set of ribs is spaced apart from the first set of ribs in a direction substantially parallel to the air motion depth, the first set of ribs extending from the first side and forming corresponding depressions in the second side, and the second set of ribs extending from the second side and forming corresponding depressions in the first side. In another aspect, which may be combined with one, some, or all of the preceding aspects, each rib of the first set of ribs has a first rib end and a second rib end; and each rib of the second set of ribs has a third rib end and a fourth rib end, the third rib end of at least one rib of the second set of ribs being positioned between the first rib end and the second rib end of at least one rib of the first set of ribs. In another aspect, which may be combined with one, some or all of the preceding aspects, the packaging sheet has a rectangular shape; wherein the front edge and the rear edge in the installed configuration of the at least one packaging sheet are substantially parallel to the vertical; wherein the top edge is substantially perpendicular to the front edge and the rear edge; and the bottom edge is substantially perpendicular to the front edge and the rear edge. In another aspect, which can be combined with one, some, or all of the preceding aspects, the fluid movement dimension is greater than the air movement depth. In another aspect, which can be combined with one, some, or all of the preceding aspects, the depth of air movement is between 3 feet and 5 feet. In another aspect, which can be combined with one, some or all of the preceding aspects, at least one mass transfer microstructure of the plurality of mass transfer microstructures has a first wall section extending on a first side to a first vertex and a second wall section extending from the first vertex to a second vertex on the second side, wherein at least one of the first wall section and the second wall section has at least one wall feature extending from the at least one of the first wall section and the second wall section. In another aspect, which can be combined with one, some, or all of the preceding aspects, the at least one wall feature has a first wall feature extending from the first wall section on the first side; and a second wall feature extending from the second wall section on the second side. In another aspect, which can be combined with one, some or all of the preceding aspects, the structured packaging has a center of gravity, with the at least one packaging sheet having point symmetry around the center of gravity. In another example implementation, a gas-liquid contactor for capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air comprises: at least one inlet; at least one outlet spaced apart from at least one inlet; at least one packaging section arranged between the at least one inlet and the at least one outlet, wherein the at least one packaging section has at least one structured packaging, wherein one or more liquid collecting devices have a lower liquid collecting device arranged at least partially below the at least one packaging section, wherein the one or more liquid collecting devices are designed to receive a CO2 capture solution;A fan that can be actuated to direct atmospheric air (1) from the at least one inlet to the at least one outlet and (2) along the airflow channels of the at least one structured packaging substantially parallel to the airflow depth; and a fluid distribution system fluidically coupled to the at least one packaging section. The at least one structured packaging comprises a plurality of packaging sheets attached to one another. At least one packaging sheet of the plurality of packaging sheets comprises: a first side; a second side opposite the first side; a leading edge substantially parallel to the vertical; a trailing edge spaced from the leading edge by an airflow depth;a plurality of connecting edges with a top edge extending between the front edge and the trailing edge, and a bottom edge extending between the front edge and the trailing edge, wherein the top edge and the bottom edge are separated from each other by a fluid motion dimension; a mass transfer zone on the first side and on the second side between the front edge, the trailing edge, the top edge, and the bottom edge, wherein the mass transfer zone has a plurality of mass transfer microstructures with a microstructure height; a plurality of stiffening elements extending from the first side and from the second side, wherein each stiffening element of the plurality of stiffening elements has an orientation that is substantially parallel to the fluid motion dimension;and a plurality of spacers arranged on the mass transfer zone, extending from the first side and the second side, the plurality of spacers being spaced apart from each other with a spacing height greater than the microstructure height. Adjacent packaging sheets of the plurality of packaging sheets are attached along a corresponding plurality of spacers, defining an airflow channel. The liquid distribution system is functional to guide the CO2 capture solution along the plurality of mass transfer microstructures in the liquid motion dimension, to bring the atmospheric air into contact with the CO2 capture solution and to absorb CO2 from the atmosphere into the CO2 capture solution. In an aspect that can be combined with the example implementation, the gas-liquid contactor has a housing that defines an interior space which is at least partially exposed to atmospheric air, wherein the interior space is arranged between the at least one inlet and the at least one outlet, and the at least one structured packaging comprises a plurality of structured packagings arranged within the interior space, forming at least one array of structured packagings, wherein the structured packagings of the at least one array of structured packagings are arranged vertically and laterally adjacent to one another. In another aspect, which may be combined with one, some, or all of the preceding aspects, the at least one arrangement of structured packaging comprises an upper arrangement of structured packaging, a lower arrangement of structured packaging arranged vertically below the upper arrangement of structured packaging, and a redistribution distance defined between the upper and lower arrangements of structured packaging; and the one or more liquid collection devices comprise a redistribution basin positioned at the redistribution distance between the upper and lower arrangements of structured packaging, the redistribution basin being designed to collect the CO2 capture solution from the upper arrangement of structured packaging and redistribute the CO2 capture solution over the lower arrangement of structured packaging. In another aspect, which can be combined with one, some or all of the preceding aspects, the enclosure comprises a plurality of interconnected structural elements, wherein the plurality of structured packagings are mounted on at least one of the following: a connected structural element of the plurality of interconnected structured elements or another structured packaging of the plurality of structured packagings. In another aspect, which can be combined with one, some or all of the preceding aspects, the liquid distribution system is functional to convey the CO2 separation solution at a liquid loading rate of 0.5 l / m2s to 10 l / m2s. In another aspect, which may be combined with one, some, or all of the preceding aspects, the at least one packaging section comprises a first packaging section and a second packaging section separated from the first packaging section by a chamber; wherein the fan is functional to direct atmospheric air into the first packaging section and the second packaging section at air velocities between 0.1 m / s and 5 m / s and through the first packaging section and the second packaging section into the chamber along a horizontal flow direction; and wherein the liquid distribution system is functional to direct the CO2 separation solution in the liquid motion dimension that is predominantly vertical downwards. In another example implementation, a packaging sheet for transferring carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air into a CO2 capture solution comprises: a first side; a second side opposite the first side; a leading edge; a trailing edge spaced from the leading edge by an air-motion depth substantially parallel to a direction along which atmospheric air flows from the leading edge to the trailing edge, the leading edge being substantially parallel to the vertical in an installed configuration of the packaging sheet;a plurality of connecting edges, including a top edge extending between the front edge and the trailing edge, and a bottom edge extending between the front edge and the trailing edge, wherein the top edge and the bottom edge are spaced apart by a fluid motion dimension that is substantially parallel to a direction along which the CO2 capture solution flows from the top edge to the bottom edge; a mass transfer zone on the first side and on the second side between the front edge, the trailing edge, the top edge, and the bottom edge, wherein the mass transfer zone has a plurality of mass transfer microstructures with a microstructure height, wherein the plurality of mass transfer microstructures is designed to accommodate the CO2 capture solution and bring the atmospheric air into contact with the CO2 capture solution;at least one stiffening element extending from one of the first sides and the second sides, wherein the at least one stiffening element has an orientation that is substantially parallel to the fluid motion dimension, wherein one or more mass transfer microstructures of the plurality of mass transfer microstructures are arranged on the at least one stiffening element; and a plurality of spacers arranged on the mass transfer zone and extending from the first side and the second sides, wherein the plurality of spacers are spaced apart from each other along the fluid motion dimension and have a spacer height that is greater than the microstructure height. In another example implementation, a method for separating carbon dioxide (CO2) from atmospheric air comprises: guiding atmospheric air in a first flow direction from the leading edges of a plurality of packaging sheets to the trailing edges of the plurality of packaging sheets, the first flow direction being substantially perpendicular to the leading edges of the plurality of packaging sheets; and guiding a CO2 separation solution in a second flow direction over the plurality of packaging sheets to absorb CO2 from the atmospheric air into the CO2 separation solution, the second flow direction being substantially perpendicular to the first flow direction. In another example implementation, a Direct Air Capture (DAC) system for capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from atmospheric air comprises: at least one gas-liquid contactor, a liquid distribution system, and a regeneration system connected to the liquid distribution system. The at least one gas-liquid contactor comprises: at least one inlet; at least one outlet spaced apart from the at least one inlet; at least one packing section arranged between the at least one inlet and the at least one outlet; and a fan. The at least one packing section has at least one structured packing. The at least one structured packing has a plurality of packing sheets attached to one another. At least one packing sheet of the plurality of packing sheets comprises: a first side, a second side opposite the first side, and a leading edge.which is substantially parallel to the vertical; a trailing edge spaced from the leading edge by an air movement depth; a plurality of connecting edges with a top edge extending between the leading edge and the trailing edge, and a bottom edge extending between the leading edge and the trailing edge, the top edge and the bottom edge being separated by a fluid movement dimension; a mass transfer zone on the first side and on the second side between the leading edge, the trailing edge, the top edge, and the bottom edge, the mass transfer zone having a plurality of mass transfer microstructures having a microstructure height; a plurality of stiffening elements extending from the first side and from the second side, each stiffening element of the plurality of stiffening elements having an orientation,which runs substantially parallel to the fluid movement dimension; and a plurality of spacers arranged on the mass transfer zone, extending from the first side and the second side, wherein the plurality of spacers are spaced apart from one another and have a spacing height greater than the microstructure height, with adjacent packaging sheets of the plurality of packaging sheets attached along a respective plurality of spacers and defining airflow channels. The fan is functional to direct atmospheric air (1) from the at least one inlet to the at least one outlet and (2) along the airflow channels of the at least one structured packaging substantially parallel to the air movement depth. The fluid distribution system is fluidically coupled to the at least one packaging section and is functional.to guide a CO2 capture solution over the mass transfer microstructures of the at least one packaging section, wherein the CO2 capture solution is designed to absorb CO2 from the atmospheric air. The liquid distribution system comprises one or more liquid collection devices, including a lower liquid collection device, which is located at least partially below the at least one packaging section, wherein the one or more liquid collection devices are designed to receive the CO2 capture solution. The regeneration system receives the CO2 capture solution and is designed to regenerate the CO2 capture solution and form a CO2-depleted liquid that returns to the at least one gas-liquid contactor. In one aspect that can be combined with the example implementation, the regeneration system is designed to deliver a CO2 product stream. Implementations of systems and methods for carbon dioxide capture according to the present disclosure may include one, some, or all of the following features. For example, packages with the features described in this invention are specifically designed for commercial DAC applications and, as such, have the ability to reduce at least one of the air volume, packaging depth, liquid flow, and air contact area without significant loss in CO2 capture capacity. Design criteria for DAC packages that reflect good performance include: low static pressure construction, ability to distribute the liquid uniformly over the fill height, low susceptibility to fouling, higher air contact efficiency, reduced material requirements, efficiency gains from larger package sizes, and manufacturability. The details of one or more implementations of the subject matter described in this disclosure are given in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, aspects, and advantages of the subject matter will become apparent from the description, the drawings, and the claims. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Fig. 1 shows an exemplary gas-liquid contactor. Fig. 2A shows another example of a gas-liquid contactor. Fig. 2B shows another example of a gas-liquid contactor. Fig. 3 shows an exemplary packaging sheet for a gas-liquid contactor of the present disclosure. Fig. 4 is an enlarged view of section IV-IV of the packaging sheet of Fig. 3. Fig. 4A is a cross-sectional view along line 4A-4A in Fig. 4. Fig. 4B is a cross-sectional view along line 4B-4B in Fig. 4. Fig. 4C is a cross-sectional view along line 4C-4C in Fig. 4. Fig. 4D is a cross-sectional view along line 4D-4D in Fig. 4. Fig. 4E is a cross-sectional view along line 4E-4E in Fig. 4. Fig. 5 is an enlarged view of section VV of Fig. 4. Fig. 5A is an enlarged view of a section of an exemplary packaging sheet for a gas-liquid contactor of the present disclosure.Fig. 6 shows an exemplary packaging sheet for a gas-liquid contactor of the present disclosure. Fig. 7 shows an exemplary packaging sheet for a gas-liquid contactor of the present disclosure. Fig. 7A is a cross-sectional view along line 7A-7A in Fig. 7. Fig. 8 shows an exemplary packaging sheet for a gas-liquid contactor of the present disclosure. Fig. 8A is an enlarged view of section VIIIA of Fig. 8. Fig. 8A1 is a cross-sectional view along line 8A1-8A1 in Fig. 8A. Fig. 8A2 is a cross-sectional view along line 8A2-8A2 in Fig. 8A. Fig. 8B is an enlarged view of section VIIIB of Fig. 8. Fig. 8B1 is a cross-sectional view along line 8B1-8B1 in Fig. 8B. Fig. 8B2 is a cross-sectional view along line 8B2-8B2 in Fig. 8B. Fig. 8C is an enlarged perspective view of a section of the exemplary packaging sheet of Fig. 8.Figure 9 is a perspective view of a section of an exemplary packaging sheet for a gas-liquid contactor of the present disclosure. Figure 10 shows an exemplary structured packaging formed from packaging sheets of the present disclosure. Figure 11 is a front end view of the structured packaging of Figure 10. Figure 12 is a top view of the structured packaging of Figure 10. Figure 13 shows exemplary mass transfer microstructures of packaging sheets of the present disclosure. Figure 14 shows exemplary mass transfer microstructures of packaging sheets of the present disclosure. Figure 15 is a schematic representation of a DAC system with a gas-liquid contactor of the present disclosure. Figure 16 is a schematic flowchart of a process for the separation of carbon dioxide (CO2) from atmospheric air.Figure 17 is a schematic diagram of a control system (or controller) for a gas-liquid contactor of the present disclosure. Figure 18A shows exemplary mass transfer microstructures of packaging sheets of the present disclosure. Figure 18B is an enlarged view of section 18B-18B of Figure 18A. Figure 19 is a schematic representation of another DAC system with a gas-liquid contactor of the present disclosure. Figure 20 is a schematic representation of another DAC system with a gas-liquid contactor of the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Referring to Fig. 1, this disclosure describes systems and methods for capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) with a gas-liquid contactor 100 from the atmosphere (e.g., ambient air or atmospheric air) or from another fluid source containing dilute concentrations of CO2. The CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere are dilute because they are currently in the range of 400-420 parts per million (ppm) or about 0.04-0.042% v / v and less than 1% v / v. These atmospheric concentrations of CO2 are at least an order of magnitude lower than the concentration of CO2 in point-source emissions, such as flue gases, which, depending on the emission source, can have CO2 concentrations in the range of 5-15% v / v.In example implementations, the gas-liquid contactor 100 is operated to capture the dilute CO2 present in the ambient air by drawing in the ambient air as a stream of CO2-laden air 101 and treating the CO2-laden air 101 to transfer the CO2 contained therein by absorption into a CO2 capture solution 114 (e.g., a CO2 sorbent). Some or all of the CO2 in the CO2-laden air 101 is removed, and the treated CO2-laden air 101 is then discharged from the gas-liquid contactor 100 as a stream of CO2-poor gas 105 (or CO2-poor air). When operating for such treatment of atmospheric air, the gas-liquid contactor 100 may sometimes be referred to herein as the ‘air contactor’, since it facilitates the absorption of CO2 from the atmospheric air into the CO2 separation solution 114.In contrast to water cooling towers, which primarily serve for heat transfer between water and atmospheric air, the gas-liquid contactor 100 mainly serves to achieve the mass transfer of CO2 from the atmospheric air to the CO2 capture solution 114. In such operation, the gas-liquid contactor 100 can be used as part of a DAC (Direct Air Capture) system 1200, which is described in more detail below with reference to Fig. 15. In example implementations and with reference to Fig. 1, the CO2 separation solution 114 is a corrosive solution. In example implementations, the CO2 separation solution 114 has a pH of 10 or higher. In example implementations, the CO2 separation solution 114 has a pH of approximately 14. Non-restrictive examples for the CO2 separation solution 114 include aqueous alkaline solutions (e.g., KOH, NaOH, or a combination thereof), aqueous amines, aqueous amino acid salt solutions, non-aqueous solutions of amines, non-aqueous organic liquids / solutions (e.g., dimethyl sulfoxide or DMSO), aqueous carbonate and / or bicarbonate solutions, phenoxides / phenoxide salts, ionic liquids, non-aqueous solvents, diamines with an aminocyclohexyl group (e.g., IPDA), or a combination thereof. In some cases, the CO2 capture solution may contain 114 promoters and / or additives that increase the CO2 uptake rate.Non-restrictive examples of promoters include carbonic anhydrase, amines (primary, secondary, tertiary), and boric acid. Non-restrictive examples of additives include chlorides, sulfates, acetates, phosphates, surfactants, oxides, and metal oxides. For example, a surfactant can be added to CO2 capture solution 114 to reduce the surface tension of the CO2 capture solution 114 and improve its ability to wet the packaging material. Non-restrictive examples of rate-increasing additives include carbonic anhydrase, piperazine, monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine (DEA), zinc triaza cycles, zinc tetraaza cycles, copper glycinates, hydroxopentaamine cobalt perchlorate, formaldehyde hydrate, sucrose, fructose, glucose, phenols, phenolates, glycerol, arsenite, hypochlorite, hypobromite, or other oxyanionic species. In example implementations, at a given reference temperature, the density of the CO2 capture solution 114 is greater than the density of water at the same reference temperature. At comparable reference temperatures, the density of the CO2 capture solution 114 is at least 10% greater than the density of water. In example implementations, at comparable reference temperatures, the density of the CO2 capture solution 114 is approximately 10% greater than the density of water. The density and viscosity of the CO2 capture solution 114 can vary depending on its composition and the temperature. For example, at temperatures from 0°C to 20°C, the CO2 separation solution 114 or a CO2-loaded separation solution 111 can comprise 1 M KOH and 0.5 M K2CO3 and have a density of 1115 kg / m3 to 1119 kg / m3 and a viscosity in the range of 1.3 MPa-s to 2.3 MPa-s.In another example, at temperatures from 20°C to 0°C, the CO2 separation solution 114 or the CO2-loaded separation solution 111 can comprise 2 M KOH and 1 M K2CO3 and have a density in the range of 1260 kg / m³ to 1266 kg / m³ and a viscosity in the range of 1.8 MPa-s to 3.1 MPa-s. For comparison, water has a density of 998 kg / m³ and a viscosity of 1 MPa-s at 20°C. In example implementations and with reference to Fig. 1, CO2 is separated from the CO2-laden air 101 by contacting the CO2-laden air 101 with the CO2 separation solution 114 in the gas-liquid contactor 100. The reaction of CO2 from the CO2-laden air 101 with an alkaline CO2 separation solution 114 (as an example) can form a CO2-laden separation solution 111. In some embodiments, the CO2 separation solution 114 comprises an alkali hydroxide, and CO2 is absorbed by reaction with the alkali hydroxide to form a carbonate-rich separation solution (e.g., K2CO3, Na2CO3, or a combination thereof). The CO2-laden separation solution 111 may contain the carbonate-rich separation solution and is therefore sometimes referred to herein as the "carbonate-rich separation solution 111".The CO2-laden capture solution 111 can be processed to recover the captured CO2 for downstream use and to regenerate the alkali hydroxide for use in the CO2 capture solution 114. In example implementations, recovered CO2 can be injected into a well and sequestered in a geological formation, subsurface reservoir, carbon sink, or similar location. In example implementations, the recovered CO2 can be used to enhance oil recovery by injecting the recovered CO2 into one or more wells to improve hydrocarbon production from a reservoir. In example implementations, recovered CO2 can be fed into a downstream fuel synthesis system, which may include a syngas generation reactor. The CO₂-laden separation solution 111 may also contain other components in smaller quantities, such as hydroxide ions, alkali metal hydroxides (e.g., KOH, NaOH), water, and impurities. For example, the carbonate-rich separation solution 111 may contain between 0.4 M and 6 M K₂CO₃ and between 1 M and 10 M KOH. In another implementation, the carbonate-rich separation solution 111 may contain an aqueous Na₂CO₃-NaOH mixture. In example implementations, the carbonate-rich separation solution 111 may contain a mixture of K₂CO₃ and Na₂CO₃. The deposition kinetics of CO2 removal from CO2-laden air 101 to form carbonate can be improved by introducing an additive such as a promoter species into the CO2 removal solution 114. Non-restrictive examples of promoters for enhancing CO2 removal with carbonate include carbonic anhydrase, amines (primary, secondary, tertiary), zwitterionic amino acids, and boric acid. The resulting carbonate-rich removal solution 111, produced by the gas-liquid contactor 100, contains carbonates and bicarbonates and also includes the promoter. An example composition of such a carbonate-rich removal solution 111 may contain K2CO3 / KHCO3 and a promoter. The carbonate-rich separation solution 111 resulting from such a CO2 separation solution 114 can have a pH value in the range of 11-13 and contain little residual hydroxide from the CO2 separation solution 114.In some cases, additives that are not considered promoters can be used to improve the uptake of CO2 in the CO2 capture solution 114. Referring to Fig. 1, the gas-liquid contactor 100 has a housing 102. The housing 102 defines a part of the body of the gas-liquid contactor 100 and gives it structure. The housing 102 comprises an outer structure or walls that partially enclose any combination of interconnected structural elements 115. The structural elements 115 provide structural support and stability to the gas-liquid contactor 100 and provide a body for the support components of the gas-liquid contactor 100 within the housing 102. The structural elements 115 may, but are not limited to, walls, plates, beams, frames, etc. The housing 102 may also include other components, such as covers, plates, etc., which help to enclose parts of the housing 102 and define the housing 102.The housing 102 encloses and at least partially defines an interior space 113 of the housing 102. The interior space 113 of the housing 102 is an internal volume or chamber in which components of the gas-liquid contactor 100 are positioned. The housing 102 also includes openings 103 that allow the movement of gases into and out of the gas-liquid contactor 100. For example, and with reference to Fig. 1, the housing 102 has one or more inlets 103I. In the implementation of Fig. 1, the one or more inlets 103I are formed by the openings 103, so that the inlet (or inlets) 103I can be referred to here as one or more inlet opening(s) 103I through which the CO2-laden air 101 enters the interior 113 of the housing 102. The housing 102 has one or more outlets 103O. In the implementation of Fig.1. The one or more outlets 103O are formed by the openings 103, so that the outlet(s) 103O can be referred to herein as one or more outlet openings 103O through which the CO2-deficient gas 105 exits from the interior 113 of the housing 102. In the example implementation of the gas-liquid contactor 100 of Fig. 1, the housing 102 defines two inlets 103I and one outlet 103O. The outlet 103O can be defined by a component of the gas-liquid contactor 100. In the implementation of the gas-liquid contactor 100 of Fig. 1, for example, the gas-liquid contactor 100 has a fan stack 107 with an upright orientation. The fan stack 107 protrudes upwards from the housing 102 and helps to vent the low-CO2 gas 105. The outlet 103O is located along the fan stack 107.In such an implementation, the CO2-laden air 101 enters the interior 113 of the housing 102 along a substantially horizontal direction through one or both of the inlets 103I, and the CO2-poor gas 105 exits the interior 113 along a substantially vertical direction through the outlet 103O. The outlet 103O is located at the top of the fan stack 107. In implementations of the gas-liquid contactor 100 without a fan stack 107, the outlet 103O can be located elsewhere. Other configurations for the inlets 103I and outlets 103O of the housing 102 are possible. The housing 102 encloses and at least partially protects components of the gas-liquid contactor 100 located within the interior 113 of the housing 102. An example of such a component is a packaging section 106, which is protected from the surrounding atmosphere by the housing 102. As shown in Fig. 1, one or more packaging sections 106, occasionally referred to herein collectively as the "filling 106" or "packaging 106," are located within the interior 113 at a point adjacent to the one or more inlets 103I. At this point, the one or more packaging sections 106 receive the CO2-laden air 101 that enters the interior 113 through the one or more inlets 103I.The function of the one or more packaging sections 106 is to increase the transfer of CO2 present in the CO2-laden air 101 to a stream of the separation solution 114 by providing a large surface area on which the separation solution 114 can be distributed, thereby increasing the reactive area between the CO2-laden air 101 and the separation solution 114. The separation solution 114 converts the CO2-laden air 101 into the CO2-depleted gas 105, which is discharged from the one or more outlets 103O of the gas-liquid contactor 100. The packaging sections 106 receive the CO2 separation solution 114 and facilitate the absorption of the CO2 present in the CO2-laden air 101 into the CO2 separation solution 114 on the packaging sections 106, as described in more detail below. Referring to Fig. 1, one possible arrangement of the packaging sections 106 comprises two or more packaging sections 106A, 106B. Each packaging section 106A, 106B is arranged beside and behind one of the inlets 103I. The packaging sections 106A, 106B are spaced apart from one another within the housing 102. The direction along which the packaging sections 106A, 106B are spaced apart is parallel to the direction along which the CO2-laden air 101 flows through the packaging sections 106A, 106B. The space or volume defined between the packaging sections 106A, 106B and / or one or more structural elements of the housing 102 is a chamber 108. The chamber 108 is flanked by the packaging sections 106A, 106B. The chamber 108 is a cavity or space within the housing 102 into which gases downstream of the packaging sections 106A, 106B (e.g.the CO2-poor gas 105) flows and from which the CO2-poor gas 105 flows out of the housing 102 through the outlet 103O. Chamber 108 is part of the interior 113 of the housing 102. The volume of chamber 108 is less than the volume of the interior 113. In example implementations, the volume of the interior 113 of the housing 102 is approximately equal to the combined volume of the packaging sections 106A, 106B, and chamber 108. Referring to Fig. 1, the packaging sections 106A and 106B are located along the same plane or along the same horizontal lower plane as chamber 108. Referring to Fig. 1, chamber 108 can comprise an upper chamber section 108U, which represents a top portion of chamber 108, and a lower chamber section 108L, which represents a bottom portion of chamber 108. The overall height of chamber 108 is defined as the height of the upper chamber section 108U plus the height of the lower chamber section 108L.Part of the upper chamber section 108U is defined by the housing chamber walls 102W of the housing 102, and a remainder of the upper chamber section 108U is defined by the portion of the fan stack 107 located below the fan 212. The housing chamber walls 102W project upward from a remainder of the housing 102. In some embodiments and with reference to Fig. 1, the housing chamber walls 102W are the uppermost part of the housing 102. The height of the upper chamber section 108U comprises a lower height section defined by the housing chamber walls 102W and an upper height section defined by the portion of the fan stack 107 located below the fan 212.In example implementations, the lower height section, defined by the casing chamber walls 102W, is two-thirds the height of the upper chamber section 108U, and the upper height section, defined by the portion of the fan stack 107 positioned below the fan 212, is one-third the height of the upper chamber section 108U. This configuration of the upper chamber section 108U can reduce the recirculation of some of the CO2-depleted gas 105 at the inlet 103I. Referring to Fig. 1, a portion of the upper chamber section 108U, and thus part of chamber 108, extends into the fan stack 107 or the casing. After the CO2-laden air 101 flows through the packaging sections 106A, 106B, the CO2-depleted gas 105 flows through chamber 108 before being discharged into the environment. Other implementations of the Gas-Liquid Contactor 100 lack the chamber.The gas-liquid contactor 100 can contain one or more water traps to remove or reduce the CO2 separation solution 114 that may be trapped in the low-CO2 gas 105 flowing through the chamber 108. In the example implementation of the gas-liquid contactor 100 of Fig. 1, the CO2-laden air 101 enters the interior 113 of the housing 102 through both inlets 103I in a substantially horizontal direction. The CO2-laden air 101 then flows through the packaging sections 106A, 106B in a substantially horizontal direction, where the CO2 present in the CO2-laden air 101 contacts the CO2 separation solution 114 on the packaging sections 106A, 106B and / or flows in a substantially downward direction over the packaging sections 106A, 106B. The exposed surface of the liquid film on the packaging sections 106A, 106B is a gas-liquid interface between the CO2-laden air 101 and the CO2 separation solution 114. CO2 from the CO2-laden air 101 is absorbed into the liquid film to form the CO2-laden separation solution 111 and the CO2-poor gas 105.The CO2-laden separation solution 111 flows downwards from the packaging sections 106A and 106B in a mixed solution with unreacted CO2 separation solution 114 and is collected. The CO2-laden air 101, which is processed by the packaging sections 106A and 106B, leaves the packaging sections 106A and 106B as CO2-poor gas 105. The CO2-poor gas 105 from both packaging sections 106A and 106B converges in chamber 108 and then flows vertically upwards out of chamber 108 through outlet 103O. The gas-liquid contactor 100 of Fig. 1 can be considered (due to the two packaging sections 106A and 106B) as a cross-flow air contactor with two cells. Other configurations of a gas-liquid contactor are possible, as described in more detail below. Each packaging section 106 defines a packaging depth 106D, which represents the distance traveled by the CO2-laden air 101 as it flows through the packaging section 106. The packaging depth 106D can be in the range of 2–10 meters. Each packaging section 106 also defines a packaging fluid movement dimension 106L (hereafter sometimes referred to as "packaging LTD 106L"), which represents the distance traveled by the separation solution 114 as it flows through the packaging section 106. In the gas-liquid contactor 100 of Fig. 1, the packaging depth 106D is transverse packaging LTD 106L. In the gas-liquid contactor 100 of Fig. 1, the packing depth 106D is defined along a substantially horizontal direction, and the packing LTD 106L is a vertical dimension. In example implementations, the packing LTD 106L (e.g., the height of each packing section 106) is greater than 2 m.In example implementations, the packaging LTD 106L is greater than 5 m. In example implementations, the packaging LTD 106L is between 2 m and 20 m. In example implementations, the packaging depth 106D is greater than 3 m. In example implementations, the packaging depth 106D is greater than 5 m. In example implementations, the packaging depth 106D is between 3 m and 10 m. In other configurations of the gas-liquid contactor 100, the packaging depth 106D and the packaging LTD 106L can be defined differently, as described in more detail below. Referring to Fig. 1, each packaging section 106 contains one or more structured packages 116. In the implementation of the packaging sections 106 in Fig. 1, each packaging section 106 contains multiple structured packages 116. Within one of the packaging sections 106, each structured package 116 is arranged next to another structured package 116. The structured packages 116 of each packaging section 106 can be arranged side by side in the direction of one or more of the packaging depth 106D, the packaging LTD 106L, and in a direction perpendicular to the packaging depth 106D and the packaging LTD 106L. Within one of the packaging sections 106, in example implementations, one structured package 116 is attached to another structured package 116.Within one of the packaging sections 106, in example implementations, the structured packagings 116 of each packaging section 106 are arranged side by side with minimal distances or gaps along one or more of the packaging depth 106D, the packaging LTD 106L and a direction perpendicular to the packaging depth 10D and the packaging LTD 106L. Referring to Fig. 1, some of the structured packagings 116 of each packaging section 106 are mounted to one or both of the following parts: 1) a structural element 115 of the housing 102 and 2) at least one other structured packaging 116. This support of the structured packagings 116 reinforces their arrangement within each packaging section 106, contributes to the stiffness of each packaging section 106, and can also help each structured packaging 116 withstand or support stresses acting upon it during operation of the gas-liquid contactor 100. For example, mounting the structured packagings 116 as described above restricts the structured packagings 116, which can lead to an increase in the overall strength (e.g., crush resistance) of each structured packaging 116 and each packaging section 106 compared to an unrestricted packaging structure.The structured packagings 116 can be arranged to form packaging sections 106 of any shape or configuration. For example, and with reference to Fig. 1, the structured packagings 116 are arranged such that each packaging section 106A, 106B contains at least one arrangement 118 of the structured packagings 116. In Fig. 1, each packaging section 106A, 106B contains two arrangements 118 of the structured packaging 116 – an upper arrangement 118U and a lower arrangement 118L. The structured packagings 116 of each arrangement 118 can be arranged side by side in the direction of one or more of the packaging depths 106D and the packaging LTD 106L, and in the direction perpendicular to the packaging depths 106D and the packaging LTD 106L. All structured packaging 116 of each upper arrangement 118U is arranged above all structured packaging 116 of each lower arrangement 118L.Each arrangement 118 can be considered a “plate” of the packaging. Other configurations of each arrangement 118 and of the positioning of the arrangements 118 of each packaging section 106 are possible. The packaging sections 106A, 106B in Fig. 1 are thus cut vertically and comprise one or more arrangements 118 of structured packaging 116 arranged one above the other. In the example implementation of the packaging sections 106 of Fig. 1, each packaging section 106A, 106B has a corresponding packaging section height that is essentially the same as the height of the inlets 103I. If the packaging sections 106 have essentially the same height as the height of the inlet 103I, it can be prevented or reduced that the CO2-laden air 101 can bypass the packaging sections 106 (e.g., flow around the packaging sections 106), thus ensuring that the maximum possible volume of CO2-laden air 101 is handled by the packaging sections 106."Essentially the same" or "essentially identical" means that the heights are approximately equivalent, with any differences compared to the overall height dimension being minimal. These differences may arise from manufacturing tolerances, packaging assembly requirements, and / or dimensional adjustments to accommodate seals, baffles, or other features. Other configurations for the packaging sections 106 are possible. In another implementation, for example, the heights of packaging sections 106A and 106B are less than the height of the inlet 103I, and any gaps between packaging sections 106A and 106B and the housing 102 are sealed using appropriate techniques. Referring to Fig. 1, the gas-liquid contactor 100 incorporates components of a liquid distribution system 120 or is functionally connected to it. The liquid distribution system 120 serves to move, collect, and distribute the CO2 separation solution 114 and / or the CO2-laden separation solution 111. At least some of the features of the liquid distribution system 120 are supported by the housing 102. In the example implementation of Fig. 1, the support provided by the housing 102 includes structural support, in that components of the liquid distribution system 120 are structurally supported by the housing 102, for example, by the structural elements 115, so that loads generated by these components are borne by the housing 102. Some or all features of the liquid distribution system 120 may be part of the gas-liquid contactor 100 or part of a DAC system (e.g. DAC system 1200 of Fig. 15). Referring to Fig. 1, each packaging section 120 contains one or more liquid collection devices 109. Each liquid collection device 109 is designed to receive and temporarily or permanently retain one or both of the CO2 separation solution 114 and the CO2-laden separation solution 111, thus serving as a source of the CO2 separation solution 114 and / or the CO2-laden separation solution 111. Each liquid collection device 109 can have any configuration or be made of any material suitable for performing the function attributed to it in this description. For example, one or more liquid collection devices 109 can be open at the top or partially or completely covered. In Fig. 1, one or more of the liquid collection devices 109 comprise basins or have such a shape. Other configurations of the liquid collection device 109 are possible, such as...B. a reservoir, a bed, a sheet, a passage, a container, a vessel, a network of pressurized pipes with openings or spray nozzles, or any other device capable of retaining liquid. The liquid collection devices 109 of the liquid distribution system 120 comprise one or more upper basins 104 and one or more lower basins 110. The upper basins 104 are supported by the housing 102. In example implementations, the upper basins 104 are formed from parts of the housing 102. The upper basins 104 are designed to at least partially contain or retain the CO2 separation solution 114. Referring to Fig. 1, the upper basins 104 are each arranged at least partially above the packaging sections 106. Referring to Fig. 1, the upper basins 104 are arranged above the inlets 103I. Referring to Fig. 1, the upper basins 104 are arranged below the upper chamber section 108U. A portion of the chamber 108 (e.g., the upper chamber section 108U) thus extends beyond or above the upper basins 104.When stored (at least temporarily) in the upper basins 104, the CO2 separation solution 114 is positioned so that it is circulated downwards (e.g. by pumps, gravity flow or both) through the packaging sections 106 and finally into the lower basin 110. While the CO2 separation solution 114 is circulated through the packaging sections 106, the CO2-laden air 101 is circulated through the packaging sections 106 to come into contact with the CO2 separation solution 114, through the chamber 108 and into an environment as the CO2-poor gas 105. A process stream is formed by bringing the CO2-laden air 101 and the liquid CO2 separation solution 114 into contact, wherein the process stream is or comprises the CO2-laden separation solution 111, with CO2 from the CO2-laden air 101 having been absorbed by the CO2 separation solution 114.The upper basins 104 can have any suitable shape or feature for distributing the CO2 separation solution 114 over the packaging sections 106. In the example implementation of the gas-liquid contactor 100 of Fig. 1, the liquid collection devices 109 comprise two upper basins 104. Each upper basin 104 is positioned over one of the packaging sections 106A, 106B to distribute the CO2 separation solution 114 to the respective packaging section 106A, 106B. The upper basins 104 in Fig. 1 are fluidically isolated from each other (e.g., no fluid connection between the two upper basins 104). Other configurations and numbers of upper basins 104 are possible. Other configurations for distributing the CO2 separation solution 114 over the packaging sections 106 are also possible.In such a possible configuration, the one or more liquid collection devices 109 comprise, or have such a form, a network of pressure lines with openings or spray nozzles that distribute the CO2 separation solution 114 over the uppermost sections of the packaging sections 106. Referring to Fig. 1, the one or more lower basins 110 are arranged at the bottom of the gas-liquid contactor 100 opposite the upper basins 104. As can be seen in Fig. 1, the lower basin 110 is located below the packaging sections 106. The lower basin 110 serves as a collection vessel for the process stream (e.g., the CO2-laden separation solution 111). The CO2-laden separation solution 111, including absorbed CO2 and unreacted CO2 separation solution 114, collects in the lower basin 110 and can then be pumped out of the lower basin 110 or otherwise moved for further processing. For example, at least a portion of the liquids collected in the lower basin 110 can be processed and then pumped for redistribution via the packaging sections 106 for CO2 separation.In another possible implementation, some or all of the liquids collected in the lower basin 110 are pumped without processing into the upper basins 104 to distribute them via the packaging sections 106 for CO2 capture. In yet another possible implementation, some or all of the liquids collected in the lower basin 110 are pumped to components of a DAC system (e.g., DAC system 1200 in Fig. 15) for further processing, as described in more detail below. The lower basin 110 can be compatible with a containment structure and prevent the loss of various CO2 capture solutions 114, many of which have corrosive, caustic properties or high pH values. In some aspects, the lower basin 110 can be lined or coated with one or more materials that are resistant to corrosive corrosion or deterioration.In the example implementation of the gas-liquid contactor 100, components can be located outside the lower basin 110, which contains the CO2 separation solution 114. Furthermore, the gas-liquid contactor 100 can be designed such that most or all structural components are kept away from the wettable area of ​​the gas-liquid contactor 100, for example, all sections of the gas-liquid contactor 100 that come into contact with the CO2 separation solution 114. Examples of wettable areas of the gas-liquid contactor 100 include components that support the packaging sections 106. Fig. 1 shows a single lower basin 110. However, other configurations and numbers of lower basins 110 are possible. In example implementations, the gas-liquid contactor 100 comprises vertically cut packaging sections 106 with redistribution of the CO2 separation solution 114 between the vertically spaced packaging. For example, and with reference to Fig. 1, the liquid collection devices 109 of the liquid distribution system 120 comprise one or more redistribution basins 119. The one or more redistribution basins 119 are each arranged at a redistribution gap defined between the upper and lower assemblies 118U, 118L of each packaging section 106A, 106B. The redistribution gap is a vertically extending gap defined between the upper and lower assemblies 118U, 118L of each packaging section 106A, 106B. Each packaging section 106A, 106B contains a redistribution basin 119, which is positioned at the redistribution distance of this packaging section 106A, 106B.Therefore, in the configuration of the packaging sections 106A, 106B of Fig. 1, each redistribution basin 119 subdivides each packaging section 106A, 106B into at least an upper section (e.g. the upper arrangement 118U of structured packagings 116) and a lower section (e.g. the lower arrangement 118L of structured packagings 116). Each redistribution basin 119 is located vertically between the one or more upper basins 104 and the lower basin 110. During operation of the gas-liquid contactor 100, a process stream flows from each upper arrangement 118U of structured packagings 116, comprising the CO2-laden separation solution 111 including absorbed CO2 as well as unreacted CO2 separation solution 114, and collects in each redistribution basin 119. When stored (at least temporarily) in the redistribution basins 119, the process stream is positioned so that it (e.g.,The process flow is redistributed downwards (by pumping, gravity flow, or both) through the remaining packaging sections 116 of the lower arrangement 118L and finally into the lower basin 110. In example implementations, the process flow is pumped from the lower basin 110 into the redistribution basins 119. The redistribution basins 119 can have any suitable shape or feature for redistributing the process flow across the structured packagings 116 of the lower arrangement 118L. Non-restrictive examples of features of the redistribution basins 119 are basin walls, redistribution openings, and redistribution nozzles. Thus, in the gas-liquid contactor 100, a collection / distribution system may be present between vertical sections of the packaging that collects liquid flowing from above and distributes it evenly onto the packaging below.The description and one, some or all of the advantages and functions of the features of the upper basin 104 and the lower basin 110 apply accordingly to the redistribution basin 119. In alternative implementations of the redistribution of the CO2 capture solution 114 between the vertically spaced packages, the package sections 106 themselves incorporate redistribution features. These redistribution features can be part of a redistribution package that is distinct from the structured packages 116. The redistribution package can have a vertical extent and be positioned between the arrangements 118U, 118L of the structured packages 116, for example, in the center of the package LTD 106L. Alternatively, the redistribution package can comprise multiple redistribution packages that alternate with arrangements 118U, 118L of structured packages 116. The redistribution features promote the redistribution of the CO2 capture solution 114 to lower portions of the package sections 106.In alternative implementations of the Gas-Liquid Contactor 100, the Gas-Liquid Contactor 100 does not include vertically cut packaging or redistribution. Referring to Fig. 1, the CO2 separation solution 114 flows over the packaging sections 106 in a direction that is substantially perpendicular or transverse to the average direction along which the CO2-laden air 101 circulates through the packaging sections 106, also referred to as a "cross-flow" configuration. In another possible implementation, the CO2 separation solution 114 flows over the packaging sections 106 in a direction opposite to the average direction along which the CO2-laden air 101 circulates through the packaging sections 106, also referred to as a "counter-flow" configuration. In another possible implementation, the CO2 capture solution 114 flows over the packaging sections 106 in a direction parallel to the direction along which the CO2-laden air 101 circulates through the packaging sections 106, also known as "co-current flow".In another possible configuration, the CO2 separation solution 114 flows over the packaging sections 106 according to a configuration that is a combination of one or more cross-flow, counter-flow and co-flow configurations. The gas-liquid contactor 100 can contain supports arranged within the packaging sections 106 between the upper basins 104 and the lower basin 110. For example, the packaging sections 106 can contain additional support, such as one or more structural elements 115, for a specific part of the packaging sections 106, such as an upper part, so that the loads (e.g., the weight of the dry part of the structured packaging 116 plus the weight of the liquid buildup of the CO2 separation solution 114 on that part of the structured packaging 116) do not act on another part of the packaging sections 106 (e.g., a lower part). In some cases, the packaging sections 106 may not contain the support.In some aspects, at least one structural support can be positioned between the structured packaging sections 116 and the packaging sections 106. The fluid distribution system 120 can include all suitable components such as pipes, weirs, pumps, valves, distributors, etc., fluidically coupled in any suitable arrangement to achieve the functionality attributed to the fluid distribution system 120 herein. A non-limiting example of such a component is one or more pump(s) 122, an example of which is shown in Fig. 1. The pumps 122 serve to move pressurized liquids, such as the CO2 separation solution 114 and / or the CO2-laden separation solution 111, from their source to the point of use.Some non-limiting examples of possible functions of the pumps 122 include moving the CO2 separation solution 114 into the upper basins 104, moving the process streams from the lower basin 110 into the redistribution basins 119, moving the CO2 separation solution 114 and / or the CO2-laden separation solution 111 from the lower basin 110 into the upper basins 104 for redistribution via the packaging sections 106, moving the CO2 separation solution 114 and / or the CO2-laden separation solution 111 from the lower basin 110 to components of the DAC system 1200 for further processing, and any combination of the preceding streams. The pumps 122 can thus be used to transport liquid into, out of, and within the gas-liquid contactor 100. A control system (e.g., control system 999, see Fig. 1) can be used to control the liquid flow through the pumps 122 of the liquid distribution system 120. For example, a control system can be used to control the pumps 122 to pump the CO2 separation solution 114 from the lower basin 110 to the upper basins 104. The pumps 122 can also be controlled to provide a constant flow rate for the liquid distribution system 120, regardless of changes in the liquid flow in the gas-liquid contactor 100. The pumps 122 can help distribute the CO2 separation solution 114 through the packaging sections 106 at relatively low flow rates, which can help reduce the costs of pumping or moving the CO2 separation solution 114. Furthermore, low fluid flow rates of the CO2 separation solution 114 through the packaging sections 106 can result in a lower pressure drop of the CO2-laden air 101 as it flows through the packaging sections 106, thereby reducing the energy requirement of the device used to move the CO2-laden air 101 through the packaging sections 106 (e.g., a fan 212, described below). The pumps 122 can be designed to generate an intermittent or pulsed flow of the CO2 separation solution 114 over the packaging sections 106, thereby enabling intermittent wetting of the packaging sections 106 with relatively low liquid flows.The CO2 separation solution 114, which is sprayed, flowed or otherwise distributed over the packaging sections 106, is collected in the lower basin 110 and can then be moved back to the upper basin 104 by the pumps 122 or transported downstream for processing. In example implementations and with reference to Fig. 1, the one or more pumps 122 of the liquid distribution system are functional to circulate the CO2 separation solution 114 over each packaging section 106 at a liquid loading rate in the range of 0.5 l / m²s to 10 l / m²s. In example implementations, the liquid loading rate is between 2 l / m²s and 6 l / m²s. The units l / m²s of the liquid loading rate refer to a specific volume of the CO2 separation solution 114 covering a specific area of ​​the packaging section 106 per second. The specified area of ​​the packaging section 106 may refer to a flat surface of an upper part of the packaging section 106, such as the area of ​​the packaging section 106 below the upper basin 104 (e.g., view of the upper part of the packaging section 106 from the upper basin 104 looking down).When determining the liquid loading rate using the flat surface, a rate of 2 l / m²s means that the pump(s) 122 is / are designed to flow the CO₂ separation solution 114 over each packaging section 106 such that every second, 2 l of the CO₂ separation solution 114 is absorbed on every square meter of the flat surface of the packaging section 106. The determined range of liquid loading rates cannot refer to the area of ​​a surface of the structured packaging 116. The liquid loading rate can refer to or reflect an initial flow condition in which the CO₂ separation solution 114 is applied to the top of the packaging section 106. The liquid loading rate cannot reflect subsequent flow conditions further down in the packaging section 106. The liquid process streams in the gas-liquid contactor 100, as well as process streams within downstream processes to which the gas-liquid contactor 100 is fluidically coupled, can be controlled by one or more flow control systems (e.g., controller 999). A flow control system can include one or more flow pumps (including or in addition to the pumps 122), fans, blowers, or solids feeders for conveying the process streams, one or more flow lines through which the process streams are directed, and one or more valves for controlling the flow of the streams through the lines. Each of the configurations described here can include at least one variable frequency drive (VFD) coupled to a corresponding pump and capable of controlling at least one liquid flow.In example implementations, the flow rates of liquids are controlled by at least one flow control valve. In some embodiments, a flow control system can be operated manually. For example, an operator can set a flow rate for each pump or conveying device and adjust the valves to open or closed positions to regulate the flow of process streams through the pipes in the flow control system. Once the operator has set the flow rates and the open or closed position of the valves for all flow control systems distributed throughout the system, the flow control system can operate under constant flow conditions, such as a constant volumetric flow rate or other flow conditions. To change the flow conditions, the operator can manually operate the flow control system, for example, by changing the flow rate of the pump or the valve in the open or closed position. In some embodiments, a flow control system can be operated automatically. For example, the flow control system can be connected to a computer or a control system (e.g., a control system 999) to operate the flow control system. The control system can include a computer-readable medium for storing instructions (such as flow control instructions and other instructions) that can be executed by one or more processors to perform operations (such as flow control operations). An operator can use the control system to set the flow rates and the open or closed position of the valve for all flow control systems distributed throughout the facility. In such embodiments, the operator can manually change the flow conditions by providing inputs through the control system. Furthermore, in such embodiments, the control system can operate automatically (i.e.,(without manual intervention) control one or more of the flow control systems, for example, using feedback systems connected to the control system. For example, a sensor (e.g., a pressure sensor, a temperature sensor, or another sensor) can be connected to a pipe through which a process stream flows. The sensor can monitor the process stream and provide a flow condition (e.g., pressure, temperature, or other flow conditions) to the control system. If the flow condition exceeds a threshold (e.g., a pressure threshold, a temperature threshold, or another threshold), the control system can automatically perform operations. For example, if the pressure or temperature in the pipe exceeds the pressure threshold, or if the temperature exceeds the temperature threshold, the control system can automatically perform operations.If the temperature threshold is exceeded, the control system can send a signal to the pump to reduce the flow rate, a signal to open a valve to release the pressure, a signal to shut off the process flow, or other signals. The gas-liquid contactor 100 has a gas circulation device that serves to move or circulate gas flows into and out of the gas-liquid contactor 100. In the implementation of the gas-liquid contactor of Fig. 1, the gas circulation device of the gas-liquid contactor 100 is a fan 212. The fan 212 serves to circulate gases such as ambient air, so that the CO2-laden air 101 is caused by the fan 212 to flow into the gas-liquid contactor 100, and so that the CO2-poor gas 105 is caused by the fan 212 to be discharged from the gas-liquid contactor 100. The fan 212 thus serves to circulate the CO2-laden air 101 and the CO2-poor gas 105 in the manner described here. Referring to Fig. 1, the fan 212 is rotatable about a fan axis defined by a fan shaft. In the implementation of the fan 212, shown in Fig.In Figure 1, the fan shaft is upright or vertically oriented. Other orientations for the shaft and the fan shaft are possible, as described in more detail below. Referring to Figure 1, the fan 212 is located upstream of the end of the fan block 107, which defines the outlet 103O and induces a flow of the CO2-deficient gas 105 through the outlet 103O. In another possible configuration, the fan 212 is positioned elsewhere between the vertically opposite ends of the fan block 107 and upstream of the outlet 103O, so that the fan 212 directs the CO2-deficient gas 105 through the outlet 103O. Referring to Figure 1, the fan 212 is located behind and above the upper chamber section 108U. By rotating the fan 212 around the fan axis, gases circulate into the inlets 103I and through the gas-liquid contactor 100. For example, in the implementation of the gas-liquid contactor of Fig.1. By rotating the fan 212, the CO2-laden air 101 is drawn into the gas-liquid contactor 100 and the CO2-poor gas 105 is discharged from the gas-liquid contactor 100. The fan 212 can cause the CO2-laden air 101 to enter the packaging compartments 106 at air velocities below 5 m / s. The fan 212 can cause the CO2-laden air 101 to enter the packaging compartments 106 at air velocities between 0.1 m / s and 5 m / s. Other configurations of the gas-liquid contactor 100 are possible, some of which are now described in more detail. In such a possible configuration, and with reference to Fig. 2A, the gas-liquid contactor 100a can have an upright body and an air inlet 2103 along a lower section through which the CO2-laden air 101 is admitted into the gas-liquid contactor 100a. The fan 2112 rotates to draw the CO2-laden air 101 upwards through the inlet 2103 to contact the packing section 2106. In the configuration of Fig. 2A, the gas-liquid contactor 100a has only one packing section 2106 and can therefore be referred to as a "single-cell" gas-liquid contactor 100a. The CO2 separation solution 114 circulates downwards, e.g., B. by gravity flow, uniform or laminar flow, etc., within the packaging 2106 and finally flows into one or more lower basins 2110. While the CO2 separation solution 114 circulates through and over the packaging 2106, the CO2-laden air 101 (e.g.(through the action of the fan 2112) upwards through the packaging 2106 to come into contact with the CO2 separation solution 114. Thus, the flow of the CO2 separation solution 114 through the packaging 2106 in Fig. 2A is counterflow (or counter-flow) to the flow of the CO2-laden air 101 through the packaging 2106. The dimension of movement of the packaging fluid, along which the CO2 separation solution 114 flows through the packaging 2106, is defined in the vertical direction and corresponds to the packaging depth along which the CO2-laden air 101 flows upwards through the packaging 2106. Part of the CO2 content within the CO2-laden air 101 is directed into the CO2 separation solution 114 (e.g., absorbed by it), and the fan 2112 moves the CO2-poor gas 105 from the gas-liquid contactor 100a into an environment. The CO2-rich solution flows into at least one lower basin 2110. Referring to Fig. 2B, another possible configuration of a gas-liquid contactor 100b has an upright body and an inlet 3103 along an upright side section through which the CO2-laden air 101 is admitted into the gas-liquid contactor 100b. The fan 3112 rotates about a horizontal fan axis to draw the CO2-laden air 101 through the inlet 3103 in a substantially horizontal direction to contact the packaging section 3106. In another possible implementation of the gas-liquid contactor 100b, the fan 3112 is located upstream of the packaging section 3106 relative to the flow direction of the CO2-laden air 101.In such an implementation, the gas-liquid contactor 100b uses forced draft, in which the fan 3112 rotates about a horizontal fan axis to "push" the CO2-laden air 101 through the inlet 3103 in a substantially horizontal direction to contact the packing section 3106. In the configuration of Fig. 2B, the gas-liquid contactor 100b has only one packing section 3106 and can therefore be referred to as a "single-cell" gas-liquid contactor 100b. The CO2 separation solution 114 circulates downwards, e.g. B. by gravity flow, uniform or laminar flow, etc., within the packaging 3106 and finally flows into one or more lower basins 3110. While the CO2 separation solution 114 circulates through and over the packaging 3106, the CO2-laden air 101 (e.g., by the action of the fan 3112) flows substantially horizontally through the packaging 3106 to come into contact with the CO2 separation solution 114.Thus, the flow of the CO2 separation solution 114 through the packaging 3106 in Fig. 2B is essentially perpendicular to the flow of the CO2-laden air 101 through the packaging 3106. Such a configuration of flows can be referred to as a "cross-flow" configuration. The dimension of movement of the packaging fluid, along which the CO2 separation solution 114 flows through the packaging 2106, is defined in the vertical direction and is perpendicular to the packaging depth along which the CO2-laden air 101 flows horizontally through the packaging 2106. A portion of the CO2 content within the CO2-laden air 101 is transferred to the CO2 separation solution 114, and the fan 3112 moves the CO2-depleted gas 105 from the gas-liquid contactor 100b into the surrounding environment. The CO2-rich solution flows into at least one lower basin 3110. The description and one, some or all of the advantages and functions of the features of the gas-liquid contactor 100 in Fig. 1, which are shown in Fig. 2A and Fig. 2B, apply accordingly to the features of Fig. 2A and Fig. 2B. Referring to Fig. 1, each structured packaging 116 contains or consists of several packaging sheets 130, which are assembled to form a three-dimensional structured packaging 116. The packaging sheets 130 of each structured packaging 116 may be made of any suitable material or have any suitable configuration to achieve the function attributed to the packaging sections 106 herein. Some or all of the packaging sheets 130 may be made of PVC, which is relatively lightweight, malleable, affordable, and resistant to degradation by many chemicals.The packaging sheets 130 are arranged, constructed, treated, or otherwise designed to promote the distribution of the liquid CO2 separation solution 114 into a thin film on the surfaces of the packaging sheets 130, thereby enabling maximum exposure of the liquid CO2 separation solution 114 to the CO2 in the CO2-laden air 101. For example, the liquid-gas interface of one or more of the packaging sheets 130 can be treated with a coating, have shapes or formations, and / or be made of a material that varies the surface energy of parts of the packaging sheet 130 (e.g., increases the surface energy) and / or reduces the contact angle of the liquid CO2 separation solution 114. For example, the hydrophilicity of the liquid-gas interface of one or more of the packaging sheets 130 can be increased by applying a coating to increase the free surface energy.Coatings can be applied to some or all of the structured packaging 116 to further enhance its suitability for low liquid loading rates from 0.5 L / m²s to 2.5 L / m²s. In this context, reference is made to such surface treatments and modifications described in U.S. Patent Application No. 2022 / 0176312, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Such “film-like” packaging sheets 130 are suitable for DAC systems because they have the capacity for more effective mass transfer per unit volume of the filling space. For example, a film-like filling offers a relatively high specific surface area to volume ratio, where the ratio is defined in units of m² / m³. A high specific surface area helps to expose more CO₂ to the surface of the CO₂ capture solution 114 and also has cost and structural implications.An example implementation of a packing sheet 130 of the structured packing 116 is shown in Fig. 3. The packing sheet 130 supports and guides the CO2 capture solution 114 as it flows along the packing sheet 130. The packing sheet 130 is shaped, dimensioned, and designed to facilitate the transfer of CO2 from the CO2-laden air 101 to the CO2 capture solution 114. The packing sheet 130 thus serves as a medium for optimizing the absorption of CO2 from the flowing atmospheric air into the flowing CO2 capture solution 114. Other packing sheets, for example, those used in water cooling tower applications, primarily serve for heat transfer between water and atmospheric air, with little or no mass transfer occurring between the gases of the airflow and the water being cooled.By optimizing for the mass transfer of CO2, as described here, the packaging sheet 130 can achieve lower pressure losses of the air flowing through it and a more optimal distribution of the CO2 separation solution 114 than if the mass transfer of CO2 were attempted with a filling sheet optimized for heat transfer. The packaging sheet 130 can be referred to by other terms similar to "sheet," such as sheet, disc, plate, and layer. The packaging sheet 130 is also shaped, dimensioned, formed, and configured in some cross-flow implementations to assist the transfer of CO2 from the CO2-laden air 101 to the CO2 separation solution 114 at low liquid loading rates (e.g., 0.5 l / m2s to 2.5 l / m2s) compared to the higher liquid loading rates (often greater than 15 l / m2s) in cross-flow applications in water cooling towers. Referring to Fig. 3, the packaging sheet 130 has a body 132 that defines part of the body of the packaging sheet 130 and gives it structure. As can be seen in Fig. 4A, the body 132 has a first side 134A and a second side 134B, which is located on a side of the body 132 opposite the first side 134A. The body 132 has a front edge 136A and a rear edge 136B. When the packaging sheet 130 is installed in the gas-liquid contactor 100, 100A, 100B, which is sometimes referred to herein as the “installed configuration” of the packaging sheet 130, the front edge 136A is the edge of the body 132 that first receives the CO2-laden air 101. The trailing edge 136B is the edge of the body 132 over which the CO2-laden air 101, which is depleted of some of its CO2, flows after passing through the body 132.The leading and trailing edges 136A, 136B are thus spaced apart, defining an air movement depth 138D of the packaging sheet 130 between them. The air movement depth 138D (hereafter sometimes referred to as "ATD 138D") runs parallel to the prevailing direction along which the CO2-laden air 101 flows over the packaging sheet 130 during operation of the gas-liquid contactor 100, 100A, 100B. The ATD 138D represents the distance traveled by the CO2-laden air 101 as it flows over the housing 132 from the leading edge 136A to the trailing edge 136B. The ATD 138D is one dimension greater than zero. In the configuration of the packaging sheet 130 of Fig. 3, which is intended for use in the cross-flow gas-liquid contactor 100 of Fig. 1, the ATD 138D is a horizontal or lateral dimension, so that the ATD 138D refers to a horizontal flow direction of the CO2-loaded air 101.Body 132 has a thickness defined along a direction perpendicular to the plane defined by body 132. The thickness of body 132 can sometimes be referred to as its width. Referring to Fig. 3, the body 132 has several connecting edges that are connected to each other and / or to the front and rear edges 136A, 136B. In the packaging sheet 130 of Fig. 3, the connecting edges comprise a top edge 136U, extending between the front and rear edges 136A, 136B, and a bottom edge 136L, also extending between the front and rear edges 136A, 136B. The edges 136A, 136B, 136U, 136L define or delimit the body 132 and the boundaries between the first and second sides 134A, 134B. The top and bottom edges 136A, 136B are spaced apart from each other such that they define an air movement dimension 138L of the packaging sheet 130 between them.The air movement dimension 138L (sometimes referred to herein as "LTD 138L") runs parallel to the predominant direction along which the CO2 separation solution 114 flows along the packaging sheet 130 during operation of the gas-liquid contactor 100, 100A, 100B. The LTD 138L represents the distance traveled by the CO2 separation solution 114 as it flows across the housing 132 from the top edge 136U to the bottom edge 136L. The LTD 138L is a dimension greater than zero. In the configuration of the packaging sheet 130 of Fig. 3, which is intended for use in the cross-flow gas-liquid contactor 100 of Fig. 1, the LTD 138L is a vertical dimension such that the lower edge 136L is located below the upper edge 136U. In the configuration of the packaging sheet 130 of Fig. 3, which is intended for use in the cross-flow gas-liquid contactor 100 of Fig. 1, the LTD 138L represents the height of the packaging sheet 130. Referring to Fig. 3, the LTD 138L is larger than the ATD 138D. Therefore, the packing sheet 130 in Fig. 3 can be "taller" than "deep" in implementations where it is installed in the cross-flow gas-liquid contactor 100 of Fig. 1. In example implementations, the ATD 138D is between 2 feet and 24 feet. In example implementations, the ATD 138D is between 2 feet and 5 feet. In example implementations, the ATD 138D is between 3 feet and 5 feet. In example implementations, the LTD 138L (e.g., the height of the packing sheet 130 in example implementations) is between 2 feet and 24 feet. In example implementations, the LTD 138L is between 4 feet and 7 feet. In an example implementation of Packing Sheet 130, the ATD 138D is between 3 feet and 5 feet and the LTD 138L is between 4 feet and 7 feet.Such a relatively large packaging sheet 130, together with adjacent and attached other such large packaging sheets 130, provides a structured packaging 116 that allows the liquid film to be distributed across its surfaces and offers a relatively high specific surface area to volume ratio (defined in units of m² / m³), where a high specific surface area helps to expose more CO₂ to the surface of the CO₂ capture solution 114. In example implementations, the thickness of the body 132 is between one and two orders of magnitude smaller than one or both of the ATD 138D and the LTD 138L of the body 132. Other configurations of the packaging sheet 130 are possible. For example, in the counterflow gas-liquid contactor 100A of Fig. 2A, the front and rear edges are horizontally oriented, and the top and bottom edges are identical to the front and rear edges, respectively. In the counterflow gas-liquid contactor 100A in Fig. 2A, the ATD and the LTD can be the same and defined along the same axis. In another possible implementation, the LTD 138L is smaller than the ATD 138D when the packaging sheet 130 is installed in the gas-liquid contactor 100, 100A, or 100B. Referring to Fig. 3, the body 132 has a mass transfer zone 131. In the packaging sheet 130 of Fig. 3, the mass transfer zone 131 is present or arranged on both the first side 134A and the second side 134B. The mass transfer zone 131 defines a portion of the surface of the body 132 between the front, rear, top, and bottom edges 136A, 136B, 136U, and 136L. In the implementation of Fig. 3, the mass transfer zone 131 defines almost the entire surface of the packaging sheet 130. The mass transfer zone 131 includes or is defined by several mass transfer microstructures 133. The mass transfer microstructures 133 are surface formations or features present on the body 132 and shaped, dimensioned, and designed to facilitate the transfer of CO2 from the CO2-laden air 101 to the CO2 capture solution 114. In the implementation of Fig.3 The mass transfer microstructures 133 contain herringbone or chevron patterns that allow the CO2 capture solution 114 to follow a serpentine or winding path as it flows along the LTD 138L. The mass transfer microstructures 133 help to increase the “liquid retention” of the packaging sheet 130 (e.g., the ability of the packaging sheet 130 to retain the CO2 capture solution 114 for longer periods) and thus help to extend the duration for the transfer of CO2 from the CO2-laden air 101 to the CO2 capture solution 114.The mass transfer microstructures 133 are arranged, constructed, treated, or otherwise designed to promote the distribution of the liquid CO2 separation solution 114 into a thin film on the surfaces of the packaging sheets 130, thereby enabling maximum exposure of the liquid CO2 separation solution 114 to the CO2 in the CO2-laden air 101. The mass transfer microstructures 133 can be arranged, constructed, treated, or otherwise designed to increase the mass transfer area (e.g., the surface area of ​​the mass transfer zone 131) of the body 132.For example, in implementations where the mass transfer microstructures 133 comprise herringbone or chevron patterns, one or more of the acute angles formed by the arms of the chevrons, the amplitude of the chevrons measured parallel to the LTD 138L, and their height measured in a direction perpendicular to the body plane 132 can be optimized to increase the mass transfer area (e.g., the surface area of ​​the mass transfer zone 131) of the body 132. The term “microstructure” in mass transfer microstructures 133 is understood in the art to denote multiple and distinct surface features that are an integral part of the packaging sheet 130 and is compared in the prior art to the term “macrostructure”, which is larger than microstructures and typically influences the overall shape of the sheet. For example, a packing sheet may have larger macrostructures to influence the airflow across the packing sheet and / or microstructures on its surface to influence properties of the liquid flow, such as liquid contact angles. Macrostructures may include patterns such as waves and grooves that influence the tendency of the air to move along the sheet, depending on the air velocity and the stiffness of the sheet.Microstructures are smaller patterns or structures that can reduce the apparent contact angle of the liquid and facilitate film flow of the deposition solution. Microstructures may be present on top of macrostructures, but macrostructures are generally not present on top of microstructures. The prefix "micro" in engineering is not intended to denote features on the micrometer scale. Various mass transfer microstructures 133 are possible. For example, and referring to Figs. 13 and 14, one or more mass transfer microstructures 833 can have a first wall section 833A extending to a first vertex 833B. The mass transfer microstructures 833 of Figs. 13 and 14 are shown in a cross-sectional plane perpendicular to the front edge 136A of the body 132. The first vertex 833B is the point furthest from the mass transfer microstructure 833 on one side 134A, 134B of the body 132. Each mass transfer microstructure 833 has a second wall section 833C extending from the first vertex 833B to a second vertex 833D on the other side 134B, 134A of the body 132. The second vertex 833D is the point furthest from the mass transfer microstructure 833 on the other side 134B, 134A of the body 132. In the cross-sectional plane of Fig.13 An acute angle is formed between the first and second wall sections 833A, 833C, which are connected at the first vertex 833B and at the second vertex 833D. Referring to Fig. 13, one or both of the first wall section 833A and the second wall section 833C have at least one wall feature 833E extending outward from the respective wall section 833A, 833C. The wall feature 833E may comprise a first wall feature 835A extending outward from the first wall section 833A on the first side 134A of the body 132 and forming a corresponding recess on the second side 134B. A second wall feature 835B extends outward from the second wall section 833C on the second side 134B and forms a corresponding recess on the first side 134A. In example implementations, the wall feature 833E may be a composite wall feature. In such implementations, and with reference to Fig. 14, each wall feature 933E has several bumps or protrusions 935 to increase the surface area of ​​the wall feature 933E and the mass transfer microstructure 933. Regardless of their shape or configuration, the wall features 933E, 933E can increase the surface tension acting on the CO2 separation solution 114 as it flows along the respective mass transfer microstructure 933, 933. This can increase the liquid retention on the packaging sheet 130 and the ability of the CO2 separation solution 114 to separate CO2 from the CO2-laden air 101. The wall features 833E, 933E can increase the specific surface area of ​​the structured packaging 116 while having a minimal, if any, effect on the pressure drop of the CO2-laden air 101 flowing through the structured packaging 116.Wall features 833E, 933E can form repeating patterns of surface protrusions along ATD 138D. In alternative implementations, the wall features 833E, 933E may be present on only some of the mass transfer microstructures 833. A wall feature 833E, 933E may be present along all or part of the extent of a wall segment 833A, 833C defined along LTD 138L. Axes defined by each of the first wall feature 835A and the second wall feature 835B may be transverse to each other. In example implementations and with reference to Fig. 13 and Fig. 14, each wall feature 833E, 933E is positioned on its wall segment 833A, 833C between the extremities (e.g., between the first vertex 833B and the second vertex 833D) of the mass transfer microstructure 833, 933. The wall feature 833E, 933E can be understood as forming or being a microstructure on or from the mass transfer microstructure 833, 933. The mass transfer microstructures 833, 933 of Fig. 13 and Fig.14 can therefore be understood as examples of microstructures that are present on other microstructures of the mass transfer zone 131. Various mass transfer microstructures 133 are possible. Figures 18A and 18B show another example configuration of the mass transfer zone 131, which consists of or includes microstructures present on other microstructures. Referring to Figure 18A, the mass transfer microstructures 1833 have base microstructures 1833B and supplementary microstructures 1833S. The base microstructures 1833B, one of which is shown as the dashed outline 1805 in Figure 18A, are arranged in a chevron or herringbone pattern in this example. Each base microstructure 1833B extends along a major axis parallel to the LTD 138L. The cross-sectional profile of the basic microstructures 1833B is in a cross-sectional plane that is perpendicular to a plane of the body 132, similar to the profile of the mass transfer microstructures 133 of Fig. 4E, which are described in more detail below. Referring to Fig. 18A, the supplementary microstructures 1833S, one of which is shown as the dashed outline 1807 in Fig. 18A (which has different dotted lines than the dashed outline 1805), are present on the microstructures 1833B. Each supplementary microstructure 1833S extends along a major axis parallel to the LTD 138L. Each supplementary microstructure 1833S is arranged in a chevron or herringbone pattern, as shown by the dashed outline 1807. Referring to Fig. 18A, several supplementary microstructures 1833S are present on each base microstructure 1833B. Referring to Fig. 18B, the supplementary microstructures 1833S project from the basic microstructures 1833B on one of the first and second sides 134A, 134B of the body 132. In example implementations and with reference to Fig. 18B, each supplementary microstructure 1833S extends in a wave-like pattern over adjacent basic microstructures 1833B. Each basic microstructure 1833B contains a first wall section 1833A that extends to a first vertex 1833C. The first vertex 1833C is the furthest point of the base microstructure 1833B on one side 134A, 134B of the body 132. Each base microstructure 1833B in this example has a second wall section 1833D extending from the first vertex 1833C to a second vertex 1833E on the other side 134B, 134A of the body 132.The second vertex 1833E is the point furthest from the base microstructure 1833B on the other side 134B, 134A of body 132. In the cross-sectional plane described above, an acute angle is formed between the first and second wall sections 1833A, 1833D, which are connected at the first vertex 1833C and at the second vertex 1833E. Similar to each basic microstructure 1833B, in this example each complementary microstructure 1833S has first and second wall sections 1833SA, 1833SD, which are connected at a first vertex 1833SC and a second vertex 1833SE on the same side 134B, 134A of body 132. The first wall section 1833SA of each complementary microstructure 1833S projects from the first wall section 1833A of the corresponding basic microstructure 1833B along a direction perpendicular to a plane defined by the first wall section 1833A. The second wall section 1833SD of each exemplary complementary microstructure 1833S projects from the second wall section 1833D of the corresponding base microstructure 1833B along a direction perpendicular to a plane defined by the second wall section 1833D. In the example shown, the height of the first vertex 1833SC of each complementary microstructure 1833S is greater than the height of the first vertex 1833C of the underlying base microstructure 1833B. The height of the first and second wall sections 1833SA, 1833SD of each complementary microstructure 1833S is greater than the height of the first and second wall sections 1833A, 1833D of the underlying base microstructure 1833B. In example implementations, the height of each complementary microstructure 1833S, measured between its first and second vertices 1833SC, 1833SE, is less than the height of the corresponding base microstructure 1833B, measured between its first and second vertices 1833C, 1833E. All heights to be compared are measured from a reference element corresponding to the heights to be compared, and along a direction perpendicular to the plane of body 132, as described here. In example implementations, the thickness of each supplementary microstructure 1833S, measured along a direction perpendicular to one of the corresponding first or second wall sections 1833SA, 1833SD, is less than the height of the corresponding base microstructure 1833B, measured between its first and second vertices 1833C, 1833E. In example implementations and with reference to Fig. 18B, each supplementary microstructure 1833S projects from a surrounding surface of the underlying base microstructure 1833B on one side 134A, 134B of the body 132 and forms a corresponding depression or groove relative to the surrounding surface of the same base microstructure 1833B on the other side 134A, 134B of the body 132. In example implementations and with reference to Fig. 18B, each complementary microstructure 1833S extends in a wave-like manner through the transition between its first and second vertices 1833SC, 1833SE, as it spans adjacent base microstructures 1833B, whereas the base microstructures do not extend in a wave-like manner through the transition between their first and second vertices 1833C, 1833E. In example implementations and with reference to Fig. 18B, the mass transfer microstructure 1833 can be viewed as a transition surface with raised portions (e.g., the complementary microstructures 1833S) and lower portions (e.g., the sections of the base microstructures 1833B between two adjacent complementary microstructures 1833S), rather than as being composed of complementary microstructures 1833S superimposed on base microstructures 1833B. The orientation of a base microstructure 1833B can be transverse or non-parallel to the orientation of the complementary microstructures 1833S along segments of the base microstructure 1833B from which the complementary microstructures 1833S project. For example, and with reference to Fig. 18A, a segment of one of the base microstructures 1833B has a base orientation axis 1850. The segments of the complementary microstructures 1833S projecting from the same segment of the base microstructure 1833B each have a complementary orientation axis 1852. The segments of the complementary microstructures 1833S are spaced apart on the segment of the base microstructure 1833B in a direction parallel to the base orientation axis 1850. Each supplementary orientation axis 1852 can be perpendicular to the basic orientation axis 1850 when viewed in a plane parallel to the body 132. Each supplementary orientation axis 1852 forms an angle θ with the basic orientation axis 1850 when viewed in a plane parallel to the body 132. In example implementations, the angle θ is greater than 0 degrees and less than 180 degrees. In example implementations, the angle θ is approximately 90 degrees. The mass transfer microstructures 1833 of Fig. 18A and Fig. 18B can therefore be considered as or enclosing “opposite” microstructures 1833B, 1833S. By adjusting the angle θ at which the base and complementary microstructures 1833B, 1833S intersect, the flow properties of the liquid along the packaging sheet 130 can be adapted. For example, if the angle θ is reduced (e.g., closer to 0 degrees), this can “flatten” the intersection point of the base and complementary microstructures 1833B, 1833S, thereby slowing the flow of the CO2 capture solution 114 along the LTD 138L. In example implementations and with reference to Fig. 18A, the segments of each basic microstructure 1833B have an orientation that is parallel to the orientation of the segments of the complementary microstructures 1833S that do not protrude from the same segments of the basic microstructure 1833B. The mass transfer microstructures 833 can promote the distribution of the liquid CO2 capture solution 114 into a thin film on the surfaces of the packaging sheets 130 (sometimes referred to as the phenomenon of "wetting"), thereby enabling maximum exposure of the liquid CO2 capture solution 114 to the CO2 in the CO2-laden air 101. The opposing base and supplementary microstructures 1833B and 1833S can increase the liquid retention on the packaging sheet 130 and the ability of the CO2 capture solution 114 to absorb CO2 from the CO2-laden air 101. In example implementations, the mass transfer microstructures 833 are present along the entire mass transfer zone 131. In alternative implementations, the mass transfer microstructures 833 may be present only on a portion of the mass transfer zone 131. In alternative implementations of packing sheet 130, the mass transfer zone 131 is present or located only on one of the first and second pages 134A, 134B. In alternative implementations of packing sheet 130, the mass transfer zone 131 is present or located only on part of one or both of the first and second pages 134A, 134B. Referring to Fig. 3, the body 132 has several stiffening elements 140. Each stiffening element 140 extends outwards from one or both sides of the first and second sides 134A, 134B of the body 132. In the packaging sheet 130 of Fig. 3, the stiffening elements 140 extend outwards from both the first and second sides 134A, 134B (see, for example, Figs. 4A to 4E). In the color scheme in Fig. 3, the darker gray shading on the stiffening elements 140 indicates that the shaded portion extends outwards from the body 132 on the first side 134A, and the lighter gray shading on the stiffening elements 140 indicates that the shaded portion extends outwards from the body 132 on the second side 134B. This color scheme is used in the illustrations solely to explain the features of the illustrations and does not restrict the direction of extension of a feature.In example implementations, the term “extend outwards” is used herein to mean that a feature is a projection or extension from a plane defined by body 132, typically in a direction perpendicular to the plane. Each stiffening element 140 is an elongated body aligned parallel to the LTD 138L. The stiffening elements 140 reinforce the packaging sheet 130 by supporting it against lateral or bending loads caused by the weight of the packaging sheet 130 itself, the liquid absorption of the CO2 separation solution 114 on the packaging sheet 130, any scaling present on the packaging sheet 130, and / or other loads. The stiffening elements 140 can therefore be any structure that is elongated or extends parallel to the LTD 138L and is capable of supporting the loads described herein. The stiffening elements 140 can have any arrangement, number, position, shape, form, or size to achieve the functionality attributed to them herein, and examples of possible configurations for the stiffening elements 140 are described in more detail below. In example implementations and with reference to Fig. 3, the stiffening elements 140 are arranged on or next to the mass transfer zone 131 and its mass transfer microstructures 133. In these example implementations, the stiffening elements 140 contribute little or nothing to the transfer of CO2 from the CO2-laden air 101 to the CO2 separation solution 114. In alternative implementations, the packaging sheet 130 is free of stiffening elements 140 and derives its load-bearing capacity from the material and size of the packaging sheet 130 itself. Referring to Fig. 3, the body 132 has several spacers 150 arranged on the mass transfer zone 131. Each spacer 150 extends outwards from one or both sides of the first and second sides 134A, 134B of the body 132. In the packaging sheet 130 of Fig. 3, the spacers 150 extend outwards from both the first and second sides 134A, 134B. In the color scheme in Fig. 3, the darker gray shading on the spacers 150 indicates that the shaded portion extends outwards from the body 132 on the first side 134A, and the lighter gray shading on the spacers 150 indicates that the shaded portion extends outwards from the body 132 on the second side 134B. The spacers 150 are arranged at a distance from each other on each side 134A, 134B of the body 132. Referring to Fig.3. The spacers 150 are arranged in one direction parallel to the LTD 138L at intervals from each other. The packaging sheet 130 can contain several sets of spacers 150, with the spacers 150 of each set of spacers 150 being aligned parallel to the LTD 138L. Referring to Fig. 3, the spacers 150 are arranged vertically spaced along the height of the packaging sheet 130. Referring to Fig. 3, the spacers 150 are also spaced apart in a direction parallel to the ATD 138D. The spacers 150 help to maintain separation between the mass transfer zones 131 of adjacent packaging sheets 130 of a structured package 116. The spacers 150 of one packaging sheet 130 align with and abut the spacers 150 of another packaging sheet 130, thereby defining airflow channels or grooves between adjacent packaging sheets 130 through which the CO2-laden air 101 can flow, as explained in more detail below.In example implementations, the adjacent spacers 150 of neighboring packaging sheets 130 are glued or joined together, creating a structural connection between the neighboring packaging sheets 130. Referring to Fig. 3, the contact surfaces 152 of the spacers 150 have an oval or circular shape and are fully aligned with the contact surfaces 152 of the spacers 150 of the adjacent packaging sheet 130 to which they are connected (see, for example, Fig. 5). The spacers 150 can have any arrangement, number, position, shape, form, or size to achieve the functionality attributed to them herein, and examples of possible configurations for the spacers 150 are described in more detail below. In example implementations, the spacers 150 contribute little or nothing to the transfer of CO2 from the CO2-laden air 101 to the CO2 separation solution 114. Referring to Fig. 3, the spacers 150 are arranged in spacer pairs 150P. Each spacer pair 150P is spaced apart from another spacer pair 150P along the LTD 138L and the ATD 138D. Referring to Fig. 3, the spacer pairs 150P are aligned along the LTD 138L. Referring to Fig. 3, the spacer pairs 150P are arranged along the ATD 138D. In alternative implementations, the spacer pairs 150P are misaligned, offset, or misaligned across the body 132 of the packaging sheet 130. The spacers 150 in each spacer pair 150P are spaced apart in a direction parallel to the ATD 138D. The distance between the spacers 150 of each spacer pair 150P is parallel to the ATD 138D. In example implementations, the distance is less than one third of the ATD 138D.In example implementations, the distance is smaller than the diameter or size of one of the spacers 150. Referring to Fig. 3, the mass transfer microstructures 133 are present on the body 132 between the spacers 150 of each spacer pair 150P and between the spacer pairs 150P. Referring to Fig. 3, each spacer pair 150P contains a first spacer 150 extending outward from the first side 134A of the body 132 (shown in Fig. 3 as the spacers 150 with a darker shade of gray) and a second spacer 150 extending outward from the second side 134B (shown in Fig. 3 as the spacers 150 with a lighter shade of gray, see also Fig. 4B). Each spacer 150 is a hollow body (see e.g. Fig. 4B) , so that they form corresponding depressions on the other side of the body 132 from which they extend.Thus, each spacer 150 forms a projection on one side 134A, 134B of the body 132 and a recess on the other side 134B, 134A. The packaging sheet 130 is optimized to maximize its surface area available for the transfer of CO2 from the CO2-laden air 101 to the CO2 capture solution 114. When the packaging sheets 130 are assembled to form a structured packaging 116, and the structured packaging 116 is part of a packaging section 106 installed in the gas-liquid contactor 100, the leading edge 136A of each packaging sheet 130 of the structured packaging 116 runs substantially parallel to a vertical axis 135 or a plumb line. Thus, in the installed configurations of the packaging sheets 130, the leading edges 136A have a substantially vertical orientation. In example implementations and with reference to Fig. 3, the leading edges 136A are essentially perpendicular to the ATD 138D of the packaging sheet 130 and to the packaging depth 106D of each packaging section 106. The side edges of the air inlet (e.g.the leading edges 136A) of each packaging sheet 130 are essentially perpendicular to the prevailing direction along which the CO2-laden air 101 flows over the packaging sheet 130. In example implementations, the term “essentially” refers to the fact that the packaging sheets 130 can be positioned such that their leading edges 136A, when installed as part of each packaging section 106, are parallel to the vertical axis 135, assuming that minor deviations from the vertical may occur due to the following non-exhaustive list of factors: manufacturing tolerances in the manufacture of the packaging sheet 130, minor misalignment when assembling the packaging sheets 130 into a structured packaging 116, minor misalignment when assembling the structured packaging 116 into an arrangement 118 of the structured packaging 116, and damage to a packaging sheet 130 during transport, assembly, and installation.In example implementations, the term “essentially” refers to the packaging sheets 130 which are designed such that their leading edges 136A, when installed, are parallel to the vertical axis 135, within a tolerance of less than 2 degrees from parallelism. The orientation of the leading edges 136A of the packing sheets 130 with the vertical axis 135 in their installed configuration contrasts with some filler sheets used in water cooling towers, which primarily serve to transfer heat between water and atmospheric air. These cooling tower filler sheets are oriented in the cooling tower such that their leading edges form an offset angle Δ relative to the vertical axis 135. The offset angle Δ is sometimes referred to as the “packing angle,” or the packing or filler sheets are sometimes described as having a “forward tilt.” The offset leading edge of such cooling tower filler sheets is shown schematically in Fig. 3 for comparison as the phantom leading edge 137. The offset angle Δ of such cooling tower filler sheets can be about five to ten (5-10) degrees.Such cooling tower filler sheets form offset angles Δ with the vertical axis 135 to compensate for the effects of the higher velocity airflow on the vertically flowing water on the filler sheet surfaces during operation. As water flows downwards along the leaves, generally parallel to the vertical axis 135, the higher-velocity air tends to push the water towards the outlet side or the trailing edge of the leaves due to friction at the air-water interface, particularly along the lower leading sections of the infill leaf. This can cause such lower leading sections to dry out and thus be less available for heat transfer. To eliminate such dry zones, these cooling tower infill leaves eliminate these lower leading sections by "leaning" towards the airflow, so that an upper corner of the infill leaves is located near the intersection of the leading edge 137 and a top edge, closest to the cooling tower air inlet.The lower front corner of this cooling tower filler sheet near the intersection of the leading edge 137 and a bottom edge is the part of the air intake side that is furthest from the air inlet of the cooling tower. In DAC applications where the packing sheets 130 are installed in cross-flow gas-liquid contactors 100 operating at lower air velocities (e.g., between 0.1 m / s and 5 m / s) than in typical water cooling tower applications, there is no comparable problem of dry zones forming when air forces the liquid horizontally along the lower sections of the packing sheet 130 next to the leading edge 136A. Therefore, in such DAC applications, the offset angle Δ of cooling tower packing sheets is detrimental to performance because it results in a missing surface area next to the leading edge that would otherwise be available to facilitate the transfer of CO2 from the CO2-laden air 101 to the CO2 capture solution 114. This missing surface area at the leading edge can lead to a reduced overall efficiency for each packing section 106. The packaging sheet 130 in Fig. 3 does not have the "forward tilt" associated with the cooling tower filler sheets described above. In other words, the offset angle Δ of the packaging sheet 130 in Fig. 3 is approximately zero degrees. Referring to Fig. 3, the packaging sheet 130 therefore has, in addition to its leading edge 136A, an additional leading-edge surface area 139, defined between the leading edge 136A, the phantom leading edge 137, and the segment of the lower edge 136L between the phantom leading edge 137 and the leading edge 136A. The additional leading-edge surface 139 is shown schematically in Fig. 3 with transparent shading. The additional leading-edge surface 139 represents the surface present in the packaging sheet 130, which is missing near the leading edge of some cooling tower filling sheets of similar dimensions, but whose leading edge 137 forms the offset angle Δ relative to the vertical axis 135.Such cooling tower infill panels can compensate for the missing surface area along the leading edges by having a forward-sloping trailing edge that adds the missing surface area along the trailing edge. Given the relatively large number of packaging sheets 130 in the gas-liquid contactor 100, the additional leading-edge surface area 139 available for each packaging sheet 130 at its leading edge 136A corresponds to a larger additional mass transfer area along the leading edge 136A at the level of the gas-liquid contactor 100. This is illustrated by Table 1 below, which calculates the additional leading-edge surface area 139 adjacent to the leading edge 136A for offset angles Δ of 5 degrees and 10 degrees. The additional leading-edge surface area 139 is calculated at the level of each packaging sheet 130, each structured packaging 116, each packaging section 106, and the gas-liquid contactor 100.The following example dimensions and configurations of the packing sheets 130, the structured packagings 116, and the packing sections 106 are for illustrative purposes only, and other dimensions and configurations are possible: 1) The ATD 138D and the LTD 138L of each packing sheet 130 are 1 m (e.g., each packing sheet 130 is 1 m deep and 1 m high); 2) Each packing sheet 130 has a mass transfer zone 131 on all first and second sides 134A, 134B; 3) There are ten packing sheets 130 in each structured packaging 116; 4) There are ten structured packagings 116 in each packing section 106; and5) The gas-liquid contactor 100 contains two packaging sections 106. Table 1: Comparison of the additional surface area for two offset angles. Offset angle ΔPackaging sheet Structured packaging Packaging section Gas-liquid contactor 5 degrees 0.04 (x 2) = 0.080.8816 10 degrees0.09 (x 2) = 0.181.81836 Table 1 thus shows that the additional leading-edge surface 139, which is available to each packaging sheet 130 along its leading edge 136A in cross-flow applications at relatively low air velocities, since the leading edge 136A is essentially parallel to the vertical axis 135, propagates through each structured packaging 116, each packaging section 106, and finally to the cross-flow gas-liquid contactor 100. The additional leading-edge surface 139 provides an additional wettable surface for mass transfer, which can result in more CO2 in the CO2 capture solution 114 being absorbed at the level of each packaging sheet 130, each structured packaging 116, and each packaging section 106.This additional mass transfer surface can increase the ratio of specific surface area to volume (defined in units of m2 / m3) for each packaging section 106 due to the larger surface area, whereby it is understood that higher specific surface areas result in more CO2 being exposed to the surface of the CO2 separation solution 114. The packing sheet 130 without an offset angle Δ along its leading edge 136A can be designed and implemented with regard to the performance characteristics (liquid loading, mass transfer efficiency, mechanical strength at maximum size, etc.) related to the transfer of CO2 from atmospheric air to a liquid separation solution in cross-flow configurations with lower air velocities. These performance characteristics may differ from those of some cooling tower packing sheets optimized for heat transfer from water to air. The leading edge 136A, which runs essentially parallel to the vertical axis 135, can cause the packaging sheet 130 to be stiffer in the vertical direction than filler sheets with non-zero offset angles Δ. When such packaging sheets 130 are assembled to form a structured packaging 116, the structured packaging 116 can thus withstand a greater load than if it contained filler sheets with non-zero offset angles Δ. In example implementations, in addition to the leading edge 136A, other features of the packaging sheet 130 are also substantially parallel to the vertical axis 135 when the packaging sheet 130 is installed in the gas-liquid contactor 100. For example, and with reference to Fig. 3, the packaging sheet 130 has one or more spacer orientation axes 150A. Each orientation axis of the spacer 150A extends between the top and bottom edges 136U, 136L on one or both of the first and second sides 134A, 134B of the packaging sheet 130. Each orientation axis of the spacer 150A also extends between the spacers 150 that are aligned with each other along the LTD 138L. When the packaging sheet 130 of Fig. 3 is installed in the gas-liquid contactor 100, each spacer orientation axis 150A is substantially vertically aligned. When the packaging sheet 130 of Fig. 3 is installed in the gas-liquid contactor 100, each spacer orientation axis 150A is substantially parallel to the vertical axis 135. When the packaging sheet 130 of Fig. 3 is installed in the gas-liquid contactor 100, each spacer orientation axis 150A is substantially parallel to the leading edge 136A. Therefore, and with reference to Fig. 3, all spacers 150 aligned along the LTD 138L are also aligned to the vertical axis 135.Figure 3 shows only one spacer orientation axis 150A for the sake of simplicity, but the packaging sheet 130 may contain several spacer orientation axes 150A which are substantially parallel to the vertical axis 135, each spacer orientation axis 150A being spaced apart from an adjacent spacer orientation axis 150A along the direction of the ATD 138D. The stiffening elements 140 are additional features of the packaging sheet 130, which may be substantially parallel to the vertical axis 135 when the packaging sheet 130 is installed in the gas-liquid contactor 100. Referring to Fig. 3, the packaging sheet 130 has one or more stiffening element orientation axes 140A. Each stiffening element orientation axis 140A extends between the top and bottom edges 136U, 136L on one or both of the first and second sides 134A, 134B of the packaging sheet 130. Each stiffening element orientation axis 140A also extends between the stiffening elements 140 that are aligned with each other along the LTD 138L. When the packaging sheet 130 of Fig. 3 is installed in the gas-liquid contactor 100, each stiffening element orientation axis 140A is substantially vertically aligned. When the packaging sheet 130 of Fig. 3 is installed in the gas-liquid contactor 100, each stiffening element orientation axis 140A is substantially parallel to the vertical axis 135. When the packaging sheet 130 of Fig. 3 is installed in the gas-liquid contactor 100, each stiffening element orientation axis 140A is substantially parallel to the leading edge 136A. Therefore, and with reference to Fig. 3, all sets of stiffening elements 140 aligned along the LTD 138L are also aligned to the vertical axis 135.Figure 3 shows only one stiffening element orientation axis 140A for the sake of simplicity, but the packaging sheet 130 may contain several stiffening element orientation axes 140A which are substantially parallel to the vertical axis 135, each stiffening element orientation axis 140A being spaced apart from an adjacent stiffening element orientation axis 140A along the direction of the ATD 138D. The mass transfer microstructures 133 are additional features of the packaging sheet 130, which can be substantially parallel to the vertical axis 135 when the packaging sheet 130 is installed in the gas-liquid contactor 100. Referring to Fig. 3, the packaging sheet 130 has one or more microstructure orientation axes 133A. In the configuration of Fig. 3, where the mass transfer microstructures 133 are chevrons extending along the LTD 138L, each microstructure orientation axis 133A extends between the maxima or minima of a chevron on one or both of the first and second sides 134A, 134B of the packaging sheet 130. When the packaging sheet 130 of Fig. 3 is installed in the gas-liquid contactor 100, each microstructure orientation axis 133A is substantially vertically oriented. When the packaging sheet 130 of Fig. 3 is installed in the gas-liquid contactor 100, each microstructure orientation axis 133A is substantially parallel to the vertical axis 135. When the packaging sheet 130 of Fig. 3 is installed in the gas-liquid contactor 100, each microstructure orientation axis 133A is substantially parallel to the leading edge 136A. For the sake of simplicity, Fig. 3 shows only one microstructure orientation axis 133A, but the packaging sheet 130 may contain several microstructure orientation axes 133A which are essentially parallel to the vertical axis 135, each microstructure orientation axis 133A being spaced apart from an adjacent microstructure orientation axis 133A along the direction of the ATD 138D. The packaging sheet 130 in Fig. 3 has a rectangular shape. Like the front edge 136A, the rear edge 136B runs substantially parallel to the vertical axis 135. The top edge 136U and the bottom edge 136L are both substantially perpendicular to the front and rear edges 136A and 136B, respectively. Thus, when the packaging sheet 130 of Fig. 3 is installed in the cross-flow gas-liquid contactor 100, the front and rear edges 136B are substantially vertically oriented, and the top and bottom edges 136U and 136L are substantially horizontally oriented. In other configurations of the body 132, the packaging sheet 130 may have more or fewer edges 136A, 136B, 136U, and 136L than shown in Fig. 3. In such configurations, the edges 136 of the body 132 can intersect at a non-zero angle that is not perpendicular. In light of the foregoing, in at least one implementation of the packaging sheet 130 of Fig. 3, one or more of the stiffening element orientation axes 140A, the spacer orientation axes 150A, the microstructure orientation axes 133A, and the trailing edge 136B are aligned in any combination with the leading edge 136A and substantially parallel to the vertical axis 135. The expression “substantially parallel” refers to the packaging sheets 130 being positioned such that, when incorporated as part of each packaging section 106, these features are parallel to the vertical axis 135, it being understood that, as explained above, slight deviations from parallelism may occur. Referring to Fig. 3, the body 132 has or defines a center of gravity 132C. The center of gravity 132C is also referred to as the geometric center in the two-dimensional plane of the body 132, as can be seen in Fig. 3. The packaging sheet 130 in Fig. 3 has a rectangular shape, and the center of gravity 132C is the point where the diagonals of the body 132 intersect. The packaging sheet 130 and / or its features exhibit point symmetry about the center of gravity 132C. When the packaging sheet is rotated 180 degrees about the center of gravity 132C, the packaging sheet 130 and its features appear the same. The point symmetry of the packaging sheet 130 about its center of gravity 132C can result from the zero offset angle Δ of the packaging sheet 130. This point symmetry allows the fastening features of adjacent packaging sheets 130 (e.g., the bearing surfaces of the spacers 150 and the stiffening elements 140) to abut each other, which can facilitate the formation of a structured packaging 116 by assembling several packaging sheets 130. Furthermore, the point symmetry of the packaging sheet 130 about its center of gravity 132C allows a single tool (e.g., a mold) to be used to produce a common packaging sheet 130 of the packaging section 106, with adjacent attached packaging sheets 130 of a structured packaging 116 being point-symmetric translations of each other.This contrasts with a forward-leaning packing in some cross-flow water cooling tower applications, which consist of two or more types of packing sheets (e.g., a packing sheet "A" and a packing sheet "B"). In alternative implementations, the packing sheet 130 is asymmetrical about its center of gravity 132C. In alternative implementations, each structured packing 116 comprises one or more types of packing sheets 130. The packaging sheet 130 can have any number, shape, and / or arrangement of features to achieve the functions assigned to the packaging sheet 130 herein. For example, and with reference to Fig. 4, the stiffening elements 140 include an intermediate stiffening element 142. The intermediate stiffening element 142 reinforces or strengthens the body 132 along a central section of the packaging sheet 130. The intermediate stiffening element 142 reinforces or strengthens the body 132 along a central section by supporting it against lateral or bending loads and / or other loads described above. The intermediate stiffening element 142 includes intermediate stiffening bodies 142A. The intermediate stiffening bodies 142A are located on the body 132 between the front and rear edges 136A, 136B. For the packaging sheet 130 of Fig. 4, the intermediate stiffening elements 142A are arranged along the center of the body 132 between the front and rear edges 136A, 136B, in a position from the front edge 136A corresponding to half the length of the ATD 138D. For the packaging sheet 130 of Fig. 4, the intermediate stiffening elements 142A are arranged along the center of the body 132 between spacers 150 on both sides of the intermediate stiffening elements 142A within the ATD 138D. The intermediate stiffening elements 142A are arranged side by side along the LTD 138L to form the intermediate stiffening element 142. The intermediate stiffening elements 142A are arranged vertically side by side along the center of the packaging sheet 130. The packaging sheet 130 in Fig. 4 has one intermediate stiffening element 142. In alternative implementations, the packaging sheet 130 has two or more intermediate stiffening elements 142. The packaging sheet 130 can be subdivided or cut by a lateral midpoint (measured along the ATD 138D) of the intermediate stiffening element 142 to form packaging sheets 130 of desired sizes that can be aligned laterally to the front or rear edges 136A, 136B of an adjacent packaging sheet 130 (e.g., when one packaging sheet 130 abuts another along its outer edges 136A, 136B). In an example implementation, where the packaging sheet 130 of Fig. 3 has a width of 4 feet, measured from a vertical reference element along a direction parallel to the ATD 138D, and the intermediate stiffening element 142 has a width of 2 feet, measured from the vertical reference element, the packaging sheet 130 can be cut vertically through the lateral midpoint of the intermediate stiffening element 142 to produce two packaging sheets 130, each with a width of 2 feet.Cutting the intermediate stiffening element 142 creates front or rear edges 136A, 136B, such that the resulting two packaging sheets 130 do not have an intermediate stiffening element 142. Each of the two 2-foot packaging sheets 130 can be glued together with packaging sheets 130 of a similar size to form a structured package 116 with a width of 2 feet. Referring to Fig. 4, Fig. 4C, and Fig. 4D, each intermediate stiffening body 142A extends outward from one of the first and second sides 134A, 134B. Each intermediate stiffening body 142A extends outward to a local maximum, represented as a mounting wall 142B. Each mounting wall 142B defines a surface of the intermediate stiffening body 142A that is farther from the plane of the body 132 than other parts of the intermediate stiffening body 142A. Each mounting wall 142B defines a surface of the intermediate stiffening body 142A that is farther from the mass transfer microstructures 133 than other parts of the intermediate stiffening body 142A.In the color scheme in 4 and 5, the darker gray shading on the stiffening elements 140 indicates that the shaded part extends outwards from the body 132 on the first side 134A, and the lighter gray shading on the stiffening elements 140 indicates that the shaded part extends outwards from the body 132 on the second side 134B. In example implementations, one or more mounting walls 142B of adjacent packaging sheets 130 are glued or joined together, creating a structural connection between the adjacent packaging sheets 130. Such attached mounting walls 142B of the intermediate stiffening bodies 142A also help to space the adjacent packaging sheets 130 apart, thus defining the airflow channels between adjacent packaging sheets 130 through which the CO2-laden air 101 can flow, as described in more detail below. When the adjacent packaging sheets 130 are attached to one another in this way, the attached intermediate stiffening elements 140 help to reinforce or strengthen the structured packaging 116 along its central sections, which can be helpful when each packaging sheet 130 has a relatively large ATD 138D (e.g.,between 4 feet and 7 feet) and is designed for installation in a cross-flow gas-liquid contactor 100. Referring to Fig. 4, the intermediate stiffening element 142 has an orientation that is substantially parallel to the leading edge 136A. The intermediate stiffening bodies 142A of the intermediate stiffening element 142 are aligned to each other in a direction parallel to the LTD 138L. In example implementations, an axis extending through the mounting walls 142B of the intermediate stiffening bodies 142A is substantially parallel to the leading edge 136A of the packaging sheet 130. In example implementations, an axis extending through the mounting walls 142B of the intermediate stiffening bodies 142A is substantially parallel to the vertical axis 135. Features of the packaging sheet 130 have heights defined in a direction perpendicular to a plane defined by the body 132, such as a reference plane 132D. The reference plane 132D is parallel to both the ATD 138D and the LTD 138L. Referring to Fig. 4B and Fig. 4D, each mounting wall 142B defines a stiffening body height 142H, each mass transfer microstructure 133 defines a microstructure height 133H, and each spacer 150 defines a spacer height 150H. The reference plane 132D can be defined relative to any suitable common reference from which measurements can be taken. In example implementations, the reference plane 132D corresponds to the arc plane of the body 132 and is positioned at the midpoint of a distance measured between opposite tips of the mass transfer microstructure 133 on opposite sides of the body 132. The smallest of the stiffening body height 142H, the microstructure height 133H, and the spacer height 150H is the microstructure height 133H. Referring to Fig. 4B, the microstructure height 133H is measured relative to the reference plane 132D, which can be located on either the first or second side 134A, 134B of the body 132. In the configuration of Fig. 4B, if the mass transfer microstructures 133 are chevrons, the microstructure height 133H is defined between the peaks and valleys of each chevron. Referring to Fig. 4D, the stiffening body height 142H is measured relative to the reference plane 132D on the side 134A, 134B of the body 132 that is opposite the side 134A, 134B of the body 132 on which the mounting wall 142B of the intermediate stiffening body 142A is located. For example, in Fig.4D the stiffening body height 142H relative to the reference plane 132D is measured on the first side 134A of the body 132, since the mounting wall 142B of the intermediate stiffening body 142A shown is located on the second side 134B of the body 132. Referring to Fig. 4B, the spacer height 150H is measured relative to the reference plane 132D on the side 134A, 134B of the body 132, which is opposite the side 134A, 134B on which the bearing surface 152 of the spacer 150 is located. For example, in Fig. 4B, one of the spacers 150 has a spacer height 150H, measured relative to the reference plane 132D on the first side 134A of the body 132, since its bearing surface 152 lies on the second side 134B of the body 132, and the other spacer 150 shown has a spacer height 150H, measured relative to the reference plane 132D on the second side 134B of the body 132, since its bearing surface 152 lies on the first side 134A of the body 132. The stiffener height 142H, the microstructure height 133H, and the spacer height 150H are different so that each packaging sheet 130 can be attached to and spaced against an adjacent packaging sheet 130 of a structured packaging 116. Referring to Fig. 4B, the spacer height 150H is greater than the microstructure height 133H when both heights are measured from the same reference plane 132D. Referring to Figs. 4B and 4D, the stiffener height 142H is greater than the microstructure height 133H when both heights are measured from the same reference plane 132D. In example implementations and with reference to Fig. 4B and Fig. 4D, the stiffening body height 142H is greater than the microstructure height 133H and corresponds to the spacer height 150H when all heights are measured from the same reference plane 132D.The height difference between the microstructure height 133H, the stiffening body height 142H and the spacer height 150H makes it possible to space adjacent packaging sheets 130 sufficiently apart so that both the CO2 separation solution 114 and the CO2-laden air 101 can flow between the adjacent packaging sheets 130 when the adjacent packaging sheets 130 are connected to each other along their spacers 150 and their stiffening bodies 142. In example implementations and with reference to Figs. 4 to 4E, each of the stiffening bodies 142A has the same stiffening body height 142H, each of the mass transfer microstructures 133 has the same microstructure height 133H, and each of the spacers 150 has the same spacer height 150H. In alternative implementations, the stiffening bodies 142A can have different stiffening body heights 142H, the mass transfer microstructures 133 can have different microstructure heights 133H, and / or the spacers 150 can have different spacer heights 150H, in any combination. In an example implementation of the intermediate stiffening element 142, and with reference to Fig. 4, Fig. 4C, and Fig. 4D, the intermediate stiffening bodies 142A, which comprise the intermediate stiffening element 142, are arranged in a first set 142C and a second set 142D of intermediate stiffening bodies 142A. The intermediate stiffening bodies 142A of the first set 142C are shown in dark gray shading in Fig. 4 and extend outwards from the first side 134A of the body 132, as can be seen in Fig. 4C. The intermediate stiffening bodies 142A of the second set 142D are shown in light gray shading in Fig. 4 and extend outwards from the second side 134B of the body 132, as can be seen in Fig. 4D. The intermediate stiffening bodies 142A of the first and second sets 142C, 142D are hollow bodies, so that they form corresponding depressions on the other side of the body 132 from which they extend.For example, and with reference to Fig. 4C, the intermediate stiffening bodies 142A of the first set 142C, extending outwards from the first side 134A, form a first set of recesses 144A on the second side 134B. Similarly, and with reference to Figs. 4 and 4D, the intermediate stiffening bodies 142A of the second set 142D, extending outwards from the second side 134B, form a second set of recesses 144B on the first side 134A. The first and second sets of recesses 144A, 144B are grooves or cutouts extending into the body 132 in an extension direction transverse to the reference plane 132D.The first and second sets of recesses 144A, 144B have a height or dimension defined between the mounting wall 142B of the corresponding intermediate stiffening body 142A and the reference plane 132D on side 134A, 134B of the body 132 opposite side 134B, 134A on which the mounting wall 142B is located. In the configuration of the intermediate stiffening element 142 according to Fig. 4, the first and second sets of recesses 144A, 144B alternate along a direction parallel to the LTD 138L. On the first side 134A of the body 132 in Fig. 4, the intermediate stiffening elements 142 of the first set 142C project outwards on the first side 134A, and the adjacent recesses of the second set of recesses 144B are present on the second side 134B. Similarly, on the second side 134B of the body 132 in Fig. 4, the intermediate stiffening elements 142 of the first set 142C project outwards.4 the intermediate stiffening bodies 142 of the second set 142D on the second side 134B to the outside and the adjacent recesses of the first set of recesses 144A are present on the first side 134A. In the configuration of the intermediate stiffening elements 142 according to Fig. 4, each stiffening body 142A abuts one or two of its negative indentations in the LTD 138L. In particular, on the first side 134A, the first set 142C of intermediate stiffening bodies 142 alternate along an axis 403 with the second set of indentations 144B. Similarly, on the second side 134B, the second set 142D of intermediate stiffening bodies 142 alternate along the axis 403 with the first set of indentations 144A. The intermediate stiffening bodies 142A can have any suitable shape. For example, and with reference to Fig. 4C and Fig. 5, each intermediate stiffening body 142A is a polygonal object defined by several planar walls 142P extending outwards from one of the first and second sides 134A, 134B to the mounting wall 142B. With reference to Fig. 5, each intermediate stiffening body 142A can be shaped as a planar body with four planar walls 142P extending outwards from one of the first and second sides 134A, 134B to the mounting wall 142B on the same side 134A, 134B. Each planar wall 142P in Fig. 5 has a trapezoidal shape and is bounded by four edges. Other shapes of the planar walls 142P, and thus other shapes for each intermediate stiffening body 142A, are possible. In Fig. 4, the intermediate stiffening bodies 142A of the intermediate stiffening element 142 have the same shapes and sizes. In other possible implementations, the shapes and / or sizes of the intermediate stiffening bodies 142A of an intermediate stiffening element 142 can vary. For example, in one such other possible implementation, the intermediate stiffening body 142A comprises one or more curved walls that form a sinusoidal shape in a sectional view (as in the cross-sectional plane of Fig. 4C). Referring to Fig. 5, each intermediate stiffening body 142A has one or more longitudinal flow channels 142F. Each longitudinal flow channel 142F is a groove or elongated depression extending into each flat wall 142P. Each longitudinal flow channel 142F has an orientation parallel to the LTD 138L. Each longitudinal flow channel 142F helps to direct the flow of the CO2 separation solution 114 along the LTD 138L, as the CO2 separation solution 114 flows along and / or between the intermediate stiffening bodies 142A. In the implementation of intermediate stiffening bodies 142A shown in Fig. 5, each intermediate stiffening body 142A has two longitudinal flow channels 142F on opposite sides of the mounting wall 142B. In the implementation of intermediate stiffening bodies 142A of the Fig.5 Each intermediate stiffening body 142A has two longitudinal flow channels 142F, and each longitudinal flow channel 142F is arranged in the lateral center of its flat wall 142P. As the CO2 separation solution 114 flows along the packaging sheet 130, it can enter each longitudinal flow channel 142F at its inlet and flow in a direction parallel to the LTD 138L to an outlet of the longitudinal flow channel 142F. In some embodiments, the CO2 separation solution 114 can flow through each longitudinal flow channel 142F in a direction substantially parallel to the vertical axis 135. Each intermediate stiffening body 142A can have fewer, more, or different configurations of flow guides to direct the flow of the CO2 deposition solution 114 along the intermediate stiffening body 142A. For example, and with reference to Fig. 5, one or more of the intermediate stiffening bodies 142A have one or more lateral flow channels 142L. Each lateral flow channel 142L serves to divert or direct the CO2 deposition solution 114 in a direction transverse to the LTD 138L from the intermediate stiffening body 142A to the mass transfer microstructures 133 adjacent to the intermediate stiffening body 142A. Each lateral flow channel 142L thus has an inlet end and an outlet end, with the inlet end being closer (e.g. relative to a direction parallel to the ATD 138D) to the mounting wall 142B than the outlet end.Each lateral flow channel 142L can have any desired shape, orientation, or arrangement on the intermediate stiffening body 142A to achieve this function. For example, and with reference to Fig. 5, the lateral flow channel 142L extends along a common edge between two flat walls 142P from the inlet end next to the mounting wall 142B to the outlet end next to the mass transfer microstructures 133. The lateral flow channel 142L in Fig. 5 forms a non-zero angle with the LTD 138L and the ATD 138D. In another possible implementation of the one or more lateral flow channels 142L, the lateral flow channel 142L extends along a flat wall 142P in a direction parallel to the ATD 138D, from the inlet end next to the mounting wall 142B to the outlet end next to the mass transfer microstructures 133. In another possible implementation of the one or more lateral flow channels 142L, and with reference to Fig. 5A, the chamfered flat walls 142P on opposite sides of the mounting wall 142B in the LTD 138L have multiple lateral flow channels 142LA. Each lateral flow channel 142LA in Fig. 5A forms a non-zero angle with the LTD 138L and the ATD 138D. The lateral flow channels 142LA intersect at the same flat wall 142P of one of the intermediate stiffening bodies 142A in Fig.5A and form an “X”-shaped microstructure. The X-shape, formed by the lateral flow channels 142LA, makes it possible to align or insert the packaging sheet 130 with one of the top and bottom edges 136U, 136L, while still maintaining the functionality of the lateral flow channels 142LA. Each lateral flow channel 142L, 142LA can help to reduce or prevent the channeling of the CO2 capture solution 114 as it flows along the intermediate stiffening bodies 142A, which helps to better distribute the CO2 capture solution 114 onto the mass transfer microstructures 133 and improves the ability of the CO2 capture solution 114 to absorb CO2 from the CO2-laden air 101.The CO2 separation solution 114 flowing in the LTD 138L may encounter a flow obstruction at the connected mounting walls 142B of adjacent packaging sheets 130, and the lateral flow channels 142L, 142LA may help to minimize the channeling or flow of the CO2 separation solution 114 at this point throughout the LTD 138L of the packaging sheet 130 by helping to divert at least some of the CO2 separation solution 114 away from the connected mounting walls 142B and back to the mass transfer microstructures 133. Other features of the packaging sheet 130 may include the flow channels 142F, 142L. For example, in implementations, one or more flow channels 142F, 142L may be present in a stiffening rib. The flow channels 142F, 142L, 142LA of this disclosure form grooves or elongated depressions on one of the first and second sides 134A, 134B of the packaging sheet 130 and form corresponding protrusions or projections on the other of the first and second sides 134A, 134B. In example implementations, other features of the packaging sheet 130 include the flow channels 142F, 142L, 142LA of this disclosure. In such an implementation, for example, one or more spacers 150 have one or more flow channels 142F, 142L, 142LA to help divert at least some of the CO2 separation solution 114 away from the connected spacers 150 and back to the mass transfer microstructures 133. The stiffening elements 140 may contain other stiffening bodies. For example, and with reference to Fig. 4, the stiffening elements 140 contain one or more peripheral stiffening bodies 148. The peripheral stiffening bodies 148 may be arranged side by side along the LTD 138L to form a peripheral stiffening element. In example implementations and with reference to Fig. 4, the peripheral stiffening bodies 148 are similar to the intermediate stiffening bodies 142A, so that the description, features, and advantages of the present disclosure associated with the intermediate stiffening bodies 142A apply accordingly to the peripheral stiffening bodies 148. The peripheral stiffening bodies 148 reinforce or strengthen the body 132 along its peripheral sections and can be used to connect adjacent packaging sheets 130 along the mounting walls of the peripheral stiffening bodies 148. The peripheral stiffening bodies 148 in Fig. 4 define some or all of the front and trailing edges 136A, 136B of the body 132. In alternative implementations, the peripheral stiffening bodies 148 define some or all of the front and trailing edges 136A, 136B. In alternative implementations, the packaging sheet 130 is free of peripheral stiffening bodies 148 along its front and trailing edges 136A, 136B. In example implementations, the peripheral stiffening bodies 148 contain longitudinal and / or lateral flow channels 142F, 142L (such as those shown in Fig. 5). In example implementations, packaging sheets 130 are positioned side by side along the packaging depth 106D to form a packaging section 106, and these packaging sheets 130 abut each other along their respective peripheral stiffening bodies 148. In such implementations, the presence of longitudinal and / or lateral flow channels 142F, 142L in the peripheral stiffening bodies 148 can help to reduce or eliminate the CO2 separation solution 114 reaching these interface points of the packaging section 106, whereby the CO2 separation solution 114 can bypass the reactive surface of the packaging section 106 and is thus less effective at absorbing CO2 from the CO2-laden air 101.The presence of longitudinal and / or lateral flow channels 142F, 142L in the peripheral stiffening bodies 148 of these implementations can also help to reduce the fluid accumulation along the peripheral stiffening bodies 148 and / or along the interfaces, which can help to reduce the pressure drop of the CO2-loaded air 101 flowing along the packaging depth 106D. Referring to Fig. 4, the stiffening elements 140 include one or more peripheral ribs 146. The peripheral ribs 146 are located on the body 132 adjacent to one or both of the front and trailing edges 136A, 136B. The peripheral ribs 146 are stiffening elements that reinforce or strengthen the body 132 along side sections of the packaging sheet 130. For the packaging sheet 130 of Fig. 4, the peripheral ribs 146 are located adjacent to one or both of the front and trailing edges 136A, 136B at a distance measured from the respective front or trailing edge 136A, 136B. This distance may be less than one-third of the ATD 138D. In alternative implementations, one or more of the peripheral ribs 146 are arranged more than this distance inwards on the body 132 from the front or rear edge 136A, 136B. The packaging sheet 130 in Fig. 4 comprises peripheral stiffening bodies 148 and peripheral ribs 146, and the peripheral ribs 146 are positioned further inward on the body 132 from the front and rear edges 136A, 136B than the peripheral stiffening bodies 148. Referring to Fig. 4, the peripheral ribs 146 can be positioned side by side along the LTD 138L and side by side along the ATD 138D, as described in more detail below. Each peripheral rib 146 is an elongated body extending in a direction parallel to the LTD 138L. Referring to Fig. 4A, Fig. 4B, and Fig. 4E, each peripheral rib 146 has an arcuate or semicircular cross-sectional shape, the cross-sectional shape being defined in a plane transverse to the LTD 138L. Referring to Fig. 4, each peripheral rib 146 has an orientation that is substantially parallel to the leading edge 136A. In example implementations, an axis extends through several peripheral ribs 146 that are aligned along the LTD 138L, and the axis runs substantially parallel to the vertical axis 135. In example implementations, the axis runs substantially parallel to the leading edge 136A of the packaging sheet 130. Referring to Fig. 4, Fig. 4A, Fig. 4B and Fig. 4E, each peripheral rib 146 extends outwards from one of the first and second sides 134A, 134B. Each peripheral rib 146 extends outwards to a local maximum, which defines a surface of the peripheral rib 146 that is farther from the plane of the body 132 than other parts of the peripheral rib 146. Each local maximum defines a surface of the peripheral rib 146 that is farther from the mass transfer microstructures 133 than other parts of the peripheral rib 146. In the color scheme in Fig. 4, the darker gray shading on the peripheral ribs 146 indicates that the shaded part extends outwards from the body 132 on the first side 134A, and the lighter gray shading on the peripheral ribs 146 indicates that the shaded part extends outwards from the body 132 on the second side 134B. The peripheral ribs 146 are hollow bodies, so that they form corresponding depressions on the other side of the body 132 from which they extend. For example, and with reference to Fig. 4A and Fig. 4E, the peripheral ribs 146 extending outwards from the first side 134A form a first set of depressions 146A on the second side 134B. Similarly, and with reference to Fig. 4A, the peripheral ribs 146 extending outwards from the second side 134B form a second set of depressions 146B on the first side 134A. The first and second sets of depressions 146A, 146B are grooves or recesses that extend into the body 132 in an extension direction transverse to the reference plane 132D.The first and second sets of depressions 146A, 146B have a thickness or height defined between the local maximum of the corresponding peripheral rib 146 and the reference plane 132D on side 134A, 134B of the body 132 opposite side 134B, 134A where the local maximum is located. Thus, each peripheral rib 146 forms a projection on one side 134A, 134B of the body 132 and a depression on the other side 134B, 134A. Referring to Fig. 4B, each peripheral rib 146 has a rib height 146H defined in a direction perpendicular to the reference plane 132D. The rib height 146H is measured relative to the reference plane 132D on the side 134A, 134B of the body 132 opposite the side 134A, 134B where the local maximum of the peripheral rib 146 is located. For example, in Fig. 4B, the rib height 146H is measured relative to the reference plane 132D on the first side 134A of the body 132, since the local maximum of the peripheral rib 146 is located on the second side 134B of the body 132. Referring to Fig. 4B, the rib height 146H is greater than the microstructure height 133H when both heights are measured from the same reference plane 132D. Referring to Fig. 4B, the rib height 146H is less than the microstructure height 150H when both heights are measured from the same reference plane 132D. Referring to Fig. 4B and Fig. 4D, the rib height 146H is smaller than the stiffening body height 142H when both heights are measured from the same reference plane 132D. The height difference between the rib height 146H, the microstructure height 133H, the stiffening body height 142H, and the spacer height 150H allows adjacent packaging sheets 130 to be sufficiently spaced apart so that both the CO2 separation solution 114 and the CO2-laden air 101 can flow between the adjacent packaging sheets 130 when the adjacent packaging sheets 130 are connected along their spacers 150 and their stiffening bodies 142. The peripheral ribs 146 project past the mass transfer microstructures 133 into the flow of the CO2-laden air 101. The peripheral ribs 146 can be arranged in any desired configuration on the packaging sheet 130 to achieve the function(s) attributed to the peripheral ribs 146 in this disclosure. For example, and with reference to Fig. 4, the peripheral ribs 146 include several leading-edge ribs 146L located adjacent to the leading edge 136A of the body 132. The leading-edge ribs 146L are arranged in two distinct sets. The leading-edge ribs 146L of the first set include innermost ribs 146L1, and the leading-edge ribs 146L of the second set include outermost ribs 146L2. The outermost ribs 146L2 are located further from the leading edge 136A along the ATD 138D than the innermost ribs 146L1. The innermost ribs 146L1 are aligned with each other along the LTD 138L. The innermost ribs 146L1 have an orientation that runs essentially parallel to the leading edge 136A.The outermost ribs 146L2 are aligned with each other along the LTD 138L. The outermost ribs 146L2 have an orientation that runs essentially parallel to the leading edge 136A. Referring to Fig. 4 and Fig. 4A, the innermost ribs 146L1 extend outwards from the first side 134A of the body 132 and form corresponding recesses 146A in the second side 134B. Referring to Fig. 4 and Fig. 4A, the outermost ribs 146L2 extend outwards from the second side 134B of the body 132 and form corresponding recesses 146B in the first side 134A. In example implementations and with reference to Fig. 4, the innermost and outermost ribs 146L1, 146L2 in the LTD 138L are offset from each other. If the packaging sheet 130 of Fig. 4 is part of a structured packaging 116 intended for use in a cross-flow configuration, the upper and lower ends of each of the innermost and outermost ribs 146L1, 146L2 are vertically misaligned. If the packaging sheet 130 of Fig.4 Part of a structured packaging 116, which is intended for use in a cross-flow configuration, parts of the innermost / outermost ribs 146L1, 146L2 overlap vertically with the upper and lower ends of the outermost / innermost ribs 146L2, 146L1. Another possible configuration of the peripheral ribs 146 is shown in Fig. 4. The peripheral ribs 146 have several trailing edge ribs 146T located adjacent to the trailing edge 136B of the body 132. The trailing edge ribs 146T are arranged in two distinct sets. The trailing edge ribs 146T comprise a third set of ribs 146T3 and a fourth set of ribs 146T4. The fourth set of ribs 146T4 is located further from the trailing edge 136B along the ATD 138D than the third set of ribs 146T3. The third set of ribs 146T3 is aligned with each other along the LTD 138L. The third set of ribs 146T3 has an orientation that is substantially parallel to the trailing edge 136B. The fourth set of ribs 146T4 is aligned with each other along LTD 138L. The fourth set of ribs 146T4 has an orientation that is substantially parallel to the trailing edge 136B. Referring to Fig.In Figure 4, the third set of ribs 146T3 (the trailing edge ribs 146T closest to the trailing edge 136B) extends outwards from the first side 134A of the body 132 and forms corresponding depressions 146A in the second side 134B, as shown in Figure 4 with the darker gray shading. The fourth set of ribs 146T4 (the trailing edge ribs 146T furthest from the trailing edge 136B) extends outwards from the second side 134B of the body 132 and forms corresponding depressions 146B in the first side 134A, as shown in Figure 4 with the lighter gray shading. In example implementations and with reference to Figure 4, the third and fourth sets of ribs 146T3, 146T4 are offset from each other in the LTD 138L. If the packing sheet 130 of Fig. 4 is part of a structured packing 116 intended for use in a cross-flow configuration, the top and bottom ends of each of the third and fourth sets of ribs 146T3, 146T4 are vertically misaligned. If the packing sheet 130 of Fig. 4 is part of a structured packing 116 intended for use in a cross-flow configuration, portions of the third / fourth sets of ribs 146T3, 146T4 overlap vertically with the top and bottom ends of the fourth / third sets of ribs 146T4, 146T3. The peripheral ribs 146 can be spaced apart to optimize the surface area of ​​the mass transfer zone 131 available for CO2 absorption into the CO2 deposition solution 114. For example, and with reference to Fig. 4, the peripheral ribs 146 have one or more rib pairs 146C. The two peripheral ribs 146 in each rib pair 146C are spaced apart in a direction parallel to the LTD 138L. A longitudinal gap 146G1 is defined between the two peripheral ribs 146 of each longitudinal rib pair 146C. Referring to Fig. 4, the mass transfer microstructures 133 are present in the longitudinal pairing gap 146G1. For simplicity, the mass transfer microstructures 133 in the longitudinal pairing gap 146G1 are shown in Fig. 4 only with respect to the third set of ribs 146T3, whereby it should be understood that the packaging sheet 130 can have multiple longitudinal pairing gaps 146G1. The peripheral ribs 146 of the packaging sheet 130 of Fig. 4 are discontinuous in the fluid motion dimension LTD 138L. The peripheral ribs 146 of the packaging sheet 130 of Fig. 4 are spaced apart from each other in the fluid motion dimension LTD 138L by mass transfer microstructures 133. The longitudinal pairing gaps 146G1 have the same size in the packaging sheet 130 of Fig. 4. In alternative implementations, the longitudinal pairing gaps 146G1 are of different sizes in the same packaging sheet 130 of Fig. 4. The peripheral ribs 146 can also be spaced apart in a direction parallel to the ATD 138D to optimize the surface area of ​​the mass transfer zone 131 available for CO2 absorption into the CO2 deposition solution 114. For example, and with reference to Fig. 4, the peripheral ribs 146 have one or more lateral rib pairings 146D. The two peripheral ribs 146 in each lateral rib pairing 146D are spaced apart in a direction parallel to the ATD 138D. A lateral pairing gap 146G2 is defined between the two peripheral ribs 146 of each lateral rib pairing 146D. With reference to Fig. 4, the mass transfer microstructures 133 are present in the lateral pairing gap 146G2. For simplicity, the mass transfer microstructures 133 in the lateral pairing gap 146G2 are shown in Fig.Figure 4 shows only two trailing edge ribs 146T, whereby it is understood that the packaging sheet 130 may have several lateral mating gaps 146G2. The lateral mating gap 146G2 has a longitudinal extension along the LTD 138L. In Fig. 4, the same mass transfer microstructures 133 are present in both the longitudinal pairing gaps 146G1 and the lateral pairing gaps 146G2. In alternative implementations, the mass transfer microstructures 133 in the longitudinal pairing gaps 146G1 and the lateral pairing gaps 146G2 can differ. In example implementations, the mass transfer microstructures 133 can differ between the longitudinal pairing gaps 146G1 of the same packaging sheet 130 or between the lateral pairing gaps 146G2 of the same packaging sheet 130. Another possible configuration of the packaging sheet 630 is shown in Fig. 6. The stiffening elements 640 of the packaging sheet 630 include intermediate ribs 646. The intermediate ribs 646 are located on the body 632 between the leading edge 636A and the trailing edge 636B. The intermediate ribs 646 are arranged along the center of the body 632 between the leading and trailing edges 636A and 636B, respectively, in a position corresponding to half the length of the ATD 138D from the leading edge 636A. The intermediate ribs 646 are arranged along the center of the body 632 between spacers 150 on both sides of the intermediate ribs 646 in the ATD 138D. A first set of intermediate ribs 646A is arranged at a distance from each other and aligned parallel to the LTD 138L. A second set of 646B intermediate ribs is also arranged at a distance from each other and aligned parallel to the LTD 138L.The second set of intermediate ribs 646B is spaced from the first set of intermediate ribs 646A in a direction parallel to the ATD 138D. Mass transfer microstructures 133 are located in the spaces between the intermediate ribs 646. The first set of intermediate ribs 646A extends outwards from the first side 634A of the body 632 and forms corresponding recesses in the second side 634B. The second set of intermediate ribs 646B extends outwards from the second side 634B and forms corresponding recesses in the first side 634A. These projections and recesses of the intermediate ribs 646 are shown with the gray shading color scheme in Fig. 6. If the packing sheet 630 of Fig. 6 is part of a structured packing 116 intended for use in a cross-flow configuration, portions of the first and second sets of ribs 646A, 646B overlap vertically. Each intermediate rib 646 of the first set of intermediate ribs 646A has a first rib end 647A and a second rib end 647B spaced parallel to the LTD 138L from the first rib end 647A. The first rib end 647A is located closer to the top edge 636U of the body 632 than the second rib end 647B. Each intermediate rib 646 of the second set of intermediate ribs 646B has a third rib end 647C and a fourth rib end 647D, which is spaced from the third rib end 647C in a direction parallel to LTD 138L. The third rib end 647C is located closer to the upper edge 636U of the body 632 than the fourth rib end 647D.The third rib end 647C of one or more of the second set of ribs 646B is positioned vertically between the first rib end 647A and the second rib end 647B of one of the first set of ribs 646A. The fourth rib end 647D of one or more of the second set of ribs 646B is positioned vertically between the first rib end 647A and the second rib end 647B of one of the first set of ribs 646A. In at least some example implementations, the intermediate ribs 646 are stiffening elements 640 that overlap at the midpoint of the depth of the packaging sheet 630, which can help to reinforce or strengthen the packaging sheet 630 against loads. The description, features, and advantages of this disclosure associated with the packaging sheet 130 of the preceding figures apply accordingly to the packaging sheet 630 of Fig. 6. For example, the height of the intermediate ribs 646, which is measured similarly to the heights 133H, 142H, 150H described above, can be less than the height of the peripheral stiffening elements 148. The description, features, and advantages of this disclosure associated with the peripheral ribs 146 apply accordingly to the intermediate ribs 646 of Fig. 6. The spacers 150 and stiffening elements 140, 640 of the packaging sheet 130, 630 described above and shown in the figures can be present or omitted in any combination to provide any desired configuration of the packaging sheet 130, 630, the structured packaging 116 and / or the packaging section 106. Another possible configuration of a packaging sheet with an offset angle Δ of approximately zero is shown in Fig. 7 and Fig. 7A. The packaging sheet 730 in Fig. 7 and Fig. 7A has one or more intermediate stiffening elements 740. In contrast to the stiffening elements 140, 640 described above, which project from the surface of the body 132, 632 of the packaging sheet 130, 630, the stiffening elements 740 of the packaging sheet 730 form the body 732 itself. Referring to Fig. 7 and Fig. 7A, each stiffening element 740 is a localized deviation from a plane defined by a remaining portion of the body 732 that does not contain the stiffening elements 740. The out-of-plane stiffening elements 740 give the packaging sheet 730 a wave-like or sinusoidal shape in the cross-sectional view of Fig. 7A. The mass transfer zone 131 and the mass transfer microstructures 133 are located along all or part of the extent of the stiffening elements 740, such that the stiffening elements 740 define a portion of the reactive surface of the packaging sheet 730 that contributes to the absorption of CO2 from the CO2-laden air 101. The stiffening elements 740 contribute to reinforcing or strengthening the body 732 against expected stresses on the packaging sheet 730.By shaping the body 732 of the packaging sheet 730, the stiffening elements 740 help to strengthen the packaging sheet 730, while having, if any, only a minimal effect on the pressure drop of the CO2-laden air 101 flowing through a structured packaging 116 formed from the packaging sheets 730. In example implementations, the packaging sheet 730 can be further stiffened by the construction material (MOC) of the packaging sheet 730. The description, features, and advantages of the present disclosure associated with the packaging sheets 130, 630 of the preceding figures apply accordingly to the packaging sheet 730 of Fig. 7. Another possible configuration of a packaging sheet with an offset angle Δ of approximately zero is shown in Figures 8 to 8C. The packaging sheet 830 in Figures 8 to 8C has reinforcing bodies 842. The reinforcing bodies 842 are a further implementation of the stiffening elements 140, 640 of the present disclosure and can be present on a packaging sheet 130, 630, 730, 830 in any combination with the stiffening elements 140, 640 of the present disclosure. The reinforcing bodies 842 extend outwards from both sides of the first and second sides 834A, 834B of the packaging sheet 830. In the color scheme in Figures 8 to 8C, the reinforcing bodies 842 are shown in Figure 8.Figures 8 to 8B show that the darker gray shading on the reinforcing bodies 842 indicates that the shaded portion of the reinforcing bodies 842 extends outwards from the body 832 of the packaging sheet 830 on the first side 834A, and the lighter gray shading on the reinforcing bodies 842 indicates that the shaded portion of the reinforcing bodies 842 extends outwards from the body 832 on the second side 834B. The reinforcing bodies 842 of Figures 8 to 8C form structures similar to those of the intermediate stiffening bodies 142A in Figure 5, each structure having four flat walls 842P extending outwards from one of the first and second sides 834A, 834B to the mounting wall 842B on the same side 834A, 834B (see, for example, Figures 8A to 8B2). The description, features, reference numbers, and advantages of this disclosure associated with the intermediate stiffening bodies 142A apply accordingly to the reinforcement bodies 842 of Figures 8 to 8C. For example, the reinforcement bodies 842, like the intermediate stiffening bodies 142A, are hollow and form corresponding recesses on the other (e.g., opposite) side of the body 832 from which they extend. In the configuration of the reinforcement bodies 842 according to Figure 8, the recesses and extensions on one side of the body 832 alternate along a direction parallel to the ATD 138D. In alternative implementations, the reinforcement bodies 842 have a different shape, geometry, and / or configuration than the intermediate stiffening bodies 142A. Each reinforcement body 842 is an elongated body having a predominant dimension defined parallel to ATD 138D. Each reinforcement body 842 has a width defined parallel to ATD 138D and a length longer than the length defined parallel to LTD 138L. The reinforcement bodies 842 are arranged side by side along ATD 138D. The reinforcement bodies 842 are positioned between the leading and trailing edges 836A, 836B of the packaging sheet 830 to form a series of reinforcement bodies 842 running parallel to ATD 138D.The reinforcing elements 842 contribute to the reinforcement of the packaging sheet 830 by supporting it against lateral or bending loads caused by the weight of the packaging sheet 830 itself or other connected packaging sheets 830, the liquid absorption of the CO2 separation solution 114 on the packaging sheet 830, any scaling present on the packaging sheet 830, and / or other loads. As described in more detail below, when two packaging sheets 830 are joined together, portions of the reinforcing elements 842 are bonded to corresponding portions of the reinforcing elements 842 of an adjacent packaging sheet 830. This can help to reinforce the joined packaging sheets 830 and prevent them from collapsing in areas of the packaging sheets 830 where there is a relatively large distance between the bonded supports.The reinforcement bodies 842 can therefore be any structures capable of supporting the loads described herein. The reinforcement bodies 842 can have any arrangement, number, location, shape, form, or size to achieve the functionality attributed to them herein. In example implementations and with reference to Fig. 8, the reinforcement bodies 842 are arranged on or next to the mass transfer zone 831 and its mass transfer microstructures 133. Referring to Fig. 8, the reinforcement bodies 842 form a continuous or uninterrupted series of reinforcement bodies 842 that extend completely between the front and rear edges 836A, 836B. In alternative implementations, the reinforcement bodies 842 form a discontinuous or interrupted series of reinforcement bodies 842 between the front and rear edges 836A, 836B. In example implementations and with reference to Fig. 8, the reinforcement bodies 842 do not have mass transfer microstructures 133. The reinforcing bodies 842 can be arranged in any configuration along the packaging sheet 830. For example, and with reference to Fig. 8, the reinforcing bodies 842 include middle reinforcing bodies 842M, which form a middle row 844M, and edge reinforcing bodies 842E, which form an upper row 844U and a lower row 844L. The middle, upper, and lower rows 844M, 844U, and 844L are distinct configurations of reinforcing bodies 842 and are separated from one another along LTD 138L. The edge reinforcing bodies 842E of the upper row 844U define part or all of the upper edge 836U. The edge reinforcing bodies 842E of the lower row 844L define part or all of the lower edge 836L.When adjacent packaging sheets 830 are joined together along the edge reinforcement bodies 842E of the upper and lower rows 844U, 844L, the horizontally extending upper and lower rows 844U, 844L contribute to ensuring the stability of the sheet along the top and bottom edges 836U, 836L of the packaging sheet 830. A horizontal honeycomb feature on the top and bottom of the packaging sheet 830 in its installed configuration can help provide more stable top and bottom edges 836U, 836L of a structured packaging 116 formed from joined packaging sheets 830, and can help to better transfer the loads carried underneath into the packaging sheets 830 of the structured packaging 116. The middle reinforcement bodies 842M of the middle row 844M are located between the top and bottom edges 836U, 836L of the packaging sheet 830. In example implementations and with reference to Fig. 8, the middle row 844M of the middle reinforcement bodies 842M extends over a vertical center of the packaging sheet 830, the vertical center being defined as half the distance between the top and bottom edges 836U, 836L. In example implementations and with reference to Fig. 8, the middle row 844M of the middle reinforcement bodies 842M extends through the center of gravity 132C of the packaging sheet 830. In example implementations, the middle row 844M of the middle reinforcement bodies 842M is offset from the vertical center and positioned between the top and bottom edges 836U, 836L.In example implementations, the packaging sheet 830 contains several middle rows 844M with middle reinforcement bodies 842M extending parallel to the ATD 138D and positioned between the top and bottom edges 836U, 836L. The middle reinforcement bodies 842M of the middle row 844M each have a greater length than the length of each of the edge reinforcement bodies 842E of both the top and bottom rows 844U, 844L, with the lengths of the middle reinforcement bodies 842M and the edge reinforcement bodies 842E being measured parallel to the LTD 138L. In example implementations, the middle reinforcement bodies 842M have a length twice that of the edge reinforcement bodies 842E. In these example implementations, removing a vertical half of one of the middle reinforcement bodies 842M results in a shape that corresponds to the shape of one of the edge reinforcement bodies 842E. The similarities in shape between the middle and edge reinforcement bodies 842M, 842E may result from the indexing interval of the tool used to form the packaging sheet 830. In some embodiments, and with reference to Fig. 8, the packaging sheet 830 has a middle row 844M of middle reinforcement bodies 842M and edge reinforcement bodies 842E in both the upper and lower rows 844U, 844L.In alternative implementations, the packaging sheet 830 does not contain the middle row 844M with middle reinforcement bodies 842M, but it does contain the edge reinforcement bodies 842E of both the upper and lower rows 844U, 844L. In alternative implementations, the packaging sheet 830 does not contain the middle row 844M with middle reinforcement bodies 842M, but it does contain the edge reinforcement bodies 842E of one of the upper and lower rows 844U, 844L. The packaging sheet 830 can be cut or subdivided through a vertical center point of the central reinforcing body 842M, 844M to form packaging sheets 830 of desired sizes that can be aligned vertically to the top or bottom edges 836U, 836L of an adjacent packaging sheet 830 (e.g., when one packaging sheet 830 is stacked on top of another along their abutting edges 836U, 836L). In an example implementation, where the packaging sheet 830 of Fig. 8 has a length of 4 feet, measured from a horizontal reference element along a direction parallel to the ATD 138L, and the central row 844M has a length of 2 feet, measured from the horizontal reference element, the packaging sheet 830 can be cut along the central row 844M to produce two packaging sheets 830, each with a length of 2 feet.By cutting the middle reinforcement bodies 842M of the middle row 844M, upper or lower rows 844U, 844L of edge reinforcement bodies 842E are formed, such that the resulting two packaging sheets 830 do not have a middle row 844M of middle reinforcement bodies 842M. Each of the two 2-foot packaging sheets 830 can be glued to packaging sheets 830 of a similar size along the mounting walls 842B of the edge reinforcement bodies 842E to form a structured packaging 116 with a length of 2 feet. Thus, in example implementations, the packaging sheet is a truncated version of the packaging sheet 830 of Fig. 8 and does not have a middle row 844M of middle reinforcement bodies 842M. In addition to their structural function, the reinforcing bodies 842, arranged above the ATD 138D, can also assist in, or have assisting features for, the redistribution of a portion of the CO2 separation solution 114 that flows in the LTD 138L along the packaging sheet 830 or between packaging sheets 830 along the LTD 138L. The reinforcing bodies 842 can help to intercept and interrupt streams or rivulets of the CO2 separation solution 114 that may form in the LTD 138L, thereby preventing such rivulets from forming, being transferred along the packaging sheet 830, or flowing between vertically adjacent packaging sheets 830. The reinforcing bodies 842 can also help to distribute the CO2 separation solution 114 into the mass transfer zone 831 and its mass transfer microstructures 133. Some of the features of the reinforcement bodies 842, which can disturb or deflect rivulets of the CO2 separation solution 114, are now described in more detail with reference to Figures 8A to 8C. For example, Figure 8A shows an enlarged view of one of the central reinforcement bodies 842M in region VIIIA of Figure 8. Referring to Figures 8A and 8A1, the central reinforcement body 842M has one or more lateral flow channels 842L. Each lateral flow channel 842L serves to divert or guide the CO2 separation solution 114 in a direction transverse to the LTD 138L and away from the mounting wall 842B. Each lateral flow channel 842L thus has an inlet end and an outlet end, the inlet end being closer to the mounting wall 842B (e.g., relative to a direction parallel to the ATD 138D) than the outlet end. Each lateral flow channel 842L can have any shape, orientation or arrangement on the central reinforcement body 842M to achieve this function. For example, and with reference to Fig. 8A, the lateral flow channel 842L extends along a direction parallel to the ATD 138D on some of the flat walls 842P of the central reinforcement body 842M. Referring to Fig. 8A, the two flat walls 842P of the central reinforcement body 842M, which are separated from each other in the ATD 138D by the mounting wall 842B, have lateral flow channels 842L. Each of these flat walls 842P has two lateral flow channels 842L, which are spaced apart in the ATD 138D. The other two flat walls 842P of the central reinforcement body 842M are free of lateral flow channels 842L. Fig. 8B shows an enlarged view of one of the edge reinforcement bodies 842E in region VIIIB of Fig. 8. Referring to Fig. 8B, Fig. 8B1, and Fig. 8C, the two flat walls 842P of the edge reinforcement body 842E, which are separated from each other by the mounting wall 842B in ATD 138D, have lateral flow channels 842L. Each of these flat walls 842P has one lateral flow channel 842L. The other two flat walls 842P of the edge reinforcement body 842E are free of lateral flow channels 842L. In example implementations, there are more than two flow channels 842L on the flat walls 842P with flow channels 842L. Referring to Fig. 8A, Fig. 8A1, Fig. 8B, Fig. 8B1, and Fig. 8C, each lateral flow channel 842L extends into its flat wall 842P and forms a groove on one side of the body 832 of the packaging sheet 830 (e.g., on the first side 834A) and a projection on the other side of the body 832 (e.g., on the second side 834B). Referring to Fig. 8C, each lateral flow channel 842L extends between the mounting walls 842B (see Fig. 8C) of laterally adjacent reinforcement bodies 842. In example implementations, the height or thickness of the lateral flow channels 842L is measured in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the corresponding flat wall 842P.The CO2 separation solution 114 flowing in the LTD 138L may encounter a flow obstruction at the connected mounting walls 842B of adjacent packaging sheets 830, and the lateral flow channels 842L can help to minimize channeling, the formation of rivulets, or the flow of the CO2 separation solution 114 at this point by diverting at least a portion of the CO2 separation solution 114 away from the connected mounting walls 842B and along the inclined planar walls 842P. The description, features, and advantages of the present disclosure associated with the lateral flow channels 142L, 142LA of the preceding figures apply accordingly to the lateral flow channels 842L of Figures 8 to 8C. One or both of the central reinforcement bodies 842M and the edge reinforcement bodies 842E may have additional features to assist in diverting the flow of the CO2 separation solution 114 around the connected mounting walls 842B of adjacent packaging sheets 830. For example, and with reference to Fig. 8A, Fig. 8A2, Fig. 8B, Fig. 8B2, and Fig. 8C, one or more of the flat walls 842P may have a stepped element 850. The stepped element 850 may form a separate and segmented rib along the edge of the mass transfer zone 831 to direct the CO2 separation solution 114 around the connected mounting walls 842B and minimize the flow of the CO2 separation solution 114. Referring to Fig. 8A and Fig. 8A2, the two flat walls 842P of the central reinforcement body 842M, which are separated from each other in the LTD 138L by the mounting wall 842B, have stepped elements 850.Each of these flat walls 842P has a stepped feature (or element) 850. The other two flat walls 842P of the central reinforcement body 842M are free of stepped elements 850. The stepped element 850 contains several inclined segments. The stepped element 850 contains a first wall segment 852 extending from the supporting wall 842B, which has a first inclination that differs from the inclination of the supporting wall. The stepped element 850 contains a second wall segment 854 extending from the first wall segment 852, which has a second inclination that differs from the first inclination of the first wall segment 852. The stepped element 850 includes a third wall segment 856 extending from the second wall segment 854, which has a third inclination that differs from the second inclination of the second wall segment 854.The fastening inclination as well as the first, second and third inclinations are defined in the same cross-sectional plane and shown in Fig. 8A2. In the implementation of the stepped element 850 of Fig. 8A2, the second inclination of the second wall segment 854 is smaller than both the first and third inclinations and larger than the inclination of the fastening wall 842B. In another implementation, one or more of the first, second, and third wall segments 852, 854, 856 have a curved inclination. The stepped element 850 of the edge reinforcement body 842E in Fig. 8B, Fig. 8B2, and Fig. 8C is described similarly. In example implementations and with reference to Figs. 8A to 8C, a central reinforcement body 842M and / or an edge reinforcement body 842E comprises both the stepped element 850 and at least one lateral flow channel 842L to help divert the flow of the CO2 separation solution 114 around the connected mounting walls 842B of adjacent packaging sheets 830.In another implementation, a central reinforcement body 842M and / or an edge reinforcement body 842E comprises one of the first stepped element 850 and at least one lateral flow channel 842L to assist in diverting the flow of the CO2 separation solution 114 around the connected mounting walls 842B. The description, features and advantages of the present disclosure, which are associated with packaging sheet 130, 630, 730 of the preceding figures, apply accordingly to packaging sheet 830 of Figs. 8 to 8C. Fig. 9 is a perspective view of a recessed body 960 from packaging sheets 130, 630, 730, and 830 of the present disclosure. The recessed body 960 is an elongated body having a predominant dimension defined parallel to LTD 138L. The recessed body 960 has a length defined substantially parallel to LTD 138L and is longer than its width, which is defined parallel to ATD 138D. The recessed body 960 is located beneath one of the edge reinforcement bodies 842E in the lateral center of the packaging sheet 130, 630, 730, 830, near the top edge 136U, 636U, 836U of the packaging sheet 130, 630, 730, 830. The recessed body 960 can assist in the forming of the packaging sheet 130, 630, 730, 830, for example, by assisting with indexing when using a forming tool such as a die.The recessed body 960 has a height greater than the microstructure height 133H and less than the spacer height 150H. The recessed body 960 has a height less than the stiffener body height 142H. The heights of the recessed body 960, the microstructure height 133H, the spacer height 150H, and the stiffener body height 142H described herein are measured from the same reference point. When two packaging sheets 130, 630, 730, or 830 are joined together and define airflow channels or grooves between the pair of joined packaging sheets 130, 630, 730, or 830, the recessed bodies 960 of the two packaging sheets 130, 630, 730, or 830 are spaced apart from each other and define a portion of the airflow channels or grooves. In example implementations and with reference to Fig. 9, the recessed body 960 has no mass transfer microstructures 133.In example implementations, the recessed body 960 has a smooth, flat surface. The packaging sheets 130, 630, 730, 830 can be arranged to form a structured package 116, which has any shape, such as a block, a column, a cube, or any other suitable form. Each structured package 116 may sometimes be referred to as a "filler package." In example implementations and with reference to Fig. 10, the packaging sheets 130, 630, 730, 830 (hereinafter referred to for simplicity as "packing sheet 130" or "packing sheets 130") are assembled to form a structured package 116 that is self-supporting, so that the structured package 116 can remain upright and be assembled without being supported by anything else.One or more packaging sheets 130 of each structured packaging 116 may be mounted on or supported by one or both of the following parts: 1) a structural element 115 of the housing 102 and 2) at least one further packaging sheet 130 of another structured packaging 116. In the structured packaging 116 of Fig. 10, all packaging sheets 130 are identical. In alternative implementations, one or more of the packaging sheets 130 of the structured packaging 116 differ from another packaging sheet 130 of the structured packaging 116. In one example of such an alternative implementation of the structured packaging 116, one or more of the packaging sheets 130 have no stiffening elements 140, 640, 740 and are optimized for minimal pressure drop, while another of the packaging sheets 130 has one or more stiffening elements 140, 640, 740 to strengthen the structured packaging 116.The assembly of the packaging sheets 130 into the structured packaging 116 helps the structured packaging 116 to meet load requirements such as crush resistance requirements, in which the structured packaging 116 is subjected to a crush test, the purpose of which is to simulate the various loads (e.g. liquid loading, liquid retention, contamination / scaling, weight of the structured packaging 116 itself) to which the structured packaging 116 may be subjected during the operation of the gas-liquid contactor 100, 100A, 100B. Referring to Fig. 11, the leading edges 136A of the packaging sheets 130 are substantially parallel to the vertical axis 135, thus providing the structured packaging 116 with the additional leading edge surface 139 described above and the associated advantages. Fig. 12 shows the attached packaging sheets 130, which lie side by side and are spaced apart from each other in a direction perpendicular to the ATD 138D and the LTD 138L. The adjacent packaging sheets 130 are attached along the bearing surfaces 152 of their spacers 150. The adjacent packaging sheets 130 can also be attached to each other by other features, such as one or more of the stiffening elements 140, 640. For example, and with reference to Fig. 12, the intermediate stiffening bodies 142A of one or more packaging sheets 130 are attached to the intermediate stiffening bodies 142A of other packaging sheets 130 via their abutting mounting walls 142B. In Fig. 12, the mounting wall 142B on the first side 134A of one packaging sheet 130 abuts the mounting wall 142B on the second side 134B of the adjacent packaging sheet 130. These features space the adjacent packaging sheets 130 apart such that an airflow channel 160 or a groove is defined between a pair of adjacent packaging sheets 130. The airflow channels 160 can thus be defined by points of contact between adjacent packaging sheets 130. Each airflow channel 160 is limited by the surfaces and features of the adjacent packaging sheets 130 and defines a volume that extends into both the ATD 138D and the LTD 138L.The CO2-laden air 101 flows through each airflow channel 160 from the front edge 136A to the rear edge 136B of the adjacent packaging sheets 130. Referring to Fig. 12, each airflow channel 160 extends continuously or uninterrupted along the ATD 138D and along the LTD 138L, from the leading edge 136A to the trailing edge 136B of the adjacent packaging sheets 130. In example implementations, one or more of the airflow channels 160 have a channel shape 160S. The channel shape 160S is defined in a plane perpendicular to the LTD 138L. In example implementations, the channel shape 160S is rectangular along the entire extent of the airflow channel 160, as shown by the gray shading in Fig. 12. In example implementations and with reference to Fig. 12, the structured packaging 116 consists of flat or straight packaging sheets 130. In example implementations and with reference to Fig. 12, the structured packaging 116 has no corrugations in its packaging sheets 130 and it has no wavy or corrugated channel shapes 160S between its packaging sheets 130. Referring to Fig. 12, an arc spacing 160H of the packaging sheets 130 of the structured packaging 116 can be defined. The arc spacing 160H also defines a "width" or extent of each airflow channel 160. The arc spacing 160H is defined as the extent between a pair of adjacent packaging sheets 130 and is measured in a plane perpendicular to the LTD 138L. The arc spacing 160H can vary along the ATD 138B and along the LTD 138L because the adjacent packaging sheets 130 (e.g., the stiffening elements 140 and the spacers 150) have features. In example implementations, the arc spacing 160H is defined along a portion of the ATD 138B and / or the LTD 138L between the mass transfer microstructures 133 of the adjacent packaging sheets 130.In example implementations, the arc spacing 160H is greater than each of the microstructure height 133H, the spacer height 150H, and the stiffener height 142H of any of the packaging sheets 130 of the pair of packaging sheets 130 that bound the airflow channel 160. In example implementations, and with reference to Fig. 12, the arc spacing 160H between all pairs of adjacent packaging sheets 130 that make up the structured packaging 116 is substantially uniform. In alternative implementations, the sheet spacing 160H between a first pair of packaging sheets 130 of the structured packaging 116 can differ from the sheet spacing 160H between at least one other pair of packaging sheets 130 of the same structured packaging 116. Some possible and non-limiting examples of sheet spacing 160H dimensions include 5 / 8 inch (1.587 cm) to 1.5 inch (3.81 cm). The number of packaging sheets 130 within each structured packaging 116, as well as their sheet spacing 160H within the structured packaging 116, can be varied to provide the structured packaging 116 with the desired sheet density and performance characteristics. When a pair of adjacent packaging sheets 130 are attached along the mounting walls 142B of their intermediate stiffening bodies 142A to form connections, these connections can impede the flow of the CO2 separation solution 114 in the LTD 138L. The flat walls 142P of the intermediate stiffening bodies 142A can therefore have one or more flow channels, such as the longitudinal or lateral flow channels 142F, 142L described above. The flow channels can extend from the connected mounting walls 142B and help to reduce fluid accumulation along the connections between the adjacent packaging sheets 130. The description, features, and advantages of this disclosure associated with the longitudinal or lateral flow channels 142F, 142L of the peripheral stiffening bodies 148 apply accordingly to the flow channels of the intermediate stiffening bodies 142A. The airflow channels 160 can extend around the flat and mounting walls 142P, 142B of some of the intermediate stiffening bodies 142A. The intermediate stiffening bodies 142A of the first set of ribs 142C extend outwards from the first side 134A of the body 132, thus forming corresponding recesses 144A in the second side 134B. The intermediate stiffening bodies 142A of the second set 142D extend outwards from the second side 134B of the body 132, thus forming corresponding recesses 144B in the first side 134A. The recesses 144A, 144B of the attached packaging sheets 130 face each other across the sheet spacing 160H and are aligned along the LTD 138L. The airflow channels 160 extend through the spaces between the facing recesses 144A, 144B of the pair of attached packaging sheets 130 and are partially defined by them.The airflow channels 160 bypass the flat mounting walls 142B of the intermediate stiffening bodies 142A. The peripheral stiffening bodies 148 can similarly contribute to the size, shape, and configuration of the airflow channels 160. For example, and with reference to Fig. 11, the peripheral stiffening bodies 148 of each packaging sheet 130 extend outward from one of the first and second sides 134A, 134B and form corresponding recesses 148D in the other of the first and second sides 134A, 134B. In example implementations, a first set of peripheral stiffening bodies 148 alternates with a second set of recesses along an axis on the first side 134A, and a second set of peripheral stiffening bodies 148 alternates with a first set of recesses along the axis on the second side 134B.Adjacent packaging sheets 130 are connected along the mounting walls of their peripheral stiffening bodies 148, with the mounting walls on the first side 134A of one packaging sheet 130 being connected to the mounting walls on the second side 134B of the adjacent packaging sheet 130. Flow channels for the peripheral stiffening bodies 148F are formed between the aligned recesses 148D of the adjacent packaging sheets 130. The flow channels 148F of the peripheral stiffening bodies are in fluid communication with the airflow channels 160, so that the CO2-laden air 101 first enters the structured packaging 116 via the flow channels 148F of the peripheral stiffening bodies and then flows through the airflow channels 160. The flow channels 148F of the peripheral stiffening bodies can be defined or limited by the adjacent peripheral stiffening bodies 148.In example implementations, adjacent packaging sheets 130 are only connected along their peripheral stiffening bodies 148. When adjacent packaging sheets 130 are joined along the fastening walls 142B of their intermediate stiffening bodies 142A and / or their peripheral stiffening bodies 148, the joined stiffening bodies 142A, 148 form a honeycomb or hexagonal shape when the adjacent packaging sheets 130 are viewed from one of the edges 136A, 136B, 136L, 136U, as shown in Fig. 10, Fig. 11 to Fig. 12. In other implementations of the connected stiffening bodies 142A, 148, where the connected stiffening bodies 142A, 148 have one or more curved walls that form a sinusoidal shape in a sectional view, as described above, the stiffening bodies 142A, 148 can be connected along a fixing point of a curved inclination, so that the connected stiffening bodies 142A, 148 form a non-planar shape when the adjacent packing sheets 130 are viewed from one of the edges 136A, 136B, 136L, 136U. In one example implementation of the stiffening bodies 142A, 148 with one or more curved walls forming a sinusoidal shape, the stiffening bodies 142A, 148 can be connected along part or all of the curved wall. The stiffening bodies 142A, 148 of Figs. 10, 11 to 12 are connected such that their "peaks" (e.g., their mounting walls 142B) are aligned with those of the adjacent packing sheet 130. In other possible implementations, the stiffening bodies 142A, 148 are connected such that their maxima and minima are misaligned with those of the adjacent packing sheet 130. This paragraph applies accordingly to the reinforcing bodies 842 of Figs. 8 to 8C. Features of the packaging sheet 130, 630, 730, 830 can enable increased mass transfer capture efficiency. These features can also reduce the pressure drop experienced by the CO2-laden air 101 flowing through the packaging sheet. For a given pressure drop tolerance in packaging section 106, features of packaging sheet 130, 630, 730, 830 can enable improved overall performance, allowing the ATD 138D to be reduced, which could provide one or more of the following advantages: a shorter gas-liquid contactor 100, 100A, 100B with reduced pumping requirements for CO2 separation solution 114, a smaller footprint for the gas-liquid contactor 100, 100A, 100B, lower energy requirements for operating the fan 212, and / or the addition of additional drift elimination (if required) without significant pressure drop. The features of the packaging sheet 130, 630, 730, 830 described herein or illustrated in the figures may be present or absent in any combination to provide any desired configuration of the packaging sheet 130, 630, 730, 830, the structured packaging 116, and / or the packaging section 106. For example, the packaging sheet 130, 630, 730, 830 may be free of a stiffening element 140, 640, 740, 842 (which may also be referred to as a reinforcing body) in the center of the packaging sheet 130, 630, 730, 830 along ATD 138D. According to another example, features that aid in diverting or dispersing the CO2 separation solution 114 into the mass transfer microstructures 133 may be present or absent in any combination on one or more of the stiffening elements (or reinforcing bodies) 140, 640, 740, 842. Referring to Fig. 15, the gas-liquid contactor 100, 100A, 100B, with the structured packaging 116 and its packaging sheets 130, 630, 730, 830 disclosed herein, is part of a direct air capture (DAC) system 1200 for the direct capture of CO2 from the air, according to a possible and non-limiting example of a use for the gas-liquid contactor 100, 100A, 100B. One or more gas-liquid contactors 100, 100A, 100B absorb a portion of CO2 from the CO2-laden air 101 with the CO2 capture solution 114 to form the CO2-laden capture solution 111. The CO2 separation solution 114 may need to be regenerated from the CO2-loaded separation solution 111, which can be done in a regeneration system 1230 of the DAC system 1200. The regeneration system 1230 processes the CO2-loaded separation solution 111 (e.g.,spent separation solution), to restore and / or concentrate the CO2 content that is loaded in the CO2-loaded separation solution 111. The CO2-laden separation solution 111 flows from the gas-liquid contactor 100, 100A, 100B to a pellet reactor 1210 of the DAC system 1200. A slurry of calcium hydroxide 1224 is injected into the pellet reactor 1210. A reaction takes place in the pellet reactor between the CO2-laden separation solution 111 and the calcium hydroxide 1224. Ca2+ reacts with CO32- in the pellet reactor 1210 to form calcium carbonate solids and an aqueous alkaline solution as the CO2 separation solution 114 (e.g., hydroxide), thereby regenerating the CO2 separation solution 114. For example, potassium carbonate in the CO2-loaded separation solution 111 can react with calcium hydroxide to form calcium carbonate and potassium hydroxide, thereby regenerating the CO2 separation solution 114, which contains potassium hydroxide. The reaction of the CO2-laden separation solution 111 with Ca(OH)2 leads to the precipitation of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) onto calcium carbonate particles in the pellet reactor 1210. Further processing of the calcium carbonate solids, including but not limited to filtration, dewatering, or drying, can take place before the calcium carbonate solids are transferred to downstream process units. A stream 1214 of calcium carbonate solids is transported from the pellet reactor 1210 to a calcining furnace 1216 of the DAC system 1200. The calcining furnace 1216 calcines the calcium carbonate from the stream 1214 from the pellet reactor 1210 to produce a stream of gaseous CO2 1218 and a stream of calcium oxide (CaO) 1220, possibly by oxygen combustion of a fuel source in the calcining furnace 1216.The stream of gaseous CO2 (1218) is processed for sequestration or other purposes, removing some of the CO2 from the CO2-laden air (101) processed in the gas-liquid contactor (100, 100A, 100B). The stream of gaseous CO2 (1218) can be supplied either directly or after processing as a product stream for desired use or for export. The stream of calcium oxide (CaO) (1220) is quenched with water in a slag (1222) of the DAC system (1200) to produce a slurry of calcium hydroxide (1224), which is fed to the pellet reactor (1210). The DAC system 1200 can contain multiple gas-liquid contactors 100, 100A, 100B, with each gas-liquid contactor 100, 100A, 100B forming a cell of a string / assembly of gas-liquid contactors 100, 100A, 100B. The stream 1214 of calcium carbonate solids of the DAC system 1200, calcined in the calcining furnace 1216, can be generated by other methods for the separation of CO2 from the CO2-laden air 101. For example, in one example implementation, the gas-liquid contactor 100, 100A, 100B of the DAC system 1200 uses a liquid sorbent, and a carbonate-forming reactor, which receives the CO2-laden separation solution 111, contains one or more reactors similar to those used in the Kraft pulp process for the formation of calcium carbonate solids. In some examples, the DAC system 1200 is free of a causticization process, and the gas-liquid contactor 100, 100A, 100B of the DAC system 1200 uses a liquid sorbent, such as a calcium hydroxide slurry, and brings the liquid sorbent into contact with air to form the stream 1214 of calcium carbonate solids which are then calcined. In example implementations, the CO2 collection solution 114 can be regenerated using a different regeneration system. The regeneration system 1230 can be part of the gas-liquid contactor 100, 100A, 100B, or separate from it. In an example of an alternative regeneration system 1235, the CO2-loaded collection solution 111 can flow to an electrochemical system containing a cell stack that may include a set of one or more membranes and a set of electrodes (as in Fig. 20). The electrochemical system can regenerate the CO2 collection solution 114 from the CO2-loaded collection solution 111 by applying an electrical potential to an electrolyte including the CO2-loaded collection solution 111. The difference in electrical potential causes an ion exchange, which creates the recovered CO21218 and regenerates the CO2 separation solution 114. In another possible implementation of the alternative regeneration system 1235, the CO2-laden separation solution 111 can flow to a thermal stripping column, which uses steam to desorb CO2 from the CO2-laden separation solution 111, thereby forming the recovered CO2 stream 1218 and regenerating the CO2 separation solution 114 (e.g., a CO2-depleted liquid). For example, the DAC system 1900 in Fig. 19 includes one or more gas-liquid contactors 100, 100A, 100B and a regeneration subsystem 1980. The regeneration subsystem 1980 is designed to regenerate a CO2 separation solution (e.g., the CO2 separation solution 114). In implementations where the CO2 capture solution 114 contains an amine capture species, the CO2 in the CO2-laden air 101 reacts with the amine capture species to form the CO2-laden capture solution 111, including carbamates. Non-limiting examples of the amine capture species of the CO2 capture solution 114 are furan-bis(iminoguanidine) (FuBIG), isophorone diamine (IPDA), a hindered amine group with an alkanolamine, and an alcoholic hydroxyl. Examples of alkanolamines are monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine, triethanolamine, methyldiethanolamine, diisopropanolamine, and diglycolamine. Examples of the hindered amine with alcoholic hydroxyl are 2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP), 2-(Ethylamino)-ethanol (EAE) and 2-(Methylamino)-ethanol (MAE). The regeneration subsystem 1980 comprises at least one concentrator 505, one heat exchanger 509, and one regeneration reactor 507. The CO2-laden separation solution 111 may contain solids (e.g., carbamate solids) and be in the form of a slurry. The slurry is directed to the concentrator 505, which serves to increase the concentration of the solids by separating them from the liquids. The concentrator 505 generates a solids slurry stream 521. The solids slurry stream 521 contains a higher concentration of solids than the concentration of solids in the CO2-loaded separation solution 111. At least a portion of the liquid separated from the CO2-loaded separation solution 111 by the concentrator 505 forms a separated liquid stream 523, which may contain unreacted CO2 separation solution 114.The separated liquid stream 523 is returned to any suitable component or unit of the gas-liquid contactor or gas-liquid contactors 100, 100A, 100B. Referring to Fig. 19, the solid slurry stream 521 flows to the heat exchanger 509, where thermal energy from a regenerated low-CO2 solution 511 is transferred to the solid slurry stream 521, as described below. The heated solid slurry stream 521 flows from the heat exchanger 509 to the regeneration reactor 507. The heat exchanger 509 can be considered a preheating heat exchanger that integrates a concentrated slurry (e.g., the solid slurry stream 521) with a regenerated separation solution at a higher temperature (e.g., the low-CO2 separation solution 511) by means of heat. In example implementations, the solids in the heated solid slurry stream 521 are at least partially regenerated in the heat exchanger 509 or downstream of it, releasing CO2 before they enter the regeneration reactor 507. In example implementations, the heat exchanger 509 is located upstream of the concentrator 505, relative to the flow direction of the CO2-laden separation solution 111 from the gas-liquid contactor(s) 100, 100A, 100B to the concentrator 505. In such implementations, the heat exchanger 509 serves to transfer thermal energy from the CO2-lean separation solution 511 to the CO2-laden separation solution 111 before it undergoes solid-liquid separation in the concentrator 505. In transferring thermal energy to streams entering the regeneration reactor 507, the heat exchanger 509 helps to reduce the use of the regeneration reactor 507 in implementations where the regeneration reactor 507 uses heat to regenerate the CO2-laden separation solution 111. In other implementations, the regeneration subsystem 1980 does not have a heat exchanger. In implementations where the regeneration reactor 507 is or includes a packed column, the heated solid slurry stream 521 flows through the packaging 503 within the regeneration reactor 507. A regeneration heater 506 provides a heat source, such as a stream of heated gas 517 (e.g., steam), which comes into contact with the heated solid slurry stream 521 flowing along the packaging 503. In example embodiments, the regeneration reactor 507 includes one or more nozzles for directing the heated solid slurry stream 521 onto the packaging 503. In alternative example implementations, the regeneration reactor 507 includes a tray column instead of, or in addition to, the packed column. In example implementations, the packaging 503 is unstructured (e.g., random packing). By bringing the heated solid slurry stream 521 and its carbamate solids into contact with the stream of heated gas 517, the CO2-lean separation solution 511 (e.g., regenerated CO2 separation solution 114) is generated and a CO2 gas 519 is desorbed. The CO2-lean separation solution 511 collects at the bottom of the regeneration reactor 507. Referring to Fig. 19, the CO2-lean separation solution 511 is at a relatively high temperature and is directed to the heat exchanger 509 to transfer at least some of its thermal energy to the solid slurry stream 521, which flows from the concentrator 505 as described above.In implementations where the regeneration subsystem 1980 does not have a heat exchanger, the low-CO2 separation solution 511 is fed directly to one or more components of the gas-liquid contactor or gas-liquid contactors 100, 100A, 100B and reused in the gas-liquid contactor(s) 100, 100A, 100B for CO2 separation. The CO2 gas 519 is released from the regeneration reactor 507 along with water vapor 518 via a gas discharge line. The mixed gas stream (CO2 gas 519 and water vapor 518) flows from the regeneration reactor 507 to a condenser 508. Depending on the separation species of the CO2 separation solution 114, the mixed gas stream may also contain volatile amines / organic compounds. The condenser 508 condenses the water vapor 518 (and the volatile amines / organic compounds), forming a water stream 1920 (which may contain condensable amines / organic compounds), and separates the CO2 gas 519 from the water stream 1920. The CO2 gas 519 is released from the condenser 508 as a CO2 product stream 525. The CO2 product stream 525 can be treated or processed as desired, e.g., B. by compression. The compressed CO2 product stream 525 can be provided either directly or after processing for the desired use or for export.In example implementations, the condensed water stream 1920 flows from the condenser 508 to the regeneration heater 506 to be used for generating the stream of heated gas 517 in the regeneration reactor 507. In other example implementations, the condensed water stream 1920 flows directly to the heat exchanger 509. Other configurations for the regeneration reactor 507 are considered in the present disclosure. In some configurations, for example, the regeneration reactor 507 does not contain a packed column and thus has no packing. In such a configuration, the regeneration reactor 507 may be or include one of the following non-limiting examples of reaction vessels: a tubular reactor, a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) in which reagents, reactants, and solvents flow into the reactor while the products of the reaction simultaneously exit the vessel, or a fluidized bed reactor. In implementations where the Regeneration Reactor 507 is or includes a tubular reactor, the tubular reactor may have an internal heating device (e.g., an electric heating element) and / or an external heating device (e.g., a heating jacket), inlet and outlet ports, and a phase separator or other suitable outlet to degas CO2 from the tubular reactor. In implementations where the Regeneration Reactor 507 is or includes a CSTR, the CSTR may have an internal heating device (e.g., an electric heating element) and / or an external heating device (e.g., a heating jacket), a mixing element (e.g., a rotor and / or baffles), inlet and outlet ports, and a phase separator or other suitable outlet to degas CO2 from the CSTR. In implementations where the regeneration reactor 507 is or includes a fluidized bed reactor, the solids slurry stream 521 can enter the fluidized bed reactor from the top of the reactor and heat a heating medium (e.g., steam) from the outside and direct it to the fluidized bed reactor to swirl the solids bed and transfer heat to it. The fluidized bed reactor can have a distribution plate or mesh at its bottom to support the solids being swirled. The fluidized bed reactor can also have inlet and outlet ports, as well as a phase separator or other suitable outlet to degas CO2 from the fluidized bed reactor. In another example implementation of the alternative regeneration system 1235, the DAC system 2000 of Fig. 20 includes a regeneration subsystem 2080. The regeneration subsystem 2080 is designed to regenerate a CO2-rich sorbent (e.g., the CO2-loaded separation solution 111) received by one or more gas-liquid contactors 100, 100A, 100B. The gas-liquid contactor(s) 100, 100A, 100B is / are in fluid communication with a product generation subsystem 606 via a carbonate separation subsystem 604. The gas-liquid contactor(s) 100, 100A, 100B provides the CO2-loaded separation solution 111 for the carbonate separation subsystem 604. The CO2-loaded separation solution 111 can be an aqueous mixture comprising mainly carbonate ions, alkali metal carbonate (e.g., K2CO3, Na2CO3), or a combination thereof. The CO2-loaded separation solution 111 can also contain other components in smaller quantities, such as hydroxide ions, alkali metal hydroxide (e.g., KOH, NaOH), water, and impurities. For example, the CO2-loaded separation solution 111 can contain between 0.4 M and 6 M K2CO3 and between 1 M and 10 M KOH. In example implementations, the CO2-loaded separation solution 111 can comprise an aqueous Na2CO3-NaOH mixture. In example implementations, the CO2-loaded separation solution 111 can comprise a mixture of K2CO3 and Na2CO3. In example implementations, the carbonate separation subsystem 604 may include a caustic soda evaporator or a crystallizer (or both). In example implementations, the carbonate separation subsystem 604 may include a nanofiltration unit or a crystallizer (or both). The carbonate separation subsystem 604 yields a crystalline carbonate hydrate 614. Crystalline carbonate hydrate 614 may contain carbonate sesquihydrate (M₂CO₃⁻, 1.5 H₂O) or anhydrous carbonate. For example, crystalline carbonate hydrate 614 may contain potassium carbonate sesquihydrate (K₂CO₃⁻, 1.5 H₂O). In some examples, the crystalline carbonate hydrate 614 may contain sodium carbonate decahydrate (Na₂CO₃⁻, 10 H₂O). In some examples, the crystalline carbonate hydrate 614 may contain potassium sodium carbonate hexahydrate (KNaCO₃⁻, 6 H₂O). In example implementations, the crystalline carbonate hydrate 614 can contain a different stoichiometry of water molecules per unit of carbonate in the crystalline carbonate (e.g.M2CO3n H2O, where M is an alkali metal and n is an integer or fractional value). The product generation subsystem 606 receives the crystalline carbonate hydrate 614. In example implementations, the product generation subsystem 606 includes a dissolving vessel 608, which is in fluid communication with an electrochemical cell 610. In example implementations, the product generation subsystem 606 may also include a caustic soda evaporator. The dissolving vessel 608 can receive crystalline carbonate hydrate 614 from the carbonate separation subsystem 604, a water stream 620, and a brine stream 622. In example implementations, a polished aqueous solution can be used instead of or in addition to the water stream 620. A polished aqueous solution can be substantially free of suspended solids and dissolved impurities (e.g., containing only an insignificant amount of suspended solids and dissolved impurities, if any). The crystalline carbonate hydrate 614 dissolves in water and combines with bicarbonate HCO3 in the brine stream 622 to form a feed solution 616. The feed solution 616 can be a bicarbonate HCO3-rich solution with a mixture of other components such as carbonate and water. The electrochemical cell 610 receives the feed solution 616 and a water stream 620. The electrochemical cell 610 delivers at least two product streams, including a first product stream 626, which comprises a hydroxide (regenerated CO2 capture solution 114) and is returned to the gas-liquid contactor(s) 100, 100A, 100B for reuse. The second product stream 628 is directed to an expansion vessel 612, in which a gaseous CO2 product stream 624 is partially or completely released from the expansion vessel 612 and directed to one or more downstream processing units (e.g., compression unit, electroreduction subsystem, carbon product production system, synthesis gas generation reactor).For further details and alternative implementations, reference is made to the patent application entitled "Systems and methods for the capture of carbon dioxide and for the regeneration of a capture solution", which was published as US 2022 / 0362707 A1 and the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. The regeneration system 1230, 1980, 2080 can include liquid distribution pipes, solid conveying systems, filtration systems, intermediate components such as storage tanks, and / or an assembly of components that together serve to regenerate the CO2 capture solution 114. The regeneration system 1230, 1980, 2080 also includes pumps that convey liquids to and from the regeneration system 1230, 1980, 2080. Referring to Fig. 16, a method 1400 for separating CO2 from atmospheric air is disclosed. In 1402, the method 1400 comprises guiding the atmospheric air (e.g., the CO2-laden air 101) in a first flow direction (e.g., ATD 138D) from leading edges 136A of the packaging sheets 130, 630, 730, 830 to trailing edges 136B. The first flow direction is essentially perpendicular to the leading edges 136A. In the case of 1404, method 1400 comprises directing the CO2 capture solution 114 in a second flow direction (e.g., LTD 138L) over the packaging sheets 130, 630, 730, 830 to absorb CO2 from the atmosphere into the CO2 capture solution 114. The second flow direction is essentially perpendicular to the first flow direction. Fig. 17 is a schematic diagram of a control system (or controller) 1600 for a gas-liquid contactor, such as a gas-liquid contactor 100, 100A, 100B disclosed herein. The control system 1600 can be used for the operations described in connection with one of the previously described computer-implemented methods, for example as or as part of the control system 999 or other control devices described herein. The Control System 1600 is designed to support various types of digital computers, such as laptops, desktops, workstations, personal digital assistants, servers, blade servers, mainframes, and other suitable computers. The Control System 1600 can also support mobile devices such as personal digital assistants, mobile phones, smartphones, and other similar computing devices. Furthermore, the system can include portable storage media such as USB (Universal Serial Bus) flash drives. Operating systems and other applications can be stored on these USB flash drives. The USB flash drives can include input / output components, such as a wireless transmitter or a USB connector that can be plugged into a USB port on another computer device. The 1600 control system comprises a 510 processor, a 520 main memory, a 530 storage device, and a 540 input / output device. Each of the components 510, 520, 530, and 540 is interconnected, for example, using a 550 system bus. The 510 processor is capable of processing instructions for execution within the 1600 control system. The 510 processor can be designed using any number of architectures. For example, the 510 processor can be a CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer), a RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer), or a MISC (Minimal Instruction Set Computer) processor. In one implementation, the 510 processor is a single-threaded processor. In example implementations, the 510 processor is a multi-threaded processor. The 510 processor can process instructions stored in the 520 memory or on the 530 storage device to display graphical information for a user interface on the 540 input / output device. The main memory 520 stores information within the control system 1600. In one implementation, the main memory 520 is a computer-readable medium. In another implementation, the main memory 520 is a volatile storage unit. In example implementations, the main memory 520 is a non-volatile storage unit. The Storage Device 530 is capable of providing mass storage for the Control System 1600. In one implementation, the Storage Device 530 is a computer-readable medium. In various different implementations, the Storage Device 530 can be a floppy disk drive, a hard disk drive, an optical disk drive, or a tape drive. The Input / Output Device 540 provides input / output operations for the Control System 1600. In one implementation, the Input / Output Device 540 includes a keyboard and / or pointing device. In example implementations, the Input / Output Device 540 includes a display unit for showing graphical user interfaces. Certain described features can be implemented in digital electronic circuits or in computer hardware, firmware, software, or combinations thereof. The device can be implemented in a computer program product that is tangibly embodied in an information carrier, e.g., in a machine-readable storage device for execution by a programmable processor; and process steps can be executed by a programmable processor that executes a program of instructions to perform functions of the described implementations by operating with input data and generating outputs.The described features can advantageously be implemented in one or more computer programs executable on a programmable system, including at least one programmable processor coupled to receive and transmit data and instructions to a data storage system, at least one input device, and at least one output device. A computer program is a set of instructions that can be used directly or indirectly in a computer to perform a specific activity or achieve a specific result. A computer program may be written in any form of a programming language, including compiled or interpreted languages, and it may be used in any form, including as a standalone program or as a module, component, subroutine, or other unit suitable for use in a computing environment.Suitable processors for executing an instruction program include, for example, general-purpose and specialized microprocessors, as well as the single processor or one of several processors in any type of computer. Generally, a processor receives instructions and data from read-only memory, random-access memory, or both. The essential elements of a computer are a processor for executing instructions and one or more storage devices for storing instructions and data. A computer will generally also have, or be connected to, one or more mass storage devices for storing files; such devices include magnetic disks, such as internal hard disks and removable media, magneto-optical disks, and optical disks.Storage devices suitable for the tangible embodiment of computer program instructions and data include all forms of non-volatile storage devices, including, for example, semiconductor storage devices such as EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory devices; magnetic disks, such as internal hard disks and removable media; magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks. The processor and main memory may be supplemented by or integrated with ASICs (application-specific integrated circuits). For user interaction, features can be implemented on a computer with a display device, such as a CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) or LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) monitor, to show information to the user, and a keyboard and pointing device, e.g., a mouse or trackball, through which the user can provide input to the computer. In addition, such activities can be carried out via touchscreen flat panel displays and other suitable mechanisms. The features can be implemented in a control system that includes a back-end component, such as a data server; a middleware component, such as an application server or an internet server; a front-end component, such as a client computer with a graphical user interface or an internet browser; or any combination thereof. The system components can be connected by any form or medium of digital data communication, such as a communication network. Examples of communication networks include local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), peer-to-peer networks (with ad-hoc or static participants), grid computing infrastructures, and the internet. A number of embodiments of the disclosure have been described. Nevertheless, it is understood that various modifications can be made without altering the essence and scope of protection of the disclosure. Consequently, other embodiments fall within the scope of protection of the following claims. Further modifications and alternative embodiments of various aspects will be apparent to those skilled in the field in light of this description. Therefore, this description is to be understood as illustrative only. It is understood that the forms shown and described herein are to be regarded as examples of embodiments. Elements and materials may be used as substitutes for those shown and described herein, parts and methods may be reversed, and certain features may be used independently, as would be apparent to those skilled in the field with the benefit of this description.Changes to the elements described herein are possible without deviating from the spirit and scope as described in the following claims. QUOTES INCLUDED IN THE DESCRIPTION This list of documents cited by the applicant was automatically generated and is included solely for the reader's convenience. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA accepts no liability for any errors or omissions. Cited patent literature US 2022 / 0176312

[0111] US 2022 / 0362707 A1

[0258]

Claims

A packaging sheet for transferring carbon dioxide, CO2, from atmospheric air into a CO2 capture solution, the packaging sheet comprising: a first side; a second side opposite the first side; a leading edge which, in an installed configuration of the packaging sheet, is substantially parallel to the vertical; a trailing edge which is separated from the leading edge by an air movement depth which is substantially parallel to a direction along which atmospheric air flows from the leading edge to the trailing edge; several connecting edges comprising: a top edge which extends between the leading and trailing edges; and a bottom edge which extends between the leading and trailing edges, the top and bottom edges being separated from each other by a fluid movement dimension which is substantially parallel to a direction along which the CO2 capture solution flows from the top edge to the bottom edge;a mass transfer zone on the first side and on the second side between the leading edge, the trailing edge, the top edge and the bottom edge, wherein the mass transfer zone comprises a plurality of mass transfer microstructures designed to receive the CO2 separation solution and to bring the atmospheric air into contact with the CO2 separation solution, wherein the plurality of mass transfer microstructures has a microstructure height; a plurality of stiffening elements extending from the first side and from the second side, wherein each stiffening element of the plurality of stiffening elements has an orientation that is substantially parallel to the fluid motion dimension;and a plurality of spacers arranged on the mass transfer zone and extending from the first side and from the second side, wherein the plurality of spacers are spaced apart along the fluid motion dimension and have a spacing height greater than the microstructure height. Packaging sheet according to claim 1, comprising an orientation axis of the spacer extending between the top edge and the bottom edge on the first side and on the second side, wherein the orientation axis of the spacer runs between at least two spacers of the plurality of spacers which are aligned along the fluid movement dimension, wherein the orientation axis of the spacer in the installed configuration of the packaging sheet runs substantially parallel to the vertical. Packaging sheet according to claim 1 or 2, comprising an orientation axis of the stiffening element extending between the upper edge and the lower edge on the first side and on the second side, wherein the orientation axis of the stiffening element runs between at least two stiffening elements of the plurality of stiffening elements which are aligned along the fluid movement dimension, wherein the orientation axis of the stiffening element in the installed configuration of the packaging sheet is substantially parallel to the vertical. Packaging sheet according to one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the plurality of stiffening elements comprises a plurality of intermediate stiffening elements between the front edge and the rear edge, wherein the plurality of intermediate stiffening elements comprises a plurality of intermediate stiffening bodies arranged adjacent to each other along the fluid movement dimension, wherein each intermediate stiffening body of the plurality of intermediate stiffening bodies extends from one of the first side and the second side to a mounting wall, wherein the mounting wall defines a stiffening body height that is greater than the microstructure height. Packaging sheet according to claim 4, wherein the plurality of intermediate stiffening bodies comprises a first set of intermediate stiffening bodies extending outwards from the first side and a second set of intermediate stiffening bodies extending outwards from the second side, wherein the first set of intermediate stiffening bodies forms a first set of recesses on the second side and the second set of intermediate stiffening bodies forms a second set of recesses on the first side, wherein the first set of intermediate stiffening bodies alternates with the second set of recesses on the first side along an axis, and the second set of intermediate stiffening bodies alternates with the first set of recesses along the axis on the second side. Packaging sheet according to claim 4 or 5, wherein each intermediate stiffening body of the plurality of intermediate stiffening bodies comprises a plurality of flat walls extending outwards from one of the first sides and the second side to the mounting wall, and a plurality of flow channels, wherein each flow channel of the plurality of flow channels is arranged in a flat wall of the plurality of flat walls. Packaging sheet according to claim 6, wherein the plurality of flow channels comprises at least one longitudinal flow channel which is substantially parallel to the fluid movement dimension, and at least one lateral flow channel comprising an inlet end and an outlet end, wherein the inlet end is closer to the mounting wall than the outlet end. Packaging sheet according to one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the plurality of stiffening elements comprises a plurality of peripheral ribs adjacent to at least one of the trailing edge and the leading edge, wherein each peripheral rib of the plurality of peripheral ribs extends outwards from one of the first side and the second side and forms a corresponding recess in the other of the first side and the second side. Packaging sheet according to claim 8, wherein the plurality of peripheral ribs comprises a plurality of leading-edge ribs adjacent to the leading edge, wherein the plurality of leading-edge ribs comprises an innermost set of ribs extending from the first side and forming corresponding recesses in the second side; and an outermost set of ribs extending from the second side and forming corresponding recesses in the first side, wherein the outermost set of ribs is located further from the leading edge along the depth of air movement than the innermost set of ribs. Packaging sheet according to claim 8 or 9, wherein the plurality of peripheral ribs comprises a plurality of trailing edge ribs adjacent to the trailing edge, wherein the plurality of trailing edge ribs comprises a third set of ribs extending from the first side and forming corresponding recesses in the second side; and a fourth set of ribs extending from the second side and forming corresponding recesses in the first side, wherein the fourth set of ribs is located further from the trailing edge along the air movement depth than the third set of ribs. Packaging sheet according to one of claims 8 to 10, wherein the plurality of peripheral ribs comprises at least one longitudinal rib pairing of two peripheral ribs spaced apart in a direction substantially parallel to the fluid motion dimension to define a longitudinal pairing gap, and some mass transfer microstructures of the plurality of mass transfer microstructures are present in the longitudinal pairing gap. Packaging sheet according to one of claims 8 to 11, wherein the plurality of peripheral ribs comprises at least one lateral rib pairing of two peripheral ribs spaced apart in a direction substantially parallel to the air movement depth to define a lateral pairing gap, and wherein some mass transfer microstructures of the plurality of mass transfer microstructures are present in the lateral pairing gap. Packaging sheet according to one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the plurality of stiffening elements comprises a plurality of peripheral stiffening bodies arranged adjacent to each other along the fluid movement dimension, wherein the plurality of peripheral stiffening bodies defines at least one of the trailing edge and the leading edge. Packaging sheet according to one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the plurality of spacers comprises a plurality of spacer pairings spaced apart from each other along the fluid movement dimension and along the air movement depth, wherein the spacers in each spacer pairing of the plurality of spacer pairings are spaced apart from each other in a direction which is substantially parallel to the air movement depth. Packaging sheet according to claim 14, wherein the spacers in each pair of spacers comprise a first spacer extending from the first side and forming a corresponding recess in the second side, and a second spacer extending from the second side and forming a corresponding recess in the first side. Packaging sheet according to one of claims 1 to 15, wherein the plurality of stiffening elements comprises a plurality of intermediate stiffening elements arranged between the front edge and the rear edge, wherein at least the plurality of intermediate stiffening elements comprises a plurality of intermediate ribs oriented substantially parallel to the fluid movement dimension, wherein the plurality of intermediate ribs comprises a first set of ribs spaced apart from one another in the fluid movement dimension and extending from the first side and forming corresponding recesses in the second side;and comprises a second set of ribs spaced apart from each other in the fluid motion dimension and extending from the second side, forming corresponding depressions in the first side, the second set of ribs being spaced apart from the first set of ribs in a direction substantially parallel to the air motion depth. Packaging sheet according to claim 16, wherein: each rib of the first set of ribs comprises a first rib end and a second rib end; and each rib of the second set of ribs comprises a third rib end and a fourth rib end, wherein the third rib end of at least one rib of the second set of ribs is positioned between the first rib end and the second rib end of at least one rib of the first set of ribs. Packaging sheet according to one of claims 1 to 17, wherein the packaging sheet has a rectangular shape, wherein the front edge and the rear edge in the installed configuration of the packaging sheet are substantially parallel to the vertical, wherein the upper edge is substantially perpendicular to the front edge and the rear edge and the lower edge is substantially perpendicular to the front edge and the rear edge. Packaging sheet according to one of claims 1 to 18, wherein the liquid movement dimension is greater than the air movement depth. Packaging sheet according to one of claims 1 to 19, wherein the air movement depth is between 3 feet and 5 feet. Packaging sheet according to one of claims 1 to 20, wherein at least some mass transfer microstructures of the plurality of mass transfer microstructures comprise a first wall section extending on a first side to a first vertex; and a second wall section extending from the first vertex to a second vertex on the second side, wherein at least one of the first wall section and the second wall section comprises at least one wall feature extending from the at least one of the first wall section and the second wall section. Packaging sheet according to claim 21, wherein the at least one wall feature comprises a first wall feature extending from the first wall section on the first side; and a second wall feature extending from the second wall section on the second side. Packaging sheet according to one of claims 1 to 22, comprising a center of gravity, wherein the packaging sheet has point symmetry about the center of gravity. Packaging sheet according to one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the plurality of stiffening elements comprises a plurality of stiffening bodies arranged adjacent to each other along the depth of air movement and between the leading edge and the trailing edge. Packaging sheet according to claim 24, wherein the plurality of reinforcing bodies is arranged between the upper edge and the lower edge. Packaging sheet according to claim 24, wherein the plurality of reinforcing bodies defines at least one of the upper edge and the lower edge. Packaging sheet according to one of claims 24 to 26, wherein each reinforcing body of the plurality of reinforcing bodies extends outwards from at least one of the first side or the second side to a mounting wall, wherein the mounting wall defines a body height which is greater than the microstructure height. Packaging sheet according to claim 27, wherein the plurality of reinforcing bodies comprises a first set of reinforcing bodies extending from the first side and a second set of reinforcing bodies extending from the second side, wherein the first set of reinforcing bodies forms a first set of recesses on the second side and the second set of reinforcing bodies forms a second set of recesses on the first side, wherein the first set of reinforcing bodies alternates with the second set of recesses on the first side along a horizontal axis, and the second set of reinforcing bodies alternates with the first set of recesses along the horizontal axis on the second side. Packaging sheet according to claim 27 or 28, wherein each reinforcing body of the plurality of reinforcing bodies comprises: a plurality of flat walls extending outwards from at least one of the first side or the second side to the mounting wall; and at least one flow channel extending into a flat wall of the plurality of flat walls on at least one of the first side or the second side, wherein the at least one flow channel runs substantially parallel to the depth of air movement. Packaging sheet according to claim 27 or 28, wherein each reinforcing body of the plurality of reinforcing bodies comprises a plurality of flat walls extending from at least one of the first side or the second side to the mounting wall, wherein the mounting wall has a mounting wall slope, wherein at least one flat wall of the plurality of flat walls comprises a step element, wherein the step element comprises: a first wall segment extending from the mounting wall and having a first slope that differs from the slope of the mounting wall; a second wall segment extending from the first wall segment and having a second slope that differs from the first slope; and a third wall segment extending from the second wall segment and having a third slope that differs from the second slope. Packaging sheet according to claim 1, wherein at least some mass transfer microstructures of the plurality of mass transfer microstructures comprise: a plurality of base microstructures comprising a first wall section and a second wall section extending to a first vertex on one of the first and second sides; and a plurality of supplementary microstructures projecting outwards from the first and second wall sections of the plurality of base microstructures. Structured packaging for transferring carbon dioxide, CO2, from atmospheric air into a CO2 capture solution, wherein the packaging sheet comprises: a plurality of packaging sheets attached to one another, wherein at least one packaging sheet of the plurality of packaging sheets comprises: a first side; a second side opposite the first side; a leading edge; a trailing edge separated from the leading edge by an airflow depth that is substantially parallel to a direction along which atmospheric air flows from the leading edge to the trailing edge, wherein the leading edge of the at least one packaging sheet in an installed configuration of the at least one packaging sheet is substantially parallel to the vertical; multiple joining edges comprising: a top edge extending between the leading edge and the trailing edge;and a lower edge extending between the front edge and the trailing edge, wherein the upper and lower edges are separated from each other by a fluid motion dimension that is substantially parallel to a direction along which the CO2 collection solution flows from the upper edge to the lower edge; a mass transfer zone on the first side and on the second side between the front edge, the trailing edge, the upper edge and the lower edge, wherein the mass transfer zone comprises a plurality of mass transfer microstructures having a microstructure height and designed to bring the CO2 collection solution into contact with the atmospheric air; a plurality of stiffening elements extending from the first side and from the second side, wherein each stiffening element of the plurality of stiffening elements has an orientation that is substantially parallel to the fluid motion dimension;and a plurality of spacers arranged on the mass transfer zone and extending from the first side and from the second side, wherein the plurality of spacers are spaced along the fluid movement dimension and have a spacing height greater than the microstructure height, wherein adjacent packaging sheets of the plurality of packaging sheets are attached along a corresponding plurality of spacers and define an airflow channel through which atmospheric air flows from the leading edge to the trailing edge. Structured packaging according to claim 32, wherein the airflow channel has a rectangular channel shape defined in a plane perpendicular to the fluid movement dimension. Structured packaging according to claim 32 or 33, wherein the plurality of stiffening elements comprises a plurality of intermediate stiffening elements between the front edge and the rear edge, wherein the plurality of intermediate stiffening elements comprises a plurality of intermediate stiffening bodies arranged adjacent to one another along the fluid movement dimension, wherein each intermediate stiffening body of the plurality of intermediate stiffening bodies extends from one of the first side and the second side to a mounting wall, wherein the mounting wall defines a stiffening body height that is greater than the microstructure height, wherein the adjacent packaging sheets are attached along their mounting walls. Structured packaging according to claim 34, wherein each intermediate stiffening body of the plurality of intermediate stiffening bodies comprises a plurality of flat walls extending from one of the first sides and the second side to the mounting wall, and a plurality of flow channels, wherein each flow channel of the plurality of flow channels is arranged in a flat wall of the plurality of flat walls, wherein the plurality of flow channels comprises at least one longitudinal flow channel that is substantially parallel to the fluid movement dimension and extends from the attached mounting walls of the adjacent packaging sheets. Structured packaging according to claim 34 or 35, wherein the plurality of intermediate stiffening bodies comprises a first set of stiffening bodies extending from the first side and a second set of stiffening bodies extending from the second side, wherein the first set of stiffening bodies forms a first set of recesses on the second side and the second set of stiffening bodies forms a second set of recesses on the first side, wherein the first set of stiffening bodies alternates with the second set of recesses on the first side along an axis, and the second set of stiffening bodies alternates with the first set of recesses along the axis on the second side, wherein the airflow channel between the adjacent packaging sheets extends through the first sets of recesses and the second sets of recesses. Structured packaging according to claim 32 or 33, wherein: the plurality of stiffening elements comprises a plurality of intermediate stiffening elements between the leading edge and the trailing edge, wherein at least the plurality of intermediate stiffening elements comprises a plurality of intermediate ribs with an orientation that is substantially parallel to the fluid movement dimension; wherein the plurality of stiffening elements comprises a plurality of peripheral stiffening elements arranged adjacent to at least one of the trailing edge and the leading edge, wherein the plurality of stiffening elements comprises a plurality of peripheral stiffening bodies arranged adjacent to each other along the fluid movement dimension, wherein the plurality of peripheral stiffening bodies defines at least one of the trailing edge and the leading edge;and the plurality of intermediate ribs has an intermediate rib height that is less than the height of the peripheral stiffening bodies of the plurality of peripheral stiffening bodies. Structured packaging according to claim 32 or 33, wherein the plurality of stiffening elements comprises a plurality of peripheral stiffening bodies arranged adjacent to one another along the fluid movement dimension, wherein the plurality of peripheral stiffening bodies defines at least one of the trailing edge and the leading edge, wherein the plurality of peripheral stiffening bodies comprises a first set of stiffening bodies extending from the first side and a second set of stiffening bodies extending from the second side, wherein the first set of stiffening bodies forms a first set of recesses on the second side, and the second set of stiffening bodies forms a second set of recesses on the first side, and wherein the first set of stiffening bodies alternates with the second set of recesses on the first side along an axis.and the second set of stiffening bodies alternates along the axis with the first set of recesses on the second side, wherein the first set of stiffening bodies of a first packaging sheet of the adjacent packaging sheets is attached to the second set of stiffening bodies of a second packaging sheet of the adjacent packaging sheets, wherein stiffening body flow channels are formed between the first set of recesses and the second set of recesses of the adjacent packaging sheets, the stiffening body flow channels being in fluid communication with the airflow channel. Structured packaging according to one of claims 32 to 38, comprising an orientation axis of the spacer extending between the top edge and the bottom edge on the first side and on the second side, wherein the orientation axis of the spacer runs between at least two spacers of the plurality of spacers aligned along the fluid movement dimension, wherein the orientation axis of the spacer in the installed configuration of the at least one packaging sheet runs substantially parallel to the vertical. Structured packaging according to claim 39, comprising an orientation axis of the stiffening element extending between the top and bottom edges on the first side and on the second side, wherein the orientation axis of the stiffening element runs between at least two stiffening elements of the plurality of stiffening elements aligned along the fluid movement dimension, wherein the orientation axis of the stiffening element in the installed configuration of the at least one packaging sheet runs substantially parallel to the vertical. Structured packaging according to one of claims 32 to 40, wherein the plurality of stiffening elements comprises a plurality of intermediate stiffening elements between the front edge and the rear edge, wherein at least the plurality of intermediate stiffening elements comprises a plurality of intermediate stiffening bodies arranged adjacent to each other along the fluid movement dimension, wherein each intermediate stiffening body of the plurality of intermediate stiffening bodies extends from one of the first side and the second side to a mounting wall, wherein the mounting wall defines a stiffening body height that is greater than the microstructure height. Structured packaging according to claim 41, wherein the plurality of intermediate stiffening bodies comprises a first set of intermediate stiffening bodies extending from the first side and a second set of intermediate stiffening bodies extending from the second side, wherein the first set of intermediate stiffening bodies forms a first set of recesses on the second side and the second set of intermediate stiffening bodies forms a second set of recesses on the first side, wherein the first set of intermediate stiffening bodies alternates along an axis with the second set of recesses on the first side, and the second set of intermediate stiffening bodies alternates along the axis with the first set of recesses on the second side. Structured packaging according to claim 41 or 42, wherein each intermediate stiffening body of the plurality of intermediate stiffening bodies comprises a plurality of flat walls extending from one of the first sides and the second side to the mounting wall, and a plurality of flow channels, wherein each flow channel of the plurality of flow channels is arranged in a flat wall of the plurality of flat walls. Structured packaging according to claim 43, wherein the plurality of flow channels comprises at least one longitudinal flow channel which is substantially parallel to the fluid movement dimension, and at least one lateral flow channel comprising an inlet end and an outlet end, wherein the inlet end is closer to the mounting wall than the outlet end. Structured packaging according to one of claims 39 to 44, wherein the plurality of stiffening elements comprises a plurality of peripheral ribs adjacent to at least one of the trailing edge and the leading edge, wherein each peripheral rib of the plurality of peripheral ribs extends from one of the first side and the second side and forms a corresponding recess in the other of the first side and the second side. Structured packaging according to claim 45, wherein the plurality of peripheral ribs comprises a plurality of leading-edge ribs adjacent to the leading edge, wherein the plurality of leading-edge ribs comprises an innermost set of ribs; and an outermost set of ribs along the air-movement depth is spaced further from the leading edge than the innermost set of ribs, wherein the innermost set of ribs extends from the first side and forms corresponding recesses in the second side, wherein the outermost set of ribs extends from the second side and forms corresponding recesses in the first side. Structured packaging according to claim 45 or 46, wherein the plurality of peripheral ribs comprises a plurality of trailing edge ribs adjacent to the trailing edge, wherein the plurality of trailing edge ribs comprises a third set of ribs; and a fourth set of ribs along the air movement depth is spaced further from the trailing edge than the third set of ribs, wherein the third set of ribs extends from the first side and forms corresponding recesses in the second side, and wherein the fourth set of ribs extends from the second side and forms corresponding recesses in the first side. Structured packaging according to one of claims 45 to 47, wherein the plurality of peripheral ribs comprises at least one longitudinal rib pairing of two peripheral ribs spaced apart in a direction substantially parallel to the fluid motion dimension to define a longitudinal pairing gap, wherein some mass transfer microstructures of the plurality of mass transfer microstructures are present in the longitudinal pairing gap. Structured packaging according to one of claims 45 to 48, wherein the plurality of peripheral ribs comprises at least one lateral rib pairing of two peripheral ribs spaced apart in a direction substantially parallel to the air movement depth to define a lateral pairing gap, and some mass transfer microstructures of the plurality of mass transfer microstructures are present in the lateral pairing gap. Structured packaging according to one of claims 39 to 49, wherein the plurality of stiffening elements comprises a plurality of peripheral stiffening bodies arranged adjacent to each other along the fluid movement dimension, wherein the plurality of peripheral stiffening bodies defines at least one of the trailing edge and the leading edge. Structured packaging according to one of claims 39 to 50, wherein the plurality of spacers comprises a plurality of spacer pairings spaced apart from each other along the liquid movement dimension and along the air movement depth, wherein the spacers in each spacer pairing are spaced apart from each other in a direction that is substantially parallel to the air movement depth. Structured packaging according to claim 51, wherein the spacers in each pair of spacers comprise a first spacer extending from the first side and forming a corresponding recess in the second side; and a second spacer extending from the second side and forming a corresponding recess in the first side. Structured packaging according to one of claims 39 to 52, wherein the plurality of stiffening elements comprises a plurality of intermediate stiffening elements between the front edge and the rear edge, wherein at least the plurality of intermediate stiffening elements comprises a plurality of intermediate ribs which are oriented substantially parallel to the fluid movement dimension, wherein the plurality of intermediate ribs comprises a first set of ribs which are spaced apart from each other in the fluid movement dimension;and comprises a second set of ribs spaced apart from each other in the fluid motion dimension, wherein the second set of ribs is spaced apart from the first set of ribs in a direction substantially parallel to the air motion depth, the first set of ribs extending from the first side and forming corresponding depressions in the second side, and the second set of ribs extending from the second side and forming corresponding depressions in the first side. Structured packaging according to claim 53, wherein: each rib of the first set of ribs comprises a first rib end and a second rib end; and each rib of the second set of ribs comprises a third rib end and a fourth rib end, wherein the third rib end of at least one rib of the second set of ribs is positioned between the first rib end and the second rib end of at least one rib of the first set of ribs. Structured packaging according to one of claims 39 to 54, wherein: the packaging sheet has a rectangular shape, wherein the front edge and the rear edge in the installed configuration of the at least one packaging sheet are substantially parallel to the vertical; the top edge is substantially perpendicular to the front edge and the rear edge; and the bottom edge is substantially perpendicular to the front edge and the rear edge. Structured packaging according to one of claims 39 to 55, wherein the liquid movement dimension is greater than the air movement depth. Structured packaging according to one of claims 39 to 56, wherein the air movement depth is between 3 feet and 5 feet. Structured packaging according to one of claims 39 to 57, wherein at least one mass transfer microstructure of the plurality of mass transfer microstructures comprises a first wall section extending to a first vertex on a first side; and a second wall section extending from the first vertex to a second vertex on the second side, wherein at least one of the first wall section and the second wall section comprises at least one wall feature extending from at least one of the first wall section and the second wall section. Structured packaging according to claim 58, wherein the at least one wall feature comprises a first wall feature extending from the first wall section on the first side; and a second wall feature extending from the second wall section on the second side. Structured packaging according to one of claims 39 to 59, comprising a center of gravity, wherein the at least one packaging sheet has point symmetry about the center of gravity. A gas-liquid contactor for the separation of carbon dioxide, CO2, from atmospheric air, wherein the gas-liquid contactor comprises: at least one inlet; at least one outlet spaced apart from the at least one inlet; at least one packaging section arranged between the at least one inlet and the at least one outlet, wherein the at least one packaging section comprises at least one structured packaging, wherein the at least one structured packaging comprises a plurality of packaging sheets attached to one another, wherein at least one packaging sheet of the plurality of packaging sheets comprises: a first side; a second side opposite the first side; a leading edge substantially parallel to the vertical; a trailing edge spaced from the leading edge by an air movement depth;and a plurality of connecting edges, comprising a top edge extending between the front edge and the trailing edge, and a bottom edge extending between the front edge and the trailing edge, wherein the top edge and the bottom edge are separated from each other by a fluid motion dimension; a mass transfer zone on the first side and on the second side between the front edge, the trailing edge, the top edge, and the bottom edge, wherein the mass transfer zone comprises a plurality of mass transfer microstructures having a microstructure height; a plurality of stiffening elements extending from the first side and from the second side, wherein each stiffening element of the plurality of stiffening elements has an orientation that is substantially parallel to the fluid motion dimension;a plurality of spacers arranged on the mass transfer zone and extending from the first side and the second side, wherein the plurality of spacers are spaced apart and have a spacing height greater than the microstructure height, wherein adjacent packaging sheets of the plurality of packaging sheets are attached along a corresponding plurality of spacers and define an airflow channel; one or more liquid collection devices, comprising a lower liquid collection device arranged at least partially below the at least one packaging section, wherein the one or more liquid collection devices are designed to receive the CO2 separation solution;at least one fan capable of conveying atmospheric air: (1) from the at least one inlet to the at least one outlet and (2) along the airflow channels of the at least one structured packaging substantially parallel to the airflow depth; and a fluid distribution system fluidically coupled to the at least one packaging section and capable of conveying the CO2 capture solution along the plurality of mass transfer microstructures in the fluid flow dimension to bring the atmospheric air into contact with the CO2 capture solution and to absorb CO2 from the atmosphere into the CO2 capture solution. Gas-liquid contactor 61, comprising a housing defining an interior space which is at least partially exposed to atmospheric air, wherein the interior space is arranged between the at least one inlet and the at least one outlet, and wherein the at least one structured packaging comprises a plurality of structured packagings arranged within the interior space and forming at least one arrangement of structured packagings, wherein the structured packagings of the at least one arrangement of structured packagings are arranged vertically and laterally adjacent to one another. Gas-liquid contactor according to claim 62, wherein the at least one arrangement of structured packagings comprises: an upper arrangement of structured packagings; a lower arrangement of structured packagings at a vertical distance below the upper arrangement of structured packagings; a redistribution distance defined between the upper and lower arrangements of structured packagings; and wherein the one or more liquid collection devices comprise a redistribution basin located at the redistribution distance between the upper and lower arrangements of structured packagings, the redistribution basin being configured to collect the CO2 separation solution from the upper arrangement of structured packagings and redistribute the CO2 separation solution over the lower arrangement of structured packagings. Gas-liquid contactor according to claim 62 or 63, wherein the housing comprises a plurality of interconnected structural elements, wherein the plurality of structured packagings is mounted on at least one of the following elements: a connected structural element of the plurality of interconnected structured elements or another structured packaging of the plurality of structured packagings. Gas-liquid contactor according to one of claims 61 to 64, wherein the liquid distribution system is functional to convey the CO2 separation solution with a liquid loading rate of 0.5 l / m2s to 10 l / m2s. Gas-liquid contactor according to one of claims 61 to 65, wherein: the at least one packaging section comprises a first packaging section and a second packaging section, which is spaced apart from the first packaging section by an air chamber; the fan is functional for passing atmospheric air through it so that it enters the first packaging section and the second packaging section at air velocities between 0.1 m / s and 5 m / s and flows through the first packaging section and the second packaging section along a horizontal flow direction into the air chamber; and the liquid distribution system is functional for passing the CO2 separation solution through it in the liquid movement dimension, which is predominantly vertical downwards. Packaging sheet for transferring carbon dioxide, CO2, from atmospheric air into a CO2 capture solution, the packaging sheet comprising: a first side; a second side opposite the first side; a leading edge; a trailing edge separated from the leading edge by an air movement depth that is substantially parallel to a direction along which atmospheric air flows from the leading edge to the trailing edge, the leading edge being substantially parallel to the vertical in an installed configuration of the packaging sheet; a plurality of connecting edges comprising a top edge extending between the leading edge and the trailing edge;a lower edge extending between the front edge and the trailing edge, wherein the upper edge and the lower edge are separated from each other by a fluid motion dimension that is substantially parallel to a direction along which the CO2 capture solution flows from the upper edge to the lower edge; a mass transfer zone on the first side and on the second side between the front edge, the trailing edge, the upper edge and the lower edge, wherein the mass transfer zone comprises a plurality of mass transfer microstructures having a microstructure height, wherein the plurality of mass transfer microstructures are designed to receive the CO2 capture solution and bring the atmospheric air into contact with the CO2 capture solution;at least one stiffening element extending from one of the first sides and the second sides, wherein the at least one stiffening element has an orientation that is substantially parallel to the fluid motion dimension, wherein one or more mass transfer microstructures of the plurality of mass transfer microstructures are arranged on the at least one stiffening element; and a plurality of spacers arranged on the mass transfer zone and extending from the first side and the second sides, wherein the plurality of spacers are spaced apart along the fluid motion dimension and have a spacing height that is greater than the microstructure height. A system configured to capture carbon dioxide (CO2) from atmospheric air, wherein the system is configured to perform the following: passing atmospheric air in a first flow direction from the leading edges of a plurality of packaging sheets to the trailing edges of the plurality of packaging sheets, the first flow direction being substantially perpendicular to the leading edges of the plurality of packaging sheets; and passing a CO2 capture solution in a second flow direction over the plurality of packaging sheets to absorb CO2 from the atmospheric air into the CO2 capture solution, the second flow direction being substantially perpendicular to the first flow direction. A DAC (Direct Air Capture) system for capturing carbon dioxide, CO2, from atmospheric air, wherein the DAC system comprises: at least one gas-liquid contactor, comprising: at least one inlet; at least one outlet spaced apart from the at least one inlet; and at least one packaging section arranged between the at least one inlet and the at least one outlet, wherein the at least one packaging section comprises at least one structured packaging, wherein the at least one structured packaging comprises a plurality of packaging sheets attached to one another, wherein at least one packaging sheet of the plurality of packaging sheets comprises: a first side; a second side opposite the first side; a leading edge substantially parallel to the vertical; a trailing edge spaced from the leading edge by an air movement depth;a plurality of connecting edges, comprising a top edge extending between the front edge and the trailing edge; a bottom edge extending between the front edge and the trailing edge, the top edge and the bottom edge being spaced apart by a fluid motion dimension; a mass transfer zone on the first side and on the second side between the front edge, the trailing edge, the top edge, and the bottom edge, the mass transfer zone comprising a plurality of mass transfer microstructures having a microstructure height; a plurality of stiffening elements extending from the first side and from the second side, each stiffening element of the plurality of stiffening elements having an orientation that is substantially parallel to the fluid motion dimension;and a plurality of spacers arranged on the mass transfer zone and extending from the first side and the second side, wherein the plurality of spacers are spaced apart and have a spacing height greater than the microstructure height, wherein adjacent packaging sheets of the plurality of packaging sheets are attached along a corresponding plurality of spacers and define airflow channels; a fan capable of passing atmospheric air: 1) from the at least one inlet to the at least one outlet and 2) along the airflow channels of the at least one structured packaging substantially parallel to the depth of air movement;a liquid distribution system fluidically coupled to the at least one packaging section and capable of conveying a CO2 capture solution over the mass transfer microstructures of the at least one packaging section, wherein the CO2 capture solution is designed to absorb CO2 from the atmospheric air, wherein the liquid distribution system comprises one or more liquid collection devices, comprising a lower liquid collection device arranged at least partially below the at least one packaging section, wherein the one or more liquid collection devices are designed to receive the CO2 capture solution;and a regeneration system in fluid connection with the liquid distribution system for receiving the CO2 separation solution, wherein the regeneration system is designed to regenerate the CO2 separation solution and to form a CO2-poor liquid for return to the at least one gas-liquid contactor. DAC system according to claim 69, wherein the regeneration system is designed to supply a CO2 product stream.

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