OPTOELECTRONIC DEVICE USING AXIAL-TYPE LEDS AND MANUFACTURING METHOD THEREFOR

Description

[0001] This patent application claims priority from French patent application FR19 / 06899. Technical field

[0002] The present invention relates generally to light-emitting diode optoelectronic devices comprising three-dimensional semiconductor elements, for example, microwires, nanowires, conical, frustoconical, pyramidal, or truncated pyramidal elements of micrometric or nanometric size and methods of manufacturing such devices. Prior art

[0003] The improvement of optoelectronic devices with axial-type light-emitting diodes, comprising an active zone formed at the top of each three-dimensional element, is considered here in particular. The active zone of the light-emitting diode is the region from which the majority of the electromagnetic radiation provided by the light-emitting diode is emitted.

[0004] The three-dimensional elements considered here comprise a semiconductor material comprising predominantly a group III element and a group V element (e.g. gallium nitride GaN), hereinafter referred to as a III-V compound. Such devices are, for example, described in US patent 9,728,680 B2.

[0005] Each active region is sandwiched between the associated three-dimensional semiconductor element, which is usually doped with a first conductivity type, and a semiconductor layer of the same III-V compound as the semiconductor element and doped with the opposite conductivity type.

[0006] According to one example, the active area may comprise confinement means. The active area may comprise at least one quantum well comprising a layer of a semiconductor material having a bandgap energy lower than that of the three-dimensional semiconductor element and the semiconductor layer, preferably interposed between two barrier layers, thereby improving the confinement of the charge carriers, the barrier layers being able to be of the same material as the three-dimensional semiconductor element and not intentionally doped. Each quantum well may comprise a ternary alloy comprising a first group III element, which generally corresponds to the group III element of the III-V compound, the group V element of the III-V compound, and at least one second group III element and each barrier layer may comprise the III-V compound.

[0007] Patent applications: KR 2011 0117963 A and US 2018 / 0351037 A1, as well as the article by K. Kishino et al. entitled: "Green-Light Nanocolumn Light Emitting Diodes With Triangular-Lattice Uniform Arrays of InGaN-Based Nanocolumns", IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, Vol. 50, No. 7, July 2014, pages 538-547, disclose axial-type light-emitting diode devices based on group III element nitride semiconductor compounds, as well as their manufacturing methods.

[0008] The active region may include a stack of quantum wells to increase the amount of light emitted by the active region. However, due in part to the fact that the diffusion length of holes is significantly smaller than the diffusion length of electrons, only a portion of the quantum wells in the active region may emit light during operation. Summary of the invention

[0009] Thus, an object of the invention is to at least partially overcome the drawbacks of the optoelectronic devices described above and their manufacturing methods.

[0010] Another object of the invention according to one embodiment is to improve the emission performance of the axial type light-emitting diode optoelectronic device.

[0011] The present invention relates to an optoelectronic device according to claim 1 in the appendix, comprising one or more light-emitting diodes, each light-emitting diode comprising a three-dimensional semiconductor element, an active zone resting on the three-dimensional semiconductor element and a stack of semiconductor layers covering the active zone, the active zone comprising a plurality of quantum wells, said stack being in direct physical contact with several quantum wells.

[0012] In the optoelectronic device according to the present invention, each active zone comprises a base, flanks, and a top, the base resting on the three-dimensional semiconductor element, the quantum wells comprising edges exposed on the flanks, said stack covering the flanks and the top.

[0013] Furthermore, in the optoelectronic device according to the present invention, each active zone has a pyramid or truncated pyramid shape with a half-angle at the apex β whose base rests on the three-dimensional semiconductor element.

[0014] According to an embodiment of the present invention, the angle β is strictly greater than 0°, preferably between 5° and 80°, more preferably between 20° and 30°.

[0015] According to an embodiment of the present invention, the stack of semiconductor layers comprises a side wall parallel to the growth direction C of the crystalline materials composing the semiconductor layers of the stack.

[0016] According to an embodiment of the present invention, the three-dimensional semiconductor elements extend along parallel axes, and each comprise a lower portion and an upper portion flared relative to the lower portion and inscribed in a truncated cone with a half-angle at the apex α.

[0017] According to an embodiment of the present invention, the angle α is strictly greater than 0°, preferably between 5° and 50°, more preferably between 5° and 30°.

[0018] According to one embodiment of the present invention, at least a portion of each three-dimensional semiconductor element is a microwire, a nanowire, or a frustoconical element of micrometric or nanometric size.

[0019] According to one embodiment of the present invention, the three-dimensional semiconductor elements comprise a III-V compound.

[0020] According to one embodiment of the present invention, the three-dimensional semiconductor elements are n-type doped.

[0021] According to one embodiment of the present invention, each stack comprises a semiconductor layer made of a p-type doped III-V compound.

[0022] According to one embodiment of the present invention, each stack comprises at least one electron blocking layer.

[0023] According to one embodiment of the present invention, each quantum well comprises a ternary alloy comprising a first group III element, the group V element of the III-V compound, and a second group III element.

[0024] According to one embodiment of the present invention, the device comprises from three to ten quantum wells.

[0025] According to an embodiment of the present invention, said stack is in direct physical contact with each quantum well.

[0026] The present invention also relates to a manufacturing method, according to claim 14 in the appendix, of an optoelectronic device comprising one or more light-emitting diodes, comprising, for each light-emitting diode, the formation of a three-dimensional semiconductor element, the formation of an active zone resting on the three-dimensional semiconductor element and the formation of a stack of semiconductor layers covering the active zone, the active zone comprising a plurality of quantum wells, said stack being in direct physical contact with several quantum wells, in which each active zone comprises a base, flanks, and a top, the base resting on the three-dimensional semiconductor element, the quantum wells comprising edges exposed on the flanks, said stack covering the flanks and the top,and wherein each active area has a pyramid or truncated pyramid shape with a half-vertex angle β whose base rests on the three-dimensional semiconductor element.,

[0027] According to one embodiment of the present invention, the three-dimensional semiconductor elements comprise a III-V compound. Each quantum well comprises a ternary alloy comprising a first group III element, the group V element of the III-V compound, and a second group III element. The quantum wells are separated by barrier layers comprising the III-V compound, and, for the growth of each barrier layer, the ratio of the atomic flux of the group III element of the III-V compound to the atomic flux of the group V element is less than 1.

[0028] Thus, one embodiment provides a method for manufacturing an optoelectronic device comprising light-emitting diodes comprising the formation of three-dimensional semiconductor elements, extending along parallel axes, in a III-V compound, and each comprising a lower portion and an upper portion flared relative to the lower portion and inscribed in a truncated cone with a half-angle at the apex α.The method further comprises, for each semiconductor element, the formation of an active zone according to the present invention as claimed, covering the top of the upper portion and the formation of at least one semiconductor layer of the III-V compound covering the active zone by vapor deposition at a pressure of less than 10 mPa, using a flow of the group III element in a first direction inclined by an angle θ III and a flow of the group V element in a second direction inclined by an angle θ v relative to the vertical axis, the largest of the two angles θ III and θ v being strictly less than the angle α.

[0029] According to one embodiment, the semiconductor layers are formed by molecular beam epitaxy.

[0030] According to one embodiment, the III / V ratio, for the formation of the semiconductor layers, is less than 1.4, preferably less than 1.3.

[0031] According to one embodiment, the angle α is strictly greater than 0°, preferably between 5° and 50°, more preferably between 5° and 30°.

[0032] According to one embodiment, the upper portions of the three-dimensional semiconductor elements are formed by molecular beam epitaxy.

[0033] According to one embodiment, the III / V ratio, for the formation of the upper portions of the three-dimensional semiconductor elements, is greater than 1.1.

[0034] According to one embodiment, the lower portions of the three-dimensional semiconductor elements are formed by molecular beam epitaxy.

[0035] According to one embodiment, the III / V ratio, for the formation of the lower portions of the three-dimensional semiconductor elements, is less than 1.4.

[0036] According to one embodiment, the temperature during formation of the upper portions of the three-dimensional semiconductor elements is at least 50°C lower than the temperature during formation of the lower portions of the three-dimensional semiconductor elements.

[0037] According to one embodiment, the active zones are formed by molecular beam epitaxy.

[0038] According to one embodiment, the lower portions of the three-dimensional semiconductor elements are microwires, nanowires, conical elements of micrometric or nanometric size, or frustoconical or pyramidal elements of micrometric or nanometric size.

[0039] According to one embodiment, the active zones are the regions from which the majority of the electromagnetic radiation provided by the light-emitting diodes is emitted. Brief description of the drawings

[0040] These and other features and advantages will be set forth in detail in the following description of particular embodiments, some embodiments being in accordance with the present invention as claimed while others are not but their disclosure being necessary to understand the context of the present invention, given without limitation in relation to the accompanying figures among which: there figure 1 is a partial and schematic sectional view of an example of an optoelectronic device with light-emitting diodes of the axial type not forming part of the present invention but illustrating its context; figure 2 represents evolution curves, obtained by simulations, of the current density in quantum wells of an active zone of a light-emitting diode of the optoelectronic device with light-emitting diodes; figures 3 to 6each represent an embodiment of an optoelectronic device with light-emitting diodes of the axial type, the modes of the figures 3 And 6 being according to the present invention as claimed, while the modes of the figures 4 And 5 do not, in themselves, define the present invention as claimed but illustrate its context; the Figures 7A to 7D are partial and schematic sectional views of structures obtained at successive stages of an embodiment of a method, not in itself defining the present invention as claimed but illustrating its context, of manufacturing the optoelectronic device shown in Figure 5 ; there figure 8 is an image obtained by scanning electron microscopy of a part of the device of the Figure 5 ; THE figures 9 And 10each contain images obtained by TEM and by EDX of the end of a light-emitting diode of the optoelectronic device according to the present invention represented in figure 3 ; and the figure 11 is an EBIC current image of the end of a light-emitting diode of the optoelectronic device according to the present invention shown in figure 3 . Description of the embodiments

[0041] The same elements have been designated by the same references in the different figures. In particular, the structural and / or functional elements common to the different embodiments may have the same references and may have identical structural, dimensional and material properties. For the sake of clarity, only the steps and elements useful for understanding the described embodiments have been shown and are detailed. In particular, the means for controlling the optoelectronic devices are well known and are not described.

[0042] In the following description, when reference is made to absolute position qualifiers, such as the terms "front", "back", "top", "bottom", "left", "right", etc., or relative position qualifiers, such as the terms "above", "below", "upper", "lower", etc., or to orientation qualifiers, such as the terms "horizontal", "vertical", etc., reference is made, unless otherwise specified, to the orientation of the figures or to an optoelectronic device in a normal position of use. In the remainder of the description, an element is considered to have a "cylindrical shape" when it corresponds to a solid delimited by a cylindrical surface and by two parallel planes, a cylindrical surface being a surface generated by a movable straight line rotating about an axis to which it is parallel. Therefore, a prismatic shape is a particular example of a cylindrical shape.In the remainder of the description, an element is considered to have a "conical shape" when it corresponds to a cone, that is to say a solid delimited by a plane and a conical surface, a conical surface being a surface generated by a straight line passing through a fixed point called the vertex and a variable point describing a closed curve, the plane not containing the vertex and intersecting the conical surface. In addition, an element is considered to have a "truncated cone shape" when it corresponds to a cone from which the upper part, containing the vertex, has been removed.

[0043] A ternary alloy is an alloy formed essentially of three elements (for example, two elements from group III and one element from group V), but of course this alloy can be combined with other elements (for example, from group III) and then form a more complex alloy, for example, a quaternary alloy.

[0044] Unless otherwise specified, the expressions "about", "approximately", "substantially", and "of the order of" mean to within 10%, preferably to within 5%. In addition, the terms "insulator" and "conductor" are considered here to mean "electrically insulating" and "electrically conducting", respectively.

[0045] The present description relates to optoelectronic devices comprising three-dimensional semiconductor elements, for example microwires, nanowires, micrometer- or nanometer-sized conical elements, or micrometer- or nanometer-sized frustoconical elements. In particular, a conical or frustoconical element may be a circular or circular frustoconical conical element or a pyramidal or pyramidal frustoconical conical element. In the remainder of the description, embodiments are described for optoelectronic devices comprising microwires or nanowires. However, these embodiments may be implemented for semiconductor elements other than microwires or nanowires, for example conical or frustoconical elements.

[0046] The term "microwire", "nanowire", "conical element" or "truncated element" designates a three-dimensional structure of elongated shape, for example cylindrical, conical or frustoconical, in a preferred direction, called axis hereinafter, of which at least two dimensions, called minor dimensions, are between 5 nm and 2.5 µm, preferably between 50 nm and 1 µm, the third dimension, called major dimension, being greater than or equal to 1 time, preferably greater than or equal to 5 times and even more preferably greater than or equal to 10 times, the largest of the minor dimensions, for example between 1 µm and 50 µm.

[0047] There figure 1 is a partial and schematic sectional view of an example of an optoelectronic device 10 with axial-type light-emitting diodes, not forming part of the present invention but illustrating its context. The optoelectronic device 10 comprises from bottom to top in figure 1 : a substrate 14, for example a semiconductor substrate, comprising parallel faces 16 and 18, preferably planar, the face 18 being treated to promote the growth of wires. This treatment is shown schematically in figure 1 by a seed layer 20 made of a material promoting the growth of the wires, on the face 18 of the substrate 14; an insulating layer 22 covering the seed layer 20 and comprising through openings 24; wires 26 with parallel C axes, two wires 26 being shown on the figure 1 at least partly doped with a first type of conductivity, for example doped with n-type; for each wire 26, a head 28 covering the top 30 of the wire 26; an insulating layer 32 covering the lateral faces of the wires 26 and partially the lateral faces of the heads 28; and an electrode layer 34 covering the insulating layer 32 and in contact with the heads 28.

[0048] The optoelectronic device 10 comprises another electrode, not shown, for polarizing the base of the wires 26.

[0049] Each head 28 includes from bottom to top in figure 1 : an active zone 40 covering the top 30 of the wire 26; and a semiconductor stack 42 covering the active zone 40 and comprising a semiconductor layer 44 doped with a second conductivity type opposite to that of the wire 26, for example doped with p-type, and covering the active zone 40.

[0050] The assembly formed by each wire 26 and the associated head 28 forms a light-emitting diode LED in axial configuration.

[0051] The semiconductor stack 42 may further comprise an electron blocking layer 46 between the active area 40 and the semiconductor layer 44 and a semiconductor bonding layer 48 covering the semiconductor layer 44 on the side opposite the active area 40, the bonding layer 48 being covered by the electrode layer 34. The electron blocking layer 46 in contact with the active area 40 and the semiconductor layer 44 makes it possible to optimize the presence of electrical carriers in the active area 40. The bonding layer 48 may be of the same material as the semiconductor layer 44 and doped with the same conductivity type as the semiconductor layer 44 but with a higher concentration of dopants to allow the formation of an ohmic contact between the semiconductor layer 44 and the electrode layer 34.

[0052] The active area 40 is the area of the light-emitting diode LED from which the majority of the electromagnetic radiation provided by the light-emitting diode LED is emitted. According to one example, the active area 40 comprises confinement means. The active area 40 may comprise at least one quantum well, comprising a layer of a semiconductor material having a bandgap energy lower than that of the wire 26 and the semiconductor layer 44, preferably interposed between two barrier layers, thereby improving the confinement of the charge carriers, the barrier layers being able to be of the same material as the wire 26 and not intentionally doped. The active area 40 may comprise a stack of quantum wells to increase the amount of light emitted by the active area. For example, in figure 1, an alternation along the C axis of two quantum wells 50 and three barrier layers 52 has been shown. Preferably, the active zone 40 comprises between three and ten quantum wells 50, preferably approximately ten quantum wells 50.

[0053] However, due in particular to the fact that the diffusion length of the holes is significantly less than the diffusion length of the electrons, only a portion of the quantum wells of the active zone 40 can emit light during operation. In the case where the wires 26 are n-type doped and the semiconductor layers 44 are p-type doped, it appears that only the first two quantum wells on the side of the semiconductor layer 44 emit light during operation. Indeed, to reach a given quantum well of the active zone, the holes must pass through all the quantum wells interposed between the given quantum well and the p-type doped semiconductor layer.

[0054] There figure 2represents evolution curves C1, C2, and C3, obtained by simulations, of the current density J, expressed in A / cm 2< , in quantum wells of an active zone of a light-emitting diode of an optoelectronic device with light-emitting diodes as a function of the number, N°, designating the quantum well. For the simulations, the wire 26 was made of n-type doped GaN and the semiconductor layer 44 was made of p-type doped GaN. The active area 40 comprised a stack of six successive quantum wells 50, designated by the numbers 1 to 6 on the abscissa axis, the quantum well 50 designated by the number 1 being the well closest to the semiconductor wire 26 and the quantum well 50 designated by the number 6 being the well closest to the semiconductor layer 44. Each quantum well 50 was made of In 0.14 Ga 0.86 N and each barrier layer 52 was made of GaN not intentionally doped.Each curve C1, C2, and C3 was determined according to the drift-diffusion model coupled with Poisson's equation, as described in the publication by Chi-Kang Li et al. entitled "Localization landscape theory of disorder in semiconductors. III. Application to carrier transport and recombination in light emitting diodes" (Physical Review B 95, 144206 (2017)). The C1 curve was determined by considering a decrease of the bias field by 50% compared to its theoretical value in a quantum well assumed to have a uniform composition. The C2 curve was determined by considering random fluctuations in chemical composition in quantum wells. The C3 curve was determined by considering the fluctuations in chemical composition in the formulation of the "landscape potential".Whatever the theoretical variants considered, all these simulations show that electron / hole recombinations only occur in the two quantum wells 50 of numbers 5 and 6, that is to say the two quantum wells 50 closest to the semiconductor layer 44, which can therefore emit light, while there are no electron / hole recombinations in the quantum wells 52 of numbers 1 to 4 which cannot therefore emit light.

[0055] An exemplary method of manufacturing the optoelectronic device 10 includes growing the wires 26, the active areas 40 and the semiconductor stacks 42 by implementing a growth method which promotes crystal growth along the C axis of the wires 26.The wire growth process may be a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), also known as metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE), or plasma-assisted MOCVD (PA-MOCVD), or a process such as molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), gas source MBE (GSMBE), metal-organic MBE (MOMBE), plasma-assisted MBE (PA-MBE), atomic layer deposition (ALD), or hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE). Hydride Vapor Phase Epitaxy or Halide Vapor Phase Epitaxy) can be used.However, electrochemical processes can be used, for example chemical bath deposition (CBD), hydrothermal processes, liquid aerosol pyrolysis or electrodeposition.

[0056] The inventors have demonstrated that by implementing a particular growth method at least for the formation of the active zone 40 and / or for the formation of the semiconductor stack 42, it is possible to obtain that the semiconductor stack 42 is directly in contact with each quantum well 50.

[0057] An example of a method for manufacturing the optoelectronic device comprises forming the active areas 40 by varying the growth parameters to promote axial crystal growth so that the lateral edges of the quantum wells are exposed on the sides and forming the semiconductor stack 42 by varying the growth parameters to promote crystal growth on the top of the active area and on the lateral faces of the active area. The semiconductor layers of the semiconductor stack 42 then come into mechanical contact with the lateral edges of the quantum wells. The injection of holes into each quantum well can therefore occur via the lateral edges of the quantum well. In addition, the exchange surface between the stack 42 and the active area 40 is increased compared to the exchange surface of type figure 1 which corresponds to a contact surface between two planes.

[0058] There figure 3is a partial and schematic sectional view of an embodiment of an optoelectronic device 55 according to the present invention. The optoelectronic device 55 comprises all of the elements of the optoelectronic device 10 shown in figure 1with the difference that the active zone 40 has a pyramidal shape having inclined sides 56 and a top 57. In the active zone 40, the layers forming the quantum wells 50 and the barrier layers 52 are substantially planar. The stack 42 of the layers 44, 46, and 48 covers the sides 56 and the top 57 of the active zone 40. As a result, the layers 44 and 46 are located opposite the lateral edges of each quantum well 50. The sides 56 are inclined at an angle β relative to the axis C of the wire 26. According to one embodiment, the angle β is between strictly greater than 0° and 80°, preferably between 10° and 45°, more preferably between 20° and 30°. This advantageously makes it possible to obtain a contact zone between the stack 42 and each quantum well 50. The electrical conduction and the electrical distribution are thus improved in all of the quantum wells 50 of the active zone 40 over the entire active zone 40.In particular, the active zone 40 may have the shape of a stepped pyramid, or a truncated stepped pyramid. Each step corresponds to a quantum well 50 or to a barrier layer 52 having an upper wall substantially perpendicular to the direction C and a side wall which may be substantially parallel to the direction C.

[0059] There figure 4 is a partial and schematic sectional view of an embodiment of an optoelectronic device 58, not forming part of the present invention as claimed but illustrating its context. The optoelectronic device 58 comprises all of the elements of the optoelectronic device 55 shown in figure 3 with the difference that the active zone 40 has the same shape as the active zone 40 of the optoelectronic device 10 shown in figure 1, that is to say having a cylindrical geometry with a cylindrical, square, hexagonal, etc. base, in particular a right prism geometry. The stack 42 of the layers 44, 46, and 48 covers the sides 56 and the top 57 of the active zone 40. As a result, the layers 44, 46, and 48 are located opposite the lateral edges of each quantum well 50. An advantage of the optoelectronic device 55 according to the present invention represented in figure 3 compared to the optoelectronic device 58 shown in figure 4 is that the risks of forming passages for the current between the semiconductor stack 42 and the wire 26 are reduced. In addition, the thickness of the parts of the stack 42 at the flanks 56 of the active zone 40 may be greater for the optoelectronic device 55 shown in figure 3 compared to the optoelectronic device 58 shown in figure 4 , which helps reduce the electrical resistance of these parts.

[0060] There Figure 5 is a sectional view of an embodiment of an optoelectronic device 60, not forming part of the present invention as claimed but illustrating its context. The optoelectronic device 60 comprises all of the elements of the optoelectronic device 10 shown in figure 1 with the difference that each wire 26 comprises a lower portion 62 of substantially constant cross-section extending into an upper portion 64 of outwardly flared shape in which the cross-section increases along the axis C moving away from the substrate 14. As appears in this figure, the layers of the semiconductor stack 42 do not extend into contact with the wire 26 at least at the level of the top of the wire 26. In the embodiment shown in Figure 5, the upper portion 64 comprises substantially planar facets inclined relative to the axis C by an angle α. Generally, the angle of the upper portion 64 is called the half-angle at the apex of the truncated cone of axis C with a circular base in which the upper portion 64 is inscribed. According to one embodiment, the angle α is strictly greater than 0°, preferably between 5° and 50°, more preferably between 5° and 30°.

[0061] Preferably, for each wire 26, the apex 30 of the upper portion 64 of the wire 26 corresponds to a substantially planar face orthogonal to the axis C of the wire 26. Preferably, the surface of the apex 30 is at least 20% greater than the cross-section of the lower portion 62 of the wire 26. The height of the upper portion 64 of each wire 26 measured along the axis C may be between 5 nm and 2 µm, preferably between 20 nm and 500 nm. The height of the lower portion 62 of each wire 26 measured along the axis C may be between 200 nm and 5 µm. For each wire 26, the average diameter of the lower portion 62 of the wire 26, which is the diameter of the disc with the same surface area as the cross-section of the wire 26, may be between 50 nm and 10 µm, preferably between 100 nm and 2 µm, preferably between 100 nm and 1 µm.The cross-section of the lower portion 62 of the wire 26 may have different shapes, for example oval, circular or polygonal, in particular rectangular, square or hexagonal.

[0062] There figure 6 is a partial and schematic sectional view of an embodiment of an optoelectronic device 65 according to the present invention. The optoelectronic device 65 comprises all of the elements of the optoelectronic device 55 shown in figure 3 with the difference that the wire 26 has the structure of the wire 26 of the optoelectronic device 60 shown in Figure 5 .

[0063] The wires 26, the semiconductor layers 44 and the bonding layers 48 may be, at least in part, formed from semiconductor materials comprising predominantly a III-V compound, for example a III-N compound. Examples of group III elements include gallium (Ga), indium (In) or aluminum (Al). Examples of III-N compounds are GaN, AlN, InN, InGaN, AlGaN or AlInGaN. Other group V elements may also be used, for example phosphorus or arsenic. Generally, the elements in the III-V compound may be combined with different mole fractions. The III-V compounds of the wires and layers 44, 48 may comprise a dopant, for example silicon which is an n-type dopant for III-N compounds or magnesium which is a p-type dopant for III-N compounds.

[0064] The semiconductor material of the quantum well or quantum wells of the active area 40 may comprise the III-V compound of the wire 26 and the semiconductor layer 44 in which at least one second element of group III is incorporated. For example, in the case of wires 26 made of GaN, the second element is for example indium (In). The atomic percentage of the second element is a function of the desired optical properties and the emission spectrum of the light-emitting diode LED. When the upper portion 64 of the wire 26 is not intentionally doped, it may replace one of the barrier layers of the active area 40.

[0065] The electron blocking layer 46 may be formed from a ternary alloy, for example aluminum gallium nitride (AlGaN) or aluminum indium nitride (AlInN).

[0066] The substrate 14 may correspond to a single-piece structure or correspond to a layer covering a support made of another material. The substrate 14 is preferably a semiconductor substrate, for example a substrate made of silicon, germanium, silicon carbide, a III-V compound, such as GaN or GaAs, or a conductive substrate, for example a metal substrate, in particular copper, titanium, molybdenum, a nickel-based alloy or steel, or a sapphire substrate. Preferably, the substrate 14 is a monocrystalline silicon substrate. Preferably, it is a semiconductor substrate compatible with the manufacturing methods used in microelectronics. The substrate 14 may correspond to a multilayer structure of the silicon-on-insulator type, also called SOI (Silicon On Insulator).

[0067] The seed layer 20 is made of a material promoting the growth of the wires 26. For example, the material composing the seed layer 20 may be a nitride, a carbide or a boride of a transition metal from column IV, V or VI of the periodic table of elements or a combination of these compounds. For example, the seed layer 20 may be made of aluminum nitride (AlN). The seed layer 20 may have a single-layer structure or correspond to a stack of two layers or more than two layers.

[0068] The insulating layer 22 may be made of a dielectric material, for example silicon oxide (SiO 2 ) or silicon nitride (Si x N y , where x is approximately equal to 3 and y is approximately equal to 4, for example Si 3 N 4 ). For example, the thickness of the insulating layer 22 is between 5 nm and 100 nm, for example equal to approximately 30 nm. The insulating layer 22 may have a single-layer structure or correspond to a stack of two layers or more than two layers.

[0069] The insulating layer 32 may be made of a dielectric material, for example silicon oxide (SiO 2 ) or silicon nitride (Si x N y , where x is approximately equal to 3 and y is approximately equal to 4, for example Si 3 N 4 ). The insulating layer 32 may have a single-layer structure or correspond to a stack of two layers or more than two layers. For example, the insulating layer 32 may be made of a polymeric material, an inorganic material or a combination of a polymeric material and an inorganic material. For example, the inorganic material may be titanium oxide (TiO 2 ) or aluminum oxide (Al x O y , where x is approximately equal to 2 and y is approximately equal to 3, for example Al 2 O 3 ).

[0070] The electrode layer 34 is adapted to polarize the active zone 40 covering each wire 26 and to allow the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the light-emitting diodes LED to pass through. The material forming the electrode layer 34 may be a transparent and conductive material such as indium-tin oxide (or ITO, acronym for Indium Tin Oxide), zinc oxide doped or not with aluminum or gallium, or graphene. For example, the electrode layer 34 has a thickness of between 5 nm and 200 nm, preferably between 20 nm and 50 nm.

[0071] THE Figures 7A to 7D are partial and schematic sectional views of the structure obtained at successive stages of an embodiment of a method, not defining in itself the present invention as claimed but illustrating its context, of manufacturing the optoelectronic device 60 shown in Figure 5 .

[0072] There Figure 7Arepresents the structure obtained after the following steps: forming on the substrate 14 the seed layer 20; forming the insulating layer 22 on the seed layer 20; forming the openings 24 in the insulating layer 22 to expose portions of the seed layer 20 at the desired locations of the wires 26, the diameter of the openings 24 corresponding substantially to the average diameter of the lower portions 62 of the wires 26; and growing the lower portions 62 of the wires 26 from the seed layer 20 into the openings 24.

[0073] The seed layer 20 and the insulating layer 22 can be formed by CVD, physical vapor deposition (PVD) or ALD.

[0074] According to one embodiment, the growth of the lower portions 62 of the wires 26 is carried out by PA-MBE. The structure is rotating in the reactor around a vertical axis. The pressure in the reactor is between 10 -4< Torr (13.3 mPa) and 10 -7< Torr (0.0133 mPa). The growth conditions in the reactor are adapted to promote preferential growth of the lower portion 62 of each wire 26 along its axis C. This means that the growth rate of the wire 26 along the axis C is significantly higher, preferably by at least one order of magnitude, than the growth rate of the wire 26 along a direction perpendicular to the axis C. The III / V ratio is preferably less than 1.4, in particular between 0.3 and 1.4, more preferably between 0.35 and 1, for example equal to approximately 0.8.The temperature in the reactor is, for example, between 600°C and 1000°C, preferably between 700°C and 950°C, more preferably between 800°C and 925°C, for example approximately 900°C.

[0075] There Figure 7Brepresents the structure obtained after the growth of the upper portions 64 of the wires 26. According to one embodiment, the growth of the upper portions 64 of the wires 26 is carried out by PA-MBE. The structure is rotating in the reactor around a vertical axis. The pressure in the reactor is between 10 -4< and 10 -7< Torr. The III / V ratio is preferably greater than 1.1, in particular between 1.1 and 2, more preferably between 1.3 and 1.6, for example equal to approximately 1.4. The temperature in the reactor is lower than the temperature used for the formation of the lower portions 62 of the wires when they are made by MBE, preferably at least 50°C, for example between 550°C and 950°C, preferably between 650°C and 900°C, more preferably between 750°C and 875°C, for example approximately 850°C. This makes it possible to obtain a widening of the upper portion 64 of each wire 26, preferably of at least 20%.We then obtain an upper portion 64 whose side wall forms the angle α with the axis C as described previously.

[0076] Advantageously, when the upper portions 64 of the wires 26 are formed by PA-MBE, the dimensions of the surface of the apex 30 of each upper portion 64, where the active zone 40 is formed, are substantially fixed by the III / V ratio used for the formation of the upper portion 64, and are substantially independent of the average diameter of the lower portion 62 of the wire 26 from which the upper portion 64 extends. This therefore makes it possible to precisely control the dimensions of the surface of the apex 30 of the upper portion 64 and therefore the lateral dimensions of the active zone 40. This makes it possible to at least partially compensate for the variations in the average diameters of the lower portions 62 of the wires 26 which may result from the wire manufacturing process.

[0077] Furthermore, the wavelength of the radiation emitted by a quantum well depends in particular on the proportion of the second element of group III, for example indium, incorporated in the ternary compound of the quantum well. This proportion itself depends on the lateral dimensions of the active zone 40. Therefore, precise control of the lateral dimensions of the active zone 40 makes it possible to precisely control the wavelength of the radiation emitted by the active zone 40. Variations in the wavelengths of the radiation emitted by the light-emitting diodes can therefore be reduced.

[0078] There Figure 7Crepresents the structure obtained after the growth of the layers of the active zones 40. According to one embodiment, the growth of the layers of the active zones 40 by a vacuum growth process at a pressure lower than 1.33 mPa (10 -5< Torr), preferably lower than 0.0133 mPa (10 -7< Torr), for which molecular jets are projected onto the surfaces on which crystal growth is desired. The growth process is for example MBE or PA-MBE. The structure is rotated in the reactor around a vertical axis. Due to the low pressures, the molecular jets have a quasi-ballistic behavior. As a result, the flared shape of the top of the wire 26 forms a screen blocking the molecular jets and preventing the formation of the semiconductor layers of the semiconductor stack 42 on the side walls of the wire 26 at least at the top of the wire 26.According to one embodiment, the growth of the layers of the active zones 40 is carried out by PA-MBE. The pressure in the reactor is between 10 -4< and 10 -7< Torr. For the formation of each quantum well, a second element of group III is added to the reactor. The ratio between the atomic fluxes of the elements of group III and the atomic flux of the element of group V is equal to the flux III / V used for the formation of the upper portions 64 of the wires 26 when they are produced by MBE. The temperature in the reactor is, for example, between 500°C and 750°C, preferably between 600°C and 700°C. According to one embodiment, for the formation of each quantum well 50, the ratio between the atomic flux of the group III element of the III-V compound and the atomic flux of the group V element is less than 1, preferably between 0.1 and 0.5, preferably between 0.15 and 0.25.Furthermore, for the formation of each quantum well 50, a second element of group III is added to the reactor, for example In. The ratio between the atomic flux of the second element and the atomic flux of the element of group V is between 0.5 and 2, preferably between 0.9 and 1.2. According to one embodiment, for the formation of each barrier layer 52, the ratio between the atomic flux of the element of group III of the III-V compound and the atomic flux of the element of group V is between 0.5 and 1.2, preferably between 0.8 and 1. According to one embodiment, for the formation of each barrier layer 52, the atomic flux of the second element of group III is zero.

[0079] There Figure 7Drepresents the structure obtained after the growth of the layers of the semiconductor stacks 42. According to one embodiment, the growth of the layers of the semiconductor stacks 42 is carried out by PA-MBE. The structure is rotated in the reactor around a vertical axis. The pressure in the reactor is between 10 -4< and 10 -7< Torr. For the formation of the electron blocking layer 46, a third element of group III is added to the reactor, the III / V ratio is preferably close to 1 and the ratio between the atomic flux of the third element and the atomic flux of the element of group V is between 0.1 and 0.3. For the formation of the electron blocking layer 46, the temperature in the reactor is, for example, between 600°C and 1000°C, preferably between 700°C and 950°C, more preferably between 750°C and 900°C.For the formation of the semiconductor layer 44 or 48, the III / V ratio is preferably less than 1.3, in particular between 0.8 and 1.3. For the formation of the semiconductor layer 44 or 48, the temperature in the reactor is, for example, between 600°C and 900°C, preferably between 650°C and 750°C. The atomic fluxes of the group III element and the group V element are represented schematically in . Figure 7Dby arrows 63, 61. θ III is the angle of incidence of the atomic flux of the group III element and θ v is that of the atomic flux of the group V element with respect to the axis C of the wires. The angles θ III and θ v depend in particular on the type of reactor used. When the largest of the angles θ III and θ v is less than the angle α, a zone 66 is obtained on the lower portion 62 of each wire 26 where there is no deposit while the formation of an undesired deposit 67 can be observed in the lower part of the lower portion 62 of each wire 26. For each wire 26, there is no continuity between the semiconductor layers of the semiconductor stack 42 and the deposit 67 formed simultaneously on the side walls of the wire 26, so that the formation of a short circuit is prevented.

[0080] On the Figures 7C and 7D, each active zone 40 has been shown with a substantially constant cross section along the C axis. As a variant and according, this time, to the present invention as claimed, the growth conditions of the active zone 40 can be selected so that the active zone 40 has the shape of a truncated pyramid with axis C with a cross section which decreases along the C axis moving away from the substrate 14. Such a shape can be obtained without significant loss of the volume of the quantum well or quantum wells compared to the case where the cross section is constant. An active zone 40 in the shape of a truncated pyramid advantageously makes it possible to increase the thickness of the semiconductor layer 44 which covers it and to improve the passivation of the surface of the active zone 40.

[0081] According to another embodiment, the growth of the lower portions 62 of the wires 26, and / or the upper portions 64 of the wires 26, and / or the active zones 40 is carried out by a method other than a vapor deposition method at a pressure lower than 1.33 mPa (10 - 5 < Torr), in particular by PA-MBE. The growth method must nevertheless allow the formation of the flared upper portion 64 of each wire 26.

[0082] According to another embodiment, the growth of the lower portions 62 of the wires 26, and / or the upper portions 64 of the wires 26, and / or the active zones 40 is carried out by MOCVD, by MBE, in particular ammonia-assisted MBE, by atomic thin-film epitaxy (ALE). By way of example, the method may comprise the injection into a reactor of a precursor of a group III element and a precursor of a group V element. Examples of precursors of group III elements are trimethylgallium (TMGa), triethylgallium (TEGa), trimethylindium (TMIn) or trimethylaluminium (TMAl). Examples of precursors of group V elements are ammonia (NH 3 ), tertiarybutylphosphine (TBT), arsine (AsH 3 ), or unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH). The ratio of the gas flux of the precursor of the group III element to the gas flux of the precursor of the group V element is called the III / V ratio.

[0083] An embodiment of a method of manufacturing the optoelectronic device 58 shown in the figure 4 may comprise the same steps as those described previously for the manufacture of the optoelectronic device 60 in relation to the Figures 7A to 7D with the difference that the wires 26 have a substantially constant cross-section and can be produced by CVD, MOCVD, PA-MOCVD, MBE, GSMBE, PA-MBE, ALD, HVPE, CBD, hydrothermal processes, liquid aerosol pyrolysis or electrodeposition.

[0084] An embodiment of a method of manufacturing the optoelectronic device 55 according to the present invention shown in FIG. figure 3 may comprise the same steps as those described previously for the manufacture of the optoelectronic device 60 in relation to the Figures 7A to 7Dunlike the steps of manufacturing the wires 26 and the steps of manufacturing the active zones 40. The wires 26 can be produced as described previously for the wires 26 of the optoelectronic device 58 shown in the figure 4 .

[0085] According to one embodiment, each quantum well 50 is formed by PA-MBE. The growth temperature is between 500°C and 800°C, preferably between 600°C and 700°C. The pressure in the reactor is between 10 -7< Torr (0.0133 mPa) and 5.10 -4< Torr (66.5 mPa). According to one embodiment, for the formation of each quantum well 50 and each barrier layer 52, the ratio between the atomic flux of the group III element of the III-V compound and the atomic flux of the group V element is less than 1, preferably between 0.15 and 0.5, preferably between 0.15 and 0.25. Furthermore, for the formation of each quantum well 50, a second element of group III is added into the reactor, for example In. The ratio between the atomic flux of the second element of group III and the atomic flux of the element of group V is between 0.5 and 2.85, preferably between 0.9 and 1.2.The fact that the ratio between the atomic flux of the group III element of the III-V compound and the atomic flux of the group V element is less than 1 makes it possible to obtain an active zone 40 having the general shape of a pyramid or a truncated pyramid. According to one embodiment, for the formation of each barrier layer 52, the atomic flux of the second group III element is zero. The growth conditions described previously make it possible to promote the growth of the quantum wells 50 and the barrier layers 52 in a growth direction parallel to the C axis and to reduce, or even eliminate, the crystal growth in semi-polar or non-polar planes.

[0086] An embodiment of a method of manufacturing the optoelectronic device 65 according to the present invention shown in the figure 6may comprise the same steps as those described previously for the manufacture of the optoelectronic device 60 in relation to the Figures 7A to 7D with the difference that the active zones 40 are formed as previously described for the optoelectronic device 55.

[0087] There figure 8 is an image, obtained by scanning electron microscopy, of the upper end of wires 26, active zones 40 and semiconductor stacks 42 formed by MBE as previously described in relation to the Figures 7A to 7D. The lower portions 62 of the wires 26 were made of n-type doped GaN. The average diameter of the lower portion 62 of each wire 26 was substantially equal to 200 nm. The upper portions 64 of the wires 26 were made of n-type doped GaN. Each active region 40 included ten quantum wells of InGaN with barrier layers of intentionally undoped GaN. Each semiconductor stack 42 included a blocking layer 46 of AlGaN and a semiconductor layer 44 of p-type doped GaN.

[0088] The lower portions 62 of the wires 26 were formed by MOCVD with a III / V ratio of 0.1 and a temperature of 1050°C. The upper portions 64 of the wires 26 were formed by MBE with a Ga / N ratio of 1.6 and a temperature of 850°C. The InGaN quantum wells were formed by MBE with a (Ga+In) / N ratio of 1.6 and a temperature of 750°C. The AlGaN blocking layers 46 were formed by MBE with a (Ga+Al) / N ratio of 1. The p-type doped GaN semiconductor layers 44 were formed by MBE with a Ga / N ratio of 1 and a temperature of 850°C.

[0089] As it appears on the figure 8, we observe, for each wire 26, a widening of the upper portion 64 of the wire 26. In addition, we observe a deposit 67 of p-type GaN on the side walls of the wire 26 only in the lower part of the wire 26. The constricted zone 68 of the wire 26 corresponds to the part of the wire 26 in which there is no deposit of p-type GaN due to the shading made by the upper portion 64 of the wire 26.

[0090] There figure 9 represents images of the upper end of wires 26, of an active zone 40 and of the semiconductor stack 42 of the optoelectronic device 55 according to the present invention represented in figure 3 . Wire 26 was made of n-type doped GaN. Each quantum well 50 was made of InGaN. Each barrier layer 52 was made of GaN. Electron blocking layer 46 was made of AlGaN. Semiconductor layer 44 was made of p-type doped GaN. More precisely, the figure 9represents, from left to right, a TEM image obtained by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), a Ga image obtained by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) for the element Ga, an In image obtained by EDX spectroscopy for the element In, and an Al image obtained by EDX spectroscopy for the element Al. For the images of the figure 9 , the angle β was approximately equal to 23°.

[0091] There figure 10 represents images similar to those of the figure 9 obtained with an optoelectronic device 55 according to the present invention for which the angle β was approximately equal to 9°.

[0092] On each of the figures 9 And 10 , the electron blocking layer 46 is in contact with the edges of each quantum well 50.

[0093] There figure 11is an electron beam-induced current (EBIC) image of the end of a light-emitting diode of the optoelectronic device according to the present invention shown in figure 3 . As shown in this figure, an electric field is present at the apex 57 and on the flanks 56 of the active zone 40 indicating the injection of holes into the active zone 40 both by the apex 57 and by the flanks 56.

[0094] Various embodiments and variations have been described. Those skilled in the art will understand that certain features of these various embodiments and variations could be combined, and other variations will occur to those skilled in the art. Finally, the practical implementation of the described embodiments and variations is within the reach of those skilled in the art from the functional indications given above.

[0095] The following claims define the subject matter of the present invention.

Claims

1. Optoelectronic device (55; 65) comprising one or a plurality of light-emitting diodes (DEL), each light-emitting diode comprising a three-dimensional semiconductor element (26), an active area (40) resting on the three-dimensional semiconductor element and a stack (42) of semiconductor layers covering the active area, the active area comprising a plurality of quantum wells (50), said stack being in direct physical contact with a plurality of quantum wells, wherein each active area (40) comprises a base, sides (56), and a top (57), the base resting on the three-dimensional semiconductor element (26), the quantum wells comprising edges exposed on the sides, said stack (42) covering the sides and the top, the optoelectronic device (55; 65) being characterized in that: each active area (40) has the shape of a pyramid or truncated pyramid of half apical angle β having its base resting on the three-dimensional semiconductor element (26).

2. Device according to claim 1, wherein angle β is greater than 0°, preferably in the range from 5° to 80°, more preferably in the range from 20° to 30°.

3. Device according to claim 2, wherein the stack (42) of semiconductor layers comprises a lateral wall parallel to the growth direction C of the crystalline materials forming the semiconductor layers of the stack.

4. Device according to any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the three-dimensional semiconductor elements (26) extend along parallel axes, and each comprise a lower portion (62) and an upper portion (64) flared with respect to the lower portion and inscribed within a frustum of half apical angle α.

5. Device according to claim 4, wherein angle α is greater than 0°, preferably in the range from 5° to 50°, more preferably in the range from 5° to 30°.

6. Device according to any of claims 1 to 5, wherein at least a portion of each three-dimensional semiconductor element (26) is a microwire, a nanowire, or a micrometer- or nanometer-range frustoconical element.

7. Device according to any of claims 1 to 6, wherein the three-dimensional semiconductor elements (26) comprise a III-V compound.

8. Device according to any of claims 1 to 7, wherein the three-dimensional semiconductor elements (26) are n-type doped.

9. Device according to claim 8, wherein each stack (42) comprises a semiconductor layer (44) made of a p-type doped III-V compound.

10. Device according to any of claims 1 to 9, wherein each stack (42) comprises at least one electron-blocking layer.

11. Device according to claim 10, wherein each quantum well (50) comprises a ternary alloy comprising a first group-III element, the group-V element of the III-V compound, and a second group-III element.

12. Device according to any of claims 1 to 11, comprising from three to ten quantum wells (50).

13. Device according to any of claims 1 to 12, wherein said stack (42) is in direct physical contact with each quantum well (50).

14. Method of manufacturing an optoelectronic device (55; 58; 60; 65) comprising one or a plurality of light-emitting diodes (DEL) comprising, for each light-emitting diode, the forming of a three-dimensional semiconductor element (26), the forming of an active area (40) resting on the three-dimensional semiconductor element, and the forming of a stack (42) of semiconductor layers covering the active area, the active area comprising a plurality of quantum wells (50), said stack being in direct physical contact with a plurality of quantum wells, wherein each active area (40) comprises a base, sides (56), and a top (57), the base resting on the three-dimensional semiconductor element (26), the quantum wells comprising edges exposed on the sides, said stack (42) covering the sides and the top, and wherein each active area (40) has the shape of a pyramid or truncated pyramid of half apical angle β having its base resting on the three-dimensional semiconductor element (26).

15. Method according to claim 14, wherein the three-dimensional semiconductor elements (26) comprise a III-V compound, wherein each quantum well (50) comprises a ternary alloy comprising a first group-III element, the group-V element of the III-V compound, and a second group-III element, wherein the quantum wells are separated by barrier layers (52) comprising the III-V compound, and wherein, for the growth of each barrier layer (52), the ratio of the atomic flux of the group-III element of the III-V compound to the atomic flux of the group-V element is smaller than 1.