ИНГИБИТОРЫ TYK2 ДЛЯ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ В ЛЕЧЕНИИ ВОСПАЛИТЕЛЬНЫХ ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЙ КИШЕЧНИКА

Abstract

Описаны соединения, их композиции и способы их применения в протоколах введения доз для ингибирования TYK2 и лечения воспалительных нарушений, включая воспалительное заболевание кишечника, в том числе болезнь Крона или язвенный колит.

Description

TYK2 INHIBITORS AND USES THEREOF TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present invention relates to methods of administering a non-receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) inhibitor, such as N-((1R,2R)-2-methoxycyclobutyl)-7-(methylamino)-5-((2- oxo-2H-[1,2'-bipyridin]-3-yl)amino)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-3-carboxamide (Compound 1), and uses thereof for treating inflammatory disorders (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease including Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis). BACKGROUND

[0002] Protein kinases constitute a large family of structurally related enzymes that are responsible for the control of a variety of signal transduction processes within the cell. Protein kinases are thought to have evolved from a common ancestral gene due to the conservation of their structure and catalytic function. Almost all kinases contain a similar 250-300 amino acid catalytic domain. The kinases may be categorized into families by the substrates they phosphorylate (e.g., protein-tyrosine, protein-serine / threonine, lipids, etc.).

[0003] In general, protein kinases mediate intracellular signaling by effecting a phosphoryl transfer from a nucleoside triphosphate to a protein acceptor that is involved in a signaling pathway. These phosphorylation events act as molecular on / off switches that can modulate or regulate the target protein biological function. These phosphorylation events are ultimately triggered in response to a variety of extracellular and other stimuli. Examples of such stimuli include environmental and chemical stress signals (e.g., osmotic shock, heat shock, ultraviolet radiation, bacterial endotoxins, and H2O2), cytokines (e.g., interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-12 (IL-12), interleukin-23 (IL-23), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α)), and growth factors (e.g., granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and fibroblast growth factor (FGF)). An extracellular stimulus may affect one or more cellular responses related to cell growth, migration, differentiation, secretion of hormones, activation of transcription factors, muscle contraction, glucose metabolism, control of protein synthesis, and regulation of the cell cycle.

[0004] Many diseases are associated with abnormal cellular responses triggered by kinase- mediated events. These diseases include, but are not limited to, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases, bone diseases, metabolic diseases, neurological and neurodegenerative diseases, some cancers, cardiovascular diseases, allergies and asthma, Alzheimer’s disease, and hormone-related diseases. 1 57406284.1

[0005] Tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) catalyzes the phosphorylation of STAT proteins downstream of a number of cytokine receptors, including the Type I interferon receptor and the IL-12 and IL-23 receptors. The activation of TYK2-dependent receptors by their cytokine ligands results in the activation of STAT-dependent transcription and cellular functional responses specific for the receptors and cell types on which they are expressed. The cytokine signaling pathways regulated by TYK2 play key roles in several immune-mediated disorders. The cytokine IL-12 is essential for the development of Type 1 T-helper cells (Th1) which produce interferon-gamma, a major effector molecule in systemic autoimmune disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus. The cytokine IL-23 is central for the expansion and survival of Th17 cells and innate lymphoid cells, both of which have been shown to play key pathogenic roles in autoimmunity. IL-23 stimulation drives the production of key proinflammatory cytokines by Th17 cells, including IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-22, all of which are effector molecules important for pathogenesis of conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, including Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis. Inhibition of TYK2 would be expected to impact multiple immune-mediated disorders through its effects on the IL-23 / Th17 / Th22 axis, IL-12-mediated Th1 functions, and Type I interferon-driven modulation of diverse immune pathways and cell types. Accordingly, there remains a need to find TYK2 inhibitors useful as therapeutic agents. The present disclosure satisfies this need and provides other related advantages. SUMMARY

[0006] It has been found that certain TYK2 inhibitors are suitable for oral administration to a patient for treating an inflammatory disorder (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn’s disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC). Accordingly, in one aspect, a method of treating IBD, including CD or UC, to a patient in need thereof, can include administering to a patient a therapeutically effective amount of a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. Compound 1 has the following structure: 2 57406284.1

[0007] Compound 1 has the IUPAC name N-((1R,2R)-2-methoxycyclobutyl)-7- (methylamino)-5-((2-oxo-2H-[1,2'-bipyridin]-3-yl)amino)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-3- carboxamide.

[0008] In some embodiments, the patient can have IBD.

[0009] In some embodiments, the patient can have moderately to severely active IBD.

[0010] In some embodiments, for patients with CD, a decrease in Simple Endoscopic Score for Crohn’s Disease (SES-CD) of greater than or equal to 50% (e.g., about 50%, about 60%, about 70% about 80%, about 90%, or about 100%) from baseline, read centrally, can be achieved; or a decrease in SES-CD of about 50% to about 70%, about 70% to about 90%, or about 90% to about 100%, can be achieved.

[0011] In some embodiments, the patient can reach remission, including clinical remission and deep remission.

[0012] In some embodiments, for patients with CD with isolated ileal disease, an SES-CD of less than or equal 4 (e.g., about 4, about 3, about 2, about 1, or about 0) or at least a 2-point reduction from baseline, read centrally, can be achieved.

[0013] In some embodiments, the patient can have CD.

[0014] In some embodiments, the patient can have moderately to severely active CD.

[0015] In some embodiments, for patients with UC, a modified Mayo Score (Scoring System for Assessment of Ulcerative Colitis Activity) of less than or equal to 2 with stool frequency subscore of less than or equal to 1, rectal bleeding subscore of 0, and central read endoscopic subscore of less than or equal to 1 (score of 1 modified to exclude friability), can be achieved.

[0016] In some embodiments, the patient can have UC.

[0017] In some embodiments, the patient can have moderately to severely active UC.

[0018] In some embodiments, for patients with CD, including moderately to severely active CD, the method can achieve: a decrease in Simple Endoscopic Score for Crohn’s 3 57406284.1Disease (SES-CD) of greater than or equal to 50% (e.g., about 50%, about 60%, about 70% about 80%, about 90%, or about 100%) from baseline, read centrally, or a decrease in SES- CD of about 50% to about 70%, about 70% to about 90%, or about 90% to about 100%; or an SES-CD less than or equal to 4 (e.g., about 4, about 3, about 2, about 1, or about 0) or at least a 2-point reduction from baseline, read centrally, for isolated ileal disease.

[0019] In some embodiments, for patients with UC, including moderately to severely active UC, the method can achieve: a modified Mayo Score (Scoring System for Assessment of Ulcerative Colitis Activity) of less than or equal to 2 with stool frequency subscore of less than or equal to 1, rectal bleeding subscore of 0, and central read endoscopic subscore of less than or equal to 1 (score of 1 modified to exclude friability). In another aspect, a method of inhibiting interferon gamma (IFN ^) production can include administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of Compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a composition thereof. In some embodiments, the method is associated with improvements in IBD, including CD or UC, such as those described above and elsewhere herein.

[0020] In some instances, the disclosed methods and uses of administering Compound 1 achieving certain pharmacokinetic parameters of the disclosure has certain advantages in treating IBD, including CD or UC. For example, in some embodiments, a Tmax of Compound 1 in plasma is achieved in about 3 hours to about 6 hours or a t1 / 2of Compound 1 in plasma is achieved in about 17 hours to about 37 hours.

[0021] In some embodiments, Compound 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dose of about 30 mg to up to about 200 mg (e.g., from about 35 mg to about 200 mg) to the patient. In other embodiments, Compound 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dose of about 30 mg, about 35 mg, about 40 mg, about 45 mg, about 50 mg, about 55 mg, about 60 mg, about 65 mg, about 70 mg, about 75 mg, about 80 mg, about 85 mg, about 90 mg, about 95 mg, about 100 mg, about 120 mg, about 140 mg, about 160 mg, about 180 mg, or about 200 mg to the patient.

[0022] In some embodiments, Compound 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dose intended to provide approximately 24-hour coverage at IC50.

[0023] In some embodiments, Compound 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dose intended to provide approximately 24-hour coverage at IC90.

[0024] In some embodiments, Compound 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered to the patient as a single daily dose, twice daily doses, or in multiple daily doses. In other embodiments, Compound 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is 4 57406284.1administered to the patient daily for between 2 weeks and 52 weeks or longer. In some embodiments, Compound 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered for at least 2 weeks, for at least 52 weeks, for at least 2 years, for at least 3 years, for at least 4 years, for at least 5 years, or longer, for example until the patient’s IBD, including CD or UC, improves. In some embodiments, Compound 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered chronically or indefinitely to treat the patient. In some embodiments, Compound 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered orally to the patient (e.g., a human).

[0025] In some embodiments, the patient can have active moderate to severe ileal (terminal ileum), ileocolonic, or colonic CD prior to administration.

[0026] In some embodiments, the patient can have a CDAI score between 220 and 450 (including 220 and 450) prior to administration.

[0027] In some embodiments, the patient can present with ulcerations characteristic to CD as determined by ileocolonoscopy and defined by the SES-CD greater than or equal to 6 (SES- CD greater than or equal to 4 for isolated ileitis) prior to administration.

[0028] In some embodiments, the patient can have a documented diagnosis of CD including endoscopy with histology, biopsy, and / or a report documenting disease based upon prior ileocolonoscopy, prior to administration.

[0029] In some embodiments, the patient can have moderately to severely active UC prior to administration.

[0030] In some embodiments, the patient can have a modified Mayo Score (Scoring System for Assessment of Ulcerative Colitis Activity) of 5 to 9 points with an endoscopic subscore of greater than or equal to 2.

[0031] In some embodiments, the patient can have a documented diagnosis of UC including endoscopy with histology, a biopsy report confirming histological diagnosis, and / or a report documenting disease duration based on prior colonoscopy, with disease extending greater than 15 cm from the anal verge, prior to administration.

[0032] In some embodiments, a serum Cmax between about 25 ng / mL to about 30 ng / mL, about 30 ng / mL to about 35 ng / mL, about 35 ng / mL to about 40 ng / mL, about 40 ng / mL to about 45 ng / mL, about 45 ng / mL to about 50 ng / mL, about 50 ng / mL to about 60ng / mL, about 60 ng / mL to about 70 ng / mL, about 70 ng / mL to about 80 ng / mL, about 80 ng / mL to about 90 ng / mL, about 90 ng / mL to about 100 ng / mL, about 100 ng / mL to about 120 ng / mL, about 120 ng / mL to about 140 ng / mL, about 140 ng / mL to about 160 ng / mL, about 160 ng / mL to about 180 ng / mL, about 180 ng / mL to about 200 ng / mL, about 200 ng / mL to about 240 ng / mL, about 5 57406284.1240 ng / mL to about 280 ng / mL, about 280 ng / mL to about 320 ng / mL, about 320 ng / mL to about 360 ng / mL, about 360 ng / mL to about 400 ng / mL, about 400 ng / mL to about 480 ng / mL, about 480 ng / mL to about 560 ng / mL, about 560 ng / mL to about 740 ng / mL, about 740 ng / mL to about 820 ng / mL, about 820 ng / mL to about 900 ng / mL, about 900 ng / mL to about 1000 ng / mL, about 1000 ng / mL to about 1200 ng / mL, about 1200 ng / mL to about 1400 ng / mL, about 1400 ng / mL to about 1600 ng / mL, about 1600 ng / mL to about 1800 ng / mL, or about 1800 ng / mL to about 2000 ng / mL can be achieved.

[0033] In another aspect, a method of treating IBD including CD or UC in a patient in need thereof, which includes administering a therapeutically effective amount of Compound 1 at a daily dose of from about 30 mg to about 200 mg, is provided.

[0034] In another aspect, the use of Compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in the treatment of IBD including CD or UC is provided.

[0035] These and other aspects of this disclosure will be apparent upon reference to the following detailed description. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0036] FIGS. 1A-1B are graphics depicting the study design in the TCT colitis model and the α-CD40 mAb colitis model. α-CD40, anti-CD40; mAb, monoclonal antibody; SCID, severe combined immunodeficient; TCT, T-cell transfer.

[0037] FIGS.2A-2B are graphs depicting colon weight:length ratios in the (FIG.2A) TCT colitis model and (FIG. 2B) α-CD40 mAb colitis model. In the figures, significance was determined using ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test and denotes: *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001. α-CD40, anti-CD40; α-IL-12 / 23 p40, anti-interleukin 12 and 23 p40; ANOVA, analysis of variance; BID, twice daily; QW, once a week; IC50, 50% inhibitory concentration; IC90, 90% inhibitory concentration; mAb, monoclonal antibody; ns, not significant; TCT, T cell transfer.

[0038] FIGS.3A-3B are graphs depicting total histology scores in the (FIG.3A) TCT colitis model and the (FIG. 3B) α-CD40 colitis model. In the figures, significance was determined using ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test and denotes: *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001. α-CD40, anti-CD40; α-IL-12 / 23 p40, anti-interleukin 12 and 23 p40; ANOVA, analysis of variance; BID, twice daily; QW, once a week; IC50, 50% inhibitory concentration; IC90, 90% inhibitory concentration; mAb, monoclonal antibody; ns, not significant; TCT, T cell transfer. 6 57406284.1

[0039] FIG. 4 is a transcriptomics heat map and analysis of genes associated with Th17 phenotypes for colonic tissue isolated from the TCT colitis model at the end of the treatment period. BID, twice daily; IC50, 50% inhibitory concentration; IC90, 90% inhibitory concentration; IL, interleukin; Th17, T-helper 17. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN EMBODIMENTS

[0040] TYK2 is an obligate mediator of signaling via interleukin (IL-12, IL-23, and the type I interferon (IFN) receptors and is a validated therapeutic target in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC).

[0041] Compound 1 disclosed herein is an oral, allosteric, highly potent, and selective TYK2 inhibitor computationally designed to bind to the Janus homology 2 (JH2) domain of TYK2 but to be sterically occluded from the JH2 domains of Janus kinase (JAK) 1-3. Compound 1 is used for the treatment of IBD, including CD or UC, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and other inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, Compound 1’s selectivity and potential to provide higher levels of TYK2 inhibition for a longer period with once-daily (QD) dosing may confer clinical and ultimately commercial advantages over other TYK2 inhibitors in development.

[0042] TYK2 is a member of the JAK family of kinases, a class of intracellular signaling proteins that regulate chronic inflammation in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. TYK2 plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of IBD and other autoimmune diseases via the mediation of signaling pathways downstream of IL-12, IL-23, and IFN α / β. Although JAK inhibition can be effective in treating inflammatory and autoimmune diseases and some JAK inhibitors have been approved for the treatment of UC, they are associated with adverse events likely related to JAK1-3 inhibition. JAK inhibition can also produce off-target safety issues by modulating a broad variety of cytokine pathways. As a result, while JAK inhibitors have become established oral treatments for numerous inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, their clinical utility is constrained by elevated risk of infections and other side effects that have resulted in dose level limitations and U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-mandated boxed warnings as part of their labeling. Designing selective JAK inhibitors and dosing protocols that directly and specifically inhibit the intended kinase function is challenging due to the structural similarity between the catalytic (orthosteric or JH1) sites for drug targeting on the JAK catalytic domains. Based on human genetic data and growing clinical evidence for the selectivity of allosteric TYK2 inhibitors, the present approach of selective allosteric inhibition of TYK2 provides an 7 57406284.1optimal balance of achieving strong efficacy while potentially avoiding safety concerns associated with broader JAK inhibition for the treatment of multiple inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.

[0043] Across three Phase I studies, the absorption of Compound 1 was rapid (median Tmax 3-6 hours), increases in exposure were approximately dose proportional, and half-life (t1 / 2) was 17-37 hours. Pharmacodynamics was tested in a cytokine-induced ex vivo assay using whole blood samples. Treatment with Compound 1 led to rapid inhibition of interferon gamma (IFN ^) production; increasing exposure correlated with increased inhibition of IFN ^. No serious adverse events (SAEs) or deaths were observed. Adverse events (AEs) observed included acneiform dermatitis, papular rash, aphthous ulcer, headache and diarrhea. Laboratory abnormalities that occurred in more than one subject with a Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) grade of 2 or greater included neutropenia, lymphopenia, elevated levels of creatine phosphokinase, and non-fasting triglyceride elevation. Exploratory efficacy in psoriasis patients demonstrated improvement for all doses tested (mean decreases in psoriasis area severity index (PASI) of 30%, 47%, and 48% for 5 mg, 10 mg, and 30 mg respectively; versus 26% for placebo). The TYK2 inhibitors described herein are provided by oral administration at the doses and schedules described herein.

[0044] In the following disclosure, certain specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of various embodiments. However, one skilled in the art will understand that the methods and uses described herein may be practiced without these details. In other instances, well-known structures have not been shown or described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring descriptions of the embodiments. Unless the context requires otherwise, throughout the specification and claims which follow, the word “comprise” and variations thereof, such as, “comprises” and “comprising” are to be construed in an open, inclusive sense, that is, as “including, but not limited to.” Further, headings provided herein are for convenience only and do not interpret the scope or meaning of the claimed invention.

[0045] Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment,” “some embodiments,” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment. Thus, the appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment,” “in some embodiments,” or “in an embodiment” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. Also, as used in this 8 57406284.1specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. It should also be noted that the term “or” is generally employed in its sense including “and / or” unless the content clearly dictates otherwise.

[0046] In one aspect, a method of treating inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn’s disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC), in a patient in need thereof, can include administering to a patient a therapeutically effective amount of Compound 1:or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.

[0047] In some embodiments, the administration is daily for a period between about 1 day to about 2 days, about 2 days to about 3 days, about 3 days to about 4 days, about 4 days to about 5 days, about 5 days to about 6 days, about 6 days to about 7 days, about 1 week to about 2 weeks, about 2 weeks to about 3 weeks, about 3 weeks to about 4 weeks, about 4 weeks to about 5 weeks, about 5 weeks to about 6 weeks, about 6 weeks to about 7 weeks, about 7 weeks to about 8 weeks, about 8 weeks to about 9 weeks, about 9 weeks to about 10 weeks, about 10 weeks to about 11 weeks, about 11 weeks to about 12 weeks, about 12 weeks to about 14 weeks, about 14 weeks to about 16 weeks, about 16 weeks to about 18 weeks, about 18 weeks to about 21 weeks, about 21 weeks to about 24 weeks, about 24 weeks to about 27 weeks, about 27 weeks to about 30 weeks, about 30 weeks to about 33 weeks, about 33 weeks to about 36 weeks, about 36 weeks to about 39 weeks, about 39 weeks to about 42 weeks, about 42 weeks to about 45 weeks, about 45 weeks to about 48 weeks, about 48 weeks to about 51 weeks, about 51 weeks to about 52 weeks, about 1 year to about 2 years, or about 2 years to about 3 years, about 3 years to about 4 years, or about 4 years to about 5 years. In other embodiments, the administration is daily for longer than 5 years.

[0048] In some embodiments, the patient has IBD.

[0049] In some embodiments, the patient has moderately to severely active IBD.

[0050] In some embodiments, the administration is chronic, or daily for an indefinite period. 9 57406284.1

[0051] In some embodiments, for patients with CD, the method is directed to the treatment of moderately to severely active CD.

[0052] In some embodiments, for patients with CD, a mean decrease in Simple Endoscopic Score for Crohn’s Disease (SES-CD) of about 50% or greater is achieved.

[0053] In some embodiments, for patients with CD, a mean decrease in Simple Endoscopic Score for Crohn’s Disease (SES-CD) of about 70% or greater is achieved.

[0054] In some embodiments, for patients with CD, a mean decrease in Simple Endoscopic Score for Crohn’s Disease (SES-CD) of about 90% or greater is achieved.

[0055] In some embodiments, for patients with CD, a mean decrease in Simple Endoscopic Score for Crohn’s Disease (SES-CD) of about 100% is achieved.

[0056] In some embodiments, for patients with CD, a mean decrease in Simple Endoscopic Score for Crohn’s Disease (SES-CD) of about 50% to 70% is achieved.

[0057] In some embodiments, for patients with CD, a mean decrease in Simple Endoscopic Score for Crohn’s Disease (SES-CD) of about 70% to 90% is achieved.

[0058] In some embodiments, for patients with CD, a mean decrease in Simple Endoscopic Score for Crohn’s Disease (SES-CD) of about 90% to 100% is achieved.

[0059] In some embodiments, for patients with CD with isolated ileal disease, a Simple Endoscopic Score for Crohn’s Disease (SES-CD) of less than or equal to 4 (e.g., about 4, about 3, about 2, about 1, or about 0) or at least a 2-point reduction from baseline, read centrally, is achieved.

[0060] In some embodiments, the patient has CD.

[0061] In some embodiments, the patient has moderately to severely active CD.

[0062] In some embodiments, for patients with UC, a modified Mayo Score (Scoring System for Assessment of Ulcerative Colitis Activity) of less than or equal to 2 with stool frequency subscore of less than or equal to 1, rectal bleeding subscore of 0, and central read endoscopic subscore of less than or equal to 1 (score of 1 modified to exclude friability), is achieved.

[0063] In some embodiments, the patient has UC.

[0064] In some embodiments, the patient has moderately to severely active UC.

[0065] In some embodiments, for patients with CD, including moderately to severely active CD, the method achieves: a decrease in Simple Endoscopic Score for Crohn’s Disease (SES-CD) of greater than or equal to 50% (e.g., about 50%, about 60%, about 70% about 80%, about 90%, or about 100%) from baseline, read centrally, or a decrease in SES-CD of about 50% to about 70%, about 70% to about 90%, or about 90% to about 100%; or an SES- 10 57406284.1CD less than or equal to 4 (e.g., about 4, about 3, about 2, about 1, or about 0) or at least a 2- point reduction from baseline, read centrally, for isolated ileal disease.

[0066] In some embodiments, for patients with UC, including moderately to severely active UC, the method achieves: a modified Mayo Score (Scoring System for Assessment of Ulcerative Colitis Activity) of less than or equal to 2 with stool frequency subscore of less than or equal to 1, rectal bleeding subscore of 0, and central read endoscopic subscore of less than or equal to 1 (score of 1 modified to exclude friability).

[0067] In some embodiments, the patient has inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

[0068] In some embodiments, the IBD is moderately to severely active.

[0069] In some embodiments, the patient has Crohn’s disease (CD).

[0070] In some embodiments, the CD is moderately to severely active.

[0071] In some embodiments, the method achieves an improvement in circulating cytokines and / or an inflammatory biomarker.

[0072] In one aspect, a method of inhibiting interferon gamma (IFNγ) production in a patient can include administering to a patient a therapeutically effective amount of Compound 1: or a pharmaceuticallycomposition thereof.

[0073] In some embodiments, the patient has inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn’s disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC).

[0074] In some embodiments, a Tmax of Compound 1 in plasma is achieved in about 3 hours to about 6 hours.

[0075] In some embodiments, a t1 / 2of Compound 1 in plasma is achieved in about 17 hours to about 37 hours.

[0076] In some embodiments, Compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered at a dose of up to about 200 mg to the patient. 11 57406284.1

[0077] In some embodiments, Compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered at a dose of from about 30 mg to about 200 mg to the patient.

[0078] In some embodiments, Compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered at a dose of about 30 mg, about 35 mg, about 40 mg, about 45 mg, about 50 mg, about 55 mg, about 60 mg, about 65 mg, about 70 mg, about 75 mg, about 80 mg, about 85 mg, about 90 mg, about 95 mg, about 100 mg, about 120 mg, about 140 mg, about 160 mg, about 180 mg, or about 200 mg to the patient.

[0079] In some embodiments, Compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered at a dose intended to provide approximately 24-hour coverage at IC50.

[0080] In some embodiments, Compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered at a dose intended to provide approximately 24-hour coverage at IC90.

[0081] In some embodiments, Compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered to the patient as a single dose, for example, a single dose in one day.

[0082] In some embodiments, Compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered to the patient as two doses, for example, two doses in one day.

[0083] In some embodiments, Compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered to the patient in multiple doses.

[0084] In some embodiments, Compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered to the patient daily for 2 weeks.

[0085] In some embodiments, Compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered to the patient daily for 52 weeks.

[0086] In some embodiments, Compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered to the patient daily for between 2 weeks and 52 weeks.

[0087] In some embodiments, Compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered to the patient daily for between 2 weeks and 52 weeks, for example, until the patient’s IBD, including CD or UC, improves.

[0088] In some embodiments, Compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered to the patient daily for between 1 and 5 years, for example, until the patient’s IBD, including CD or UC, improves.

[0089] In some embodiments, Compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered chronically or indefinitely to the patient.

[0090] In some embodiments, Compound 1 is administered orally to the patient.

[0091] In some embodiments, the patient is a human. 12 57406284.1

[0092] In some embodiments, a serum Cmaxbetween about 25 ng / mL to about 30 ng / mL, about 30 ng / mL to about 35 ng / mL, about 35 ng / mL to about 40 ng / mL, about 40 ng / mL to about 45 ng / mL, about 45 ng / mL to about 50 ng / mL, about 50 ng / mL to about 60ng / mL, about 60 ng / mL to about 70 ng / mL, about 70 ng / mL to about 80 ng / mL, about 80 ng / mL to about 90 ng / mL, about 90 ng / mL to about 100 ng / mL, about 100 ng / mL to about 120 ng / mL, about 120 ng / mL to about 140 ng / mL, about 140 ng / mL to about 160 ng / mL, about 160 ng / mL to about 180 ng / mL, about 180 ng / mL to about 200 ng / mL, about 200 ng / mL to about 240 ng / mL, about 240 ng / mL to about 280 ng / mL, about 280 ng / mL to about 320 ng / mL, about 320 ng / mL to about 360 ng / mL, about 360 ng / mL to about 400 ng / mL, about 400 ng / mL to about 480 ng / mL, about 480 ng / mL to about 560 ng / mL, about 560 ng / mL to about 740 ng / mL, about 740 ng / mL to about 820 ng / mL, about 820 ng / mL to about 900 ng / mL, about 900 ng / mL to about 1000 ng / mL, about 1000 ng / mL to about 1200 ng / mL, about 1200 ng / mL to about 1400 ng / mL, about 1400 ng / mL to about 1600 ng / mL, about 1600 ng / mL to about 1800 ng / mL, or about 1800 ng / mL to about 2000 ng / mL is achieved.

[0093] In one aspect, a method of treating inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn’s disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC), in a patient in need thereof, can include administering a therapeutically effective amount of Compound 1:

[0094] at a daily dose ofmg.

[0095] In one aspect, Compound 1:13 57406284.1

[0096] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can be used in the treatment of IBD, including CD or UC.

[0097] Compounds described herein include those described generally herein, and are further illustrated by the classes, subclasses, and species disclosed herein. As used herein, the following definitions shall apply unless otherwise indicated. For purposes described herein, the chemical elements are identified in accordance with the Periodic Table of the Elements, CAS version, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 75thEd. Additionally, general principles of organic chemistry are described in “Organic Chemistry”, Thomas Sorrell, University Science Books, Sausalito: 1999, and “March’s Advanced Organic Chemistry”, 5thEd., Ed.: Smith, M.B. and March, J., John Wiley & Sons, New York: 2001, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

[0098] As used herein, the term “about” refers to within 20% of a given value. In some embodiments, the term “about” refers to within 20%, 19%, 18%, 17%, 16%, 15%, 14%, 13%, 12%, 11%, 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, or 1% of a given value.

[0099] As used herein, the term “Compound 1” refers to N-((1R,2R)-2- methoxycyclobutyl)-7-(methylamino)-5-((2-oxo-2H-[1,2'-bipyridin]-3- yl)amino)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-3-carboxamide having the formula: In some embodiments,acceptable salt thereof, is in amorphous form. In some embodiments, Compound 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is in crystalline form.

[0100] The term “aliphatic” or “aliphatic group,” as used herein, means a straight-chain (i.e., unbranched) or branched, substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon chain that is completely saturated or that contains one or more units of unsaturation, or a monocyclic hydrocarbon or bicyclic hydrocarbon that is completely saturated or that contains one or more units of unsaturation, but which is not aromatic (also referred to herein as "carbocycle," “cycloaliphatic” or “cycloalkyl”), that has a single point of attachment to the rest of the 14 57406284.1molecule. Unless otherwise specified, aliphatic groups contain 1-6 aliphatic carbon atoms. In some embodiments, aliphatic groups contain 1-5 aliphatic carbon atoms. In other embodiments, aliphatic groups contain 1-4 aliphatic carbon atoms. In still other embodiments, aliphatic groups contain 1-3 aliphatic carbon atoms, and in yet other embodiments, aliphatic groups contain 1-2 aliphatic carbon atoms. In some embodiments, “cycloaliphatic” (or “carbocycle” or “cycloalkyl”) refers to a monocyclic C3-C6hydrocarbon that is completely saturated or that contains one or more units of unsaturation, but which is not aromatic, that has a single point of attachment to the rest of the molecule. Suitable aliphatic groups include, but are not limited to, linear or branched, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl groups and hybrids thereof such as (cycloalkyl)alkyl, (cycloalkenyl)alkyl or (cycloalkyl)alkenyl.

[0101] As used herein, the term “bridged bicyclic” refers to any bicyclic ring system, i.e. carbocyclic or heterocyclic, saturated or partially unsaturated, having at least one bridge. As defined by IUPAC, a “bridge” is an unbranched chain of atoms or an atom or a valence bond connecting two bridgeheads, where a “bridgehead” is any skeletal atom of the ring system which is bonded to three or more skeletal atoms (excluding hydrogen). In some embodiments, a bridged bicyclic group has 7-12 ring members and 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. Such bridged bicyclic groups are well known in the art and include those groups set forth below where each group is attached to the rest of the molecule at any substitutable carbon or nitrogen atom. Unless otherwise specified, a bridged bicyclic group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as set forth for aliphatic groups. Additionally or alternatively, any substitutable nitrogen of a bridged bicyclic group is optionally substituted. Exemplary bridged bicyclics include: NH15 57406284.1O HN O O ONHNH NH NH

[0102] Exemplarylower alkyl groups are methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, and tert-butyl.

[0103] The term “lower haloalkyl” refers to a C1-4straight or branched alkyl group that is substituted with one or more halogen atoms.

[0104] The term “heteroatom” means one or more of oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, or silicon (including, any oxidized form of nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, or silicon; the quaternized form of any basic nitrogen or; a substitutable nitrogen of a heterocyclic ring, for example N (as in 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrolyl), NH (as in pyrrolidinyl) or NR+(as in N-substituted pyrrolidinyl)).

[0105] The term “unsaturated,” as used herein, means that a moiety has one or more units of unsaturation.

[0106] As used herein, the term “bivalent C1-8(or C1-6) saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched, hydrocarbon chain,” refers to bivalent alkylene, alkenylene, and alkynylene chains that are straight or branched as defined herein.

[0107] The term “alkylene” refers to a bivalent alkyl group. An “alkylene chain” is a polymethylene group, i.e., –(CH2)n–, wherein n is a positive integer, preferably from 1 to 6, from 1 to 4, from 1 to 3, from 1 to 2, or from 2 to 3. A substituted alkylene chain is a polymethylene group in which one or more methylene hydrogen atoms are replaced with a substituent. Suitable substituents include those described below for a substituted aliphatic group.

[0108] The term “alkenylene” refers to a bivalent alkenyl group. A substituted alkenylene chain is a polymethylene group containing at least one double bond in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced with a substituent. Suitable substituents include those described below for a substituted aliphatic group.

[0109] The term “halogen” means F, Cl, Br, or I. 16 57406284.1

[0110] The term “aryl” used alone or as part of a larger moiety as in “aralkyl,” “aralkoxy,” or “aryloxyalkyl,” refers to monocyclic or bicyclic ring systems having a total of five to fourteen ring members, wherein at least one ring in the system is aromatic and wherein each ring in the system contains 3 to 7 ring members. The term “aryl” may be used interchangeably with the term “aryl ring.” In certain embodiments, “aryl” refers to an aromatic ring system which includes, but not limited to, phenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl, anthracyl and the like, which may bear one or more substituents. Also included within the scope of the term “aryl,” as it is used herein, is a group in which an aromatic ring is fused to one or more non–aromatic rings, such as indanyl, phthalimidyl, naphthimidyl, phenanthridinyl, or tetrahydronaphthyl, and the like.

[0111] The terms “heteroaryl” and “heteroar–,” used alone or as part of a larger moiety, e.g., “heteroaralkyl,” or “heteroaralkoxy,” refer to groups having 5 to 10 ring atoms, preferably 5, 6, or 9 ring atoms; having 6, 10, or 14 ^^ electrons shared in a cyclic array; and having, in addition to carbon atoms, from one to five heteroatoms. The term “heteroatom” refers to nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, and includes any oxidized form of nitrogen or sulfur, and any quaternized form of a basic nitrogen. Heteroaryl groups include, without limitation, thienyl, furanyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, indolizinyl, purinyl, naphthyridinyl, and pteridinyl. The terms “heteroaryl” and “heteroar–”, as used herein, also include groups in which a heteroaromatic ring is fused to one or more aryl, cycloaliphatic, or heterocyclyl rings, where unless otherwise specified, the radical or point of attachment is on the heteroaromatic ring or on one of the rings to which the heteroaromatic ring is fused. Nonlimiting examples include indolyl, isoindolyl, benzothienyl, benzofuranyl, dibenzofuranyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzthiazolyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, 4H–quinolizinyl, carbazolyl, acridinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, and tetrahydroisoquinolinyl. A heteroaryl group may be mono– or bicyclic. The term “heteroaryl” may be used interchangeably with the terms “heteroaryl ring,” “heteroaryl group,” or “heteroaromatic,” any of which terms include rings that are optionally substituted. The term “heteroaralkyl” refers to an alkyl group substituted by a heteroaryl, wherein the alkyl and heteroaryl portions independently are optionally substituted.

[0112] As used herein, the terms “heterocycle,” “heterocyclyl,” “heterocyclic radical,” and “heterocyclic ring” are used interchangeably and refer to a stable 5– to 7–membered monocyclic or 7– to 10–membered bicyclic heterocyclic moiety that is either saturated or partially unsaturated, and having, in addition to carbon atoms, one or more, preferably one to 17 57406284.1four, heteroatoms, as defined above. When used in reference to a ring atom of a heterocycle, the term "nitrogen" includes a substituted nitrogen. As an example, in a saturated or partially unsaturated ring having 0–3 heteroatoms selected from oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen, the nitrogen may be N (as in 3,4–dihydro–2H–pyrrolyl), NH (as in pyrrolidinyl), or+NR (as in N– substituted pyrrolidinyl).

[0113] A heterocyclic ring can be attached to its pendant group at any heteroatom or carbon atom that results in a stable structure and any of the ring atoms can be optionally substituted. Examples of such saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic radicals include, without limitation, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, pyrrolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, decahydroquinolinyl, oxazolidinyl, piperazinyl, dioxanyl, dioxolanyl, diazepinyl, oxazepinyl, thiazepinyl, morpholinyl, 2-oxa-6- azaspiro[3.3]heptane, and quinuclidinyl. The terms “heterocycle,” “heterocyclyl,” “heterocyclyl ring,” “heterocyclic group,” “heterocyclic moiety,” and “heterocyclic radical,” are used interchangeably herein, and also include groups in which a heterocyclyl ring is fused to one or more aryl, heteroaryl, or cycloaliphatic rings, such as indolinyl, 3H–indolyl, chromanyl, phenanthridinyl, or tetrahydroquinolinyl. A heterocyclyl group may be mono– or bicyclic. The term “heterocyclylalkyl” refers to an alkyl group substituted by a heterocyclyl, wherein the alkyl and heterocyclyl portions independently are optionally substituted.

[0114] As used herein, the term “partially unsaturated” refers to a ring moiety that includes at least one double or triple bond. The term “partially unsaturated” is intended to encompass rings having multiple sites of unsaturation, but is not intended to include aryl or heteroaryl moieties, as herein defined.

[0115] As described herein, compounds may contain “optionally substituted” moieties. In general, the term “substituted,” whether preceded by the term “optionally” or not, means that one or more hydrogens of the designated moiety are replaced with a suitable substituent. Unless otherwise indicated, an “optionally substituted” group may have a suitable substituent at each substitutable position of the group, and when more than one position in any given structure may be substituted with more than one substituent selected from a specified group, the substituent may be either the same or different at every position. Combinations of substituents envisioned and described herein are preferably those that result in the formation of stable or chemically feasible compounds. The term “stable,” as used herein, refers to compounds that are not substantially altered when subjected to conditions to allow for their production, detection, and, in certain embodiments, their recovery, purification, and use for one or more of the purposes disclosed herein. 18 57406284.1

[0116] Suitable monovalent substituents on a substitutable carbon atom of an “optionally substituted” group are independently halogen; –(CH2)0–4R ^; –(CH2)0–4OR ^; -O(CH2)0-4Ro, –O– (CH2)0–4C(O)OR°; –(CH2)0–4CH(OR ^)2; –(CH2)0–4SR ^; –(CH2)0–4Ph, which may be substituted with R°; –(CH2)0–4O(CH2)0–1Ph which may be substituted with R°; –CH=CHPh, which may be substituted with R°; –(CH2)0–4O(CH2)0–1-pyridyl which may be substituted with R°; –NO2; – CN; –N3; -(CH2)0–4N(R ^)2; –(CH2)0–4N(R ^)C(O)R ^; –N(R ^)C(S)R ^; –(CH2)0–4N(R ^)C(O)NR ^2; -N(R ^)C(S)NR ^2; –(CH2)0–4N(R ^)C(O)OR ^; –N(R ^)N(R ^)C(O)R ^; -N(R ^)N(R ^)C(O)NR ^2; -N(R ^)N(R ^)C(O)OR ^; –N(R ^)C(NR ^)N(R ^)2; –(CH2)0–4C(O)R ^; –C(S)R ^; –(CH2)0– 4C(O)OR ^; –(CH2)0–4C(O)SR ^; -(CH2)0–4C(O)OSiR ^3; –(CH2)0–4OC(O)R ^; –OC(O)(CH2)0–4SR°; –SC(S)SR°; –(CH2)0–4SC(O)R ^; –(CH2)0–4C(O)NR ^2; –C(S)NR ^2; –C(S)SR°; –SC(S)SR°, -(CH2)0–4OC(O)NR ^2; -C(O)N(OR ^)R ^; –C(O)C(O)R ^; –C(O)CH2C(O)R ^; –C(NOR ^)R ^; -(CH2)0–4SSR ^; –(CH2)0–4S(O)2R ^; –(CH2)0–4S(O)2OR ^; –(CH2)0–4OS(O)2R ^; –S(O)2NR ^2; -(CH2)0–4S(O)R ^; -N(R ^)S(O)2NR ^2; –N(R ^)S(O)2R ^; –N(OR ^)R ^; – C(NH)NR ^2; –P(O)2R ^; -P(O)R ^2; -OP(O)R ^2; –OP(O)(OR ^)2; –SiR ^3; –(C1–4 straight or branched alkylene)O–N(R ^)2; or –(C1–4straight or branched alkylene)C(O)O–N(R ^)2, wherein each R ^ may be substituted as defined below and is independently hydrogen, C1–6 aliphatic, –CH2Ph, –O(CH2)0–1Ph, -CH2-(5– to 6–membered heteroaryl ring), or a 5– to 6–membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or, notwithstanding the definition above, two independent occurrences of R ^, taken together with their intervening atom(s), form a 3– to 12–membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl mono– or bicyclic ring having 0–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, which may be substituted as defined below.

[0117] Suitable monovalent substituents on R ^ (or the ring formed by taking two independent occurrences of R ^ together with their intervening atoms), are independently halogen, –(CH2)0–2R^, –(haloR^), –(CH2)0–2OH, –(CH2)0–2OR^, –(CH2)0–2CH(OR^)2; -O(haloR^), –CN, –N3, –(CH2)0–2C(O)R^, –(CH2)0–2C(O)OH, –(CH2)0–2C(O)OR^, –(CH2)0–2SR^, –(CH2)0–2SH, –(CH2)0–2NH2, –(CH2)0–2NHR^, –(CH2)0–2NR^2, – NO2, –SiR^3, –OSiR^3, -C(O)SR^,–(C1–4straight or branched alkylene)C(O)OR^, or –SSR^19 57406284.1wherein each R^is unsubstituted or where preceded by “halo” is substituted only with one or more halogens, and is independently selected from C1–4 aliphatic, –CH2Ph, –O(CH2)0–1Ph, or a 5– to 6–membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. Suitable divalent substituents on a saturated carbon atom of R ^ include =O and =S.

[0118] Suitable divalent substituents on a saturated carbon atom of an “optionally substituted” group include the following: =O, =S, =NNR*2, =NNHC(O)R*, =NNHC(O)OR*, =NNHS(O)2R*, =NR*, =NOR*, –O(C(R*2))2–3O–, or –S(C(R*2))2–3S–, wherein each independent occurrence of R*is selected from hydrogen, C1–6aliphatic which may be substituted as defined below, or an unsubstituted 5– to 6–membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. Suitable divalent substituents that are bound to vicinal substitutable carbons of an “optionally substituted” group include: –O(CR*2)2–3O–, wherein each independent occurrence of R*is selected from hydrogen, C1–6 aliphatic which may be substituted as defined below, or an unsubstituted 5– to 6–membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.

[0119] Suitable substituents on the aliphatic group of R*include halogen, –R^, -(haloR^), -OH, –OR^, –O(haloR^), –CN, –C(O)OH, –C(O)OR^, –NH2, –NHR^, –NR^2, or –NO2, wherein each R^is unsubstituted or where preceded by “halo” is substituted only with one or more halogens, and is independently C1–4 aliphatic, –CH2Ph, –O(CH2)0–1Ph, or a 5– to 6–membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.

[0120] Suitable substituents on a substitutable nitrogen of an “optionally substituted” group include –R†, –NR†2, –C(O)R†, –C(O)OR†, –C(O)C(O)R†, –C(O)CH2C(O)R†, -S(O)2R†, wherein each R†isas defined below, unsubstituted –OPh, or an unsubstituted 5– to 6–membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or, notwithstanding the definition above, two independent occurrences of R†, taken together with their intervening atom(s) form an unsubstituted 3– to 12–membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl mono– or bicyclic ring having 0–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. 20 57406284.1

[0121] Suitable substituents on the aliphatic group of R†are independently halogen, –R^, -(haloR^), –OH, –OR^, –O(haloR^), –CN, –C(O)OH, –C(O)OR^, –NH2, –NHR^, –NR^2, or -NO2, wherein each R^is unsubstituted or where preceded by “halo” is substituted only with one or more halogens, and is independently C1–4 aliphatic, –CH2Ph, –O(CH2)0–1Ph, or a 5– to 6–membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.

[0122] As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to those salts which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response and the like, and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit / risk ratio. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well known in the art. For example, S. M. Berge et al., describe pharmaceutically acceptable salts in detail in J. Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1977, 66, 1–19, incorporated herein by reference. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds described herein include those derived from suitable inorganic and organic acids and bases. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable, nontoxic acid addition salts are salts of an amino group formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid and perchloric acid or with organic acids such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid or malonic acid or by using other methods used in the art such as ion exchange. Other pharmaceutically acceptable salts include adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, gluconate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonate, lactobionate, lactate, laurate, lauryl sulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3- phenylpropionate, phosphate, pivalate, propionate, stearate, succinate, sulfate, tartrate, thiocyanate, p-toluenesulfonate, undecanoate, valerate salts, and the like.

[0123] Salts derived from appropriate bases include alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium and N+(C1–4alkyl)4 salts. Representative alkali or alkaline earth metal salts include sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and the like. Further pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, when appropriate, nontoxic ammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations formed using counterions such as halide, hydroxide, carboxylate, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, loweralkyl sulfonate and aryl sulfonate. 21 57406284.1

[0124] Unless otherwise stated, structures depicted herein are also meant to include all isomeric (e.g., enantiomeric, diastereomeric, and geometric (or conformational)) forms of the structure; for example, the R and S configurations for each asymmetric center, Z and E double bond isomers, and Z and E conformational isomers. Therefore, single stereochemical isomers as well as enantiomeric, diastereomeric, and geometric (or conformational) mixtures of the present compounds are within the scope of the invention. Unless otherwise stated, all tautomeric forms of the compounds of the invention are within the scope of the invention. Additionally, unless otherwise stated, structures depicted herein are also meant to include compounds that differ only in the presence of one or more isotopically enriched atoms. For example, compounds having the present structures including the replacement of hydrogen by deuterium or tritium, or the replacement of a carbon by a13C- or14C-enriched carbon are within the scope of this invention. Such compounds are useful, for example, as analytical tools, as probes in biological assays, or as therapeutic agents in accordance with the present invention. In certain embodiments, a warhead moiety, R1, of a provided compound comprises one or more deuterium atoms. In certain embodiments, Ring B of a provided compound may be substituted with one or more deuterium atoms.

[0125] As used herein, the term “inhibitor” is defined as a compound that binds to and / or inhibits TYK2 with measurable affinity. In certain embodiments, an inhibitor has an IC50 and / or binding constant of less than about 50 ^M, less than about 1 ^M, less than about 500 nM, less than about 100 nM, less than about 10 nM, or less than about 1 nM.

[0126] The terms “measurable affinity” and “measurably inhibit,” as used herein, means a measurable change in a TYK2 protein kinase activity between a sample comprising a compound described herein, or composition thereof, and a TYK2 protein kinase, and an equivalent sample comprising an TYK2 protein kinase, in the absence of said compound, or composition thereof.

[0127] “Cmax,” as used herein, is the maximum (or peak) serum concentration that a drug achieves in a specified compartment or test area of the body after the drug has been administered and before the administration of a second dose.

[0128] “SDD,” as used herein, refers to a pharmaceutical formulation (e.g., of Compound 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) which is a spray dried formulation. The formulation may comprise a compound of the disclosure and hypromellose acetate succinate (HPMCAS). In one embodiment, the HMPCAS is HPMCAS-M, wherein the “M” indicates (acetyl content 7.0% to 11.0%, succinoyl content 10% to 14%). The use of spray-drying to 22 57406284.1produce powders from fluid feed stocks is well known, with applications ranging from powdered milk to bulk chemicals and pharmaceuticals. See U.S. Pat. No. 4,187,617 and Mujumbar et al., 91 Drying, pages 56-73 (1991). The use of spray-drying to form solid amorphous dispersions of drugs and concentration-enhancing polymers is also known. See European Patent Application Nos. 0 901 786, 1027 886, 1 027 887, 1 027 888, and PCT Application Nos. WO 00 / 168092 and WO 00 / 168055, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference. A typical spray-drying apparatus comprises a drying chamber, atomizing means for atomizing a solvent-containing liquid feed into the drying chamber, a source of heated drying gas directed into the drying chamber and dried product collection means for separating the dried product from the cooled drying gas and vaporized solvent stream following its exit from the drying chamber. Examples of such apparatus include Niro Models PSD-1, PSD-2 and PSD- 4 (Niro A / S, Soeborg, Denmark).

[0129] “TPGS” or “Vitamin E TPGS” as a descriptor for a pharmaceutical formulation for a compound of the disclosure, as used herein, refers to a pharmaceutical formulation (e.g., of Compound 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) which includes the components of (a) the active compound; (b) one or more diluents (e.g., microcrystalline cellulose); (c) one or more solubilizers (e.g., D-α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate [Vitamin E TPGS]); and (d) one or more binders (e.g., povidone). The formulation may be prepared using granulation processes (e.g., wet granuation). “Granulation,” as used herein, refers to a process to produce larger or smaller granules or particles of a substance or mixture of substances. The process also may remove fine granules and improve flowability within the formulation. Both wet granulation and / or dry granulation may be employed. Dry granulation is achieved using only a combination of granules without the need for any liquid thereon. Slugging uses a tablet press to form large tablets that vary in weight due to the poor flowability of the formulation. The slugs created are then put through a granulator to be broken down into granules and then compressed once again for a final granulated product. 3. Exemplary Compounds:

[0130] According to one aspect, a method for treating inflammatory disorders (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn’s disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC)) in a patient in need thereof, can include administering a therapeutically effective amount of a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering up to 200 mg of a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., 23 57406284.1Compound 1), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in single, two, or multiple (e.g., divided) doses.

[0131] United States Patent No. 11,046,698, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference, describes certain therapeutically beneficial compounds. Such compounds include Compound 1. Compound 1 is designated as I-908 in US 11,046,698 and its synthesis, properties, and use in treating various diseases and disorders is described in detail therein. Numerous other TYK2 inhibitors are described in US 11,046,698 which may be used in a method of the present disclosure. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the TYK2 inhibitor is one of those described in US 11,046,698.

[0132] In certain embodiments, a TYK2 inhibitor for use in a disclosed method is of formula I: or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltR3is –C(O)NH2; –C(O)NHR3A; -C(O)N(R3A)2; or a 5− to 6−membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1−4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, wherein said ring is substituted with m instances of R5B; R5is hydrogen, or -L1-R5A; R6is hydrogen, RA, or RB; or R5and R6are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a 4− to 7−membered partially unsaturated, or heteroaryl ring having 0−3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, wherein said ring is substituted by R5Aand n instances of RC; R7is hydrogen, halogen, -NH2, –NHR7A, or -NHC(O)R7A; or R6and R7are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a 4− to 7−membered partially unsaturated, or heteroaryl ring having 0−3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; wherein said ring is substituted by p instances of RC; L1is a covalent bond or a C1-4 bivalent saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched hydrocarbon chain wherein one or two methylene units of the chain are optionally and 24 57406284.1independently replaced by -C(R5B)2-, -CH(R5B)-, -N(R)-, -N(R)C(O)-, -C(O)N(R)- , -N(R)S(O)2-, -S(O)2N(R)-, -O-, -C(O)-, -OC(O)-, -C(O)O-, -S-, -S(O)-, or –S(O)2-; R3Aand R7Aare each independently RB, and are each substituted by q instances of RC; R5Aand each instance of R5Bare each independently RAor RB, and are each substituted by r instances of RC; each instance of RAis independently oxo, halogen, –CN, –NO2, –OR, -SR, -NR2, -S(O)2R, -S(O)2NR2, -S(O)R, -S(O)NR2, -C(O)R, -C(O)OR, –C(O)NR2, -C(O)N(R)OR, -OC(O)R, -OC(O)NR2, -N(R)C(O)OR, -N(R)C(O)R, -N(R)C(O)NR2, -N(R)C(NR)NR2, -N(R)S(O)2NR2, or –N(R)S(O)2R; each instance of RBis independently C1-6aliphatic; phenyl; a 5− to 6−membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1−4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; an 8− to 10−membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1−4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 3− to 7−membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring; a 3− to 7−membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1−2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; or a 7− to 12−membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic heterocyclic ring having 1−4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; each instance of RCis independently oxo, halogen, –CN, –NO2, –OR, -SR, -NR2, -S(O)2R, -S(O)2NR2, -S(O)R, -S(O)NR2, -C(O)R, -C(O)OR, –C(O)NR2, -C(O)N(R)OR, -OC(O)R, -OC(O)NR2, -N(R)C(O)OR, -N(R)C(O)R, -N(R)C(O)NR2, -N(R)C(NR)NR2, -N(R)S(O)2NR2, or –N(R)S(O)2R or an optionally substituted group selected from C1-6 aliphatic, phenyl, a 3− to 7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1−2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, and a 5− to 6−membered heteroaryl ring having 1−4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; each R is independently hydrogen, or an optionally substituted group selected from C1-6 aliphatic, phenyl, a 3− to 7−membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic having 1−2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, and a 5− to 6−membered heteroaryl ring having 1−4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, or: two R groups on the same nitrogen are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a 4− to 7−membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or heteroaryl ring having 0−3 25 57406284.1heteroatoms, in addition to the nitrogen, independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; wherein each hydrogen bound to carbon can be optionally and independently replaced by deuterium; and each instance of m, n, p, q, and r is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[0133] In some embodiments, the TYK2 inhibitor for use in a disclosed method is Compound 1a:or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.

[0134] In some embodiments, the TYK2 inhibitor for use in a disclosed method is Compound 1: or a pharmaceuticallycomposition thereof.

[0135] Compounds and compositions described herein are generally useful for the inhibition of kinase activity of one or more enzymes. In some embodiments the kinase inhibited by the compounds and methods described herein is TYK2.

[0136] TYK2 is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase member of the Janus kinase (JAKs) family of protein kinases. The mammalian JAK family consists of four members, TYK2, JAK1, JAK2, and JAK3. JAK proteins, including TYK2, are integral to cytokine signaling. TYK2 associates 26 57406284.1with the cytoplasmic domain of type I and type II cytokine receptors, as well as interferon types I and III receptors, and is activated by those receptors upon cytokine binding. Cytokines implicated in TYK2 activation include interferons (e.g. IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-κ, IFN-δ, IFN-ε, IFN-τ, IFN-ω, and IFN-ζ (also known as limitin), and interleukins (e.g. IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL- 11, IL-12, IL-13, IL-22, IL-23, IL-27, IL-31, oncostatin M, ciliary neurotrophic factor, cardiotrophin 1, cardiotrophin-like cytokine, and LIF). Velasquez et al., “A protein kinase in the interferon α / β signaling pathway,” Cell (1992) 70:313; Stahl et al., “Association and activation of Jak-Tyk kinases by CNTF-LIF-OSM-IL-6β receptor components,” Science (1994) 263:92; Finbloom et al., “IL-10 induces the tyrosine phosphorylation of Tyk2 and Jak1 and the differential assembly of Stat1 and Stat3 complexes in human T cells and monocytes,” J. Immunol. (1995) 155:1079; Bacon et al., “Interleukin 12 (IL-12) induces tyrosine phosphorylation of Jak2 and Tyk2: differential use of Janus family kinases by IL-2 and IL-12,” J. Exp. Med. (1995) 181:399; Welham et al., “Interleukin-13 signal transduction in lymphohemopoietic cells: similarities and differences in signal transduction with interleukin-4 and insulin,” J. Biol. Chem. (1995) 270:12286; Parham et al., “A receptor for the heterodimeric cytokine IL-23 is composed of IL-12Rβ1 and a novel cytokine receptor subunit, IL-23R,” J. Immunol. (2002) 168:5699. The activated TYK2 then goes on to phosphorylate further signaling proteins such as members of the STAT family, including STAT1, STAT2, STAT4, and STAT6.

[0137] TYK2 activation by IL-23 has been linked to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn’s disease, and ulcerative colitis. Duerr et al., “A Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies IL23R as an Inflammatory Bowel Disease Gene,” Science (2006) 314:1461-1463. As the downstream effector of IL-23, TYK2 also plays a role in psoriasis, ankylosing spondylitis, and Behçet’s disease. Cho et al., “Genomics and the multifactorial nature of human auto-immune disease,” N. Engl. J. Med (2011) 365:1612-1623; Cortes et al., “Identification of multiple risk variants for ankylosing spondylitis through high-density genotyping of immune- related loci,” Nat. Genet. (2013) 45(7):730-738; Remmers et al., “Genome-wide association study identifies variants in the MHC class I, IL10, and IL23R-IL12RB2 regions associated with Behçet’s disease,” Nat. Genet. (2010) 42:698-702.

[0138] TYK2 also plays a role in respiratory diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer, and cystic fibrosis. Goblet cell hyperplasia (GCH) and mucous hypersecretion is mediated by IL-13-induced activation of TYK2, which in turn activates STAT6. Zhang et al., “Docking protein Gab2 regulates mucin expression and goblet cell hyperplasia through TYK2 / STAT6 pathway,” FASEB J. (2012) 26:1-11. 27 57406284.1

[0139] Decreased TYK2 activity leads to protection of joints from collagen antibody- induced arthritis, a model of human rheumatoid arthritis. Mechanistically, decreased TYK2 activity reduced the production of Th1 / Th17-related cytokines and matrix metalloproteases, and other key markers of inflammation. Ishizaki et al., “Tyk2 deficiency protects joints against destruction in anti-type II collagen antibody-induced arthritis in mice,” Intl. Immunol. (2011) 23(9):575-582.

[0140] TYK2 knockout mice showed complete resistance in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE, an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS)), with no infiltration of CD4 T cells in the spinal cord, as compared to controls, suggesting that TYK2 is essential to pathogenic CD4-mediated disease development in MS. Oyamada et al., “Tyrosine Kinase 2 Plays Critical Roles in the Pathogenic CD4 T Cell Responses for the Development of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis,” J. Immunol. (2009) 183:7539-7546. This corroborates earlier studies linking increased TYK2 expression with MS susceptibility. Ban et al., “Replication analysis identifies TYK2 as a multiple sclerosis susceptibility factor,” Eur J. Hum. Genet. (2009) 17:1309-1313. Loss of function mutation in TYK2, leads to decreased demyelination and increased remyelination of neurons, further suggesting a role for TYK2 inhibitors in the treatment of MS and other CNS demyelination disorders.

[0141] TYK2 is the sole signaling messenger common to both IL-12 and IL-23.

[0142] Joint linkage and association studies of various type I IFN signaling genes with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE, an autoimmune disorder), showed a strong, and significant correlation between loss of function mutations to TYK2 and decreased prevalence of SLE in families with affected members. Sigurdsson et al., “Polymorphisms in the Tyrosine Kinase 2 and Interferon Regulatory Factor 5 Genes Are Associated with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus,” Am. J. Hum. Genet. (2005) 76:528-537. Genome-wide association studies of individuals with SLE versus an unaffected cohort showed highly significant correlation between the TYK2 locus and SLE. Graham et al., “Association of NCF2, IKZF1, IRF8, IFiH1, and TYK2 with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus,” PLoS Genetics (2011) 7(10):e1002341.

[0143] TYK2 has been shown to play an important role in maintaining tumor surveillance and TYK2 knockout mice showed compromised cytotoxic T cell response and accelerated tumor development. However, these effects were linked to the efficient suppression of natural killer (NK) and cytotoxic T lymphocytes, suggesting that TYK2 inhibitors would be highly suitable for the treatment of autoimmune disorders or transplant rejection. Although other JAK family members such as JAK3 have similar roles in the immune system, TYK2 has been suggested as a superior target because of its involvement in fewer and more closely related 28 57406284.1signaling pathways, leading to fewer off-target effects. Simma et al. “Identification of an Indispensable Role for Tyrosine Kinase 2 in CTL-Mediated Tumor Surveillance,” Cancer Res. (2009) 69:203-211.

[0144] However, paradoxically to the decreased tumor surveillance observed by Simma et al., studies in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) indicate that T-ALL is highly dependent on IL-10 via TYK2 via STAT1-mediated signal transduction to maintain cancer cell survival through upregulation of anti-apoptotic protein BCL2. Knockdown of TYK2, but not other JAK family members, reduced cell growth. Specific activating mutations to TYK2 that promote cancer cell survival include those to the FERM domain (G36D, S47N, and R425H), the JH2 domain (V731I), and the kinase domain (E957D and R1027H). However, it was also identified that the kinase function of TYK2 is required for increased cancer cell survival, as TYK2 enzymes featuring kinase-dead mutations (M978Y or M978F) in addition to an activating mutation (E957D) resulted in failure to transform. Sanda et al. “TYK2-STAT1- BCL2 Pathway Dependence in T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia,” Cancer Disc. (2013) 3(5):564-577.

[0145] Thus, selective inhibition of TYK2 has been suggested as a suitable target for patients with IL-10 and / or BCL2-addicted tumors, such as 70% of adult T-cell leukemia cases. Fontan et al. “Discovering What Makes STAT Signaling TYK in T-ALL,” Cancer Disc. (2013) 3:494-496.

[0146] TYK2-mediated STAT3 signaling has also been shown to mediate neuronal cell death caused by amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide. Decreased TYK2 phosphorylation of STAT3 following Aβ administration lead to decreased neuronal cell death, and increased phosphorylation of STAT3 has been observed in postmortem brains of Alzheimer’s patients. Wan et al. “Tyk / STAT3 Signaling Mediates β-Amyloid-Induced Neuronal Cell Death: Implications in Alzheimer’s Disease,” J. Neurosci. (2010) 30(20):6873-6881.

[0147] Inhibition of JAK-STAT signaling pathways is also implicated in hair growth, and the reversal of the hair loss associated with alopecia areata. Xing et al., “Alopecia areata is driven by cytotoxic T lymphocytes and is reversed by JAK inhibition,” Nat. Med. (2014) 20: 1043-1049; Harel et al., “Pharmacologic inhibition of JAK-STAT signaling promotes hair growth,” Sci. Adv. (2015) 1(9):e1500973.

[0148] Accordingly, compounds that inhibit the activity of TYK2 are beneficial, especially those with selectivity over JAK2. Such compounds should deliver a pharmacological response that favorably treats one or more of the conditions described herein without the side-effects associated with the inhibition of JAK1-3, that result in dose level limitations. 29 57406284.1

[0149] Even though TYK2 inhibitors are known in the art, there is a continuing need to provide novel inhibitors having more effective or advantageous pharmaceutically relevant properties. For example, compounds with increased activity, selectivity over other JAK kinases (especially JAK2), and ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and / or toxicity) properties. Thus, in some embodiments, inhibitors of TYK2 can show selectivity over JAK2.

[0150] The activity of a compound described herein as an inhibitor of TYK2, or a mutant thereof, may be assayed in vitro, in vivo, or in a cell line. In vitro assays include assays that determine inhibition of either the phosphorylation activity and / or the subsequent functional consequences, or ATPase activity of activated TYK2, or a mutant thereof. Alternate in vitro assays quantitate the ability of the inhibitor to bind to TYK2. Inhibitor binding may be measured by radiolabeling the inhibitor prior to binding, isolating the inhibitor / TYK2 complex and determining the amount of radiolabel bound. Alternatively, inhibitor binding may be determined by running a competition experiment where new inhibitors are incubated with TYK2 bound to known radioligands. Representative in vitro and in vivo assays useful in assaying a TYK2 inhibitor include those described and disclosed in, e.g., each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Detailed conditions for assaying a compound described herein as an inhibitor of TYK2, or a mutant thereof, are set forth in the Examples below and in US 11,046,698, which is hereby incorporated by reference.

[0151] As used herein, the terms “treatment,” “treat,” and “treating” refer to reversing, alleviating, delaying the onset of, or inhibiting the progress of a disease or disorder, or one or more symptoms thereof, as described herein. In some embodiments, treatment may be administered after one or more symptoms have developed. In other embodiments, treatment may be administered in the absence of symptoms. For example, treatment may be administered to a susceptible individual prior to the onset of symptoms (e.g., in light of a history of symptoms and / or in light of genetic or other susceptibility factors). Treatment may also be continued after symptoms have resolved, for example to prevent or delay their recurrence.

[0152] Provided compounds are inhibitors of TYK2 and are therefore useful for treating one or more disorders associated with the activity of TYK2 or mutants thereof. Thus, in certain embodiments, a method for treating a TYK2-mediated disorder can include the step of administering to a patient in need thereof a compound described herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable composition thereof.

[0153] As used herein, the term “TYK2-mediated” disorders, diseases, and / or conditions as used herein means any disease or other deleterious condition in which TYK2 or a mutant 30 57406284.1thereof is known to play a role. Accordingly, another embodiment relates to treating or lessening the severity of one or more diseases in which TYK2, or a mutant thereof, is known to play a role. Such TYK2-mediated disorders include but are not limited to autoimmune disorders, inflammatory disorders, proliferative disorders, endocrine disorders, neurological disorders and disorders associated with transplantation.

[0154] In some embodiments, a method for treating one or more disorders, wherein the disorders are selected from autoimmune disorders, inflammatory disorders, proliferative disorders, endocrine disorders, neurological disorders, and disorders associated with transplantation, said method can include administering to a patient in need thereof, a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of a compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0155] In some embodiments, the disorder is an autoimmune disorder. In some embodiments, the disorder is selected from type 1 diabetes, cutaneous lupus erythematosus, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis (e.g., plaque psoriasis), Behçet’s disease, POEMS syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn’s disease (CD), and ulcerative colitis (UC).

[0156] In some embodiments, the disorder is an inflammatory disorder. In some embodiments, the inflammatory disorder is rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, psoriasis (e.g., plaque psoriasis), psoriatic arthritis, hepatomegaly, IBD, CD, or UC.

[0157] In some embodiments, a method of treating CD in a patient in need thereof, can include administering a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0158] In some embodiments, a method of treating UC in a patient in need thereof, can include administering a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0159] In some embodiments, a method of treating IBD in a patient in need thereof, can include administering a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0160] In some embodiments, the disorder is a proliferative disorder. In some embodiments, the proliferative disorder is a hematological cancer. In some embodiments the proliferative disorder is a leukemia. In some embodiments, the leukemia is a T-cell leukemia. In some embodiments the T-cell leukemia is T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). In some 31 57406284.1embodiments the proliferative disorder is polycythemia vera, myelofibrosis, essential or thrombocytosis.

[0161] In some embodiments, the disorder is an endocrine disorder. In some embodiments, the endocrine disorder is polycystic ovary syndrome, Crouzon’s syndrome, or type 1 diabetes.

[0162] In some embodiments, the disorder is a neurological disorder. In some embodiments, the neurological disorder is Alzheimer’s disease.

[0163] In some embodiments the proliferative disorder is associated with one or more activating mutations in TYK2. In some embodiments, the activating mutation in TYK2 is a mutation to the FERM domain, the JH2 domain, or the kinase domain. In some embodiments the activating mutation in TYK2 is selected from G36D, S47N, R425H, V731I, E957D, and R1027H.

[0164] In some embodiments, the disorder is associated with transplantation. In some embodiments the disorder associated with transplantation is transplant rejection, or graft versus host disease.

[0165] In some embodiments the disorder is associated with type I interferon, IL-10, IL-12, or IL-23 signaling. In some embodiments the disorder is associated with type I interferon signaling. In some embodiments the disorder is associated with IL-10 signaling. In some embodiments the disorder is associated with IL-12 signaling. In some embodiments the disorder is associated with IL-23 signaling.

[0166] Compounds described herein are also useful in the treatment of inflammatory or allergic conditions of the skin, for example psoriasis (e.g., plaque psoriasis), contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, alopecia areata, erythema multiforme, dermatitis herpetiformis, scleroderma, vitiligo, hypersensitivity angiitis, urticaria, bullous pemphigoid, lupus erythematosus, cutaneous lupus erythematosus, systemic lupus erythematosus, pemphigus vulgaris, pemphigus foliaceus, paraneoplastic pemphigus, epidermolysis bullosa acquisita, acne vulgaris, and other inflammatory or allergic conditions of the skin.

[0167] Compounds described herein may also be used for the treatment of other diseases or conditions, such as diseases or conditions having an inflammatory component, for example, treatment of diseases and conditions of the eye such as ocular allergy, conjunctivitis, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, and vernal conjunctivitis, diseases affecting the nose including allergic rhinitis, and inflammatory disease in which autoimmune reactions are implicated or having an autoimmune component or etiology, including autoimmune hematological disorders (e.g. hemolytic anemia, aplastic anemia, pure red cell anemia and idiopathic thrombocytopenia), cutaneous lupus erythematosus, systemic lupus erythematosus, 32 57406284.1rheumatoid arthritis, polychondritis, scleroderma, Wegener granulomatosis, dermatomyositis, chronic active hepatitis, myasthenia gravis, Steven-Johnson syndrome, idiopathic sprue, autoimmune inflammatory bowel disease (e.g., ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease), irritable bowel syndrome, celiac disease, periodontitis, hyaline membrane disease, kidney disease, glomerular disease, alcoholic liver disease, multiple sclerosis, endocrine ophthalmopathy, Grave’s disease, sarcoidosis, alveolitis, chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis, multiple sclerosis, primary biliary cirrhosis, uveitis (anterior and posterior), Sjogren’s syndrome, keratoconjunctivitis sicca and vernal keratoconjunctivitis, interstitial lung fibrosis, psoriatic arthritis, systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis, cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome, nephritis, vasculitis, diverticulitis, interstitial cystitis, glomerulonephritis (with and without nephrotic syndrome, e.g., including idiopathic nephrotic syndrome or minimal change nephropathy), chronic granulomatous disease, endometriosis, leptospiriosis renal disease, glaucoma, retinal disease, ageing, headache, pain, complex regional pain syndrome, cardiac hypertrophy, muscle wasting, catabolic disorders, obesity, fetal growth retardation, hypercholesterolemia, heart disease, chronic heart failure, mesothelioma, anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia, Behcet’s disease, incontinentia pigmenti, Paget’s disease, pancreatitis, hereditary periodic fever syndrome, asthma (allergic and non-allergic, mild, moderate, severe, bronchitic, and exercise-induced), acute lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome, eosinophilia, hypersensitivities, anaphylaxis, nasal sinusitis, ocular allergy, silica induced diseases, COPD (reduction of damage, airways inflammation, bronchial hyperreactivity, remodeling or disease progression), pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, acid-induced lung injury, pulmonary hypertension, polyneuropathy, cataracts, muscle inflammation in conjunction with systemic sclerosis, inclusion body myositis, myasthenia gravis, thyroiditis, Addison’s disease, lichen planus, Type 1 diabetes, or Type 2 diabetes, appendicitis, atopic dermatitis, asthma, allergy, blepharitis, bronchiolitis, bronchitis, bursitis, cervicitis, cholangitis, cholecystitis, chronic graft rejection, colitis, conjunctivitis, Crohn’s disease, cystitis, dacryoadenitis, dermatitis, dermatomyositis, encephalitis, endocarditis, endometritis, enteritis, enterocolitis, epicondylitis, epididymitis, fasciitis, fibrositis, gastritis, gastroenteritis, Henoch-Schonlein purpura, hepatitis, hidradenitis suppurativa, immunoglobulin A nephropathy, interstitial lung disease, laryngitis, mastitis, meningitis, myelitis myocarditis, myositis, nephritis, oophoritis, orchitis, osteitis, otitis, pancreatitis, parotitis, pericarditis, peritonitis, pharyngitis, pleuritis, phlebitis, pneumonitis, pneumonia, polymyositis, proctitis, prostatitis, pyelonephritis, rhinitis, salpingitis, sinusitis, stomatitis, synovitis, tendonitis, tonsillitis, ulcerative colitis, uveitis, vaginitis, vasculitis, or vulvitis. 33 57406284.1

[0168] In some embodiments the inflammatory disease which can be treated according to the methods described herein is selected from acute and chronic gout, chronic gouty arthritis, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (SJIA), Cryopyrin Associated Periodic Syndrome (CAPS), and osteoarthritis.

[0169] In some embodiments the inflammatory disease which can be treated according to the methods described herein is a Th1- or Th17-mediated disease. In some embodiments the Th17 mediated disease is selected from cutaneous lupus erythematosus, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, and inflammatory bowel disease (including Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis).

[0170] In some embodiments the inflammatory disease which can be treated according to the methods described herein is selected from Sjogren’s syndrome, allergic disorders, osteoarthritis, conditions of the eye such as ocular allergy, conjunctivitis, keratoconjunctivitis sicca and vernal conjunctivitis, and diseases affecting the nose such as allergic rhinitis.

[0171] Furthermore, the invention can provide the use of a compound according to the definitions herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a hydrate or solvate thereof for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of an autoimmune disorder, an inflammatory disorder, or a proliferative disorder, or a disorder commonly occurring in connection with transplantation.

[0172] Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is believed that proximity of an inhibitor compound, or pendant moiety of an inhibitor compound, to the water of interest facilitates displacement or disruption of that water by the inhibitor compound, or pendant moiety of an inhibitor compound. In some embodiments, a water molecule displaced or disrupted by an inhibitor compound, or pendant moiety of an inhibitor compound, is an unstable water molecule.

[0173] In certain embodiments, the method employs a complex comprising TYK2 and an inhibitor, wherein at least one unstable water of TYK2 is displaced or disrupted by the inhibitor. In some embodiments, at least two unstable waters selected are displaced or disrupted by the inhibitor. 5. Pharmacokinetics / Pharmacodynamics

[0174] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of administering a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1) to a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of Compound 1, or a pharmaceutically 34 57406284.1acceptable salt thereof, or composition thereof, wherein certain pharmacokinetic parameters are achieved. In some embodiments, the disclosed methods and uses of administering Compound 1 achieving certain pharmacokinetic parameters of the disclosure has advantages in treating the diseases described herein, such as inflammatory disorders. Such diseases include inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC).

[0175] In some embodiments, a Tmaxof a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1) in plasma is achieved in up to about 10 hours, for example, about 1 hour, about 2 hours, about 3 hours, about 4 hours, about 5 hours, 6 hours, about 7 hours, about 8 hours, about 9 hours, or about 10 hours, or any range of time created by using two of the aforementioned times as endpoints. In some embodiments, a Tmaxis achieved in about 1 to about 10 hours, about 1 to about 9 hours, about 2 to about 10 hours, about 2 to about 9 hours, about 3 to about 10 hours, about 3 to about 9 hours, about 4 to about 10 hours, about 4 to about 9 hours, about 5 to about 10 hours, about 5 to about 9 hours, about 6 to about 10 hours, about 6 to about 9 hours, about 7 to about 10 hours, about 7 to about 9 hours, about 8 to about 10 hours, about 9 to about 10 hours, or about 8 to about 9 hours. In some embodiments, a Tmax of a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1) in plasma is achieved in up to about 3 hours. In some embodiments, a Tmax of a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1) in plasma is achieved in up to about 4 hours. In some embodiments, a Tmaxof Compound 1 in plasma is achieved in up to about 5 hours. In some embodiments, a Tmax of a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1) in plasma is achieved in up to about 6 hours.

[0176] In some embodiments, a Tmax of a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1) in plasma is achieved from about 1 hour to about 4 hours, from about 2 hours to about 5 hours, from about 3 hours to about 6 hours, from about 4 hours to about 7 hours, from about 5 hours to about 8 hours, from about 6 hours to about 9 hours, or from about 7 hours to about 10 hours. In some embodiments, a Tmax of a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1) in plasma is achieved from about 3 hours to about 6 hours.

[0177] In some embodiments, a t1 / 2 of a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1) in plasma is achieved in up to about 50 hours, for example, about 10 hours, about 11 hours, about 12 hours, about 13 hours, about 14 hours, about 15 hours, 16 hours, about 17 hours, about 18 hours, about 19 hours, about 20 hours, about 21 hours, about 22 hours, about 23 hours, about 24 hours, about 25 hours, 26 hours, about 27 hours, about 28 hours, about 29 hours, about 30 hour, about 31 hour, about 32 hours, about 33 hours, about 34 hours, about 35 hours, 36 hours, about 37 hours, about 38 hours, about 39 hours, about 40 hour, about 41 hour, about 42 hours, about 43 hours, about 44 hours, about 45 hours, 46 hours, about 47 hours, about 48 hours, about 49 hours, or about 50 hours, or any range of time created by using two of the aforementioned times as 35 57406284.1endpoints. In some embodiments, a t1 / 2of a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1) in plasma is achieved in up to about 17 hours. In some embodiments, a t1 / 2 of a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1) in plasma is achieved in up to about 18 hours. In some embodiments, a t1 / 2of Compound 1 in plasma is achieved in up to about 19 hours. In some embodiments, a t1 / 2 of a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1) in plasma is achieved in up to about 20 hours. In some embodiments, a t1 / 2of a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1) in plasma is achieved in up to about 21 hours. In some embodiments, a t1 / 2 of a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1) in plasma is achieved in up to about 22 hours. In some embodiments, a t1 / 2of Compound 1 in plasma is achieved in up to about 23 hours. In some embodiments, a t1 / 2 of a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1) in plasma is achieved in up to about 24 hours. In some embodiments, a t1 / 2of a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1) in plasma is achieved in up to about 25 hours. In some embodiments, a t1 / 2of a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1) in plasma is achieved in up to about 26 hours. In some embodiments, a t1 / 2 of Compound 1 in plasma is achieved in up to about 27 hours. In some embodiments, a t1 / 2of a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1) in plasma is achieved in up to about 28 hours. In some embodiments, a t1 / 2 of a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1) in plasma is achieved in up to about 29 hours. In some embodiments, a t1 / 2 of a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1) in plasma is achieved in up to about 30 hours. In some embodiments, a t1 / 2 of Compound 1 in plasma is achieved in up to about 31 hours. In some embodiments, a t1 / 2of a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1) in plasma is achieved in up to about 32 hours. In some embodiments, a t1 / 2 of a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1) in plasma is achieved in up to about 33 hours. In some embodiments, a t1 / 2of a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1) in plasma is achieved in up to about 34 hours. In some embodiments, a t1 / 2 of Compound 1 in plasma is achieved in up to about 35 hours. In some embodiments, a t1 / 2of a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1) in plasma is achieved in up to about 36 hours. In some embodiments, a t1 / 2of a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1) in plasma is achieved in up to about 37 hours.

[0178] In some embodiments, a t1 / 2 of a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1) in plasma is achieved from about 10 hours to 30 hours, from about 12 hours to 32 hours, from about 14 hours to 34 hours, from about 16 hours to 36 hours, from about 18 hours to 38 hours, from about 20 hours to 40 hours, or from about 22 hours to 42 hours. In some embodiments, a t1 / 2of a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1) in plasma is achieved from about 17 hours to 37 hours.

[0179] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of administering a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1) to a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1), or a 36 57406284.1pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or pharmaceutical composition thereof, wherein certain pharmacodynamic results are achieved.

[0180] In some embodiments of the methods and uses disclosed herein, the administration of a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1) leads to rapid inhibition of interferon gamma (IFN ^) production and increasing exposure correlated with the increased inhibition of IFN ^. In some embodiments, a method of inhibiting IFN ^ production in a patient can include administering to the patient a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or pharmaceutical composition thereof.

[0181] In some embodiments, a serum Cmaxbetween about 25 ng / ml to about 30 ng / mL, about 30 ng / mL to about 35 ng / mL, about 35 ng / mL to about 40 ng / mL, about 40 ng / mL to about 45 ng / mL, about 45 ng / mL to about 50 ng / mL, about 50 ng / mL to about 60ng / mL, about 60 ng / mL to about 70 ng / mL, about 70 ng / mL to about 80 ng / mL, about 80 ng / mL to about 90 ng / mL, about 90 ng / mL to about 100 ng / mL, about 100 ng / mL to about 120 ng / mL, about 120 ng / mL to about 140 ng / mL, about 140 ng / mL to about 160 ng / mL, about 160 ng / mL to about 180 ng / mL, about 180 ng / mL to about 200 ng / mL, about 200 ng / mL to about 240 ng / mL, about 240 ng / mL to about 280 ng / mL, about 280 ng / mL to about 320 ng / mL, about 320 ng / mL to about 360 ng / mL, about 360 ng / mL to about 400 ng / mL, about 400 ng / mL to about 480 ng / mL, about 480 ng / mL to about 560 ng / mL, about 560 ng / mL to about 740 ng / mL, about 740 ng / mL to about 820 ng / mL, about 820 ng / mL to about 900 ng / mL, about 900 ng / mL to about 1000 ng / mL, about 1000 ng / mL to about 1200 ng / mL, about 1200 ng / mL to about 1400 ng / mL, about 1400 ng / mL to about 1600 ng / mL, about 1600 ng / mL to about 1800 ng / mL, or about 1800 ng / mL to about 2000 ng / mL is achieved. In some embodiments, a serum Cmaxbetween about 25 ng / ml to about 30 ng / mL is achieved. In some embodiments, a serum Cmax between about 30 ng / mL to about 35 ng / mL is achieved. In some embodiments, a serum Cmaxbetween about 35 ng / mL to about 40 ng / mL is achieved. In some embodiments, a serum Cmax between about 40 ng / mL to about 45 ng / mL is achieved. In some embodiments, a serum Cmaxbetween about 45 ng / mL to about 50 ng / mL is achieved. In some embodiments, a serum Cmax between about 50 ng / mL to about 60ng / mL is achieved. In some embodiments, a serum Cmaxbetween about 60 ng / mL to about 70 ng / mL is achieved. In some embodiments, a serum Cmax between about 70 ng / mL to about 80 ng / mL is achieved. In some embodiments, a serum Cmax between about 80 ng / mL to about 90 ng / mL is achieved. In some embodiments, a serum Cmaxbetween about 90 ng / mL to about 100 ng / mL is achieved. In some embodiments, a serum Cmax between about 100 ng / mL to about 120 ng / mL is achieved. In some embodiments, a serum Cmaxbetween 37 57406284.1about 120 ng / mL to about 140 ng / mL is achieved. In some embodiments, a serum Cmaxbetween about 140 ng / mL to about 160 ng / mL is achieved. In some embodiments, a serum Cmax between about 160 ng / mL to about 180 ng / mL is achieved. In some embodiments, a serum Cmaxbetween about 180 ng / mL to about 200 ng / mL is achieved. In some embodiments, a serum Cmax between about 200 ng / mL to about 240 ng / mL is achieved. In some embodiments, a serum Cmax between about 240 ng / mL to about 280 ng / mL is achieved. In some embodiments, a serum Cmaxbetween about 280 ng / mL to about 320 ng / mL is achieved. In some embodiments, a serum Cmax between about 320 ng / mL to about 360 ng / mL is achieved. In some embodiments, a serum Cmaxbetween about 360 ng / mL to about 400 ng / mL is achieved. In some embodiments, a serum Cmax between about 400 ng / mL to about 480 ng / mL is achieved. In some embodiments, a serum Cmaxbetween about 480 ng / mL to about 560 ng / mL is achieved. In some embodiments, a serum Cmax between about 560 ng / mL to about 740 ng / mL is achieved. In some embodiments, a serum Cmaxbetween about 740 ng / mL to about 820 ng / mL is achieved. In some embodiments, a serum Cmax between about 820 ng / mL to about 900 ng / mL is achieved. In some embodiments, a serum Cmaxbetween about 900 ng / mL to about 1000 ng / mL is achieved. In some embodiments, a serum Cmax between about 1000 ng / mL to about 1200 ng / mL is achieved. In some embodiments, a serum Cmaxbetween about 1200 ng / mL to about 1400 ng / mL is achieved. In some embodiments, a serum Cmax between about 1400 ng / mL to about 1600 ng / mL is achieved. In some embodiments, a serum Cmaxbetween about 1600 ng / mL to about 1800 ng / mL is achieved. In some embodiments, a serum Cmax between about 1800 ng / mL to about 2000 ng / mL is achieved. 6. Dosing and Schedules

[0182] In some embodiments, the methods and uses described herein, such as the method or use in treating inflammatory disorders (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn’s disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC)) in a patient in need thereof, is achieved by administering (e.g., orally) a therapeutically effective amount of a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1), such as up to 200 mg in a single, two, or multiple doses. In some embodiments, the TYK2 inhibitor is administered one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, or eight times daily. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering (e.g., orally), in a single, two, or multiple doses ranging from about 30 to about 200 mg / dosage, such as about 30 mg, 35 mg, 40 mg, 45 mg, 50 mg, 55 mg, 60 mg, 65 mg, 70 mg, 75 mg, 80 mg, 85 mg, 90 mg, 95 mg, 100 mg, 105 mg, 110 mg, 115 mg, 120 mg, 125 mg, 130 mg, 135 mg, 140 mg, 145 mg, 150 mg, 155 mg, 160 mg, 165 mg, 170 mg, 175 mg, 180 mg, 185 mg, 190 mg, 195 mg, or about 200 mg, or any range of amounts created by using two of the aforementioned amounts as endpoints. 38 57406284.1For example, an oral dosage can include 30 mg, 35 mg, 40 mg, 45 mg, 50 mg, 55 mg, 60 mg, 65 mg, 70 mg, 75 mg, 80 mg, 85 mg, 90 mg, 95 mg, 100 mg, 105 mg, 110 mg, 115 mg 120 mg, 125 mg, 130 mg, 135 mg, 140 mg, 145 mg, 150 mg, 155 mg, 160 mg, 165 mg, 170 mg, 175 mg, 180 mg, 185 mg, 190 mg, 195 mg, or 200 mg / dosage form of a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0183] In some embodiments, the method comprises administering (e.g., orally), in a single, two, or multiple doses ranging from about 30 to about 200 mg / dosage, such as about 30 mg, 35 mg, 40 mg, 45 mg, 50 mg, 55 mg, 60 mg, 65 mg, 70 mg, 75 mg, 80 mg, 85 mg, 90 mg, 95 mg, 100 mg, 105 mg, 110 mg, 115 mg, 120 mg, 125 mg, 130 mg, 135 mg, 140 mg, 145 mg, 150 mg, 155 mg, 160 mg, 165 mg, 170 mg, 175 mg, 180 mg, 185 mg, 190 mg, 195 mg, or about 200 mg daily.

[0184] In some embodiments, the method comprises administering (e.g., orally), in a single, two, or multiple doses ranging from about 30 to about 200 mg, about 30 mg to about 35 mg, about 40 mg to about 45 mg, about 50 mg to about 60 mg, about 70 mg to about 80 mg, about 90 mg to about 100 mg, about 110 mg to about 120 mg, about 130 mg to about 140 mg, about 150 mg to about 160 mg, about 170 mg to about 180 mg, about 190 mg to about 200 mg, about 30 mg to about 50 mg, about 30 mg to about 75 mg, about 30 mg to about 100 mg, about 30 mg to about 150 mg, about 30 mg to about 200 mg, about 50 mg to about 75 mg, about 50 mg to about 100 mg, about 50 mg to about 150 mg, about 50 mg to about 200 mg, about 75 mg to about 100 mg, about 75 mg to about 150 mg, about 75 mg to about 200 mg, about 100 mg to about 150 mg, about 100 mg to about 200 mg, or about 150 mg to about 200 mg daily. Any specific dosage amount in between each of the ranges of this paragraph is contemplated. For example, for the recitation of “about 50 mg to about 60 mg,” this encompasses administration of about 50 mg, about 51 mg, about 52 mg, about 53 mg, about 54 mg, about 55 mg, about 56 mg, about 57 mg, about 58 mg, about 59 mg, or about 10 mg. Also contemplated are any non- integer dosages between the ranges, for example for the range “about 50 mg to about 60 mg,” values including about 50 mg, about 50.1 mg, about 50.2 mg, about 50.3 mg, about 50.4 mg, about 50.5 mg, about 50.6 mg, etc., are contemplated.

[0185] In some embodiments, the method can include administering (e.g., orally), in a single, two, or multiple doses at an overall dose intended to provide approximately 24-hour coverage at IC50.

[0186] In some embodiments, the method can include administering (e.g., orally), in a single, two, or multiple doses at an overall dose intended to provide approximately 24-hour coverage at IC90. 39 57406284.1

[0187] “24-hour coverage” as used herein means reaching or sustaining a desired plasma concentration of a compound that results in an intended amount of target protein effect over a 24-hour period. For example, “24-hour coverage at IC50” means to use a dosage intended to raise plasma concentrations of an inhibitory compound to cause 50% inhibition of a target protein for 24 hours.

[0188] Any dosage of the preceding paragraph may be administered as one, two, three, or four doses during a single day. For example, the 50 mg dose may be administered as a 25 mg dose administration followed by a second 25 mg dose administration after an elapsed period of time, to arrive at the 50 mg dose. For further example, the 50 mg dose can be administered during a single day by administering 10 mg, allowing time to elapse, administering a second 10 mg, allowing time to elapse, administering a third 10 mg, and allowing time to elapse, administering a fourth 10 mg, and allowing time to elapse, and administering a fifth 10 mg to result in 50 mg total administered throughout the day.

[0189] Thus, in some embodiments, administration of 30 mg of Compound 1 comprises administration of 15 mg, allowing a defined period of time to elapse and administering a second dose of 15 mg. In some embodiments, administration of 50 mg of Compound 1 comprises administration of 25 mg, allowing a defined period of time to elapse and administering a second dose of 25 mg. In some embodiments, administration of 75 mg of Compound 1 comprises administration of 37.5 mg, allowing a defined period of time to elapse and administering a second dose of 37.5 mg. In some embodiments, administration of 100 mg of Compound 1 comprises administration of 50 mg, allowing a defined period of time to elapse and administering a second dose of 50 mg. In some embodiments, administration of 150 mg of Compound 1 comprises administration of 75 mg, allowing a defined period of time to elapse and administering a second dose of 75 mg. In some embodiments, administration of 200 mg of Compound 1 comprises administration of 100 mg, allowing a defined period of time to elapse and administering a second dose of 100 mg. The defined period of time may be determined by the clinician and subject to individual patient metabolic considerations. In some embodiments, the defined period of time is between about 2.5 hr to about 5 hr, about 5 hr to about 7.5 hr, about 7.5 hr to about 10 hr, about 10 hr to about 12.5 hr, about 12.5 hr to about 15 hr, about 15 hr to about 17.5 hr, about 17.5 hr to about 20 hr, about 20 hr to about 22.5 hr, or about 22.5 hr to about 24 hr.

[0190] In some embodiments, a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered (e.g., orally) at a dose of up to 30 mg to the patient. In some embodiments, a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1) or a pharmaceutically acceptable 40 57406284.1salt thereof is administered (e.g., orally) at a dose of up to 35 mg to the patient. In some embodiments, a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered (e.g., orally) at a dose of up to 40 mg to the patient. In some embodiments, a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered (e.g., orally) at a dose of up to 45 mg to the patient. In some embodiments, a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered (e.g., orally) at a dose of up to 50 mg to the patient. In some embodiments, a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered (e.g., orally) at a dose of up to 55 mg to the patient. In some embodiments, a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered (e.g., orally) at a dose of up to 60 mg to the patient. In some embodiments, a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered (e.g., orally) at a dose of up to 65 mg to the patient. In some embodiments, a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered (e.g., orally) at a dose of up to 70 mg to the patient. In some embodiments, a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered (e.g., orally) at a dose of up to 75 mg to the patient. In some embodiments, a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered (e.g., orally) at a dose of up to 80 mg to the patient. In some embodiments, a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered (e.g., orally) at a dose of up to 85 mg to the patient. In some embodiments, a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered (e.g., orally) at a dose of up to 90 mg to the patient. In some embodiments, a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered (e.g., orally) at a dose of up to 95 mg to the patient. In some embodiments, a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered (e.g., orally) at a dose of up to 100 mg to the patient. In some embodiments, a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered (e.g., orally) at a dose of up to 150 mg to the patient. In some embodiments, a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered (e.g., orally) at a dose of up to 200 mg to the patient. In some embodiments, a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered (e.g., orally) at a dose of from about 30 mg to about 100 mg to the patient, such as about 30 mg, about 50 mg, about 75 mg, or about 100 mg. In some 41 57406284.1embodiments, a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered (e.g., orally) at a dose of from about 50 mg to about 150 mg to the patient. In some embodiments, a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered (e.g., orally) at a dose of from about 75 mg to about 200 mg to the patient.

[0191] In some embodiments, a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered (e.g., orally) at a dose intended to provide approximately 24-hour coverage at IC50.

[0192] In some embodiments, a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered (e.g., orally) at a dose intended to provide approximately 24-hour coverage at IC90.

[0193] As provided in view of preclinical data described herein, a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof, is administered to a patient at a dosing schedule appropriate to give the desired disease regression with minimum side effects. In some embodiments, a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1) or pharmaceutical composition thereof is administered to a patient daily (QD) for a period between about 1 day to about 2 days, about 2 days to about 3 days, about 3 days to about 4 days, about 4 days to about 5 days, about 5 days to about 6 days, about 6 days to about 7 days, about 1 week to about 2 weeks, about 2 weeks to about 3 weeks, about 3 weeks to about 4 weeks, about 4 weeks to about 5 weeks, about 5 weeks to about 6 weeks, about 6 weeks to about 7 weeks, about 7 weeks to about 8 weeks, about 8 weeks to about 9 weeks, about 9 weeks to 10 weeks, about 10 weeks to about 11 weeks, about 11 weeks to about 12 weeks, about 12 weeks to about 14 weeks, about 14 weeks to about 16 weeks, about 16 weeks to about 18 weeks, about 18 weeks to about 21 weeks, about 21 weeks to about 24 weeks, about 24 weeks to about 27 weeks, about 27 weeks to about 30 weeks, about 30 weeks to about 33 weeks, about 33 weeks to about 36 weeks, about 36 weeks to about 39 weeks, about 39 weeks to about 42 weeks, about 42 weeks to about 45 weeks, about 45 weeks to about 48 weeks, about 48 weeks to about 51 weeks, about 51 weeks to about 52 weeks, about 1 year to about 2 years, about 2 years to about 3 years, about 3 years to about 4 years, or about 4 years to about 5 years. In other embodiments the administration is daily for longer than 5 years. In some embodiments, a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1) or pharmaceutical composition thereof is administered to a patient daily (QD) for 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 6 weeks, 9 weeks, 12 weeks, 15 weeks, 18 weeks, 21 weeks, 24 weeks, 27 weeks, 30 weeks, 33 weeks, 36 weeks, 39 weeks, 42 weeks, 45 weeks, 48 weeks, 51 weeks, 52 weeks, 1 year, 2 years, 3 years, 4 years, 5 years, or longer. In some 42 57406284.1embodiments, a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1) or pharmaceutical composition thereof is administered to a patient daily (QD) indefinitely.

[0194] In some embodiments, a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or pharmaceutical composition thereof is administered to a patient at a single daily dose of 2-200 mg for 2 weeks. In some embodiments, a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1) or pharmaceutical composition thereof is administered to a patient at multiple daily doses of 2-200 mg for 2 weeks. In some embodiments, a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1) or pharmaceutical composition thereof is administered to a patient at a single daily dose, two daily doses, or multiple daily doses of 2 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg, 20 mg, 30 mg, 50 mg, 75 mg, 100 mg, or 200 mg for 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 6 weeks, 9 weeks, 12 weeks, 15 weeks, 18 weeks, 21 weeks, 24 weeks, 27 weeks, 30 weeks, 33 weeks, 36 weeks, 39 weeks, 42 weeks, 45 weeks, 48 weeks, 51 weeks, 54 weeks, 57 weeks, 60 weeks, or indefinitely.

[0195] In some embodiments, a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1) or pharmaceutical composition thereof is administered to a patient at a single dose, two daily doses, or multiple daily doses at an overall dose intended to provide approximately 24-hour coverage at IC50 for 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 6 weeks, 9 weeks, 12 weeks, 15 weeks, 18 weeks, 21 weeks, 24 weeks, 27 weeks, 30 weeks, 33 weeks, 36 weeks, 39 weeks, 42 weeks, 45 weeks, 48 weeks, 51 weeks, 54 weeks, 57 weeks, 60 weeks, or indefinitely.

[0196] In some embodiments, a TYK2 inhibitor (e.g., Compound 1) or pharmaceutical composition thereof is administered to a patient at a single dose, two daily doses, or multiple daily doses at an overall dose intended to provide approximately 24-hour coverage at IC90for 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 6 weeks, 9 weeks, 12 weeks, 15 weeks, 18 weeks, 21 weeks, 24 weeks, 27 weeks, 30 weeks, 33 weeks, 36 weeks, 39 weeks, 42 weeks, 45 weeks, 48 weeks, 51 weeks, 54 weeks, 57 weeks, 60 weeks, or indefinitely. 7. Formulation and Combinations Pharmaceutically acceptable compositions

[0197] The compounds and compositions, according to the method described herein, may be administered using any amount and any route of administration effective for treating or lessening the severity of any disorder disclosed herein. The exact amount required will vary from subject to subject, depending on the species, age, and general condition of the subject, the severity of the infection, the particular agent, its mode of administration, and the like. Compounds described herein are preferably formulated in dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. The expression “unit dosage form,” as used herein, 43 57406284.1refers to a physically discrete unit of agent appropriate for the patient to be treated. It will be understood, however, that the total daily usage of the compounds and compositions described herein will be decided by the attending physician within the scope of sound medical judgment. The specific effective dose level for any particular patient or organism will depend upon a variety of factors including the disorder being treated and the severity of the disorder; the activity of the specific compound employed; the specific composition employed; the age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the patient; the time of administration, route of administration, and rate of excretion of the specific compound employed; the duration of the treatment; drugs used in combination or coincidental with the specific compound employed, and like factors well known in the medical arts.

[0198] According to another embodiment, a composition can include a compound described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle. The amount of compound in compositions described herein is such that is effective to measurably inhibit a TYK2 protein kinase, or a mutant thereof, in a biological sample or in a patient. In certain embodiments, the amount of compound in compositions described herein is such that is effective to measurably inhibit a TYK2 protein kinase, or a mutant thereof, in a biological sample or in a patient. In certain embodiments, a composition described herein is formulated for administration to a patient in need of such composition. In some embodiments, a composition described herein is formulated for oral administration to a patient.

[0199] The term “patient,” as used herein, means an animal, preferably a mammal, and most preferably a human.

[0200] The term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle” refers to a non- toxic carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle that does not destroy the pharmacological activity of the compound with which it is formulated. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants or vehicles that may be used in the compositions described herein include, but are not limited to, ion exchangers, alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin, serum proteins, such as human serum albumin, buffer substances such as phosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids, water, salts or electrolytes, such as protamine sulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, zinc salts, colloidal silica, magnesium trisilicate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulose- based substances, polyethylene glycol, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyacrylates, waxes, polyethylene-polyoxypropylene-block polymers, polyethylene glycol and wool fat. 44 57406284.1

[0201] A “pharmaceutically acceptable derivative” means any non-toxic salt, ester, salt of an ester or other derivative of a compound described herein that, upon administration to a recipient, is capable of providing, either directly or indirectly, a compound described herein or an inhibitory active metabolite or residue thereof.

[0202] As used herein, the term “inhibitory active metabolite or residue thereof” means that a metabolite or residue thereof is also an inhibitor of a TYK2 protein kinase, or a mutant thereof.

[0203] Compositions described herein may be administered orally, parenterally, by inhalation spray, topically, rectally, intracisternally, intraperitoneally, nasally, buccally, vaginally or via an implanted reservoir. In certain embodiments, the compounds described herein may be administered orally or parenterally at dosage levels of about 0.01 mg / kg to about 50 mg / kg and preferably from about 1 mg / kg to about 25 mg / kg, of subject body weight per day, one or more times a day, to obtain the desired therapeutic effect. The term “parenteral” as used herein includes subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-articular, intra-synovial, intrasternal, intrathecal, intrahepatic, intralesional and intracranial injection or infusion techniques. Preferably, the compositions are administered orally, intraperitoneally or intravenously. Sterile injectable forms of the compositions described herein may be aqueous or oleaginous suspension. These suspensions may be formulated according to techniques known in the art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents. The sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose any bland fixed oil can be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides. In addition, fatty acids such as oleic acid are used in the preparation of injectables.

[0204] Injectable formulations can be sterilized, for example, by filtration through a bacterial-retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectable medium prior to use.

[0205] In order to prolong the effect of a compound described herein, it is often desirable to slow the absorption of the compound from subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. This may be accomplished by the use of a liquid suspension of crystalline or amorphous material with poor water solubility. The rate of absorption of the compound then depends upon its rate of 45 57406284.1dissolution that, in turn, may depend upon crystal size and crystalline form. Alternatively, delayed absorption of a parenterally administered compound form is accomplished by dissolving or suspending the compound in an oil vehicle. Injectable depot forms are made by forming microencapsule matrices of the compound in biodegradable polymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide. Depending upon the ratio of compound to polymer and the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rate of compound release can be controlled. Examples of other biodegradable polymers include poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides). Depot injectable formulations are also prepared by entrapping the compound in liposomes or microemulsions that are compatible with body tissues.

[0206] Compositions for rectal or vaginal administration are preferably suppositories which can be prepared by mixing the compounds described herein with suitable non-irritating excipients or carriers such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol or a suppository wax which are solid at ambient temperature but liquid at body temperature and therefore melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active compound.

[0207] For this purpose, any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or di-glycerides. Fatty acids, such as oleic acid and its glyceride derivatives are useful in the preparation of injectables, as are natural pharmaceutically-acceptable oils, such as olive oil or castor oil, especially in their polyoxyethylated versions. These oil solutions or suspensions may also contain a long-chain alcohol diluent or dispersant, such as carboxymethyl cellulose or similar dispersing agents that are commonly used in the formulation of pharmaceutically acceptable dosage forms including emulsions and suspensions. Other commonly used surfactants, such as Tweens, Spans and other emulsifying agents or bioavailability enhancers which are commonly used in the manufacture of pharmaceutically acceptable solid, liquid, or other dosage forms may also be used for the purposes of formulation.

[0208] Pharmaceutically acceptable compositions described herein may be orally administered in any orally acceptable dosage form including, but not limited to, capsules, tablets, aqueous suspensions or solutions. In the case of tablets for oral use, carriers commonly used include lactose and corn starch. Lubricating agents, such as magnesium stearate, are also typically added. For oral administration in a capsule form, useful diluents include lactose and dried cornstarch. When aqueous suspensions are required for oral use, the active ingredient is combined with emulsifying and suspending agents. If desired, certain sweetening, perfuming, flavoring or coloring agents may also be added.

[0209] Alternatively, pharmaceutically acceptable compositions described herein may be administered in the form of suppositories for rectal administration. These can be prepared by 46 57406284.1mixing the agent with a suitable non-irritating excipient that is solid at room temperature but liquid at rectal temperature and therefore will melt in the rectum to release the drug. Such materials include cocoa butter, beeswax and polyethylene glycols.

[0210] Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules, tablets, pills, powders, and granules. In such solid dosage forms, the active compound is mixed with at least one inert, pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate and / or a) fillers or extenders such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and silicic acid, b) binders such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidinone, sucrose, and acacia, c) humectants such as glycerol, d) disintegrating agents such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate, e) solution retarding agents such as paraffin, f) absorption accelerators such as quaternary ammonium compounds, g) wetting agents such as, for example, cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate, h) absorbents such as kaolin and bentonite clay, and i) lubricants such as talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate, and mixtures thereof. In the case of capsules, tablets and pills, the dosage form may also comprise buffering agents. Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like. The solid dosage forms of tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical formulating art. They may optionally contain opacifying agents and can also be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions that can be used include polymeric substances and waxes. Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polethylene glycols and the like.

[0211] Pharmaceutically acceptable compositions described herein may also be administered topically, especially when the target of treatment includes areas or organs readily accessible by topical application, including diseases of the eye, the skin, or the lower intestinal tract. Suitable topical formulations are readily prepared for each of these areas or organs.

[0212] Topical application for the lower intestinal tract can be effected in a rectal suppository formulation (see above) or in a suitable enema formulation. Topically-transdermal patches may also be used. 47 57406284.1

[0213] For topical applications, provided pharmaceutically acceptable compositions may be formulated in a suitable ointment containing the active component suspended or dissolved in one or more carriers. Other topical dosage forms include ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, powders, solutions, sprays, inhalants or patches. Carriers for topical administration of compounds described herein include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, liquid petrolatum, white petrolatum, propylene glycol, polyoxyethylene, polyoxypropylene compound, emulsifying wax and water. Alternatively, provided pharmaceutically acceptable compositions can be formulated in a suitable lotion or cream containing the active components suspended or dissolved in one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. Suitable carriers include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, sorbitan monostearate, polysorbate 60, cetyl esters wax, cetearyl alcohol, 2-octyldodecanol, benzyl alcohol and water. The active component is admixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and any needed preservatives or buffers as may be required. Absorption enhancers can also be used to increase the flux of the compound across the skin. The rate can be controlled by either providing a rate controlling membrane or by dispersing the compound in a polymer matrix or gel (e.g. in a transdermal patch applied topically).

[0214] For ophthalmic use, provided pharmaceutically acceptable compositions may be formulated as micronized suspensions in isotonic, pH adjusted sterile saline, or, preferably, as solutions in isotonic, pH adjusted sterile saline, either with or without a preservative such as benzylalkonium chloride. Alternatively, for ophthalmic uses, the pharmaceutically acceptable compositions may be formulated in an ointment such as petrolatum.

[0215] Pharmaceutically acceptable compositions described herein may also be administered by nasal aerosol or inhalation. Such compositions are prepared according to techniques well-known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation and may be prepared as solutions in saline, employing benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption promoters to enhance bioavailability, fluorocarbons, and / or other conventional solubilizing or dispersing agents.

[0216] Most preferably, pharmaceutically acceptable compositions described herein are formulated for oral administration. Such formulations may be administered with or without food. In some embodiments, pharmaceutically acceptable compositions described herein are administered without food. In other embodiments, pharmaceutically acceptable compositions described herein are administered with food.

[0217] The amount of compounds described herein that may be combined with the carrier materials to produce a composition in a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host 48 57406284.1treated, the particular mode of administration. Preferably, provided compositions should be formulated so that a dosage of between 0.01 - 100 mg / kg body weight / day of the inhibitor can be administered to a patient receiving these compositions.

[0218] Liquid dosage forms for oral administration may be used and include, but are not limited to, pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. In addition to the active compounds, the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, dimethylformamide, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof.

[0219] It should also be understood that a specific dosage and treatment regimen for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors, including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, and the judgment of the treating physician and the severity of the particular disease being treated. The amount of a compound described herein in the composition will also depend upon the particular compound in the composition.

[0220] Depending upon the particular condition, or disease, to be treated, additional therapeutic agents, which are normally administered to treat that condition, may be administered in combination with compounds and compositions described herein. As used herein, additional therapeutic agents that are normally administered to treat a particular disease, or condition, are known as “appropriate for the disease, or condition, being treated.”

[0221] In certain embodiments, a provided combination, or composition thereof, is administered in combination with another therapeutic agent.

[0222] Examples of agents the combinations described herein may also be combined with include, without limitation: treatments for Alzheimer’s Disease such as Aricept®and Excelon®; treatments for HIV such as ritonavir; treatments for Parkinson’s Disease such as L- DOPA / carbidopa, entacapone, ropinrole, pramipexole, bromocriptine, pergolide, trihexephendyl, and amantadine; agents for treating Multiple Sclerosis (MS) such as beta interferon (e.g., Avonex®and Rebif®), Copaxone®, and mitoxantrone; treatments for asthma such as albuterol and Singulair®; agents for treating schizophrenia such as zyprexa, risperdal, seroquel, and haloperidol; anti-inflammatory agents such as corticosteroids, TNF blockers, IL- 1 RA, azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, and sulfasalazine; immunomodulatory and 49 57406284.1immunosuppressive agents such as cyclosporin, tacrolimus, rapamycin, mycophenolate mofetil, interferons, corticosteroids, cyclophophamide, azathioprine, and sulfasalazine; neurotrophic factors such as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, MAO inhibitors, interferons, anti- convulsants, ion channel blockers, riluzole, and anti-Parkinsonian agents; agents for treating cardiovascular disease such as beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, diuretics, nitrates, calcium channel blockers, and statins; agents for treating liver disease such as corticosteroids, cholestyramine, interferons, and anti-viral agents; agents for treating blood disorders such as corticosteroids, anti-leukemic agents, and growth factors; agents that prolong or improve pharmacokinetics such as cytochrome P450 inhibitors (i.e., inhibitors of metabolic breakdown) and CYP3A4 inhibitors (e.g., ketokenozole and ritonavir), and agents for treating immunodeficiency disorders such as gamma globulin.

[0223] In certain embodiments, combination therapies described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable composition thereof, are administered in combination with a monoclonal antibody or an siRNA therapeutic.

[0224] Those additional agents may be administered separately from a provided combination therapy, as part of a multiple dosage regimen. Alternatively, those agents may be part of a single dosage form, mixed together with a compound described herein in a single composition. If administered as part of a multiple dosage regime, the two active agents may be submitted simultaneously, sequentially or within a period of time from one another normally within five hours from one another.

[0225] As used herein, the term “combination,” “combined,” and related terms refers to the simultaneous or sequential administration of therapeutic agents in accordance with this invention. For example, a combination described herein may be administered with another therapeutic agent simultaneously or sequentially in separate unit dosage forms or together in a single unit dosage form.

[0226] The amount of additional therapeutic agent present in the compositions described herein will be no more than the amount that would normally be administered in a composition comprising that therapeutic agent as the only active agent. Preferably the amount of additional therapeutic agent in the presently disclosed compositions will range from about 50% to 100% of the amount normally present in a composition comprising that agent as the only therapeutically active agent.

[0227] In one embodiment, a composition can include Compound 1 and one or more additional therapeutic agents. The therapeutic agent may be administered together with Compound 1, or may be administered prior to or following administration of Compound 1. 50 57406284.1Suitable therapeutic agents are described in further detail below. In certain embodiments, a Compound 1 may be administered up to 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5, hours, 6 hours, 7 hours, 8 hours, 9 hours, 10 hours, 11 hours, 12 hours, 13 hours, 14 hours, 15 hours, 16 hours, 17 hours, or 18 hours before the therapeutic agent. In other embodiments, Compound 1 may be administered up to 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5, hours, 6 hours, 7 hours, 8 hours, 9 hours, 10 hours, 11 hours, 12 hours, 13 hours, 14 hours, 15 hours, 16 hours, 17 hours, or 18 hours following the therapeutic agent.

[0228] In another embodiment, a method of treating inflammatory bowel disease, including Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis, can include administering to a patient in need thereof Compound 1 and one or more additional therapeutic agents. Such additional therapeutic agents may be small molecules or recombinant biologic agents and include, for example, clobetasol, methotrexate, Humira®, Stelara®, triamcinolone, ustekinumab, adalimumab, Cosentyx®, Remicade®, Taltz®, Skyrizi®, Tremfya®, etanercept, Ilumya®, Avsola®, guselkumab, Inflectra®, ixekizumab , Renflexis®, risankizumab, secukinumab, tildrakizumab, fluocinonide, triamcinolone, Elocon®, calcipotriene, mometasone, Clobex®, Dovonex®, prednisone, desonide, hydrocortisone, Soriatane®, Taclonex®, Tazorac®, Acitretin®, Cyclosporine®, betamethasone, betamethasone / calcipotriene, halobetasol, Temovate®, Kenalog®, Kenalog-40®, Neoral®, Desoximetasone®, Fluocinonide-E®, Otrexup®, Trexall®, coal tar, Enstilar®, fluocinolone, tazarotene, Topicort®, calcitriol, Cortizone-10®, dexamethasone, Kenalog-10®, Locoid®, methylprednisolone, prednisolone, Rasuvo®, RediTrex®, Taclonex Scalp®, tacrolimus, Triderm®, Vanos®, Vectical®, Acthar®, Ala- Cort®, Ala-Scalp®, Ala-Scalp HP®, alclometasone, ammonium lactate / halobetasol, Aquanil HC®, Aristocort A®, Aristocort R®, Aristospan®, Beta HC®, Bioelements Immediate Comfort®, Caldecort®, Cinolar®, Clinacort®, Cloderm®, Cordran®, Cordran Tape®, Cortizone-5®, Dermarest Plus Anti-Itch®, Dermovate®, Dermtex HC®, diflorasone, flurandrenolide, Gengraf®, Halog®, infliximab, Itch-X Lotion®, Locoid Lipocream®, NuCort®, Olux®, Olux-E®, Oxsoralen-Ultra®, Pandel®, Psoriasin®, Sarnol-HC®, Sernivo®, Synalar®, Texacort®, Trianex®, Tritocin®, U-Cort®, Abrilada®, amcinonide, Amjevita®, ammonium lactate / urea, Analpram-HC®, Analpram E®, Anthraforte®, anthralin, Anthrascalp®, Apexicon®, ApexiCon E®, Balnetar®, Betatar Gel®, brodalumab, Bryhali®, Calcitrene®, Capex®, Carb-O-Lac5®, Carb-O-Lac HP®, Clobevate®, clocortolone, Clodan®, coal tar / salicylic acid / sulfur, coal tar / salicylic acid, Cordran SP®, Cormax®, Cormax Scalp®, corticotropin, Cutar®, Cyclocort®, Cyltezo®, Derma-Smoothe / FS®, Derma- 51 57406284.1Smoothe® / FS (Body Oil), Derma-Smoothe® / FS (Scalp), Dermatop®, Desonate®, DesOwen®, DHS Tar Shampoo®, Doak Tar®, Dritho-Scalp®, Drithocreme®, Duobrii®, Elta Tar®, Embeline®, Embeline E®, Epifoam®, Estar®, Fototar®, H.P. Acthar Gel®, Hadlima®, halcinonide, halobetasol / tazarotene, Halonate®, HC Pram®, Hulio®, hydrocortisone / pramoxine, hydroxyurea , Hyrimoz®, Impoyz®, Ionil T®, Ixifi®, Kalosar®, Kerasal Ultra 20®, LoKara®, Medotar®, methoxsalen, MG217 Medicated Tar®, Neutrogena T® / Derm, Neutrogena T® / Gel, Nolix®, Novacort®, Oxipor VHC®, Pramosone®, prednicarbate, Proctofoam HC®, RA Acne®, Resinol®, resorcinol, Scytera®, Siliq®, Sorilux®, Synalar Ointment®, Tarsum®, Theraplex T®, Tovet®, Ultralytic®, Ultralytic 2®, Ultravate®, Verdeso®, Wynzora®, Yusimry®, Zithranol®, and Zithranol-RR®.

[0229] In another embodiment, a method of treating an inflammatory disease, disorder or condition can include administering to a patient in need thereof Compound 1 and one or more additional therapeutic agents. Such additional therapeutic agents may be small molecules or recombinant biologic agents and include, for example, acetaminophen, non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) such as aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, etodolac (Lodine®) and celecoxib, colchicine (Colcrys®), corticosteroids such as prednisone, prednisolone, methylprednisolone, hydrocortisone, and the like, probenecid, allopurinol, febuxostat (Uloric®), sulfasalazine (Azulfidine®), antimalarials such as hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil®) and chloroquine (Aralen®), methotrexate (Rheumatrex®), gold salts such as gold thioglucose (Solganal®), gold thiomalate (Myochrysine®) and auranofin (Ridaura®), D- penicillamine (Depen® or Cuprimine®), azathioprine (Imuran®), cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan®), chlorambucil (Leukeran®), cyclosporine (Sandimmune®), leflunomide (Arava®) and “anti-TNF” agents such as etanercept (Enbrel®), infliximab (Remicade®), golimumab (Simponi®), certolizumab pegol (Cimzia®) and adalimumab (Humira®), “anti- IL-1” agents such as anakinra (Kineret®) and rilonacept (Arcalyst®), canakinumab (Ilaris®), anti-Jak inhibitors such as tofacitinib, antibodies such as rituximab (Rituxan®), “anti-T-cell” agents such as abatacept (Orencia®), “anti-IL-6” agents such as tocilizumab (Actemra®), diclofenac, cortisone, hyaluronic acid (Synvisc® or Hyalgan®), monoclonal antibodies such as tanezumab, anticoagulants such as heparin (Calcinparine® or Liquaemin®) and warfarin (Coumadin®), antidiarrheals such as diphenoxylate (Lomotil®) and loperamide (Imodium®), bile acid binding agents such as cholestyramine, alosetron (Lotronex®), lubiprostone (Amitiza®), laxatives such as Milk of Magnesia, polyethylene glycol (MiraLax®), Dulcolax®, Correctol® and Senokot®, anticholinergics or antispasmodics such as dicyclomine (Bentyl®), Singulair®, beta-2 agonists such as albuterol (Ventolin® HFA, Proventil® HFA), levalbuterol 52 57406284.1(Xopenex®), metaproterenol (Alupent®), pirbuterol acetate (Maxair®), terbutaline sulfate (Brethaire®), salmeterol xinafoate (Serevent®) and formoterol (Foradil®), anticholinergic agents such as ipratropium bromide (Atrovent®) and tiotropium (Spiriva®), inhaled corticosteroids such as beclomethasone dipropionate (Beclovent®, Qvar®, and Vanceril®), triamcinolone acetonide (Azmacort®), mometasone (Asthmanex®), budesonide (Pulmocort®), and flunisolide (Aerobid®), Afviar®, Symbicort®, Dulera®, cromolyn sodium (Intal®), methylxanthines such as theophylline (Theo-Dur®, Theolair®, Slo-bid®, Uniphyl®, Theo-24®) and aminophylline, IgE antibodies such as omalizumab (Xolair®), nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors such as zidovudine (Retrovir®), abacavir (Ziagen®), abacavir / lamivudine (Epzicom®), abacavir / lamivudine / zidovudine (Trizivir®), didanosine (Videx®), emtricitabine (Emtriva®), lamivudine (Epivir®), lamivudine / zidovudine (Combivir®), stavudine (Zerit®), and zalcitabine (Hivid®), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors such as delavirdine (Rescriptor®), efavirenz (Sustiva®), nevairapine (Viramune®) and etravirine (Intelence®), nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors such as tenofovir (Viread®), protease inhibitors such as amprenavir (Agenerase®), atazanavir (Reyataz®), darunavir (Prezista®), fosamprenavir (Lexiva®), indinavir (Crixivan®), lopinavir and ritonavir (Kaletra®), nelfinavir (Viracept®), ritonavir (Norvir®), saquinavir (Fortovase® or Invirase®), and tipranavir (Aptivus®), entry inhibitors such as enfuvirtide (Fuzeon®) and maraviroc (Selzentry®), integrase inhibitors such as raltegravir (Isentress®), doxorubicin (Hydrodaunorubicin®), vincristine (Oncovin®), bortezomib (Velcade®), and dexamethasone (Decadron ®) in combination with lenalidomide (Revlimid ®), or any combination(s) thereof.

[0230] In another embodiment, a method of treating rheumatoid arthritis can include administering to a patient in need thereof Compound 1 and one or more additional therapeutic agents selected from non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) such as aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, etodolac (Lodine®) and celecoxib, corticosteroids such as prednisone, prednisolone, methylprednisolone, hydrocortisone, and the like, sulfasalazine (Azulfidine®), antimalarials such as hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil®) and chloroquine (Aralen®), methotrexate (Rheumatrex®), gold salts such as gold thioglucose (Solganal®), gold thiomalate (Myochrysine®) and auranofin (Ridaura®), D-penicillamine (Depen® or Cuprimine®), azathioprine (Imuran®), cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan®), chlorambucil (Leukeran®), cyclosporine (Sandimmune®), leflunomide (Arava®) and “anti-TNF” agents such as etanercept (Enbrel®), infliximab (Remicade®), golimumab (Simponi®), certolizumab pegol (Cimzia®) and adalimumab (Humira®), “anti-IL-1” agents such as anakinra (Kineret®) and 53 57406284.1rilonacept (Arcalyst®), antibodies such as rituximab (Rituxan®), “anti-T-cell” agents such as abatacept (Orencia®) and “anti-IL-6” agents such as tocilizumab (Actemra®).

[0231] In some embodiments, a method of treating osteoarthritis can include administering to a patient in need thereof Compound 1 and one or more additional therapeutic agents selected from acetaminophen, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) such as aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, etodolac (Lodine®) and celecoxib, diclofenac, cortisone, hyaluronic acid (Synvisc® or Hyalgan®) and monoclonal antibodies such as tanezumab.

[0232] In some embodiments, a method of treating cutaneous lupus erythematosus or systemic lupus erythematosus can include administering to a patient in need thereof Compound 1 and one or more additional therapeutic agents selected from acetaminophen, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) such as aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, etodolac (Lodine®) and celecoxib, corticosteroids such as prednisone, prednisolone, methylprednisolone, hydrocortisone, and the like, antimalarials such as hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil®) and chloroquine (Aralen®), cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan®), methotrexate (Rheumatrex®), azathioprine (Imuran®) and anticoagulants such as heparin (Calcinparine® or Liquaemin®) and warfarin (Coumadin®).

[0233] In some embodiments, a method of treating Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, or inflammatory bowel disease can include administering to a patient in need thereof Compound 1 and one or more additional therapeutic agents selected from mesalamine (Asacol®) sulfasalazine (Azulfidine®), antidiarrheals such as diphenoxylate (Lomotil®) and loperamide (Imodium®), bile acid binding agents such as cholestyramine, alosetron (Lotronex®), lubiprostone (Amitiza®), laxatives such as Milk of Magnesia, polyethylene glycol (MiraLax®), Dulcolax®, Correctol® and Senokot® and anticholinergics or antispasmodics such as dicyclomine (Bentyl®), anti-TNF therapies, steroids, and antibiotics such as Flagyl or ciprofloxacin.

[0234] In some embodiments, a method of treating asthma can include administering to a patient in need thereof Compound 1 and one or more additional therapeutic agents selected from Singulair®, beta-2 agonists such as albuterol (Ventolin® HFA, Proventil® HFA), levalbuterol (Xopenex®), metaproterenol (Alupent®), pirbuterol acetate (Maxair®), terbutaline sulfate (Brethaire®), salmeterol xinafoate (Serevent®) and formoterol (Foradil®), anticholinergic agents such as ipratropium bromide (Atrovent®) and tiotropium (Spiriva®), inhaled corticosteroids such as prednisone, prednisolone, beclomethasone dipropionate (Beclovent®, Qvar®, and Vanceril®), triamcinolone acetonide (Azmacort®), mometasone (Asthmanex®), budesonide (Pulmocort®), flunisolide (Aerobid®), Afviar®, Symbicort®, and 54 57406284.1Dulera®, cromolyn sodium (Intal®), methylxanthines such as theophylline (Theo-Dur®, Theolair®, Slo-bid®, Uniphyl®, Theo-24®) and aminophylline, and IgE antibodies such as omalizumab (Xolair®).

[0235] In some embodiments, a method of treating COPD can include administering to a patient in need thereof Compound 1 and one or more additional therapeutic agents selected from beta-2 agonists such as albuterol (Ventolin® HFA, Proventil® HFA), levalbuterol (Xopenex®), metaproterenol (Alupent®), pirbuterol acetate (Maxair®), terbutaline sulfate (Brethaire®), salmeterol xinafoate (Serevent®) and formoterol (Foradil®), anticholinergic agents such as ipratropium bromide (Atrovent®) and tiotropium (Spiriva®), methylxanthines such as theophylline (Theo-Dur®, Theolair®, Slo-bid®, Uniphyl®, Theo-24®) and aminophylline, inhaled corticosteroids such as prednisone, prednisolone, beclomethasone dipropionate (Beclovent®, Qvar®, and Vanceril®), triamcinolone acetonide (Azmacort®), mometasone (Asthmanex®), budesonide (Pulmocort®), flunisolide (Aerobid®), Afviar®, Symbicort®, and Dulera®,

[0236] In another embodiment, a method of treating a hematological malignancy can include administering to a patient in need thereof Compound 1 and one or more additional therapeutic agents selected from rituximab (Rituxan®), cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan®), doxorubicin (Hydrodaunorubicin®), vincristine (Oncovin®), prednisone, a hedgehog signaling inhibitor, a BTK inhibitor, a JAK / pan-JAK inhibitor, a PI3K inhibitor, a SYK inhibitor, and combinations thereof.

[0237] In another embodiment, a method of treating a solid tumor can include administering to a patient in need thereof Compound 1 and one or more additional therapeutic agents selected from rituximab (Rituxan®), cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan®), doxorubicin (Hydrodaunorubicin®), vincristine (Oncovin®), prednisone, a hedgehog signaling inhibitor, a BTK inhibitor, a JAK / pan-JAK inhibitor, a PI3K inhibitor, a SYK inhibitor, and combinations thereof.

[0238] In another embodiment, a method of treating a hematological malignancy can include administering to a patient in need thereof Compound 1 and a Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway inhibitor. In some embodiments, the hematological malignancy is DLBCL (Ramirez et al “Defining causative factors contributing in the activation of hedgehog signaling in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma” Leuk. Res. (2012), published online July 17, and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).

[0239] In another embodiment, a method of treating diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) can include administering to a patient in need thereof Compound 1 and one or more 55 57406284.1additional therapeutic agents selected from rituximab (Rituxan®), cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan®), doxorubicin (Hydrodaunorubicin®), vincristine (Oncovin®), prednisone, a hedgehog signaling inhibitor, and combinations thereof.

[0240] In another embodiment, a method of treating multiple myeloma can include administering to a patient in need thereof Compound 1 and one or more additional therapeutic agents selected from bortezomib (Velcade®), and dexamethasone (Decadron®), a hedgehog signaling inhibitor, a BTK inhibitor, a JAK / pan-JAK inhibitor, a TYK2 inhibitor, a PI3K inhibitor, a SYK inhibitor in combination with lenalidomide (Revlimid®).

[0241] In another embodiment, a method of treating or lessening the severity of a disease can include administering to a patient in need thereof Compound 1 and a BTK inhibitor, wherein the disease is selected from inflammatory bowel disease, arthritis, cutaneous lupus erythematosus, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), vasculitis, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, osteoarthritis, Still’s disease, juvenile arthritis, diabetes, myasthenia gravis, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, Ord’s thyroiditis, Graves’ disease, autoimmune thyroiditis, Sjogren’s syndrome, multiple sclerosis, systemic sclerosis, Lyme neuroborreliosis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, Addison’s disease, opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome, ankylosing spondylosis, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, aplastic anemia, autoimmune hepatitis, autoimmune gastritis, pernicious anemia, celiac disease, Goodpasture’s syndrome, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, optic neuritis, scleroderma, primary biliary cirrhosis, Reiter’s syndrome, Takayasu’s arteritis, temporal arteritis, warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia, Wegener’s granulomatosis, psoriasis, alopecia universalis, Behcet’s disease, chronic fatigue, dysautonomia, membranous glomerulonephropathy, endometriosis, interstitial cystitis, pemphigus vulgaris, bullous pemphigoid, neuromyotonia, scleroderma, vulvodynia, a hyperproliferative disease, rejection of transplanted organs or tissues, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS, also known as HIV), type 1 diabetes, graft versus host disease, transplantation, transfusion, anaphylaxis, allergies (e.g., allergies to plant pollens, latex, drugs, foods, insect poisons, animal hair, animal dander, dust mites, or cockroach calyx), type I hypersensitivity, allergic conjunctivitis, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis, asthma, appendicitis, atopic dermatitis, asthma, allergy, blepharitis, bronchiolitis, bronchitis, bursitis, cervicitis, cholangitis, cholecystitis, chronic graft rejection, colitis, conjunctivitis, Crohn’s disease, cystitis, dacryoadenitis, dermatitis, dermatomyositis, encephalitis, endocarditis, endometritis, enteritis, enterocolitis, epicondylitis, epididymitis, fasciitis, fibrositis, gastritis, gastroenteritis, Henoch-Schonlein purpura, hepatitis, hidradenitis suppurativa, 56 57406284.1immunoglobulin A nephropathy, interstitial lung disease, laryngitis, mastitis, meningitis, myelitis myocarditis, myositis, nephritis, oophoritis, orchitis, osteitis, otitis, pancreatitis, parotitis, pericarditis, peritonitis, pharyngitis, pleuritis, phlebitis, pneumonitis, pneumonia, polymyositis, proctitis, prostatitis, pyelonephritis, rhinitis, salpingitis, sinusitis, stomatitis, synovitis, tendonitis, tonsillitis, ulcerative colitis, uveitis, vaginitis, vasculitis, or vulvitis, B- cell proliferative disorder, e.g., diffuse large B cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia, lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma / Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, splenic marginal zone lymphoma, multiple myeloma (also known as plasma cell myeloma), non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, plasmacytoma, extranodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma, nodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, mediastinal (thymic) large B cell lymphoma, intravascular large B cell lymphoma, primary effusion lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma / leukemia, or lymphomatoid granulomatosis, breast cancer, prostate cancer, or cancer of the mast cells (e.g., mastocytoma, mast cell leukemia, mast cell sarcoma, systemic mastocytosis), bone cancer, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, diseases of the bone and joints including, without limitation, rheumatoid arthritis, seronegative spondyloarthropathies (including ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis and Reiter’s disease), Behcet’s disease, Sjogren’s syndrome, systemic sclerosis, osteoporosis, bone cancer, bone metastasis, a thromboembolic disorder, (e.g., myocardial infarct, angina pectoris, reocclusion after angioplasty, restenosis after angioplasty, reocclusion after aortocoronary bypass, restenosis after aortocoronary bypass, stroke, transitory ischemia, a peripheral arterial occlusive disorder, pulmonary embolism, deep venous thrombosis), inflammatory pelvic disease, urethritis, skin sunburn, sinusitis, pneumonitis, encephalitis, meningitis, myocarditis, nephritis, osteomyelitis, myositis, hepatitis, gastritis, enteritis, dermatitis, gingivitis, appendicitis, pancreatitis, cholocystitus, agammaglobulinemia, psoriasis, allergy, Crohn’s disease, irritable bowel syndrome, ulcerative colitis, Sjogren’s disease, tissue graft rejection, hyperacute rejection of transplanted organs, asthma, allergic rhinitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), autoimmune polyglandular disease (also known as autoimmune polyglandular syndrome), autoimmune alopecia, pernicious anemia, glomerulonephritis, dermatomyositis, multiple sclerosis, scleroderma, vasculitis, autoimmune hemolytic and thrombocytopenic states, Goodpasture’s syndrome, atherosclerosis, Addison’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes, septic shock, cutaneous lupus erythematosus, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, juvenile arthritis, osteoarthritis, chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, Waldenstrom 57 57406284.1macroglobulinemia, myasthenia gravis, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, atopic dermatitis, degenerative joint disease, vitiligo, autoimmune hypopituitarism, Guillain-Barre syndrome, Behcet’s disease, scleroderma, mycosis fungoides, acute inflammatory responses (such as acute respiratory distress syndrome and ischemia / reperfusion injury), and Graves’ disease.

[0242] In another embodiment, a method of treating or lessening the severity of a disease can include administering to a patient in need thereof Compound 1 and a PI3K inhibitor, wherein the disease is selected from a cancer, a neurodegenerative disorder, an angiogenic disorder, a viral disease, an autoimmune disease, an inflammatory disorder, a hormone-related disease, conditions associated with organ transplantation, immunodeficiency disorders, a destructive bone disorder, a proliferative disorder, an infectious disease, a condition associated with cell death, thrombin-induced platelet aggregation, chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), liver disease, pathologic immune conditions involving T cell activation, a cardiovascular disorder, and a CNS disorder.

[0243] In another embodiment, a method of treating or lessening the severity of a disease can include administering to a patient in need thereof Compound 1 and a PI3K inhibitor, wherein the disease is selected from benign or malignant tumor, carcinoma or solid tumor of the brain, kidney (e.g., renal cell carcinoma (RCC)), liver, adrenal gland, bladder, breast, stomach, gastric tumors, ovaries, colon, rectum, prostate, pancreas, lung, vagina, endometrium, cervix, testis, genitourinary tract, esophagus, larynx, skin, bone or thyroid, sarcoma, glioblastomas, neuroblastomas, multiple myeloma or gastrointestinal cancer, especially colon carcinoma or colorectal adenoma or a tumor of the neck and head, an epidermal hyperproliferation, psoriasis, prostate hyperplasia, a neoplasia, a neoplasia of epithelial character, adenoma, adenocarcinoma, keratoacanthoma, epidermoid carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, non-small-cell lung carcinoma, lymphomas, (including, for example, non- Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (NHL) and Hodgkin’s lymphoma (also termed Hodgkin’s or Hodgkin’s disease)), a mammary carcinoma, follicular carcinoma, undifferentiated carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, seminoma, melanoma, or a leukemia, diseases include Cowden syndrome, Lhermitte-Dudos disease and Bannayan-Zonana syndrome, or diseases in which the PI3K / PKB pathway is aberrantly activated, asthma of whatever type or genesis including both intrinsic (non-allergic) asthma and extrinsic (allergic) asthma, mild asthma, moderate asthma, severe asthma, bronchitic asthma, exercise-induced asthma, occupational asthma and asthma induced following bacterial infection, acute lung injury (ALI), adult / acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), chronic obstructive pulmonary, airways or lung disease (COPD, COAD or COLD), including chronic bronchitis or dyspnea associated therewith, emphysema, as well as 58 57406284.1exacerbation of airways hyperreactivity consequent to other drug therapy, in particular other inhaled drug therapy, bronchitis of whatever type or genesis including, but not limited to, acute, arachidic, catarrhal, croupus, chronic or phthinoid bronchitis, pneumoconiosis (an inflammatory, commonly occupational, disease of the lungs, frequently accompanied by airways obstruction, whether chronic or acute, and occasioned by repeated inhalation of dusts) of whatever type or genesis, including, for example, aluminosis, anthracosis, asbestosis, chalicosis, ptilosis, siderosis, silicosis, tabacosis and byssinosis, Loffler's syndrome, eosinophilic, pneumonia, parasitic (in particular metazoan) infestation (including tropical eosinophilia), bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, polyarteritis nodosa (including Churg-Strauss syndrome), eosinophilic granuloma and eosinophil-related disorders affecting the airways occasioned by drug-reaction, psoriasis, contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, alopecia areata, erythema multiforme, dermatitis herpetiformis, scleroderma, vitiligo, hypersensitivity angiitis, urticaria, bullous pemphigoid, lupus erythematosus, pemphisus, epidermolysis bullosa acquisita, conjunctivitis, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, and vernal conjunctivitis, diseases affecting the nose including allergic rhinitis, and inflammatory disease in which autoimmune reactions are implicated or having an autoimmune component or etiology, including autoimmune hematological disorders (e.g. hemolytic anemia, aplastic anemia, pure red cell anemia and idiopathic thrombocytopenia), cutaneous lupus erythematosus, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, polychondritis, scleroderma, Wegener granulomatosis, dermatomyositis, chronic active hepatitis, myasthenia gravis, Steven-Johnson syndrome, idiopathic sprue, autoimmune inflammatory bowel disease (e.g. ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease), endocrine ophthalmopathy, Grave's disease, sarcoidosis, alveolitis, chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis, multiple sclerosis, primary biliary cirrhosis, uveitis (anterior and posterior), keratoconjunctivitis sicca and vernal keratoconjunctivitis, interstitial lung fibrosis, psoriatic arthritis and glomerulonephritis (with and without nephrotic syndrome, e.g. including idiopathic nephrotic syndrome or minimal change nephropathy, restenosis, cardiomegaly, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke and congestive heart failure, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, and cerebral ischemia, and neurodegenerative disease caused by traumatic injury, glutamate neurotoxicity and hypoxia.

[0244] In some embodiments a method of treating or lessening the severity of a disease can include administering to a patient in need thereof Compound 1 and a Bcl-2 inhibitor, wherein the disease is an inflammatory disorder, an autoimmune disorder, a proliferative disorder, an endocrine disorder, a neurological disorder, or a disorder associated with transplantation. In 59 57406284.1some embodiments, the disorder is a proliferative disorder, lupus, or lupus nephritis. In some embodiments, the proliferative disorder is chronic lymphocytic leukemia, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, Hodgkin’s disease, small-cell lung cancer, non-small-cell lung cancer, myelodysplastic syndrome, lymphoma, a hematological neoplasm, or solid tumor.

[0245] In some embodiments, a method of treating or lessening the severity of a disease, can include administering to a patient in need thereof a TYK2 pseudokinase (JH2) domain binding compound and a TYK2 kinase (JH1) domain binding compound. In some embodiments, the disease is an autoimmune disorder, an inflammatory disorder, a proliferative disorder, an endocrine disorder, a neurological disorder, or a disorder associated with transplantation. In some embodiments the JH2 binding compound is Compound 1. Other suitable JH2 domain binding compounds include those described in WO2014074660A1, WO2014074661A1, WO2015089143A1, the entirety of each of which is incorporated herein by reference. Suitable JH1 domain binding compounds include those described in WO2015131080A1, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0246] According to one embodiment, a method of inhibiting protein kinase activity in a biological sample can include the step of contacting said biological sample with a compound described herein, or a composition comprising said compound.

[0247] According to another embodiment, a method of inhibiting TYK2, or a mutant thereof, activity in a biological sample can include the step of contacting said biological sample with a compound described herein, or a composition comprising said compound. In certain embodiments, a method of irreversibly inhibiting TYK2, or a mutant thereof, activity in a biological sample can include the step of contacting said biological sample with a compound described herein, or a composition comprising said compound.

[0248] In another embodiment, a method of selectively inhibiting TYK2 over one or more of JAK1, JAK2, and JAK3 is described. In some embodiments, a compound described herein is more than 2-fold selective over JAK1 / 2 / 3. In some embodiments, a compound described herein is more than 5-fold selective over JAK1 / 2 / 3. In some embodiments, a compound described herein is more than 10-fold selective over JAK1 / 2 / 3. In some embodiments, a compound described herein is more than 50-fold selective over JAK1 / 2 / 3. In some embodiments, a compound described herein is more than 100-fold selective over JAK1 / 2 / 3.

[0249] The term “biological sample,” as used herein, includes, without limitation, cell cultures or extracts thereof; biopsied material obtained from a mammal or extracts thereof; and blood, saliva, urine, feces, semen, tears, or other body fluids or extracts thereof. 60 57406284.1

[0250] Inhibition of TYK2 (or a mutant thereof) activity in a biological sample is useful for a variety of purposes that are known to one of skill in the art. Examples of such purposes include, but are not limited to, blood transfusion, organ transplantation, biological specimen storage, and biological assays.

[0251] In another embodiment, a method of inhibiting protein kinase activity in a patient can include the step of administering to said patient a compound described herein, or a composition comprising said compound.

[0252] According to another embodiment, a method of inhibiting activity of TYK2, or a mutant thereof, in a patient can include the step of administering to said patient a compound described herein, or a composition comprising said compound. According to certain embodiments, a method of reversibly or irreversibly inhibiting one or more of TYK2, or a mutant thereof, activity in a patient can include the step of administering to said patient a compound described herein, or a composition comprising said compound. In other embodiments, a method for treating a disorder mediated by TYK2, or a mutant thereof, in a patient in need thereof, can include the step of administering to said patient a compound described herein or pharmaceutically acceptable composition thereof. Such disorders are described in detail herein.

[0253] Depending upon the particular condition, or disease, to be treated, additional therapeutic agents that are normally administered to treat that condition, may also be present in the compositions described herein. As used herein, additional therapeutic agents that are normally administered to treat a particular disease, or condition, are known as “appropriate for the disease, or condition, being treated.”

[0254] A compound described herein may also be used to advantage in combination with other therapeutic compounds. In some embodiments, the other therapeutic compounds are antiproliferative compounds. Such antiproliferative compounds include, but are not limited to aromatase inhibitors; antiestrogens; topoisomerase I inhibitors; topoisomerase II inhibitors; microtubule active compounds; alkylating compounds; histone deacetylase inhibitors; compounds which induce cell differentiation processes; cyclooxygenase inhibitors; MMP inhibitors; mTOR inhibitors; antineoplastic antimetabolites; platin compounds; compounds targeting / decreasing a protein or lipid kinase activity and further anti-angiogenic compounds; compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of a protein or lipid phosphatase; gonadorelin agonists; anti-androgens; methionine aminopeptidase inhibitors; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors; bisphosphonates; biological response modifiers; antiproliferative antibodies; heparanase inhibitors; inhibitors of Ras oncogenic isoforms; telomerase inhibitors; 61 57406284.1proteasome inhibitors; compounds used in the treatment of hematologic malignancies; compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of Flt-3; Hsp90 inhibitors such as 17- AAG (17-allylaminogeldanamycin, NSC330507), 17-DMAG (17-dimethylaminoethylamino- 17-demethoxy-geldanamycin, NSC707545), IPI-504, CNF1010, CNF2024, CNF1010 from Conforma Therapeutics; temozolomide (Temodal®); kinesin spindle protein inhibitors, such as SB715992 or SB743921 from GlaxoSmithKline, or pentamidine / chlorpromazine from CombinatoRx; MEK inhibitors such as ARRY142886 from Array BioPharma, AZD6244 from AstraZeneca, PD181461 from Pfizer and leucovorin. The term "aromatase inhibitor" as used herein relates to a compound which inhibits estrogen production, for instance, the conversion of the substrates androstenedione and testosterone to estrone and estradiol, respectively. The term includes, but is not limited to steroids, especially atamestane, exemestane and formestane and, in particular, non-steroids, especially aminoglutethimide, roglethimide, pyridoglutethimide, trilostane, testolactone, ketokonazole, vorozole, fadrozole, anastrozole and letrozole. Exemestane is marketed under the trade name Aromasin™. Formestane is marketed under the trade name Lentaron™. Fadrozole is marketed under the trade name Afema™. Anastrozole is marketed under the trade name Arimidex™. Letrozole is marketed under the trade names Femara™ or Femar™. Aminoglutethimide is marketed under the trade name Orimeten™. A combination described herein can include a chemotherapeutic agent which is an aromatase inhibitor is particularly useful for the treatment of hormone receptor positive tumors, such as breast tumors.

[0255] The term "antiestrogen" as used herein relates to a compound which antagonizes the effect of estrogens at the estrogen receptor level. The term includes, but is not limited to tamoxifen, fulvestrant, raloxifene and raloxifene hydrochloride. Tamoxifen is marketed under the trade name Nolvadex™. Raloxifene hydrochloride is marketed under the trade name Evista™. Fulvestrant can be administered under the trade name Faslodex™. A combination described herein can include a chemotherapeutic agent which is an antiestrogen is particularly useful for the treatment of estrogen receptor positive tumors, such as breast tumors.

[0256] The term "anti-androgen" as used herein relates to any substance which is capable of inhibiting the biological effects of androgenic hormones and includes, but is not limited to, bicalutamide (Casodex™). The term "gonadorelin agonist" as used herein includes, but is not limited to abarelix, goserelin and goserelin acetate. Goserelin can be administered under the trade name Zoladex™.

[0257] The term "topoisomerase I inhibitor" as used herein includes, but is not limited to topotecan, gimatecan, irinotecan, camptothecian and its analogues, 9-nitrocamptothecin and 62 57406284.1the macromolecular camptothecin conjugate PNU-166148. Irinotecan can be administered, e.g., in the form as it is marketed, e.g., under the trademark Camptosar™. Topotecan is marketed under the trade name Hycamptin™.

[0258] The term "topoisomerase II inhibitor" as used herein includes, but is not limited to the anthracyclines such as doxorubicin (including liposomal formulation, such as Caelyx™), daunorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin and nemorubicin, the anthraquinones mitoxantrone and losoxantrone, and the podophillotoxines etoposide and teniposide. Etoposide is marketed under the trade name Etopophos™. Teniposide is marketed under the trade name VM 26-Bristol Doxorubicin is marketed under the trade name Acriblastin ™ or Adriamycin™. Epirubicin is marketed under the trade name Farmorubicin™. Idarubicin is marketed under the trade name Zavedos™. Mitoxantrone is marketed under the trade name Novantron.

[0259] The term "microtubule active agent" relates to microtubule stabilizing, microtubule destabilizing compounds and microtublin polymerization inhibitors including, but not limited to taxanes, such as paclitaxel and docetaxel; vinca alkaloids, such as vinblastine or vinblastine sulfate, vincristine or vincristine sulfate, and vinorelbine; discodermolides; cochicine and epothilones and derivatives thereof. Paclitaxel is marketed under the trade name Taxol™. Docetaxel is marketed under the trade name Taxotere™. Vinblastine sulfate is marketed under the trade name Vinblastin R.P™. Vincristine sulfate is marketed under the trade name Farmistin™.

[0260] The term "alkylating agent" as used herein includes, but is not limited to, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, melphalan or nitrosourea (BCNU or Gliadel). Cyclophosphamide is marketed under the trade name Cyclostin™. Ifosfamide is marketed under the trade name Holoxan™.

[0261] The term "histone deacetylase inhibitors" or "HDAC inhibitors" relates to compounds which inhibit the histone deacetylase and which possess antiproliferative activity. This includes, but is not limited to, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA).

[0262] The term "antineoplastic antimetabolite" includes, but is not limited to, 5- fluorouracil or 5-FU, capecitabine, gemcitabine, DNA demethylating compounds, such as 5- azacytidine and decitabine, methotrexate and edatrexate, and folic acid antagonists such as pemetrexed. Capecitabine is marketed under the trade name Xeloda™. Gemcitabine is marketed under the trade name Gemzar™.

[0263] The term "platin compound" as used herein includes, but is not limited to, carboplatin, cis-platin, cisplatinum and oxaliplatin. Carboplatin can be administered, e.g., in 63 57406284.1the form as it is marketed, e.g. under the trademark Carboplat™. Oxaliplatin can be administered, e.g., in the form as it is marketed, e.g. under the trademark Eloxatin™.

[0264] The term "compounds targeting / decreasing a protein or lipid kinase activity; or a protein or lipid phosphatase activity; or further anti-angiogenic compounds" as used herein includes, but is not limited to, protein tyrosine kinase and / or serine and / or threonine kinase inhibitors or lipid kinase inhibitors, such as a) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the platelet-derived growth factor-receptors (PDGFR), such as compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of PDGFR, especially compounds which inhibit the PDGF receptor, such as an N-phenyl-2-pyrimidine-amine derivative, such as imatinib, SU101, SU6668 and GFB-111; b) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the fibroblast growth factor-receptors (FGFR); c) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the insulin-like growth factor receptor I (IGF-IR), such as compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of IGF-IR, especially compounds which inhibit the kinase activity of IGF-I receptor, or antibodies that target the extracellular domain of IGF- I receptor or its growth factors; d) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the Trk receptor tyrosine kinase family, or ephrin B4 inhibitors; e) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the AxI receptor tyrosine kinase family; f) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the Ret receptor tyrosine kinase; g) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the Kit / SCFR receptor tyrosine kinase, such as imatinib; h) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the C-kit receptor tyrosine kinases, which are part of the PDGFR family, such as compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of the c-Kit receptor tyrosine kinase family, especially compounds which inhibit the c-Kit receptor, such as imatinib; i) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of members of the c-Abl family, their gene-fusion products (e.g. BCR-Abl kinase) and mutants, such as compounds which target decrease or inhibit the activity of c-Abl family members and their gene fusion products, such as an N-phenyl-2- pyrimidine-amine derivative, such as imatinib or nilotinib (AMN107); PD180970; AG957; NSC 680410; PD173955 from ParkeDavis; or dasatinib (BMS-354825); j) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of members of the protein kinase C (PKC) and Raf family of serine / threonine kinases, members of the MEK, SRC, JAK / pan-JAK, FAK, PDK1, PKB / Akt, Ras / MAPK, PI3K, SYK, BTK and TEC family, and / or members of the cyclin-dependent kinase family (CDK) including staurosporine derivatives, such as midostaurin; examples of further compounds include UCN-01, safingol, BAY 43-9006, Bryostatin 1, Perifosine; llmofosine; RO 318220 and RO 320432; GO 6976; lsis 3521; 64 57406284.1LY333531 / LY379196; isochinoline compounds; FTIs; PD184352 or QAN697 (a P13K inhibitor) or AT7519 (CDK inhibitor); k) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitors include imatinib mesylate (Gleevec™) or tyrphostin such as Tyrphostin A23 / RG-50810; AG 99; Tyrphostin AG 213; Tyrphostin AG 1748; Tyrphostin AG 490; Tyrphostin B44; Tyrphostin B44 (+) enantiomer; Tyrphostin AG 555; AG 494; Tyrphostin AG 556, AG957 and adaphostin (4-{[(2,5- dihydroxyphenyl)methyl]amino}-benzoic acid adamantyl ester; NSC 680410, adaphostin); l) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the epidermal growth factor family of receptor tyrosine kinases (EGFR1ErbB2, ErbB3, ErbB4 as homo- or heterodimers) and their mutants, such as compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of the epidermal growth factor receptor family are especially compounds, proteins or antibodies which inhibit members of the EGF receptor tyrosine kinase family, such as EGF receptor, ErbB2, ErbB3 and ErbB4 or bind to EGF or EGF related ligands, CP 358774, ZD 1839, ZM 105180; trastuzumab (Herceptin™), cetuximab (Erbitux™), Iressa, Tarceva, OSI-774, Cl- 1033, EKB-569, GW-2016, E1.1, E2.4, E2.5, E6.2, E6.4, E2.11, E6.3 or E7.6.3, and 7H- pyrrolo-[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives; m) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the c-Met receptor, such as compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of c-Met, especially compounds which inhibit the kinase activity of c-Met receptor, or antibodies that target the extracellular domain of c-Met or bind to HGF, n) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the kinase activity of one or more JAK family members (JAK1 / JAK2 / JAK3 / TYK2 and / or pan-JAK), including but not limited to PRT-062070, SB- 1578, baricitinib, pacritinib, momelotinib, VX-509, AZD-1480, TG-101348, tofacitinib, and ruxolitinib; o) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the kinase activity of PI3 kinase (PI3K) including but not limited to ATU-027, SF-1126, DS-7423, PBI-05204, GSK-2126458, ZSTK-474, buparlisib, pictrelisib, PF-4691502, BYL-719, dactolisib, XL-147, XL-765, and idelalisib; and; and q) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the signaling effects of hedgehog protein (Hh) or smoothened receptor (SMO) pathways, including but not limited to cyclopamine, vismodegib, itraconazole, erismodegib, and IPI-926 (saridegib).

[0265] The term “PI3K inhibitor” as used herein includes, but is not limited to compounds having inhibitory activity against one or more enzymes in the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase family, including, but not limited to PI3Kα, PI3Kγ, PI3Kδ, PI3Kβ, PI3K-C2α, PI3K-C2β, PI3K-C2γ, Vps34, p110-α, p110-β, p110-γ, p110-δ, p85-α, p85-β, p55-γ, p150, p101, and p87. Examples of PI3K inhibitors useful in the methods described herein include but are not limited 65 57406284.1to ATU-027, SF-1126, DS-7423, PBI-05204, GSK-2126458, ZSTK-474, buparlisib, pictrelisib, PF-4691502, BYL-719, dactolisib, XL-147, XL-765, and idelalisib.

[0266] The term “BTK inhibitor” as used herein includes, but is not limited to compounds having inhibitory activity against Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase (BTK), including, but not limited to AVL-292 and ibrutinib.

[0267] The term “SYK inhibitor” as used herein includes, but is not limited to compounds having inhibitory activity against spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK), including but not limited to PRT-062070, R-343, R-333, Excellair, PRT-062607, and fostamatinib.

[0268] The term “Bcl-2 inhibitor” as used herein includes, but is not limited to compounds having inhibitory activity against B-cell lymphoma 2 protein (Bcl-2), including but not limited to ABT-199, ABT-731, ABT-737, apogossypol, Ascenta’s pan-Bcl-2 inhibitors, curcumin (and analogs thereof), dual Bcl-2 / Bcl-xL inhibitors (Infinity Pharmaceuticals / Novartis Pharmaceuticals), Genasense (G3139), HA14-1 (and analogs thereof; see WO2008118802), navitoclax (and analogs thereof, see US7390799), NH-1 (Shenayng Pharmaceutical University), obatoclax (and analogs thereof, see WO2004106328), S-001 (Gloria Pharmaceuticals), TW series compounds (Univ. of Michigan), and venetoclax. In some embodiments the Bcl-2 inhibitor is a small molecule therapeutic. In some embodiments the Bcl-2 inhibitor is a peptidomimetic.

[0269] Further examples of BTK inhibitory compounds, and conditions treatable by such compounds in combination with compounds described herein can be found in WO2008039218 and WO2011090760, the entirety of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0270] Further examples of SYK inhibitory compounds, and conditions treatable by such compounds in combination with compounds described herein can be found in WO2003063794, WO2005007623, and WO2006078846, the entirety of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0271] Further examples of PI3K inhibitory compounds, and conditions treatable by such compounds in combination with compounds described herein can be found in WO2004019973, WO2004089925, WO2007016176, US8138347, WO2002088112, WO2007084786, WO2007129161, WO2006122806, WO2005113554, and WO2007044729 the entirety of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0272] Further examples of JAK inhibitory compounds, and conditions treatable by such compounds in combination with compounds described herein can be found in WO2009114512, WO2008109943, WO2007053452, WO2000142246, and WO2007070514, the entirety of which are incorporated herein by reference. 66 57406284.1

[0273] Further anti-angiogenic compounds include compounds having another mechanism for their activity, e.g. unrelated to protein or lipid kinase inhibition e.g. thalidomide (Thalomid™) and TNP-470.

[0274] Examples of proteasome inhibitors useful for use in combination with compounds described herein include, but are not limited to bortezomib, disulfiram, epigallocatechin-3- gallate (EGCG), salinosporamide A, carfilzomib, ONX-0912, CEP-18770, and MLN9708.

[0275] Compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of a protein or lipid phosphatase are e.g. inhibitors of phosphatase 1, phosphatase 2A, or CDC25, such as okadaic acid or a derivative thereof.

[0276] Compounds which induce cell differentiation processes include, but are not limited to, retinoic acid, α- γ- or δ- tocopherol or α- γ- or δ-tocotrienol.

[0277] The term cyclooxygenase inhibitor as used herein includes, but is not limited to, Cox-2 inhibitors, 5-alkyl substituted 2-arylaminophenylacetic acid and derivatives, such as celecoxib (Celebrex™), etoricoxib, valdecoxib or a 5-alkyl-2-arylaminophenylacetic acid, such as 5-methyl-2-(2'-chloro-6'-fluoroanilino)phenyl acetic acid, lumiracoxib.

[0278] The term "bisphosphonates" as used herein includes, but is not limited to, etridonic, clodronic, tiludronic, pamidronic, alendronic, ibandronic, risedronic and zoledronic acid. Etridonic acid is marketed under the trade name Didronel™. Clodronic acid is marketed under the trade name Bonefos™. Tiludronic acid is marketed under the trade name Skelid™. Pamidronic acid is marketed under the trade name Aredia™. Alendronic acid is marketed under the trade name Fosamax™. Ibandronic acid is marketed under the trade name Bondranat™. Risedronic acid is marketed under the trade name Actonel™. Zoledronic acid is marketed under the trade name Zometa™. The term "mTOR inhibitors" relates to compounds which inhibit the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and which possess antiproliferative activity such as sirolimus (Rapamune®), everolimus (Certican™), CCI-779 and ABT578.

[0279] The term "heparanase inhibitor" as used herein refers to compounds which target, decrease or inhibit heparin sulfate degradation. The term includes, but is not limited to, PI-88. The term "biological response modifier" as used herein refers to a lymphokine or interferons.

[0280] The term "inhibitor of Ras oncogenic isoforms", such as H-Ras, K-Ras, or N-Ras, as used herein refers to compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the oncogenic activity of Ras; for example, a "farnesyl transferase inhibitor" such as L-744832, DK8G557 or R115777 (Zarnestra™). The term "telomerase inhibitor" as used herein refers to compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of telomerase. Compounds which target, decrease or 67 57406284.1inhibit the activity of telomerase are especially compounds which inhibit the telomerase receptor, such as telomestatin.

[0281] The term "methionine aminopeptidase inhibitor" as used herein refers to compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of methionine aminopeptidase. Compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of methionine aminopeptidase include, but are not limited to, bengamide or a derivative thereof.

[0282] The term "proteasome inhibitor" as used herein refers to compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of the proteasome. Compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of the proteasome include, but are not limited to, Bortezomib (Velcade™) and MLN 341.

[0283] The term "matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor" or ("MMP" inhibitor) as used herein includes, but is not limited to, collagen peptidomimetic and nonpeptidomimetic inhibitors, tetracycline derivatives, e.g. hydroxamate peptidomimetic inhibitor batimastat and its orally bioavailable analogue marimastat (BB-2516), prinomastat (AG3340), metastat (NSC 683551) BMS-279251, BAY 12-9566, TAA211, MMI270B or AAJ996.

[0284] The term "compounds used in the treatment of hematologic malignancies" as used herein includes, but is not limited to, FMS-like tyrosine kinase inhibitors, which are compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of FMS-like tyrosine kinase receptors (Flt-3R); interferon, 1-β-D-arabinofuransylcytosine (ara-c) and bisulfan; ALK inhibitors, which are compounds which target, decrease or inhibit anaplastic lymphoma kinase, and Bcl-2 inhibitors.

[0285] Compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of FMS-like tyrosine kinase receptors (Flt-3R) are especially compounds, proteins or antibodies which inhibit members of the Flt-3R receptor kinase family, such as PKC412, midostaurin, a staurosporine derivative, SU11248 and MLN518.

[0286] The term "HSP90 inhibitors" as used herein includes, but is not limited to, compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the intrinsic ATPase activity of HSP90; degrading, targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the HSP90 client proteins via the ubiquitin proteosome pathway. Compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the intrinsic ATPase activity of HSP90 are especially compounds, proteins or antibodies which inhibit the ATPase activity of HSP90, such as 17-allylamino,17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17AAG), a geldanamycin derivative; other geldanamycin related compounds; radicicol and HDAC inhibitors.

[0287] The term "antiproliferative antibodies" as used herein includes, but is not limited to, trastuzumab (Herceptin™), Trastuzumab-DM1, erbitux, bevacizumab (Avastin™), rituximab 68 57406284.1(Rituxan®), PRO64553 (anti-CD40) and 2C4 Antibody. By antibodies is meant intact monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal antibodies, multispecific antibodies formed from at least 2 intact antibodies, and antibodies fragments so long as they exhibit the desired biological activity.

[0288] For the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), compounds described herein can be used in combination with standard leukemia therapies, especially in combination with therapies used for the treatment of AML. In particular, compounds described herein can be administered in combination with, for example, farnesyl transferase inhibitors and / or other drugs useful for the treatment of AML, such as Daunorubicin, Adriamycin, Ara-C, VP-16, Teniposide, Mitoxantrone, Idarubicin, Carboplatinum and PKC412. In some embodiments, a method of treating AML associated with an ITD and / or D835Y mutation, can include administering a compound described herein together with a one or more FLT3 inhibitors. In some embodiments, the FLT3 inhibitors are selected from quizartinib (AC220), a staurosporine derivative (e.g. midostaurin or lestaurtinib), sorafenib, tandutinib, LY-2401401, LS-104, EB- 10, famitinib, NOV-110302, NMS-P948, AST-487, G-749, SB-1317, S-209, SC-110219, AKN-028, fedratinib, tozasertib, and sunitinib. In some embodiments, the FLT3 inhibitors are selected from quizartinib, midostaurin, lestaurtinib, sorafenib, and sunitinib.

[0289] Other anti-leukemic compounds include, for example, Ara-C, a pyrimidine analog, which is the 2'-alpha-hydroxy ribose (arabinoside) derivative of deoxycytidine. Also included is the purine analog of hypoxanthine, 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) and fludarabine phosphate. Compounds which target, decrease or inhibit activity of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors such as sodium butyrate and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) inhibit the activity of the enzymes known as histone deacetylases. Specific HDAC inhibitors include MS275, SAHA, FK228 (formerly FR901228), Trichostatin A and compounds disclosed in US 6,552,065 including, but not limited to, N-hydroxy-3-[4-[[[2-(2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-ethyl]- amino]methyl]phenyl]-2E-2-propenamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and N-hydroxy-3-[4-[(2-hydroxyethyl){2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-amino]methyl]phenyl]-2E-2- propenamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, especially the lactate salt. Somatostatin receptor antagonists as used herein refer to compounds which target, treat or inhibit the somatostatin receptor such as octreotide, and SOM230. Tumor cell damaging approaches refer to approaches such as ionizing radiation. The term "ionizing radiation" referred to above and hereinafter means ionizing radiation that occurs as either electromagnetic rays (such as X-rays and gamma rays) or particles (such as alpha and beta particles). Ionizing radiation is provided in, but not limited to, radiation therapy and is known in the art. See 69 57406284.1Hellman, Principles of Radiation Therapy, Cancer, in Principles and Practice of Oncology, Devita et al., Eds., 4thEdition, Vol.1, pp. 248-275 (1993).

[0290] Also included are EDG binders and ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors. The term “EDG binders” as used herein refers to a class of immunosuppressants that modulates lymphocyte recirculation, such as FTY720. The term “ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors” refers to pyrimidine or purine nucleoside analogs including, but not limited to, fludarabine and / or cytosine arabinoside (ara-C), 6-thioguanine, 5-fluorouracil, cladribine, 6- mercaptopurine (especially in combination with ara-C against ALL) and / or pentostatin. Ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors are especially hydroxyurea or 2-hydroxy-1H-isoindole-1 ,3-dione derivatives.

[0291] Also included are in particular those compounds, proteins or monoclonal antibodies of VEGF such as 1-(4-chloroanilino)-4-(4-pyridylmethyl)phthalazine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, 1-(4-chloroanilino)-4-(4-pyridylmethyl)phthalazine succinate; Angiostatin™; Endostatin™; anthranilic acid amides; ZD4190; ZD6474; SU5416; SU6668; bevacizumab; or anti-VEGF antibodies or anti-VEGF receptor antibodies, such as rhuMAb and RHUFab, VEGF aptamer such as Macugon; FLT-4 inhibitors, FLT-3 inhibitors, VEGFR-2 IgGI antibody, Angiozyme (RPI 4610) and Bevacizumab (Avastin™).

[0292] Photodynamic therapy as used herein refers to therapy which uses certain chemicals known as photosensitizing compounds to treat or prevent cancers. Examples of photodynamic therapy include treatment with compounds, such as Visudyne™ and porfimer sodium.

[0293] Angiostatic steroids as used herein refers to compounds which block or inhibit angiogenesis, such as, e.g., anecortave, triamcinolone, hydrocortisone, 11-α-epihydrocotisol, cortexolone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, corticosterone, desoxycorticosterone, testosterone, estrone and dexamethasone.

[0294] Implants containing corticosteroids refers to compounds, such as fluocinolone and dexamethasone.

[0295] Other chemotherapeutic compounds include, but are not limited to, plant alkaloids, hormonal compounds and antagonists; biological response modifiers, preferably lymphokines or interferons; antisense oligonucleotides or oligonucleotide derivatives; shRNA or siRNA; or miscellaneous compounds or compounds with other or unknown mechanism of action.

[0296] The compounds described herein are also useful as co-therapeutic compounds for use in combination with other drug substances such as anti-inflammatory, bronchodilatory or antihistamine drug substances, particularly in the treatment of obstructive or inflammatory airways diseases such as those mentioned hereinbefore, for example as potentiators of 70 57406284.1therapeutic activity of such drugs or as a means of reducing required dosaging or potential side effects of such drugs. A compound described herein may be mixed with the other drug substance in a fixed pharmaceutical composition or it may be administered separately, before, simultaneously with or after the other drug substance. Accordingly a combination of a compound described herein as hereinbefore described with an anti-inflammatory, bronchodilatory, antihistamine or anti-tussive drug substance, said compound described herein and said drug substance can be in the same or different pharmaceutical composition.

[0297] Suitable anti-inflammatory drugs include steroids, in particular glucocorticosteroids such as budesonide, beclamethasone dipropionate, fluticasone propionate, ciclesonide or mometasone furoate; non-steroidal glucocorticoid receptor agonists; LTB4 antagonists such LY293111, CGS025019C, CP-195543, SC-53228, BIIL 284, ONO 4057, SB 209247; LTD4 antagonists such as montelukast and zafirlukast; PDE4 inhibitors such cilomilast (Ariflo® GlaxoSmithKline), Roflumilast (Byk Gulden),V-11294A (Napp), BAY19-8004 (Bayer), SCH- 351591 (Schering- Plough), Arofylline (Almirall Prodesfarma), PD189659 / PD168787 (Parke-Davis), AWD-12- 281 (Asta Medica), CDC-801 (Celgene), SeICID(TM) CC-10004 (Celgene), VM554 / UM565 (Vernalis), T-440 (Tanabe), KW-4490 (Kyowa Hakko Kogyo); A2a agonists; A2b antagonists; and beta-2 adrenoceptor agonists such as albuterol (salbutamol), metaproterenol, terbutaline, salmeterol fenoterol, procaterol, and especially, formoterol and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. Suitable bronchodilatory drugs include anticholinergic or antimuscarinic compounds, in particular ipratropium bromide, oxitropium bromide, tiotropium salts and CHF 4226 (Chiesi), and glycopyrrolate.

[0298] Suitable antihistamine drug substances include cetirizine hydrochloride, acetaminophen, clemastine fumarate, promethazine, loratidine, desloratidine, diphenhydramine and fexofenadine hydrochloride, activastine, astemizole, azelastine, ebastine, epinastine, mizolastine and tefenadine.

[0299] Other useful combinations of compounds described herein with anti-inflammatory drugs are those with antagonists of chemokine receptors, e.g. CCR-1, CCR-2, CCR-3, CCR-4, CCR-5, CCR-6, CCR-7, CCR-8, CCR-9 and CCR10, CXCR1, CXCR2, CXCR3, CXCR4, CXCR5, particularly CCR-5 antagonists such as Schering-Plough antagonists SC-351125, SCH- 55700 and SCH-D, and Takeda antagonists such as N-[[4-[[[6,7-dihydro-2-(4- methylphenyl)-5H-benzo-cyclohepten-8-yl]carbonyl]amino]phenyl]-methyl]tetrahydro-N,N- dimethyl-2H-pyran-4- aminium chloride (TAK-770). 71 57406284.1

[0300] The structure of the active compounds identified by code numbers, generic or trade names may be taken from the actual edition of the standard compendium "The Merck Index" or from databases, e.g., Patents International (e.g. IMS World Publications).

[0301] A compound described herein may also be used in combination with known therapeutic processes, for example, the administration of hormones or radiation. In certain embodiments, a provided compound is used as a radiosensitizer, especially for the treatment of tumors which exhibit poor sensitivity to radiotherapy.

[0302] A compound described herein can be administered alone or in combination with one or more other therapeutic compounds, possible combination therapy taking the form of fixed combinations or the administration of a compound described herein and one or more other therapeutic compounds being staggered or given independently of one another, or the combined administration of fixed combinations and one or more other therapeutic compounds. A compound described herein can besides or in addition be administered especially for tumor therapy in combination with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, phototherapy, surgical intervention, or a combination of these. Long-term therapy is equally possible as is adjuvant therapy in the context of other treatment strategies, as described above. Other possible treatments are therapy to maintain the patient's status after tumor regression, or even chemopreventive therapy, for example in patients at risk.

[0303] Those additional agents may be administered separately from an inventive compound-containing composition, as part of a multiple dosage regimen. Alternatively, those agents may be part of a single dosage form, mixed together with a compound described herein in a single composition. If administered as part of a multiple dosage regime, the two active agents may be submitted simultaneously, sequentially or within a period of time from one another normally within five hours from one another.

[0304] As used herein, the term “combination,” “combined,” and related terms refers to the simultaneous or sequential administration of therapeutic agents. For example, a compound described herein may be administered with another therapeutic agent simultaneously or sequentially in separate unit dosage forms or together in a single unit dosage form. Accordingly, a single unit dosage form can include a compound described herein, an additional therapeutic agent, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle.

[0305] The amount of both an inventive compound and additional therapeutic agent (in those compositions which comprise an additional therapeutic agent as described above) that may be combined with the carrier materials to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host treated and the particular mode of administration. Preferably, 72 57406284.1compositions described herein should be formulated so that a dosage of between 0.01 - 100 mg / kg body weight / day of an inventive compound can be administered.

[0306] In those compositions which comprise an additional therapeutic agent, that additional therapeutic agent and the compound described herein may act synergistically. Therefore, the amount of additional therapeutic agent in such compositions will be less than that required in a monotherapy utilizing only that therapeutic agent. In such compositions, a dosage of between 0.01 – 1,000 ^g / kg body weight / day of the additional therapeutic agent can be administered.

[0307] The amount of additional therapeutic agent present in the compositions described herein will be no more than the amount that would normally be administered in a composition comprising that therapeutic agent as the only active agent. Preferably the amount of additional therapeutic agent in the presently disclosed compositions will range from about 50% to 100% of the amount normally present in a composition comprising that agent as the only therapeutically active agent.

[0308] The compounds described herein, or pharmaceutical compositions thereof, may also be incorporated into compositions for coating an implantable medical device, such as prostheses, artificial valves, vascular grafts, stents and catheters. Vascular stents, for example, have been used to overcome restenosis (re-narrowing of the vessel wall after injury). However, patients using stents or other implantable devices risk clot formation or platelet activation. These unwanted effects may be prevented or mitigated by pre-coating the device with a pharmaceutically acceptable composition comprising a kinase inhibitor. Implantable devices coated with a compound described herein are another embodiment. EXEMPLIFICATION

[0309] As depicted in the Examples below, in certain exemplary embodiments, compounds are prepared according to the following general procedures. It will be appreciated that, the following general methods, and other methods known to one of ordinary skill in the art, can be applied to all compounds and subclasses and species of each of these compounds, as described herein. Additional compounds described herein may be prepared by methods substantially similar to those described herein in the Examples and methods known to one skilled in the art. The TYK2 inhibitors (e.g., Compound 1) described herein can be prepared by methods known to one of ordinary skill in the art, for example, as described in US 11,046,698, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 73 57406284.1Example 1: A Phase 2b Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Oral Compound 1 in Subjects with Moderately to Severely Active Crohn’s Disease Short Title: A Phase 2b Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Oral Compound 1 in Subjects with Moderately to Severely Active Crohn’s Disease Number of Participants (Total and per Treatment Arm): Approximately 268 subjects will be randomized 1:1:1:1 to receive one of four treatment groups (ie, Compound 130 mg once daily [QD], 50 mg QD, 75 mg QD, or placebo QD). Investigator(s): Multicenter study Site(s) and Region(s): North America, Europe, and Asia Pacific with approximately 120 to 150 study sites. Study Period (Planned): The maximum study duration per subject is approximately 60 weeks, including up to 30 days for the screening period, a 12-week randomized and double-blinded induction treatment period, 40-week (sponsor- open) maintenance treatment period, and a 4-week safety follow-up period. Objectives and Endpoints: Objectives: Endpoints: Primary Objective: Primary Endpoint: To evaluate the efficacy of Compound 130 Endoscopic response at Week 12, assessed as proportion of mg, 50 mg and 75 mg orally administered QD, subjects achieving decrease in Simple Endoscopic Score for compared to placebo, in achieving endoscopic Crohn's Disease (SES-CD) ≥ 50% from baseline (or for response at Week 12 in subjects with subjects with isolated ileal disease, SES-CD ≤4 or at least a moderately to severely active CD. 2-point reduction from baseline) read centrally. Safety Objectives: Safety Endpoints: To assess the safety and tolerability of ^ Incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events Compound 130 mg, 50 mg and 75 mg orally (TEAEs). administered QD compared to placebo, in ^ Changes in vital signs, clinical laboratory subjects with moderately to severely active parameters, and electrocardiogram (ECG). CD. ^ Incidence of adverse events of special interest (AESIs) Note: the expected total AUC0-tauand Cmaxresulting from these dose levels are within the observed preclinical exposures. Based on toxicokinetic data, the highest AUC0-tau projected in this study maintains 3.7-fold (AUC) and 7-fold (Cmax) margins to the observed NOAEL in the 26-week rat toxicity study when findings attributed to the M6 metabolite, considered to be rat- specific, are excluded, and 8-fold (AUC) and 10-fold (Cmax) margins to the NOAEL in the 39- week monkey toxicity study. Example 2: A Phase 2, Multicenter, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-blind Induction Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Oral Compound 1 in Subjects with Moderately to Severely Active Ulcerative Colitis Short Title: A Phase 2 Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Oral Compound 1 in Subjects with Moderately to Severely Active Ulcerative Colitis 74 57406284.1Number of Participants (Total and per Treatment Arm): Approximately 216 subjects will be randomized 1:1:1 to receive one of three treatment groups (ie, Compound 150 mg once daily [QD],75 mg QD, or placebo QD). Investigators: Multicenter study Site(s) and Region(s): North America, Europe, and Asia Pacific with approximately 115 study sites Study Period (Planned): The maximum study duration per subject is approximately 60 weeks, including up to 30 days for the screening period, a 12-week randomized and double blinded induction treatment period, a 40-week open- label treatment period, and a 4-week safety follow-up period. Objectives and Endpoints: Objectives: Endpoints: Primary Objective: Primary Endpoint: To evaluate the efficacy of Compound 150 mg Clinical remission at Week 12, assessed as and 75 mg orally administered QD, compared to proportion of subjects achieving a modified placebo, in achieving clinical remission at Mayo Score (Scoring System for Assessment of Week 12 in subjects with moderately to severely Ulcerative Colitis Activity) of ≤2 with stool active UC. frequency subscore of ≤1, rectal bleeding subscore of 0, and central read endoscopic subscore of ≤1 (score of 1 modified to exclude friability). Safety Objective: Safety Endpoints: ^ To assess the safety and tolerability of ^ Incidence of treatment-emergent adverse Compound 150 mg and 75 mg orally events (TEAEs). administered QD compared to placebo, in ^ Changes in vital signs, clinical laboratory subjects with moderately to severely active parameters, and ECG. UC. ^ Incidence of adverse events of special interest (AESIs). Notes: the expected total AUC0-tau and Cmax resulting from these dose levels are within the observed preclinical exposures. Based on toxicokinetic data, the highest AUC0-tauprojected in this study maintains 3.7-fold (AUC) and 7-fold (Cmax) margins to the observed NOAEL in the 26-week rat toxicity study when findings attributed to the M6 metabolite, considered to be rat- specific, are excluded, and 8-fold (AUC) and 10-fold (Cmax) margins to the NOAEL in the 39 week monkey toxicity study. Example 3: A Phase 1, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multiple Dose Study of Compound 1 in Healthy Volunteers (Study 104) Synopsis

[0310] Rationale: In a previous study (Study 101), two cohorts of healthy participants received Compound 1 at the dose of 20 mg or 35 mg daily for 2 weeks. Treatment was generally safe and well tolerated, without serious or severe adverse events reported. The present study was designed to continue dose escalation in healthy participants in order to define a relatively broad dose range to help select doses for future studies in patients with psoriasis and other autoimmune diseases. The nonclinical pharmacology, toxicology, and pharmacokinetic (PK) 75 57406284.1studies and earlier clinical data support the proposed multiple dose study of Compound 1 in healthy participants. Objectives and Endpoints Objectives Endpoints Primary Assess the safety and tolerability of multiple Frequency and severity of adverse events oral doses of Compound 1 in healthy participants Secondary Assess the PK of multiple oral doses of AUC0-tau, Cmax, tmax, and AUC0-last. Compound 1 in healthy participants Minimal observed concentration within the dosing interval. Area under the concentration-time curve from time zero to the end of the dosing interval AUC0-tau(tau=24 hours). %AUCextrapt, t1 / 2z, CL / F at steady state, and Vz / F at steady state. Accumulation index. Characterize the pharmacodynamics (PD) of Production of interferon-gamma (IFN ^) from multiple oral doses of Compound 1 in healthy whole blood treated ex-vivo with IL-12 participants. following compound administration Overall Design

[0311] This was a phase 1, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple dose study of Compound 1 in healthy participants.

[0312] The study population was comprised of healthy male participants and / or female participants of non-childbearing potential 18 to 65 years of age. There were two multiple dose cohorts (Cohorts 1 and 2) of 8 healthy participants who received daily doses of Compound 1 (N=6) or placebo (N=2) for 2 weeks. Study participants were admitted to the CRU on Day -1. Participants remained confined in the CRU through completion of all scheduled procedures until Day 22, and then discharged if medically appropriate. Safety labs, PK blood draws, PD blood draws, and adverse event evaluations took place as per the Schedule of Activities (SoA). 76 57406284.1

[0313] Cohort 2 was not enrolled until adequate safety and tolerability from Cohort 1 was demonstrated as determined by the PI and Sponsor.

[0314] Patients were questioned about potential COVID-19 exposure / symptoms and tested for COVID-19 via PCR test at the screening visit and at Day -1, and samples were sent to a central laboratory. Patients with a positive PCR test at screening or Day -1 were considered Screen Failures. Participants who develop symptoms consistent with COVID-19 infection after dosing were tested via PCR test and were withdrawn from the study if they had a positive result. This was recorded as an Adverse Event. Disclosure Statement: This is a sequential group interventional study with two cohorts that are Sponsor, participant, and investigator blinded. Number of Participants:

[0315] There were approximately 16 participants randomly assigned to study intervention and 16 evaluable participants (8 per cohort). Intervention Groups and Duration:

[0316] 16 participants are expected to receive either active study drug or placebo at the doses specified below. Table 1: Cohorts and Dose Levels Cohort Dose Level Dose Cohort 1 DL1 50 mg or matching placebo Cohort 2 DL2 100 mg or matching placebo

[0317] The screening period was approximately 28 days. Participants were confined at the CRU from Day –1 to Day 22. Treatment was given daily for 14 days, and a SFU visit was scheduled to take place on Day 22 prior to discharge from the CRU. The total duration of study participation was approximately 50 days. Dose Escalation Stopping Rules

[0318] A decision to proceed to the next higher dose from Cohort 1 to Cohort 2 was made jointly by the Sponsor and the PI following the review of all pertinent blinded safety / tolerability (e.g., AEs, clinical laboratory tests, physical examinations, vital signs, and safety ECGs) and PK data through Day 15 for at least 6 participants in Cohort 1. Together the Sponsor and PI determined whether to continue with the study as planned, continue the study with additional safety evaluations, continue the study with a dose different from that planned for Cohort 2, or discontinue dose escalation. 77 57406284.1

[0319] Dose escalation was terminated if at least 2 participants in a cohort meet any of the following criteria attributable to study drug: ^ Have a drug-related SAE. ^ Experience a drug-related grade 3 or higher toxicity.

[0320] Dose escalation was terminated if even 1 participant at a given dose level meets the following criterion attributable to study drug: 1. Has evidence of drug-induced liver injury (DILI).

[0321] If treatment-related SAEs, grade ≥3 AEs, and / or evidence to suggest DILI are observed, a PK sample was collected, and the Sponsor notified. At the discretion of the PI, the corresponding participant’s treatment assignment may be unblinded to determine whether the events are related to Compound 1 and whether the stopping criteria have been met. Any unblinding of participant treatment was documented.

[0322] When applicable, a written statement fully documenting the reasons for study termination was provided to the IRB. The study was monitored by the study team. Justification for Dose

[0323] Compound 1 has previously been investigated in a first in human study (Study 101) of healthy volunteers in a Single and at two Multiple Dose (SAD and MD) levels. Single doses between 5 mg and 200 mg and multiple doses of 20 mg or 35 mg daily for 2 weeks were generally safe and well tolerated. There were no serious or severe AEs, nor AEs that led to discontinuation of treatment. The most common adverse effect was a form of skin rash, acneiform dermatitis, seen in 7 of 17 (41%) of subjects receiving single doses of 100 mg or higher and 8 of 12 (67%) of subjects receiving multiple doses. While common, these events were all mild in intensity and, even in the multiple dose groups, resolved within 1 to 2 weeks with limited or no intervention and without requiring discontinuation of treatment.

[0324] In the single dose cohorts, which used the TPGS formulation, overall exposure to Compound 1 increased in an approximately dose proportional manner between 5 mg and 75 mg, and in a less than dose proportional manner between 100 mg and 200 mg. Overall, exposure was similar after a single dose of Compound 1 as TPGS or SDD formulation. Similar oral exposure was observed when Compound 1 with SDD formulation was administered in a fed or fasted state.

[0325] In the multiple dose cohorts, which used the TPGS formulation, moderate accumulation of Compound 1 was observed at the 20 mg and 35 mg daily dose levels, with accumulation ratios of <3 across both Cmaxand AUC0-taufor both dose regimens. At steady 78 57406284.1state, treatment with 20 mg achieved a Cmaxof approximately 207 ng / mL and an AUClastof approximately 3160 hr*ng / mL. The corresponding Cmax and AUClast values observed at steady state with the 35 mg dose given daily for 2 weeks were approximately 325 ng / mL and 5839 hr*ng / mL. The AUC exposure levels achieved with the higher dose tested, 35 mg, were approximately 8- to 9-fold lower than the NOAELs determined in 28-day repeat-dose toxicity studies in monkeys and rats, respectively.

[0326] The present study investigated two additional multiple doses, 50 mg in Cohort 1 and up to 100 mg in Cohort 2, in order to expand the range of doses studied. The SDD formulation was used in this study. The projected exposure levels following administration of 50 mg and 100 mg doses given daily for 2 weeks are projected to be approximately 7- and 8-fold lower (50 mg) and 3- and 4-fold lower (100 mg) than the NOAELs determined in 28-day repeat-dose toxicity studies in monkeys and rats, respectively.

[0327] The nonclinical pharmacology, toxicology, and pharmacokinetic (PK) studies, early clinical data, as well as the modeling data for the 50 mg and 100 mg dose, support the proposed multiple dose study of Compound 1 in healthy participants, with 50 mg as the first dose being tested. Check-In Procedures (Day -1)

[0328] On the morning of Day -1, all participants returned to the CRU. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were reviewed to ensure participants continue to meet all entry criteria. A second PCR COVID-19 test were also performed, and samples sent to a central laboratory. After the PCR test has been performed, participants remained in an isolated area until the test results are received later that day. Participants who do not meet all the inclusion criteria or meet any of the exclusion criteria on Day -1 (including a positive COVID-19 test) were considered Screen Failures.

[0329] Alternates who meet entry criteria at screening also returned to the CRU to complete Day -1 activities. If the alternates were not randomized because the target number of participants per cohort had been met, they were still eligible for the following cohort. Day -1 labs did not need to be repeated if the alternates are enrolled in the study the day following their initial Day -1 assessment. Treatment and Monitoring Period

[0330] On the morning of Day 1, pre-dose evaluations were obtained. Upon completing review of all criteria, the participant was randomized.

[0331] Participants received a single oral dose of Compound 1 or placebo in a blinded manner on the morning of Day 1 and then daily for a total of 14 days. Safety and tolerability 79 57406284.1were assessed during the treatment period through monitoring, including of vital signs, clinical laboratory tests, 12-lead ECGs, and AEs. Blood samples for PK and PD assessments and urine samples for metabolite profiling were collected at the timepoints as listed. Cardiodynamic monitoring was also conducted. SFU Visit / Early Termination

[0332] The SFU visit was performed on Day 22 prior to discharge.

[0333] Safety and tolerability were assessed through monitoring, including of vital signs, clinical laboratory tests, 12-lead ECGs, and AEs.

[0334] In the event of early termination, the procedures listed in the SoA for the SFU visit should be performed. However, a blood sample for PK assessments were also collected. Following the early termination visit, the participant should return to the site for a SFU visit no more than 7 days after the last study drug administration. Meal Schedule

[0335] Meals and / or snacks were provided as appropriate on Day -1.

[0336] Participants were required to fast for a minimum of 8 hours overnight prior to study drug administration and continue to fast for at least 4 hours thereafter on Day 1 only.

[0337] Water (except water provided with dosing) was restricted from 1 hour prior to until 1 hour after dosing but was allowed ad libitum at all other times. Other fluids were permitted as part of the standard meals and / or snacks but were restricted at all other times throughout the confinement period. Duration of Confinement

[0338] Participants were confined to the CRU for 22 days. Inclusion Criteria

[0339] Participants were eligible to be included in the study only if all the following criteria apply: Age 1. Participant must be 18 to 65 years of age inclusive, at the time of signing the informed consent. Type of Participant and Disease Characteristics 2. Participants who are medically healthy volunteers with no clinically significant medical history, physical examination, laboratory profiles, vital signs, or ECGs at screening and Day - 1 as deemed by the PI. All laboratories should generally be within the normal range specified by the CRU laboratory. 80 57406284.13. Non-smoker (defined as an individual who has not used nicotine-containing products, including cigarettes and e-cigarettes, for at least 3 months prior to dosing). Weight 4. Body mass index (BMI) within the range 18-35 kg / m2(inclusive) at screening and clinic admission. Sex 5. Males, or females not of childbearing potential. Male participants and their female partners must use two methods of contraception, one considered highly effective (failure rate of less than 1% per year) as defined by CTFG guidelines (CTFG 2014) and the other a barrier method when engaging in sexual intercourse during the study. After final dose administration, male participants and their partners should continue to use contraception and refrain from donating sperm for 90 days. Female participants must have been either surgically sterilized at least 6 months prior to screening or be postmenopausal (FSH test to confirm). Informed Consent 6. Capable of giving signed informed consent which includes compliance with the requirements and restrictions listed in the informed consent form (ICF) and in this protocol. Exclusion Criteria

[0340] Participants were excluded from the study if any of the following criteria apply: Medical Conditions 1. Any acute or chronic medical condition, including the presence of laboratory abnormalities (greater than Grade 1) or electrocardiogram (ECG) examination abnormalities, or psychiatric illness, that would prevent the participant from signing the Informed Consent form, place the participant at an unacceptable risk if he / she were to participate in the study, or confound the ability to interpret data from the study. Participants with evidence of mild active infection (e.g., upper respiratory, urinary, gastrointestinal) at the time of screening can be brought back for rescreening after symptoms have completely resolved and the appropriate course of treatment has been completed. 2. Female participants of childbearing potential. 3. Positive serology for hepatitis B, hepatitis C, or human immunodeficiency virus (HBsAg, HCV Ab, or HIV Ab positive). 4. Positive PCR test for COVID-19 at the screening or Day -1 visit; or suspected COVID-19 infection within 10 days of the screening visit; or prior contact with another person 81 57406284.1diagnosed or under investigation for COVID-19 within 10 days of screening. However, subjects who have tested positive for COVID-19 during screening for Cohort 1 may be re- screened for Cohort 2 after they have completed an appropriate quarantine period per CDC guidelines. Subjects with prior COVID-19 infection (based on clinical symptoms or laboratory testing) who have symptomatically recovered, test negative for COVID-19 antigen by PCR and have no sequelae may also be screened for inclusion in the study as deemed appropriate by the PI. 5. Participants with any surgical or medical conditions that may affect the study drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, or excretion. 6. Blood pressure is less than 90 / 40 mmHg or greater than 140 / 90 mmHg at screening. 7. Heart rate is lower than 40 bpm or higher than 99 bpm at screening. 8. QTcF (Fridericia correction) interval >450 msec for males or >470 msec for females at screening, or history of prolonged QT syndrome. 9. Blood (including whole blood, platelet, or plasma) donation or significant blood loss within 56 days prior to dosing or planned donation within 30 days of final study medication administration. 10. Inability to tolerate oral medication. 11. History of solid or hematologic malignancy (including pre-malignant states such as myelodysplastic syndrome or lymphoproliferative disorders) within the past 5 years; excludes past history of localized basal cell or squamous cell carcinoma of the skin that has been surgically removed with no evidence of recurrence, ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast successfully treated, and cervical cancer in situ successfully treated. Prior / Concomitant Drugs, Supplements, or Procedures 12. Participants who have received any vaccine, including COVID-19, within 28 days of dosing. 13. Participants who have used systemic prescription medications within 30 days (or 5 half-lives of the concomitant therapy, whichever is the longer) of dosing, or who have used over-the-counter, herbal remedies, vitamin supplements, or topical medications within 14 days of dosing. Self-limited use of medication (e.g., Tylenol) can be considered for an exception, if approved by the PI and Sponsor. 14. Participants who plan to have elective medical procedures during the conduct of the study. 82 57406284.115. Participants who engage in recreational drug use or who test positive on drug screen test at screening. 16. Participants who test positive for cotinine. Prior / Concurrent Clinical Study Experience 17. Participants who have been administered an investigational drug or an approved drug in an investigational setting within 30 days or 5 half-lives (whichever is longer) or within 6 months of study medication administration if investigational drug is a biologic (e.g., antibody) or who are currently enrolled in an investigational study. Diagnostic Assessments 18. Participants who may have any other criteria (such as clinically significant screening blood test result), which in the opinion of the PI, could interfere with the study conduct or outcome. Other Exclusions 19. Participants with any known hypersensitivity to any of the excipients contained in the study drug or placebo formulation. 20. Alcohol consumption within 14 days of randomization. Lifestyle Considerations

[0341] Limitations on diet, substance use, and activity level were required during participation in the study as outlined in the following sections. Meals and Dietary Restrictions

[0342] Participants are prohibited from consumption of grapefruit or grapefruit juice 14 days before dosing, during all treatment periods, and throughout the period of PK sample collection. Caffeine, Alcohol, Tobacco, and Cannabis Restrictions

[0343] Consumption of foods and beverages containing the following substances were prohibited as indicated:

[0344] Participants may not consume products containing xanthines or caffeine from 48 hours before dosing and throughout the period of PK sample collection.

[0345] Participants may not consume alcohol or alcohol containing products within 14 days of dosing or as described for concomitant medication use. Cold medications and other agents containing small amounts of alcohol are allowed if deemed necessary by the PI.

[0346] Participants may not use tobacco or nicotine products (including smokeless tobacco, nicotine patches, or nicotine gum) while at the clinical unit and should refrain from use of such products use during the study screening period. 83 57406284.1

[0347] Participants may not use recreational drugs, including Cannabis products (in any form, including oral or sublingual) while at the clinical unit. Participants should also refrain from use of recreational drugs during the study screening period. Activity

[0348] Participants should limit physical activity to levels sufficient to carry out activities of daily living (e.g., eating, bathing, dressing) from 48 hours prior to dosing through the SFU visit. During this time, no moderate or strenuous activity is allowed (e.g., doubles tennis, 3-5k runs, marathon training / running, CrossFit training, or weight-lifting). Study Intervention(s) Administered ARM Name Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Intervention Name Compound 1 SDD Drug Product or Compound 1 SDD Drug Product or Placebo Placebo Type Drug Drug Dose Formulation capsule capsule Unit Dose 50 mg 25 mg Strength(s) Dosage Level(s) 50 mg QD for 2 weeks 100mg QD for 2 weeks Route of oral oral Administration Use Experimental Experimental IMP and NIMP IMP IMP Sourcing Provided centrally by the Sponsor Provided centrally by the Sponsor designee designee Packaging and Study Intervention was provided in a Study Intervention was provided in a Labeling container. Each container was labeled container. Each container was labeled as required per country requirement. as required per country requirement. Excipients Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose-acetate-succinate, Microcrystalline Cellulose, Mannitol, Croscarmellose Sodium, Silicon Dioxide, Sodium Lauryl Sulfate and Sodium Stearyl Fumarate Safety Assessments 84 57406284.1

[0349] The primary objective of the study was to assess the safety and tolerability of Compound 1. Safety was determined by evaluating physical examinations, vital signs, ECGs, clinical laboratory parameters, and AEs.

[0350] If deemed necessary, additional safety measurements were performed at the discretion of the PI. The Sponsor Medical Monitor was available for consultation for any potential safety issues throughout the study. Physical Examinations

[0351] Body height (centimeters) and body weight (kilograms) were measured.

[0352] The targeted physical examination included, at a minimum, assessment of the cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, and neurological systems. Height (at screening only) and weight were also measured and recorded. BMI was calculated at screening and clinic admission only. A licensed physician or qualified designee examined each participant. Physical examinations may be performed at various unscheduled timepoints if deemed necessary by the PI.

[0353] Any abnormal findings during the screening period were recorded as medical history.

[0354] The PI or qualified designee should pay attention to clinical signs related to previous illnesses. Vital Signs

[0355] Vital signs were measured with the participant in a supine position after 5 minutes rest in a quiet setting without distractions (e.g., television, cell phones). In instances where the safety ECG coincides with defined timepoints for cardiodynamic ECG extractions, vital signs were taken after at least a 10-minute rest. Vitals included measurement of temperature (oral or tympanic), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate.

[0356] Blood pressure and heart rate measurements were assessed with an automated device. Manual techniques were used only if an automated device is not available. For blood pressure and heart rate, 3 readings were taken. The eligibility of the participant at screening was determined using the average of the three readings.

[0357] Vital signs were measured at Day -1. For blood pressure and heart rate, three readings should be taken and recorded. Eligibility should be confirmed using the average of the three readings.

[0358] On Day 1 and Day 2, vital signs are to be obtained within 30 minutes prior to dosing. Post-dose vital signs are to be taken within 30 minutes of the designated timepoints in the Schedule of Activities (i.e., 2, 4, 8, and 24 hours post-dose). 85 57406284.1

[0359] Vitals were also measured on the final day of study drug administration and SFU (see SoA). For blood pressure and heart rate, three readings should be taken and recorded.

[0360] Additional measurements should be taken as deemed necessary by the PI. Electrocardiograms

[0361] For study conduct, ECGs were classified as Safety ECGs or Cardiodynamic ECGs, and were performed. Standard 12-Lead ECGs (Safety ECGs)

[0362] 12-lead ECGs were performed. Timing and recording technique for ECGs were standardized for all participants. All safety ECGs following study drug administration on Day 1 were obtained and recorded in triplicate. Holter Monitoring (Cardiodynamic ECGs)

[0363] Timing and recording technique for ECGs were standardized for all participants involved with cardiodynamic monitoring. Holter monitoring was performed to collect continuous 12-lead ECG data from 2 hours pre-dose to 24 hours post-dose on Days 1 and 14. During this period, at defined timepoints generally paired with PK blood draws (with the exception of pre-dose, for which cardiodynamic monitoring requires 3 independent pre-dose measurements at 60, 45, and 30 minutes pre-dose), ECG extractions were performed by a third- party vendor using the data from the Holter monitor. Clinical Safety Laboratory Assessments

[0364] Clinical safety laboratory assessments were made as summarized above.

[0365] The PI or qualified must review the laboratory report, document this review, and record any clinically relevant changes occurring during the study.

[0366] Laboratory tests with values considered clinically significantly abnormal during participation in the study should be repeated until the values return to the participant’s baseline or are no longer considered clinically significant by the PI.

[0367] If such values do not return to normal / baseline within a period of time judged reasonable by the PI, the etiology should be investigated, and the Sponsor notified.

[0368] Non-protocol specified laboratory assessments requiring a change in participant management or considered clinically significant by the PI (e.g., resulting in an AE) must also be recorded in the CRF. Drug Induced Liver Injury (DILI)

[0369] Events meeting the definition for Drug-induced Liver Injury (DILI): ^ Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or aspartate aminotransferase (AST) ≥3X ULN and total bilirubin (TBL) >2X ULN in the presence of normal alkaline phosphatase (ALP), 86 57406284.1requires immediate enhanced monitoring (of all liver tests, minimally: ALT, AST, ALP, and TBL and well as prothrombin time (PT) / INR) and an evaluation for cause of liver test abnormalities (FDA 2009). ^ ALT or AST>3xULN with the appearance of fatigue, nausea, vomiting, right upper quadrant pain or tenderness, fever, rash, and / or eosinophilia (>5%) (FDA 2009).

[0370] The Medical Monitor should be contacted immediately. Additional medical management considerations (for the specific participant and possibly extending to the broader cohort) while the evaluation is ongoing should be discussed.

[0371] The following adverse events of special interest require expedited reporting to Sponsor, the PI should inform the Sponsor within 24 hours of learning of the following events. ^ Grade >2 cytopenia ^ Platelets less than 75000 / mm3 ^ WBC less than 3000 / mm3 ^ Neutrophils less than 1500 / mm3 ^ Lymphocytes less than 800 / mm3 ^ Hemoglobin less than 10g / dL ^ Grade > 3 elevation in creatine phosphokinase (CPK) [>5X ULN] Pharmacokinetic Measurements

[0372] Blood samples of approximately 5 mL were collected for measurement of plasma concentrations of Compound 1 and its metabolites.

[0373] The actual date and time (24-hour clock time) of each sample was recorded.

[0374] Samples were used to evaluate the PK of Compound 1. Each sample was divided into two aliquots (one each for PK and a back-up). Samples collected for analyses of plasma concentration may also be used to evaluate metabolite formation or safety aspects related to concerns arising during or after the study.

[0375] Pharmacokinetic blood samples were collected as follows. PK Sampling Timepoint Allowable Windows Pre-dosing (Day 1, 8 and 14) ±30mins 0.5 hour post-dose (Day 1 and 14) ±5mins 1 hour post-dose (Day 1 and 14) ±5mins 87 57406284.12 hours post-dose (Day 1 and 14) ±5mins 3 hours post-dose (Day 1 and 14) ±10mins 4 hours post-dose (Day 1 and 14) ±30mins 6 hours post-dose (Day 1 and 14) ±60mins 8 hours post-dose (Day 1 and 14) ±60mins 12 hours post-dose (Day 1 and 14) ±60mins 24 hours (Day 2 and 15) post-dose ±60mins 48 hours post-dose (Day 3 and 16) ±120mins 72 hours post-dose (Day 4 and 17) ±120mins End of Study (if early termination) Not applicable

[0376] Urine samples were collected from all participants in Cohort 2 at Day 1 pre-dosing and at Day 14 as follows: Time Intervals Pre-dosing Record actual time 0 – 8 hours post-dose Record total volume voided, start and stop time of collection 8 – 16 hours post-dose Record total volume voided, start and stop time of collection 16 – 24 hours post-dose Record total volume voided, start and stop time of collection Pharmacodynamics

[0377] As a measure of pharmacodynamic response to treatment with Compound 1, whole- blood samples of ~ 1 mL were collected from selected timepoints directly into provided TruCulture (Myriad RBM) whole blood assay collection tubes. Collection occurred within a window of ±30 minutes of the specified timepoint. These samples were incubated at the CRU ex-vivo at 37° C for ~24 hours and the levels of IFNγ produced in response to cytokine stimulation from the cell supernatant were quantified using appropriate immunoassays. 88 57406284.1Example 4: Treatment of IBD with Compound 1

[0378] Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) represents one of the key potential differentiation opportunities for our selective allosteric TYK2 inhibitor, Compound 1, where we believe the selectivity and PK and PD profile of Compound 1 may enable higher targeted TYK2 inhibition while maintaining a favorable tolerability profile.

[0379] IBD is an inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract caused by an immune response to environmental triggers. According to the Decision Resources Group, the two most common forms of IBD, ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, are estimated to affect approximately 1.9 million adults in the U.S. Ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease are distinguished primarily by the affected portion of the gastrointestinal tract. Ulcerative colitis is characterized by inflammation of the large intestine or colon and the rectum, while Crohn’s disease encompasses inflammation of any part of the gastrointestinal tract, but most often impacts the end of the small intestine or the ileum where it joins the colon. We believe that approximately 980,000 adults in the U.S. and an equal number of adults in the EU4 and the UK are diagnosed with ulcerative colitis, and approximately 900,000 adults in each of the U.S. and the EU4 plus the UK are diagnosed with Crohn’s disease.

[0380] The approach to IBD treatment is determined by multiple factors, including disease severity, location of inflammation, previous response to treatment, side effects and co- morbidities. The most common oral treatments for ulcerative colitis are anti-inflammatories that contain 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA). These drugs decrease inflammation at the intestinal wall and may reduce symptoms and maintain remission in ulcerative colitis but are not as effective in treating Crohn’s disease. Corticosteroids and other oral immunomodulators may be used for short-term control of flare-ups and to maintain remission in IBD patients who have not responded to other medications.

[0381] Injectable biologics generally are reserved for treatment of moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. The most commonly prescribed biologics are anti-TNFα biologics (including AbbVie’s Humira®, Johnson & Johnson’s Remicade® and Simponi®, and UCB Pharma’s Cimzia®). Newer biologic treatment options include anti-integrin therapies for ulcerative colitis (Takeda’s Entyvio®) and anti-IL-12 / IL-23 antibodies (e.g., Johnson & Johnson’s Stelara®) for Crohn’s disease. Pfizer’s oral JAK inhibitor, Xeljanz®, was approved for treatment of ulcerative colitis in 2018; however commercial uptake has been limited due to the aforementioned safety concerns. BMS’s Zeposia®, an S1P1R oral modulator, was approved for treatment of moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis in May 2021. 89 57406284.1

[0382] In 2020, the IBD market for all levels of severity was approximately $14 billion in the U.S. and $25 billion globally. Global reported sales of treatments for ulcerative colitis totaled an estimated $7.9 billion in 2020, while global annual sales of treatments for Crohn’s disease totaled an estimated $17.7 billion in 2020. Market research suggests the IBD commercial market has significant growth potential driven by increasing disease incidence and the emergence of novel oral therapeutics. We believe projected gains for oral agents are supported by physician and patient preference for oral administration over injectable biological therapies, high demand for new therapies with competitive clinical profiles, and the potential for potent and well-tolerated oral agents to expand the overall treated moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis population.

[0383] TNF inhibitor sales currently dominate the ulcerative colitis treatment market, closely followed by sales of other injectable biologic therapies (anti-IL-12 / 23 antibodies and anti-integrin therapies), and oral 5-ASA therapies. Example 5: Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion (ADME) and Other Properties of Compound 1

[0384] The potency and selectivity for Compound 1 were explored by screening Compound 1 at a 1 micromolar concentration for binding against a panel of 631 kinases. Only one kinase was inhibited with >50% inhibition: PIP5K1C (54% inhibition). Various in vitro potency / selectivity results are summarized in the table below. In Vitro Potency / Selectivity and Other Compound 1 Properties ALog D2.0Caco-2 (A-B Papp / Efflux Ratio)15 / 1TYK2 JH2 Kd0.0038 nMTYK2 PBMC IL12 pSTAT4 IC506.7 nMhWB IFN⍺ IP-10 IC5051 nMmWB IFN⍺ IP-10 IC50347 nMrWB IFN⍺ IP-10 IC5091 nM90 57406284.1TYK2 / JAK1-3 JH1 Kds>30,000 nMJAK1 JH2 Kd5,000 nMJAK2 JH2 Kd23,000 nMJAK2 PBMC GMCSF pSTAT5 IC50>50,000 nMJAK1 / 3 PBMC IL 2 pSTAT5 IC50>50,000 nMPDE4D IC50 >10,000 nM hERG (Patch Clamp) IC50>30,000 nM <50% inhibition for 85 targets; only two 87 target panel of enzymes, ion channels, receptors enzymes were inhibited with >50% inhibition: @ 10,000 nM LCK (54%) and the adenosine transporter (53%)

[0385] Drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic (PK) studies were conducted with Compound 1 in rodent (mouse and rat) and non-rodent (dog and monkey) species and systemic exposure to Compound 1 following oral administration was evaluated in the completed nonclinical safety studies. In Vitro In Vivo Hep Clpred PPB Clp,obs Vss PO (mL / min / kg) Fu(%) (mL / min / kg)(L / kg)t1 / 2 (h)Dosetmax (h) %FMouse54 8 16 1.3 2.0 30 mpk 0.4 81Rat30 15 26 1.6 1.2 10 mpk 1.7 63 Dog15 23 14 4.0 5.310mpk0.83 47 Cyno11 23 7 1.9 3.8 5 mpk 3.0 47Human0.69* 23 1.7-7.5** 1.2-10**Preclinical Cl and Vss from 1mpk IV dose *Hepatopac low turnover assay **Predicted from Wajima allometric and PBPK-gut models

[0386] Compound 1 showed good absorption across species. The FaSSIF / FeSSIF Solubilities were 13 / 70 μg / mL, respectively (kinetic solubility 32 μM). Caco-2 Papp (A-B) was 15 x 10-6cm / sec, efflux ratio = 1. DDI perpetrator potential was low at clinically relevant 91 57406284.1exposures. CYP450 IC50s: >30 μM at 1A2, 2C9, 2D6, >8 μM at 2C19 and 3A4 (M), 2 uM 3A4 (T), no time-dependent inhibition; low PXR activation (26% of rifampicin control at 30 μM). We observed low overall metabolism; human in vitro metabolites were observed in hepatocytes in preclinical species (rat, cynomolgus monkeys). Elimination was primarily via oxidative metabolism by multiple CYP450 enzymes followed by conjugation.

[0387] While we have described a number of embodiments of this invention, it is apparent that our basic examples may be altered to provide other embodiments that utilize the compounds and methods of this invention. Therefore, it will be appreciated that the scope of this invention is to be defined by the appended claims rather than by the specific embodiments that have been represented by way of example. Example 6: Efficacy of the Oral Tyrosine Kinase 2 (TYK2) Inhibitor Compound 1 in Two Preclinical Mouse Models of Colitis

[0388] Tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2), a member of the Janus kinase (JAK) family, plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and other autoimmune diseases via the mediation of signaling pathways downstream of interleukin (IL)-12, IL-23, and interferon (IFN) α / β. Although some JAK inhibitors have been approved for the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC), they are associated with adverse events likely to be associated with JAK1-3 inhibition, resulting in dose level limitations. Compound 1 Compound 1 is a highly potent and selective, allosteric, oral TYK2 inhibitor computationally designed to bind to the Janus homology 2 (JH2) domain of TYK2 but to be sterically occluded from the JH2 domains of JAK1-3. This study assessed the efficacy of Compound 1 in two IL-23-dependent preclinical mouse models of colitis induced by (i) adoptive T-cell transfer (TCT) and (ii) anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody (α-CD40 mAb). All animal protocols were approved by an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC).

[0389] Treatment Method In the adoptive TCT colitis model, CD4+CD45RBhiT cells were transferred to severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice at Day 0 and disease progression followed for 48 days (FIG. 1A). In the α-CD40 model, T- and B-cell-deficient Rag2- / -mice were challenged with agonistic α-CD40 mAb at Day 0, and disease progression followed for 7 days (FIG. 1B). Mice were divided into four groups per model (n = 12–16 and n = 10 per group in the TCT and α-CD40 mAb colitis models, respectively) to receive: vehicle (negative control), 92 57406284.1orally, twice daily; Compound 1 at IC50(low) dosing, orally, twice daily (BID); Compound 1 at IC90 (high) dosing, orally, twice daily (BID); or α-IL-12 / 23 p40 mAb (positive control), intraperitoneally, once-weekly (QW). In vivo doses were intended to achieve 24-hour coverage at the respective inhibitory concentration and were modelled based on previous mouse pharmacokinetic data. At the end of the treatment period, colonic tissue from the TCT colitis model was obtained for RNA-seq processing and transcriptomic profiles analysed using Reactome (reactome.org). Colon weight:length rations and total histology scores were also assessed. The tatistical significance of differences between groups was determined using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey’s post hoc test. All animal protocols were approved. The treatment method is summarize below: ^ Mice were divided into four groups per model (n = 12-16 and n = 10 per group in the ICI and a-CD40 mAb colitis models, respectively) to receive: -vehicle (negative control), orally, twice daily -Compound 1 at IC50 (low) dosing, orally, twice daily - Compound 1 at IC90(high) dosing, orally, twice daily; or -α-IL-12 / 23 p40 mAb (positive control), intraperitoneally, once-weekly. ^ Treatment started on Day 0 and ended on Day 48 (TCT colitis model) and Day 7 (a- CD40 mAb colitis model). ^ At the end of the treatment period, colon weight-length ratios and total histology scores were assessed in both models. Colonic tissue from the TCT colitis model was obtained for RNA-seq processing. Transcriptomic profiles analysis used Reactome (https: / / reactome.org / ).

[0390] In the TCT model, Compound 1 at both the IC50 and IC90 dosing levels significantly reduced colon weight:length ratio relative to vehicle (both p < 0.0001) (FIGS. 2A-2B; Table 1). By contrast, in the α-CD40 mAb colitis model, colon weight:length ratio was significantly reduced relative to vehicle only at the IC90dosing level (p < 0.01) (FIGS. 2A-2B; Table 1). No significant difference was observed between Compound 1 and the positive control at either dosing level in either model. Additionally, in the TCT model, total histology score was significantly reduced relative to vehicle with Compound 1 at both the IC50 and IC90 dosing levels (p < 0.01 and p < 0.0001, respectively) (FIGS.3A-3B; Table 1). The reduction in total histology score was numerically greater at the IC90dosing level, although there was no significant difference from positive control at either dosing level. By 93 57406284.1contrast, in the α-CD40 mAb colitis model, the total histology score was significantly reduced relative to vehicle only at the IC90 dosing level (p < 0.001). No significant difference was seen between Compound 1 and positive control at the IC90dosing level.

[0391] In the TCT colitis model, Compound 1 selectively downregulated genes associated with cytokine signalling relative to vehicle, in particular those associated with T- helper 17 (Th17) cell phenotypes, including those related to the IFN α / β pathway, the innate immune system, and interleukin signaling (FIG.4). Compound 1 was efficacious in two preclinical mouse models of colitis, with IC90providing maximal efficacy in both models. Downregulation was observed in the expression of multiple genes involved in cytokine signaling pathways. Results from this preclinical study support the potential role of potent and selective TYK2 inhibition for the treatment of IBD, where Compound 1 is expected to achieve IC90coverage in humans. See, for example, Leit S et al. J Med Chem 2023;66:10473-96, Herrera-deGuise C et al. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023;10:1089099, and Gangolli EA et al. STAT 2022;1:5. Table 1. Mean difference in colon weight:length ratio and total histology score between vehicle, α-IL-12 / 23 p40, and Compound 1 at IC50 and IC90 dosing levels in the TCT and α- CD40 mAb colitis models TCT colitis model α-CD40 mAb colitis Mean Diff. (95% CI) model Mean Diff. (95% CI) Colon weight:length ratio Vehicle (BID) vs.α-IL-12 / 23 p40 (QW) 2.61 (1.82, 3.40)**** 0.61 (0.036, 1.19)* Vehicle (BID) vs. Compound 1 (IC50 BID) 2.29 (1.50, 3.08)**** 0.46 (–0.11, 1.04) Vehicle (BID) vs. Compound 1 (IC90BID) 2.47 (1.66, 3.28)**** 0.74 (0.17, 1.32)** α-12 / 23 p40 (QW) vs. Compound 1 (IC50 0.33 (–0.51, 1.16) –0.15 (–0.72, 0.42) BID) Anti-12 / 23 p40 (QW) vs. Compound 1 (IC90 0.14 (–0.71, 0.99) 0.13 (–0.44, 0.70) BID) Total histology score Vehicle (BID) vs. α-IL-12 / 23 p40 (QW) 3.05 (1.76, 4.33)**** 2.25 (1.49, 3.01)*** Vehicle (BID) vs. Compound 1 (IC50 BID) 1.88 (0.60, 3.17)** 0.64 (–0.12, 1.40) Vehicle (BID) vs. Compound 1 (IC90 BID) 2.80 (1.48, 4.12)**** 1.98 (1.22, 2.74)*** α-12 / 23 p40 (QW) vs. Compound 1 (IC501.17 (–0.19, 2.52) –1.61 (–2.37, –0.85)*** BID) 94 57406284.1Anti-12 / 23 p40 (QW) vs. Compound 1 (IC90 0.25 (–1.14, 1.64) –0.27 (–1.03, 0.49) BID) Significance was determined using ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test and denotes: *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001. α-CD40, anti-CD40; α-IL-12 / 23 p40, anti- interleukin 12 and 23 p40; ANOVA, analysis of variance; BID, twice daily; QW, once a week; IC50, 50% inhibitory concentration; IC90, 90% inhibitory concentration; mAb, monoclonal antibody; TCT, T cell transfer. 95 57406284.1

Claims

CLAIMS We claim:

1. A method of treating inflammatory bowel disease, including Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis, in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to a patient a therapeutically effective amount of Compound 1:or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the administration is daily for a period between about 1 day to about 2 days, about 2 days to about 3 days, about 3 days to about 4 days, about 4 days to about 5 days, about 5 days to about 6 days, about 6 days to about 7 days, about 1 week to about 2 weeks, about 2 weeks to about 3 weeks, about 3 weeks to about 4 weeks, about 4 weeks to about 5 weeks, about 5 weeks to about 6 weeks, about 6 weeks to about 7 weeks, about 7 weeks to about 8 weeks, about 8 weeks to about 9 weeks, about 9 weeks to about 10 weeks, about 10 weeks to about 11 weeks, about 11 weeks to about 12 weeks, about 12 weeks to about 14 weeks, about 14 weeks to about 16 weeks, about 16 weeks to about 18 weeks, about 18 weeks to about 21 weeks, about 21 weeks to about 24 weeks, about 24 weeks to about 27 weeks, about 27 weeks to about 30 weeks, about 30 weeks to about 33 weeks, about 33 weeks to about 36 weeks, about 36 weeks to about 39 weeks, about 39 weeks to about 42 weeks, about 42 weeks to about 45 weeks, about 45 weeks to about 48 weeks, about 48 weeks to about 51 weeks, about 51 weeks to about 52 weeks, about 1 year to about 2 years, or about 2 years to about 3 years, about 3 years to about 4 years, about 4 years to about 5 years, or longer than 5 years.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the administration is daily for an indefinite period of time. 96 57406284.

14. The method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein for patients with Crohn’s disease, a mean decrease in Simple Endoscopic Score for Crohn’s Disease (SES-CD) of about 50% to 70% is achieved.

5. The method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein for patients with Crohn’s disease, a mean decrease in Simple Endoscopic Score for Crohn’s Disease (SES-CD) of about 70% to 90% is achieved.

6. The method of claim 4 or 5, wherein for patients with Crohn’s disease, a mean decrease in Simple Endoscopic Score for Crohn’s Disease (SES-CD) of about 90% to 100% is achieved.

7. The method of any one of claims 1-6, wherein for patients with Crohn’s disease with isolated ileal disease, a Simple Endoscopic Score for Crohn’s Disease (SES-CD) less than or equal to 4 or at least a 2-point reduction from baseline, read centrally, is achieved.

8. The method of any one of claims 1-6, wherein for patients with ulcerative colitis, a modified Mayo Score (Scoring System for Assessment of Ulcerative Colitis Activity) of less than or equal to 2 with stool frequency subscore of less than or equal to 1, rectal bleeding subscore of 0, and central read endoscopic subscore of less than or equal to 1 (score of 1 modified to exclude friability), is achieved.

9. The method of any one of claims 1-8, wherein the patient has inflammatory bowel disease.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein the inflammatory bowel disease is moderately to severely active.

11. The method of any one of claims 1-10, wherein the patient has Crohn’s disease.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein the Crohn’s disease is moderately to severely active.

13. The method of any one of claims 1-10, wherein the patient has ulcerative colitis. 97 57406284.

114. The method of claim 13, wherein the ulcerative colitis is moderately to severely active.

15. The method of claim 11, wherein for patients with Crohn’s disease, including moderately to severely active Crohn’s disease, the method achieves: a decrease in Simple Endoscopic Score for Crohn’s Disease (SES-CD) of greater than or equal to 50% from baseline, read centrally, or a decrease in SES-CD of about 50% to about 70%, about 70% to about 90%, or about 90% to about 100%; or an SES-CD less than or equal to 4 or at least a 2- point reduction from baseline, read centrally, for isolated ileal disease.

16. The method of claim 13, wherein for patients with ulcerative colitis, including moderately to severely active colitis, the method achieves: a modified Mayo Score (Scoring System for Assessment of Ulcerative Colitis Activity) of less than or equal to 2 with stool frequency subscore of less than or equal to 1, rectal bleeding subscore of 0, and central read endoscopic subscore of less than or equal to 1 (score of 1 modified to exclude friability).

17. A method of inhibiting of interferon gamma (IFN ^) production in a patient, comprising administering to a patient having inflammatory bowel disease a therapeutically effective amount of Compound 1: or a pharmaceuticallycomposition thereof.

18. The method of claim 17, wherein the patient has Crohn’s disease.

19. The method of claim17, wherein the patient has ulcerative colitis. 98 57406284.

120. The method of claim 17, wherein the inflammatory bowel disease is moderately to severely active.

21. The method of claim 18, wherein the Crohn’s disease is moderately to severely active.

22. The method of claim 19, wherein the ulcerative colitis is moderately to severely active.

23. The method of any one of claims 1-22, wherein a Tmax of Compound 1 in plasma is achieved in about 3 hours to about 6 hours.

24. The method of any one of claims 1-22, wherein a t1 / 2of Compound 1 in plasma is achieved in about 17 hours to about 37 hours.

25. The method of any one of claims 1-24, wherein Compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered at a dose of up to about 200 mg to the patient.

26. The method of any one of claims 1-24, wherein Compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered at a dose of from about 30 mg to about 100 mg to the patient.

27. The method of any one of claims 1-24, wherein Compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered at a dose of about 30 mg, about 50 mg, about 75 mg, about 100 mg, about 150 mg, or about 200 mg to the patient.

28. The method of any one of claims 1-27, wherein Compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered to the patient as a single daily dose.

29. The method of any one of claims 1-27, wherein Compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered to the patient in two daily doses.

30. The method of any one of claims 1-27, wherein Compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered to the patient in multiple daily doses. 99 57406284.

131. The method of any one of claims 1-30, wherein Compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered to the patient daily for 12 weeks.

32. The method of any one of claims 1-30, wherein Compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered to the patient daily for 60 weeks.

33. The method of any one of claims 1-32, wherein Compound 1 is administered orally to the patient.

34. The method of any one of claims 1-33, wherein the patient is a human.

35. The method of any one of claims 1-34, wherein a serum Cmaxbetween about 25 ng / mL to about 30 ng / mL, about 30 ng / mL to about 35 ng / mL, about 35 ng / mL to about 40 ng / mL, about 40 ng / mL to about 45 ng / mL, about 45 ng / mL to about 50 ng / mL, about 50 ng / mL to about 60ng / mL, about 60 ng / mL to about 70 ng / mL, about 70 ng / mL to about 80 ng / mL, about 80 ng / mL to about 90 ng / mL, about 90 ng / mL to about 100 ng / mL, about 100 ng / mL to about 120 ng / mL, about 120 ng / mL to about 140 ng / mL, about 140 ng / mL to about 160 ng / mL, about 160 ng / mL to about 180 ng / mL, about 180 ng / mL to about 200 ng / mL, about 200 ng / mL to about 240 ng / mL, about 240 ng / mL to about 280 ng / mL, about 280 ng / mL to about 320 ng / mL, about 320 ng / mL to about 360 ng / mL, about 360 ng / mL to about 400 ng / mL, about 400 ng / mL to about 480 ng / mL, about 480 ng / mL to about 560 ng / mL, about 560 ng / mL to about 740 ng / mL, about 740 ng / mL to about 820 ng / mL, about 820 ng / mL to about 900 ng / mL, about 900 ng / mL to about 1000 ng / mL, about 1000 ng / mL to about 1200 ng / mL, about 1200 ng / mL to about 1400 ng / mL, about 1400 ng / mL to about 1600 ng / mL, about 1600 ng / mL to about 1800 ng / mL, or about 1800 ng / mL to about 2000 ng / mL is achieved.

36. A method of treating moderately to severely active inflammatory bowel disease, including Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis, in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of Compound 1: 100 57406284.1at a daily dose of from about 3 37. The use of Compound 1: or a pharmaceuticallyof inflammatory bowel disease, including Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis. 101 57406284.1

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