Crash structure for a vehicle

Abstract

The invention relates to an energy-absorbing element, for example in order to absorb kinetic energy in the event of an impact. It is known to arrange energy-absorbing elements on vehicles in order to protect persons in the vehicle from injury. The aim of the invention is to achieve improved energy absorption in the event of an impact or a collision of the component or vehicle. The inventor has found that it is advantageous to use fibre composite materials to absorb impacts, the fibre longitudinal direction of said materials being to a large extent parallel or at an acute angle to the impact direction. In order to be able to guarantee this with a simple manufacturing process, smaller absorption elements are advantageously manufactured and joined together for this purpose, since the longitudinal extent of the final component does not correspond to the manufacturing direction.

Description

[0001] Crash structure for a vehicle

[0002] The invention relates to an energy-absorbing element, for example to absorb kinetic energy in the event of an impact.

[0003] It is known to arrange energy-absorbing elements on vehicles to protect people in the vehicle from injuries.

[0004] The side sill, for example, serves this purpose. It is also known to optimize the side sill by incorporating elements within it. For example, DE 10 2017 123 400 A1 discloses the insertion of hollow structures running in the longitudinal direction of the side sill. Other forms of inserts are also known, for example, from DE 10 2019 208 224 A1 or DE 10 2014 012 082 A1.

[0005] It is also known from DE 10 2021 001 103 A1 to wrap metallic extruded profiles with fiber composite material to partially fill a cavity between the extruded profile and the side sill. For this purpose, the wrapped extruded profiles are incorporated into the side sill with their longitudinal extension parallel to that of the side sill.

[0006] It is generally customary to refer to the intended straight-ahead direction of a vehicle as the x-direction and the sideways or lateral directions as the y-direction. For each component, the y-direction is usually assumed to run from the outside of the vehicle to the center, and the z-direction is considered to be the vertically upward direction when driving straight ahead. This has also led to the corresponding designation of the directions on the unassembled component itself, since the installation orientation of the parts is usually clearly defined. The orientation of the + or - direction of an axis is considered unimportant for components symmetrical to a plane.

[0007] The object of the invention is to achieve improved energy absorption in the event of an impact or collision of the component or vehicle. The inventor has determined that conventional components for shock absorption, such as bumpers, side skirts or A / B / C pillars, have an elongated design with a significantly greater extension in their longitudinal direction than in the directions perpendicular to it. The components are usually arranged or designed to be arranged in such a way that the longitudinal direction is perpendicular to most of the forces acting in the event of an impact or collision. In addition, the elements are usually designed to be manufactured in a production process that produces them longitudinally and / or homogeneously, for example by extrusion or cutting sheet metal.Furthermore, the inventor has determined that it is advantageous to use fiber composite materials for shock absorption whose fiber longitudinal direction runs largely parallel or at an acute angle to the direction of impact. Since impacts are generally expected at an acute angle, particularly approximately at right angles, to the longitudinal extension of these components, as demonstrated in crash tests such as the 75° pole crash according to UN R135 or the 90° "Side Barrier" crash test according to UN R95, it has proven advantageous to have fiber longitudinal directions in an angle range of -30° to +30° to the perpendicular to the longitudinal extension, and in particular in an angle range of -30° to +30° to the horizontal. It is not important that all fibers run in this direction.

[0008] In order to ensure this with a simple manufacturing process, smaller absorption elements are advantageously produced and joined together, since the longitudinal extent of the final component does not correspond to the production direction. The absorption elements are thus joined together, in particular glued, in particular perpendicular to their production direction. This object is achieved in particular by an impact absorber for absorbing forces in the event of an impact due to crushing and / or at least partial plastic deformation, comprising a plurality, amounting to at least three, of connected, in particular glued, profiles, in particular hollow components, in particular hollow profiles. This also includes flat profiles, with particular preference being given to prismatic profiles and / or non-flat profiles. In particular, the profiles have walls in more than one plane.The profiles are made of fiber-reinforced plastic, in particular with glass, plant, and / or carbon fibers. The profiles are spaced apart from one another at least in sections and form interspaces, in particular cavities and / or hollow chambers. The interspaces can be formed either by individual profiles or between them. The profiles each extend in at least two mutually perpendicular spatial directions, with their extension in a first spatial direction being greater than in all other spatial directions.

[0009] The profiles are advantageously firmly connected to one another over their entire extension in a second spatial direction perpendicular to the first spatial direction at a plurality of connecting regions which are distributed over the extension in the first spatial direction, wherein adjacent connecting regions in the first spatial direction have a maximum spacing of 200 mm. The connecting regions can also be directly adjacent to one another and thus also be formed by a continuous connection, such as in a sandwich arrangement. The connection can be provided by thin connections in which the profiles directly butt together apart from a thin joining layer, e.g. made of adhesive, but also by thicker connecting layers, such as in a sandwich arrangement with alternating layers each consisting of a profile and foam firmly bonded to the profiles, in particular elastically and / or plastically deformable and / or brittle.Intermediate layers can also be used, which would be the case, for example, if a foam layer were bonded to profiles on both sides, or if intermediate pieces, also made of fiber-reinforced plastic, were inserted between two profiles to achieve a larger gap and then bonded to both profiles. In particular, the spacing between the profiles in the connecting areas is less than 50 mm, especially less than 5 mm.

[0010] The fiber-reinforced plastic has fibers with a longitudinal direction, i.e. in particular fibers that have a greater extension in one direction than in the directions perpendicular to it.

[0011] The fiber longitudinal directions of at least 30 wt.%, in particular more than 50 wt.%, of the fibers of the fiber-reinforced plastic run at least at an angle in the range from -30° to +30°, in particular from -20 to +20°, in particular parallel to the second spatial direction.

[0012] The object is also achieved by an impact absorber group consisting of a plurality of impact absorbers according to the invention, which are connected to one another, in particular directly adjacent to one another, in particular glued, a) wherein the volume centers of gravity of the intermediate spaces, in particular cavities and / or hollow chambers, of the impact absorbers are arranged relative to one another in at least one translation direction, which can be formed from one or two directions perpendicular to the common direction and the common direction by means of a linear combination, in which the proportion of the common direction is not equal to zero, in particular at least 5%, and / or b) wherein the volume centers of gravity of the intermediate spaces, in particular cavities and / or hollow chambers, of the impact absorbers are arranged relative to one another in at least one translation direction, which can be formed from one or two directions perpendicular to the common direction and the common direction by means of a linear combination,are arranged, wherein the plurality of impact absorbers is formed from impact absorbers with different designs and / or mechanical properties, in particular different wall thicknesses and / or cavity and / or hollow chamber sizes and / or shapes, and / or c) wherein at least one axis of symmetry of an intermediate space, in particular a cavity and / or a hollow chamber, of a first impact absorber of the impact absorber group encloses an angle in the range of greater than 0° to 60°, in particular in the range of 3 to 45°, in particular from 4 to 30°, with at least one axis of symmetry of an intermediate space, in particular a cavity and / or a hollow chamber, of a second impact absorber of the impact absorber group, wherein this applies in particular to all intermediate spaces of the first and second impact absorbers and / or all axes of symmetry of the intermediate spaces.

[0013] By combining the impact absorbers, several goals can be achieved. Firstly, the goal of orienting the fibers longitudinally and simplifying production in a continuous process with simple fiber feeding can be achieved. Secondly, by combining different impact absorbers, the properties of the group can be locally tailored, in all spatial directions. This not only allows a desired temporal progression of energy absorption to be set, for example by joining different absorbers together in the y-direction or in the horizontal direction, particularly in the second spatial direction, but also allows different absorption and shaping to be achieved at different locations, for example in the x- or z-direction.In addition, by using an oblique cut when cutting the profiles, in particular with an angle different from 90° and 0° to the production direction and / or if at least two edges of a profile are not parallel and / or not at right angles, a shape different from the elongated shape can be created when joining the absorbers.

[0014] The object is also achieved by an impact absorber arrangement, in particular a hollow body component, in particular a metallic one, in particular a body pillar, sill, roof frame, car body profile and / or front or rear bumper for one and / or a vehicle, comprising at least one impact absorber or an impact absorber group according to one of the preceding claims arranged in a hollow chamber profile or an element forming a cavity, in particular a hollow body component, wherein the hollow chamber and / or the cavity has a longitudinal extent which is greater than its extent in the spatial directions perpendicular thereto.Advantageously, the common directions of the parallel plane arrays of the impact absorbers are arranged at at least one angle in the range from 60 to 120° and / or from -60 to -120°, in particular in the range from 80 to 100° or -80 to -100°, to the longitudinal extension of the hollow chamber profile or the cavity in which they are arranged.

[0015] By incorporating them into such a component, the properties of the various elements and / or construction materials can be combined and a particularly advantageous effect can be achieved, for example when the body pillar, sills of the front or rear bumper for one and / or a vehicle are made of metal.

[0016] The object is also achieved by a vehicle, in particular a land vehicle, a vehicle, in particular a land vehicle, in particular having at least four wheels, having at least one impact absorber, an impact absorber group and / or impact absorber arrangement according to one of the preceding claims, wherein, in the case of a lateral and substantially horizontal arrangement, in particular when the longitudinal extension is arranged at an angle in the range of -1.5 to +15° to the horizontal, the first spatial direction in the vehicle encloses an angle in the range of -30° to +30° with the forward straight-ahead direction of travel of the vehicle, in particular corresponds thereto and / or in the case of a lateral and substantially vertical arrangement, in particular when the longitudinal extension is arranged at an angle in the range of -15 to +1.5° to the vertical, the first spatial direction in the vehicle encloses an angle in the range of -30° to +30° with the forward straight-ahead direction of travel of the vehicle,in particular corresponds to this, and / or when arranged in the front or rear of the vehicle, the first spatial direction forms an angle in the range from -60° to 120° and / or in the range from -60 to -120° with the forward straight-ahead direction of the vehicle, in particular is perpendicular to this.

[0017] The object is also achieved by a method for producing an impact absorber, in particular according to the invention, wherein at least three profile sections made of fiber composite material are produced by means of a continuous production process, in particular by means of pultrusion, having a production direction such that the fiber longitudinal directions of at least 30% by weight, in particular more than 50% by weight, of the fibers of the fiber-reinforced plastic run at least one angle in the range from -30° to +30° to the production direction and wherein the profiles are arranged next to one another and / or one above the other perpendicular to the production direction and are firmly connected to one another, in particular such that the smallest extent of each profile lies in the direction of the arrangement of the profiles (in particular in the z-direction) and the profiles are at least partially spaced from one another and wherein the profiles form intermediate spaces, in particular cavities and / or hollow chambers.Advantageously, the fixed connections are made at a plurality of connection areas distributed over the extension in the first spatial direction, wherein adjacent connection areas in the first spatial direction have a distance of a maximum of 200 mm.

[0018] Advantageously, the method also comprises joining a plurality of impact absorbers to form an impact absorber group, in particular by means of adhesive and / or in particular plastically and / or elastically deformable and / or brittle foam.

[0019] Advantageously, the method also comprises assembling the impact absorber group with an element to form an impact absorber arrangement.

[0020] Compared to purely metallic tubular elements, the use of fiber-reinforced plastic offers a more homogeneous and / or constant force-displacement curve, which can also be very precisely adjusted through the use and, in particular, the combination of different absorbers.

[0021] Advantageously, the fixed connection is or will be established by the profiles, intermediate profiles, adhesive, honeycombs, for example made of aramid, and / or foam, in particular elastically and / or plastically deformable and / or brittle foam. For this purpose, the profiles can, for example, extend toward one another at the connection area and / or in particular adjacent thereto, or have recesses toward one another, and be glued together at the connection areas.

[0022] With particular advantage, impact absorber according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the first spatial direction to the x-direction encloses an angle in the range of -30 to +30° and / or the second spatial direction to the y-direction encloses an angle in the range of -30 to +30° and / or wherein the profiles are produced in a continuous production process and in particular represent sections of the continuously produced workpiece and in particular the y-direction encloses an angle in the range of -30 to +30° to the production direction of the profile.

[0023] Preferably, the profiles are each constructed from mutually adjacent walls, wherein the walls lie in and / or tangentially on at least two sets of parallel planes, which each enclose an angle in the range from 60 to 120° and / or from -60° to -120° with at least one other of the at least two sets of parallel planes, wherein the connected profiles preferably form, jointly or together, cavities and / or hollow chamber profiles which enclose them in at least four spatial directions (e.g. in the direction +X, -x, +Z, -z) and / or wherein the mutually adjacent walls lie in and / or tangentially on one of the planes of the at least two sets of parallel planes, which enclose an angle in the range from 60 to 120° or from -60 to -120° with respect to one another. The walls are, in particular, flat and / or of constant wall thickness, apart from a transition area to the adjacent wall, which is in particular curved.

[0024] This allows a particularly good absorption effect to be achieved with low weight.

[0025] Advantageously, the longitudinal fiber directions of the fibers of the fiber-reinforced plastic are / are arranged to at least 30% by weight of the fibers at least at an angle in the range of -30° to +30° to a direction common to the at least two sets of parallel planes and / or extending and that the cavities and / or hollow chambers are arranged next to one another in at least one translation direction, which can be formed from one or two directions perpendicular to the common direction by means of a linear combination.

[0026] Preferably, intermediate spaces, in particular the cavities and / or hollow chambers, are / are filled entirely or partially with foam, in particular elastically and / or plastically deformable and / or brittle foam, and / or honeycombs, for example made of aramid, aramid paper, plastic, and / or aluminum, and / or the profiles are / are coated and / or foamed on at least one side, in particular on one or the outer side, in particular on two, three, or four sides, with solid foam, in particular elastically and / or plastically deformable foam. This allows for particularly advantageous absorption.

[0027] Particularly advantageous is that the profiles have a constant cross-section along their extension in the second spatial direction. This facilitates production, particularly in continuous production, from which profiles are then cut.

[0028] Preferably, the wall thicknesses of the profiles are in the range of 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm and / or the extensions in the first spatial direction are in the range of 50 to 3000 mm and / or the profiles have an extension in the spatial direction perpendicular to the first and second spatial directions in the range of 30 mm to 500 mm. This allows for particularly good absorption properties and also allows for material savings.

[0029] Advantageously, the impact absorber and / or the impact absorber group can be provided externally with materials that expand and / or harden under the influence of heat. This makes it easy to achieve a firm connection, local fixation, and / or filling of the element when arranged in a tubular element, for example.

[0030] Particularly preferably, the impact absorber group is formed from a plurality of impact absorbers with different configurations, for example, shapes and / or dimensions, and / or different mechanical properties, in particular due to different wall thicknesses and / or cavity and / or hollow chamber sizes and / or shapes and / or profile geometries. For example, by cutting the profiles at an angle to the production direction, angular geometries of the group can be achieved simply and reliably with good absorption properties.

[0031] Advantageously, the impact absorber group has an extension perpendicular to the first and second or in the z-direction in the range of 30 to 500 mm.

[0032] Preferably, the common directions of the parallel plane families of the impact absorbers, in particular all of them, have at least one angle, in particular all of them each, in the range of -30 to 30°, in particular -20 to 20°, to the y-direction.

[0033] Advantageously, the impact absorbers and / or the impact absorber group are locally fixed in the element by means of material that expands and / or hardens under the influence of heat and / or is connected to the element, and / or a gap between the element and the impact absorber and / or the impact absorber assembly is partially or completely filled by such a material. Advantageously, the impact absorbers and / or the impact absorber group are locally fixed in the element by means of material that expands and / or hardens under the influence of heat and / or is connected to the element, and / or a gap between the element and the impact absorber and / or the impact absorber assembly is partially or completely filled by such a material.

[0034] In particular, foams with specific compressive strength in the range of 0.1 to 20 MPa and / or polymer foams, in particular polyurethane, PVC, PET, XPS foams and / or metal foams, in particular aluminum foams, are used.

[0035] Enclosing or backing the impact absorber group with another component, for example a plate, particularly made of metal and / or fiber-reinforced plastic, can help to increase energy absorption, support the reaction forces occurring during the collision and absorb secondary loads (e.g. in the x-direction).

[0036] The local provision of foams, adhesives or similar, which expand / expand and harden at temperature, can be used to firmly bond the component composite to the body-in-white during the temperature post-treatment of a cathodic dip-paint (KTL) on the body-in-white.

[0037] Further possible configurations and advantages are explained below purely by way of example using some simplified figures. The coordinate systems shown in some figures are intended to illustrate the orientation of the elements shown in the vehicle.

[0038] Fig. 1 shows a still separate representation of two prismatic profiles (A, B) with walls in two horizontal planes and in vertical yz planes, with adhesive (C) in between. The facing sections of the profiles in the horizontal planes are now bonded to the spacer plates on both sides over the entire extension in the y-direction, with the spacer plates interposed. This creates hollow chambers through the profiles, namely between the connecting areas.

[0039] Fig. 2 shows several representations or sections of an impact absorber in sandwich construction with flat profiles shown as dark lines and brittle plastic foam arranged between them, which is firmly connected to a profile on both sides.

[0040] Fig. 3 also shows a sandwich-like arrangement with foam layers, but the profiles each have a zigzag pattern and thus walls in two parallel planes.

[0041] Fig. 4 shows various combinations of different impact absorbers as an impact absorber group. The hatched lines do not represent the profiles, but merely symbolize different impact absorbers that have different properties, such as different wall thicknesses of the profiles used. The top illustration shows an arrangement with different impact absorbers arranged one behind the other in the x-direction. Below this is an arrangement with three identical absorbers in each x-direction, with three different impact absorbers arranged in each z-direction. Below this is an arrangement with different impact absorbers in the y-direction. The bottom illustration shows the same arrangement, but with brittle plastic foam (shown dotted on the left).

[0042] Fig. 5 shows cross-sections through three different impact absorber arrangements. Different impact absorbers in the z-direction are combined to form a single impact absorber arrangement, each of which is arranged in a metal side sill. The impact absorbers have different extensions in the y-direction and different geometries in cross-section. It can be seen that this allows for more precise filling than when using identical elements. In the bottom illustration, foam (to the left of the impact absorbers) was also used to better fill the sill and / or influence the absorption profile.

[0043] Fig. 6 shows a longitudinal section through a side sill with an angled profile. Arranged within it is an impact absorber group, with impact absorbers (D) having the same properties, but the center one has been cut diagonally on both sides, resulting in a contour adapted to the profile of the side sill.

Claims

Claims 1. Impact absorber for absorbing forces during an impact by crushing and / or at least partial plastic deformation, comprising a plurality of connected, in particular bonded, profiles, in particular hollow components, in particular hollow profiles, wherein the profiles are made of fiber-reinforced plastic and wherein the profiles are spaced apart from one another at least section by section and, in particular in the spaced sections, form gaps, in particular cavities and / or hollow chambers, wherein the profiles each extend in at least two mutually perpendicular spatial directions, wherein their extension in a first spatial direction is greater than in all other spatial directions, in particular to the first perpendicular, and they are connected, in particular over their entire extension in a second spatial direction perpendicular to the first, at a plurality of connection areas distributed over the extension in the first spatial direction.are firmly connected to each other, wherein adjacent connection areas in the first spatial direction have a maximum distance of 200 mm, wherein the majority is at least three, and fiber longitudinal directions of at least 30 wt.% of the fibers of the fiber-reinforced plastic run at at least one angle in the range of -30° to +30° to a spatial direction perpendicular to the first spatial direction, in particular the second spatial direction.

2. Impact absorber according to claim 1, wherein the profiles are firmly connected to one another by means of a firm connection through the profiles and / or between the profiles and / or by intermediate profiles, adhesive, honeycomb and / or solid foam, in particular elastic and / or plastically deformable foam.

3. Impact absorber according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the first spatial direction to the x-direction, in particular the intended straight-ahead driving direction, includes an angle in the range of -30 to +30° and / or the second spatial direction to the y-direction an angle in the range of -30 to +30° impact absorber according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the profiles are manufactured in a continuous manufacturing process and in particular represent sections of the continuously manufactured workpiece and in particular the y-direction includes an angle in the range of -30 to +30° to the manufacturing direction of the profile.Impact absorber according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the profiles are each composed of adjacent walls, wherein the walls lie in and / or tangentially to at least two sets of parallel planes, each of which forms an angle in the range of 60° to 120° and / or -60° to -120° with at least one other of the at least two sets of parallel planes, wherein the connected profiles form cavities and / or hollow chamber profiles which enclose them in at least four spatial directions, and wherein the adjacent walls lie in and / or tangentially to each of the planes of the at least two sets of parallel planes which form an angle to each other in the range of 60° to 120° or -60° to -120°, impact absorber according to the preceding claim, wherein the fiber longitudinal directions of the fibers of the fiber-reinforced plastic are at least 30 wt.-% of the fibers run at at least one angle in the range of -30° to +30° to a direction common to the at least two sets of parallel planes and / or wherein the connected profiles form cavities and / or hollow chamber profiles and the cavities and / or hollow chambers are arranged side by side in at least one translational direction, which can be formed from one or two directions perpendicular to the common direction by means of linear combination. Impact absorber according to one of the two preceding claims, wherein the cavities and / or hollow chambers are wholly or partially filled with foam, in particular elastically and / or plastically deformable and / or brittle. Foam and / or honeycomb-filled profiles, and / or profiles coated and / or overmolded with foam, particularly elastic and / or plastically deformable and / or brittle foam, on at least one side, in particular on two, three, or four sides. Impact absorbers according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the profiles have a constant cross-section over their extension in the second spatial direction. Impact absorbers according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the wall thicknesses of the profiles are in the range of 0.5 mm to 15 mm, and / or wherein the extensions in the first spatial direction are in the range of 50–3000 mm, and / or wherein the profiles have an extension in the spatial direction perpendicular to the first and second spatial directions in the range of 30 mm to 500 mm. Impact absorber group consisting of a plurality of impact absorbers according to one of the preceding claims, which are connected to one another, in particular bonded.wherein the profiles are each constructed from adjacent walls, wherein the walls lie in and / or tangentially to at least two sets of parallel planes, a) wherein the centroids of volume of the spaces between, in particular cavities and / or hollow chambers, of the impact absorbers are arranged relative to each other in at least one translational direction, which can be formed from one or two directions perpendicular to a direction common to the two sets of parallel planes and the common direction by means of a linear combination in which the proportion of the common direction is not equal to zero, in particular at least 5%, and / or b) wherein the centroids of volume of the spaces between, in particular cavities and / or hollow chambers, of the impact absorbers are arranged relative to each other in at least one translational direction, which can be formed from one or two directions, The impact absorbers are arranged perpendicular to the common direction and the common direction can be formed by means of a linear combination, wherein the majority of impact absorbers are formed from impact absorbers with different designs and / or mechanical properties, in particular different wall thicknesses and / or cavity and / or hollow chamber sizes and / or shapes, and / or c) wherein at least one axis of symmetry of an intermediate space, in particular a cavity and / or a hollow chamber, of a first impact absorber of the impact absorber group forms an angle in the range of greater than 0° to 45° with at least one axis of symmetry of an intermediate space, in particular a cavity and / or a hollow chamber, of a second impact absorber of the impact absorber group, wherein this applies in particular to all intermediate spaces of the first and second impact absorber and / or all axes of symmetry of the intermediate spaces. 1.

1. Impact absorber group according to claim 9, wherein the plurality of impact absorbers is formed from impact absorbers with different configurations and / or mechanical properties, in particular different wall thicknesses and / or cavity and / or hollow chamber sizes and / or shapes.

2. Impact absorber group according to claim 9 or 10, wherein the impact absorber group has an extension perpendicular to the first and second directions or in the z-direction, in particular the vertical direction, in the range of 30 to 500 mm.Impact absorber arrangement, in particular a hollow body component, in particular metallic, in particular body pillar, sill, roof frame, car body profile, and / or front or rear bumper for one and / or a vehicle, comprising at least one impact absorber or an impact absorber group according to one of the preceding claims arranged in a hollow chamber profile or an element forming a cavity, in particular a hollow body component, wherein. the hollow chamber of the hollow chamber profile or the cavity has a longitudinal extent that is greater than its extent in the spatial directions perpendicular to it, wherein in particular the profiles are each constructed from adjacent walls, wherein the walls lie in and / or tangentially to at least two sets of parallel planes, and wherein the common directions of the sets of parallel planes of the impact absorbers are at least one angle in the range of -60 to 120° and / or from -60 to -120°, in particular in the range of 80 to 100° or -80 to -100°, to the longitudinal extent of the hollow chamber profile or the cavity in which they are arranged. Impact absorber arrangement according to the preceding claim 1 2, wherein the common directions of the parallel plane sets of impact absorbers have at least one angle in the range of -30 to 30°, in particular in the range of -20 to 20°, to the y-direction and / or a horizontal direction. Vehicle,in particular a land vehicle, in particular having at least four wheels, having at least one impact absorber, an impact absorber group and / or an impact absorber arrangement according to one of the preceding claims, wherein, in the case of a lateral and substantially horizontal arrangement of the at least one impact absorber, the impact absorber group and / or the impact absorber arrangement, in particular in the case of an arrangement of its / their longitudinal extension at an angle in the range of -1.5° to +15° to the horizontal, the first spatial direction in the vehicle includes an angle in the range of -30° to +30° with the forward straight-ahead direction of the vehicle, in particular corresponds to this, and / or in the case of a lateral and substantially vertical arrangement, in particular in the case of an arrangement of the longitudinal extension at an angle in the range of -1.5° to +15° to the vertical,in the vehicle the first spatial direction includes an angle in the range of -30° to +30° with the forward straight-ahead direction of the vehicle, in particular corresponds to this, and / or when arranged in the front or rear of the vehicle the first, Spatial direction includes an angle in the range of 60° to 120° and / or in the range of -60° to -120° with the forward straight-ahead direction of the vehicle, in particular perpendicular to it.

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