Smart sensor devices for measuring and verifying solar array performance and operational methods for use therewith

Abstract

A system comprises a smart sensor device comprising a platform constructed and arranged to be mounted to one or more solar array modules; and one or more solar irradiance sensors on the platform configured to receive incident solar energy, the one or more solar irradiance sensors oriented on the platform so that the received incident solar energy is comparable to that received by the solar array modules, the one or more solar irradiance sensors providing solar irradiance signals in response to the incident solar energy. A transmitter periodically transmits the solar irradiance signals. A gateway includes a receiver configured to receive the solar irradiance signals from the transmitter and a processor configured to receive the solar irradiance signals and, in response, generating a performance reference metric based on the solar irradiance signals, the performance reference metric related to the expected performance of the one or more solar array modules to which the platform is mounted.

Description

SMART SENSOR DEVICES FOR MEASURING AND VERIFYING SOLAR ARRAY PERFORMANCE AND OPERATIONAL METHODS FOR USE THEREWITH CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims benefit to United States Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 436,957, filed January 4, 2023, the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0002] This application is related to United States Patent No.9,991,844, issued on June 5, 2018; United States Patent No.10,284,140, issued on May 7, 2019, United States Patent No. 10,594,257, issued on March 17, 2020, United States Patent No.11,050,384, issued on June 29, 2021, United States Patent No.11,742,796, issued on August 29, 2023, and United States Patent Application No.18 / 231,876, filed on August 9, 2023, United States Publication No. ______________, published on ___________, the entire content of each being incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. BACKGROUND Technical Field

[0003] The present disclosure relates to monitoring systems for solar and energy systems, and, more particularly, to a smart sensor device for a solar system, a system that incorporates the smart sensor device, and operational methods for gauging performance of, or simulating the output of, solar energy systems. 1 POW-003-PCTDiscussion of Related Art

[0004] Referring to FIG. 1, traditional weather monitoring hardware systems for monitoring efficiency of solar systems experience limitations due to high cost, non-standardized installation and operations, and inconsistent performance calculations and methods. Traditional weather stations typically are large standalone structures 10 located at positions away from the solar array modules 12 being monitored and require a source of power and / or communications lines. Limitations of such weather stations include high cost, making them almost non-existent in residential and small commercial applications due to price factors, non-standardization, meaning that vendors install and configure these units in non-standardized ways, and lack of packaging that accounts for real-world conditions such as snow and dirt. SUMMARY

[0005] Embodiments of the present inventive concepts provide smart sensor devices that can provide an improved platform for gauging performance of solar energy systems. Embodiments of the present inventive concepts further provide methods for using and controlling smart sensor devices that can provide an improved platform for gauging performance of, or simulating the output of, solar energy systems. Other applications of the present inventive concepts can include providing a service to utilities for managing power distribution.

[0006] In accordance with exemplary embodiments of the present inventive concepts, environmental sensing, processing and transmitting based smart sensor devices, and operational methods therewith, provide such needed improved platform for gauging performance of solar energy systems. 2 POW-003-PCT

[0007] In exemplary embodiments, smart sensor devices configured in accordance with the present inventive concepts mimic the physiology of a working solar energy system for the purpose of providing a reference point for gauging performance.

[0008] In exemplary embodiments, smart sensor devices can optionally include their own power supply and wireless communications systems.

[0009] In one aspect, a system, comprises: a smart sensor device, comprising: a platform constructed and arranged to be mounted to one or more solar array modules; and one or more solar irradiance sensors on the platform configured to receive incident solar energy, the one or more solar irradiance sensors oriented on the platform so that the received incident solar energy is comparable to that received by the solar array modules, the one or more solar irradiance sensors providing solar irradiance signals in response to the incident solar energy; a transmitter coupled to the smart sensor device; the transmitter configured to periodically transmit the solar irradiance signals; and a gateway, comprising: a receiver configured to receive the solar irradiance signals from the transmitter; and a processor configured to receive the solar irradiance signals and, in response, generating a performance reference metric based on the solar irradiance signals, the performance reference metric related to the expected performance of the one or more solar array modules to which the platform is mounted.

[0010] In some embodiments, the system further comprises one or more temperature sensors coupled to the smart sensor device; the one or more temperature sensors being configured to provide temperature signals, wherein the transmitter is configured to periodically transmit the temperature signals, wherein the receiver is configured to receive the temperature signals from the transmitter, and wherein the processor further generates the performance reference metric based on the temperature signals. 3 POW-003-PCT

[0011] In some embodiments, the processor further generates the performance reference metric based on the temperature signals and the solar irradiance signals.

[0012] In some embodiments, the temperature sensor generates the temperature signal periodically.

[0013] In some embodiments, the processor further generates the performance reference metric based on a cumulative irradiance value, the cumulative irradiance value being based on multiple ones of the solar irradiance signals accumulated over a time period.

[0014] In some embodiments, the processor further generates the performance reference metric as a cumulative performance reference metric based on multiple ones of the generated the performance reference metric accumulated over a time period.

[0015] In some embodiments, the time period over which the performance reference metrics are accumulated is one hour.

[0016] In some embodiments, the transmitter is further configured to transmit the solar irradiance signals periodically in response to a mode of operation, the mode of operation being determined in response to the time of day.

[0017] In some embodiments, the transmitter is further configured to transmit the temperature signals periodically in response to a mode of operation, the mode of operation being determined in response to the time of day.

[0018] In some embodiments, the mode of operation results in more frequent transmission during a time of day where more intense sun exposure is expected and results in less frequent transmission during a time of day when less intense or no sun exposure is expected. 4 POW-003-PCT

[0019] In some embodiments, the processor is further configured to generate the performance reference metric periodically in response to a mode of operation, the mode of operation being determined in response to the time of day.

[0020] In some embodiments, the mode of operation results in more frequent generation of the performance reference metric during a time of day where more intense sun exposure is expected and results in less frequent generation of the performance reference metric during a time of day when less intense or no sun exposure is expected.

[0021] In some embodiments, a portion of the platform is constructed and arranged to be positioned on a top surface of the one or more solar array modules, the portion having a maximum width in a first horizontal direction and having a maximum height above the top surface in a vertical direction, wherein the maximum width is greater than or equal to two times the maximum height.

[0022] In some embodiments, a portion of the platform is constructed and arranged to be positioned on a top surface of the one or more solar array modules, the portion having a maximum width in a first horizontal direction and having a maximum height above the top surface in a vertical direction, wherein the maximum width is greater than or equal to three times the maximum height.

[0023] In some embodiments, the platform comprises a circuit board and wherein solar irradiance sensor comprises a pyranometer, the pyranometer comprising: a diffuser for receiving incident solar energy, the diffuser having an inner chamber; and a photodiode positioned in the inner chamber for converting the solar energy received by the diffuser into a current signal; wherein the inner chamber is of a sufficient height to accommodate a maximum height of a photodiode selected among a plurality of photodiode types; and wherein the inner chamber is of 5 POW-003-PCTa sufficient width to accommodate a maximum width of a photodiode selected among a plurality of photodiode types.

[0024] In some embodiments, the circuit board includes a photodiode pad including a plurality of conductive pads for mounting any among the plurality of photodiode types.

[0025] In some embodiments, the platform further comprises a power source.

[0026] In some embodiments, the power source comprises a solar collector on the platform and a power storage element for storing energy collected by the solar collector.

[0027] In some embodiments, the power storage element comprises a super capacitor.

[0028] In some embodiments, the solar collector and storage element comprise the exclusive power source for the device.

[0029] In some embodiments, the platform further comprises a supplemental battery.

[0030] In some embodiments, the processor is configured to further receive signals from a third-party sensor for calibration of the one or more solar irradiance sensors.

[0031] In some embodiments, the gateway further comprises a gateway transmitter.

[0032] In some embodiments, the system further comprises a second transmitter and the smart sensor device is coupled to the second transmitter.

[0033] In some embodiments, the transmitter is positioned at a first end of the one or more solar array modules and the second transmitter is positioned at a second end of the one or more solar array modules.

[0034] In some embodiments, the transmitter is positioned at an east end of the one or more solar array modules and the second transmitter is positioned at a west end one or more solar array modules.

[0035] In some embodiments, the first transmitter comprises a first transmitter antenna and the 6 POW-003-PCTsecond transmitter comprises a second transmitter antenna.

[0036] In some embodiments, the solar array module to which the first transmitter antenna and the second transmitter antenna are mounted is mounted to a tracker.

[0037] In some embodiments, the first transmitter antenna and second transmitter antenna are mounted at a non-zero angle relative to the plane of array of the corresponding solar array module so that when the tracker is at a morning position, the second transmitter antenna is oriented substantially vertical and when the tracker is at an afternoon position, the first transmitter antenna is oriented substantially vertical.

[0038] In some embodiments, a line of sight is maintained between either or both of the first or second transmitter antennae of the smart sensor device and the receiver of the gateway throughout a time period between a time when the tracker is in the morning position and a time when the tracker is in the afternoon position.

[0039] In some embodiments, the system further comprises an auxiliary solar irradiance sensor, the auxiliary solar irradiance sensor being coupled to the smart sensor device. In some embodiments, the auxiliary solar irradiance sensor is constructed and arranged to be positioned on a bottom surface of the one or more solar array modules.

[0040] In some embodiments, the auxiliary solar irradiance sensor is coupled to the smart sensor device by a communication wire.

[0041] In some embodiments, the system further comprises an auxiliary temperature sensor, the auxiliary solar irradiance sensor being coupled to the smart sensor device.

[0042] In some embodiments, the auxiliary temperature sensor is constructed and arranged to be positioned at a bottom surface of the one or more solar array modules.

[0043] In some embodiments, the auxiliary temperature sensor is coupled to the smart sensor 7 POW-003-PCTdevice by a communication wire.

[0044] In some embodiments, the processor further generates a performance reference metric that accounts for temperature measured by the auxiliary temperature sensor.

[0045] In some embodiments, the system further comprises a measurement sensor, the measurement sensor being coupled to the smart sensor device.

[0046] In some embodiments, the measurement sensor is constructed and arranged to be positioned at a top surface of the one or more solar array modules.

[0047] In some embodiments, the measurement sensor is constructed and arranged to be positioned at a bottom surface of the one or more solar array modules.

[0048] In some embodiments, the measurement sensor is coupled to the smart sensor device by a communication wire.

[0049] In some embodiments, the processor further generates a performance reference metric that accounts for measured data as measured by the measurement sensor.

[0050] In some embodiments, the measurement sensor comprises an accelerometer generating measured orientation data of the smart sensor device.

[0051] In some embodiments, the measurement sensor comprises a magnetometer generating measured magnetic field data of the smart sensor device.

[0052] In some embodiments, the measurement sensor comprises a soiling sensor generating measured data related to soiling at a portion of the smart sensor device.

[0053] In some embodiments, the soiling sensor comprises a cleaning mechanism for cleaning the portion of the smart sensor device.

[0054] In some embodiments, the cleaning mechanism comprises an optical cleaning mechanism or a mechanical cleaning mechanism. 8 POW-003-PCT

[0055] In some embodiments, the gateway further comprises one or more gateway sensors coupled to the gateway processor, the one or more gateway sensors providing gateway sensor data directly to the gateway.

[0056] In some embodiments, the gateway sensor data relates to performance of a system inverter, a system battery or a system energy accounting.

[0057] In some embodiments, the processor further generates an uncertainty metric based on the one or more solar irradiance sensor’s exposure to sunlight and known drift factors.

[0058] In some embodiments, the processor further generates a performance reference metric that accounts for temperature effects on the responsivity of the one or more solar irradiance sensors.

[0059] In some embodiments, the processor further generates a performance reference metric that accounts for incident angle reflection losses.

[0060] In some embodiments, the processor further generates a performance reference metric that accounts for calibration drift.

[0061] In some embodiments, the gateway is positioned at a location that is spaced apart from a location of the smart sensor device.

[0062] In some embodiments, the transmitter and receiver communicate via wireless communications.

[0063] In some embodiments, the transmitter comprises one or more transmitter antenna and wherein the receiver comprises one or more receiver antenna.

[0064] In some embodiments, wherein the one or more transmitter antenna and one or more receiver antenna communicate via wireless communications. 9 POW-003-PCT

[0065] In some embodiments, the system further comprises a smart sensor device receiver coupled to the smart sensor device and wherein the gateway further comprises a gateway transmitter in wireless communication with smart sensor device receiver.

[0066] In some embodiments, the gateway further comprises an internet communication node that provides bidirectional communication between the gateway and the internet.

[0067] In another aspect, a system, comprises: a smart sensor device, comprising: a platform constructed and arranged to be mounted to one or more solar array modules; and one or more solar irradiance sensors on the platform configured to receive incident solar energy, the one or more solar irradiance sensors oriented on the platform so that the received incident solar energy is comparable to that received by the solar array modules, the one or more solar irradiance sensors providing solar irradiance signals in response to the incident solar energy; and a support arm constructed and arranged to extend over one or the one or more solar irradiance sensors; the support arm comprising: a first end positioned above at least one of the one or more solar irradiance sensors; and a second end; and a light emitting diode (LED) coupled to the first end of the support arm, the light emitting diode being constructed and arranged to emit light towards one or more of the one or more solar irradiance sensors.

[0068] In some embodiments, the system further comprises an LED controller circuit, the LED controller circuit being coupled to the platform of the smart sensor device.

[0069] In some embodiments, the system further comprises a cover constructed and arranged to protect the smart sensor device from damage and / or contaminants. 10 POW-003-PCT

[0070] In some embodiments, the cover comprises a top cover configured to be positioned above a top face of the platform and a bottom cover configured to be positioned below a bottom face of the platform.

[0071] In some embodiments, the second end of the support arm is coupled to the cover

[0072] In another aspect, a system comprises: a smart sensor device, comprising: a platform constructed and arranged to be mounted to one or more solar array modules; and one or more solar irradiance sensors on the platform configured to receive incident solar energy, the one or more solar irradiance sensors oriented on the platform so that the received incident solar energy is comparable to that received by the solar array modules, the one or more solar irradiance sensors providing solar irradiance signals in response to the incident solar energy; and a support arm constructed and arranged to extend over one or the one or more solar irradiance sensors; the support arm comprising: a first end positioned above at least one of the one or more solar irradiance sensors; and a second end; and a light emitting diode (LED) coupled to the first end of the support arm, the light emitting diode being constructed and arranged to emit light in a direction toward an upper portion of the platform.

[0073] In some embodiments, the system further comprises an LED controller circuit, the LED controller circuit being coupled to the platform of the smart sensor device.

[0074] In some embodiments, the the upper portion of the platform comprises a cover at constructed and arranged to protect the smart sensor device from damage and / or contaminants.

[0075] In some embodiments, the cover comprises a top cover configured to be positioned above a top face of the platform and a bottom cover configured to be positioned below a bottom face of the platform.

[0076] In some embodiments, the second end of the support arm is coupled to the cover. 11 POW-003-PCT

[0077] In another aspect, a system, comprises: a smart sensor device, comprising: a platform constructed and arranged to be mounted to one or more solar array modules; and one or more solar irradiance sensors on the platform configured to receive incident solar energy, the one or more solar irradiance sensors oriented on the platform so that the received incident solar energy is comparable to that received by the solar array modules, the one or more solar irradiance sensors providing solar irradiance signals in response to the incident solar energy; and a support arm constructed and arranged to extend over one or the one or more solar irradiance sensors, the support arm comprising: a first end positioned above at least one of the one or more solar irradiance sensors; a second end; and a spray channel constructed and arranged to allow fluid to pass through the support arm from the second end to the first end; and a brush coupled to the first end of the support arm, the brush being constructed and arranged to clean one or more of the one or more solar irradiance sensors.

[0078] In some embodiments, the support arm is a robotic arm that is constructed and arranged to move.

[0079] In some embodiments, the system further comprises a reservoir constructed and arranged to store cleaning fluid, the reservoir being coupled to the spray channel.

[0080] In some embodiments, the system further comprises a controller circuit, the controller circuit being coupled to the platform of the smart sensor device, the controller circuit being configured to control the movement of the support arm and / or the dispersal of a cleaning fluid from the spray channel.

[0081] In some embodiments, the system further comprises a cover constructed and arranged to protect the smart sensor device from damage and / or contaminants. 12 POW-003-PCT

[0082] In some embodiments, the cover comprises a top cover configured to be positioned above a top face of the platform and a bottom cover configured to be positioned below a bottom face of the platform.

[0083] In some embodiments, the second end of the support arm is coupled to the cover.

[0084] In some embodiments, the second end of the support arm is coupled to the platform.

[0085] In another aspect, a system, comprises: a smart sensor device, comprising: a platform constructed and arranged to be mounted to one or more solar array modules; one or more solar irradiance sensors on the platform configured to receive incident solar energy, the one or more solar irradiance sensors oriented on the platform so that the received incident solar energy is comparable to that received by the solar array modules, the one or more solar irradiance sensors providing solar irradiance signals in response to the incident solar energy; and a transmitter coupled to the smart sensor device; the transmitter configured to periodically transmit the solar irradiance signals; and a gateway, comprising: a receiver configured to receive the solar irradiance signals from the transmitter; and a processor configured to: receive the solar irradiance signals; determine adjustment data by applying one or more measurement enhancements to the solar irradiance signals; and generate a performance reference metric based on the adjustment data, the performance reference metric related to the expected performance of the one or more solar array modules to which the platform is mounted.

[0086] In some embodiments, the smart sensor device further comprises one or more temperature sensors that provides temperature signals, wherein the transmitter is configured to periodically transmit the temperature signals, wherein the receiver is configured to receive the temperature signals from the transmitter, and wherein the processor further generates the performance reference metric based on the temperature signals. 13 POW-003-PCT

[0087] In some embodiments, the processor further generates the performance reference metric based on the temperature signals and the adjustment data.

[0088] In some embodiments, the temperature sensor generates the device temperature signal periodically.

[0089] In another aspect, a method, comprises the steps of: providing a smart sensor device, comprising: a platform constructed and arranged to be mounted to one or more solar array modules; one or more solar irradiance sensors on the platform configured to receive incident solar energy, the one or more solar irradiance sensors oriented on the platform so that the received incident solar energy is comparable to that received by the solar array modules, the one or more solar irradiance sensors providing solar irradiance signals in response to the incident solar energy; and a transmitter on the platform, providing a gateway device comprising a receiver and a processor; the transmitter periodically transmitting the solar irradiance signals; the receiver receiving the solar irradiance signals; the processor determining adjustment data by applying one or more measurement enhancements to the solar irradiance signals; and the processor generating a performance reference metric based on the adjustment data, the performance reference metric related to the expected performance of the one or more solar array modules to which the platform is mounted.

[0090] In some embodiments, the system further comprises one or more temperature sensors coupled to the smart sensor device and the method further comprises the steps of: the one or more temperature sensors providing temperature signals; the transmitter periodically transmitting the temperature signals; the receiver receiving the temperature signals from the transmitter; and the processor further generating the performance reference metric based on the temperature signals. 14 POW-003-PCT

[0091] In some embodiments, the method further comprises the step of: the processor further generating the performance reference metric based on the temperature signals and the adjustment data.

[0092] In some embodiments, the method further comprises the step of: the temperature sensor generating the temperature signal periodically. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0093] The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of embodiments of the present inventive concepts will be apparent from the more particular description of exemplary embodiments, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which like reference characters refer to the same elements throughout the different views. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of the exemplary embodiments.

[0094] FIG.1 depicts a typical weather station for monitoring a solar array.

[0095] FIGs. 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E(1), 2E(2), 2E(3), 2F, 2G and 2H are various views of smart sensor devices in accordance with exemplary embodiments of the present inventive concepts.

[0096] FIGs.3A and 3B are top and top perspective views respectively of a smart sensor device mounted between solar panels in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concepts.

[0097] FIG. 4A is a simplified overview processing flow diagram in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concepts.

[0098] FIG. 4B is a simplified overview processing flow diagram of a DenowattsTMmetric calculation, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concepts. 15 POW-003-PCT

[0099] FIG.5 depicts data logic and data flow in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concepts.

[0100] FIG. 6 depicts various communication modes in accordance with exemplary embodiments of the present inventive concepts.

[0101] FIGs. 7A and 7B depict various power supplying approaches in accordance with exemplary embodiments of the present inventive concepts.

[0102] FIG. 8 is a table of sampling, logging and reporting times for various communication modes for daylight, twilight and dark modes in accordance with exemplary embodiments of the present inventive concepts.

[0103] FIG. 9 depicts a representative processing system in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concepts.

[0104] FIGs. 10A, 10B, 10C, 10D, 10E, 10F and 10G depict various aspects of irradiance sensor devices in accordance with exemplary embodiments of the present inventive concepts.

[0105] FIGs.11A, 11B and 11C are top-perspective, side and top views respectively of an embodiment of the device platform, in accordance with the present inventive concepts.

[0106] FIG. 12 is a chart of non-linear efficiency of a system inverter in response to system irradiance, in accordance with the present inventive concepts.

[0107] FIG.13A is a top view of an embodiment of a top cover, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0108] FIG.13B is an exploded side view of the embodiment of a top cover shown in FIG.13A and a cosine corrector, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0109] FIG.13C is an exploded perspective view of the embodiment of a top cover 16 POW-003-PCTshown in FIG.13A and two cosine correctors, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0110] FIG.13D is an exploded side view of the embodiment of a top cover shown in FIG.13A and two cosine corrector, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0111] FIG.13E is bottom view of the embodiment of a top cover shown in FIG.13A, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0112] FIG. 14A is an exploded side view of an embodiment of a portion of a smart sensor device, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0113] FIG. 14B is an exploded perspective view of the embodiment of a portion of a smart sensor device of FIG.14A, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0114] FIG. 15A is a top view of the embodiment of the top cover of FIG. 13A and a smart sensor device, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0115] FIG. 15B is an exploded perspective view of an embodiment of the top cover and the smart sensor device of FIG.15A, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0116] FIG.15C is an exploded side view of the embodiment of the top cover and the smart sensor device shown in FIG.15B, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0117] FIG. 15D is a bottom view of the embodiment of the top cover and the smart sensor device shown in FIG.15B, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0118] FIG. 15E is an exploded side view of the embodiment of the top cover and the smart sensor device shown in FIG.15B, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0119] FIG.16A is a top view of an embodiment of a top cover, a smart sensor device, and a bottom cover, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0120] FIG. 16B is an exploded perspective view of the embodiment of FIG. 16A of the top cover, the smart sensor device, and the bottom cover, in accordance with aspects of 17 POW-003-PCTinventive concepts.

[0121] FIG. 16C is an exploded side view of the embodiment of FIG. 16B of the top cover, the smart sensor device, and the bottom cover, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0122] FIG.16D is a bottom view of the embodiment of FIG.16B of the top cover, the smart sensor device, and the bottom cover, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0123] FIG. 16E is an exploded side view of the embodiment of FIG. 16B of the top cover, the smart sensor device, and the bottom cover, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0124] FIG.17A is a top view of an embodiment of a top cover, a smart sensor device, a bottom cover (not shown), and screws (not shown), in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0125] FIG. 17B is an exploded perspective view of the embodiment of FIG. 17A of the top cover, the smart sensor device, and the bottom cover along with screws to connect the top cover and the bottom cover, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0126] FIG. 17C is a side view of the embodiment of FIG. 17B of the top cover, the smart sensor device, the bottom cover, and the screws, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0127] FIG.17D is a bottom view of the embodiment of FIG.17B of the top cover, the smart sensor device, the bottom cover, and the screws, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0128] FIG. 17E is an exploded side view of the embodiment of FIG. 17B of the top cover, the smart sensor device, the bottom cover, and the screws, in accordance with aspects of 18 POW-003-PCTinventive concepts.

[0129] FIG. 18A is a top view of an embodiment of a top cover coupled to a bottom cover, a smart sensor device (only the tops of the solar irradiance sensors are visible), and a connector board comprising an auxiliary battery and an external sensor connector (not shown in top view), in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0130] FIG. 18B is an exploded perspective view of the embodiment of FIG. 18A of the top cover coupled to the bottom cover, the smart sensor device, and the connector board comprising the auxiliary battery and the external sensor connector, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0131] FIG. 18C is an exploded side view of the embodiment of FIG. 18A of the top cover coupled to the bottom cover, the smart sensor device, and the connector board comprising the auxiliary battery and the external sensor connector, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0132] FIG. 18D is a side view of the embodiment of FIG. 18A of the top cover coupled to the bottom cover, the smart sensor device, and the connector board comprising the auxiliary battery and the external sensor connector, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0133] FIG. 18E is an exploded side view of the embodiment of FIG. 18A of the top cover coupled to the bottom cover, the smart sensor device, and the connector board comprising the auxiliary battery and the external sensor connector, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0134] FIG. 19A is a top view of an embodiment of a top cover coupled to a bottom cover, a smart sensor device, a connector board comprising an auxiliary battery and an external 19 POW-003-PCTsensor connector (not shown in top view), and a connector board cover, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0135] FIG. 19B is an exploded perspective view of the embodiment of FIG. 19A of the top cover coupled to the bottom cover, the smart sensor device, the connector board comprising the auxiliary battery and the external sensor connector, and the connector board cover, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0136] FIG. 19C is an exploded side view of the embodiment of FIG. 19A of the top cover coupled to the bottom cover, the smart sensor device, the connector board comprising the auxiliary battery and the external sensor connector, and the connector board cover, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0137] FIG. 19D is a bottom view of the embodiment of FIG. 19A of the top cover coupled to the bottom cover, the smart sensor device, the connector board comprising the auxiliary battery and the external sensor connector, and the connector board cover, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0138] FIG. 19E is an exploded side view of the embodiment of FIG. 19A of the top cover coupled to the bottom cover, the smart sensor device, the connector board comprising the auxiliary battery and the external sensor connector, and the connector board cover, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0139] FIG. 20A is a top view of an embodiment of a chassis, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0140] FIG. 20B is a top view of an embodiment of a top cover coupled to a bottom cover, a smart sensor device, a connector board comprising an auxiliary battery and an external sensor connector (not shown in top view), and a connector board cover, in accordance with 20 POW-003-PCTaspects of inventive concepts.

[0141] FIG.20C is an exploded side view of an embodiment of a top cover coupled to a bottom cover, a smart sensor device, a connector board comprising an auxiliary battery and an external sensor connector (not shown in top view), a connector board cover, and a corresponding chassis, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0142] FIG. 21A is a top view of an embodiment of a top cover coupled to a bottom cover, a smart sensor device, a connector board comprising an auxiliary battery and an external sensor connector (not shown in top view), and a connector board cover, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0143] FIG.21B is an exploded perspective view of the embodiment of FIG.21A of a top cover coupled to a bottom cover, a smart sensor device, a connector board comprising an auxiliary battery and an external sensor connector (not shown in top view), a connector board cover, coupled to a chassis, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0144] FIG.21C is a side view of the embodiment of FIG.21B of a top cover coupled to a bottom cover, a smart sensor device, a connector board comprising an auxiliary battery and an external sensor connector (not shown in top view), a connector board cover, and a corresponding chassis, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0145] FIG. 21D is a bottom view of the embodiment of FIG. 21B of a top cover coupled to a bottom cover, a smart sensor device, a connector board comprising an auxiliary battery and an external sensor connector (not shown in top view), a connector board cover, and a corresponding chassis, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0146] FIG. 21E is an exploded side view of the embodiment of FIG. 21A of a top cover coupled to a bottom cover, a smart sensor device, a connector board comprising an 21 POW-003-PCTauxiliary battery and an external sensor connector (not shown in top view), and a connector board cover, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0147] FIG.22A is a perspective view of an embodiment of a smart sensor device with a top cover coupled to a bottom cover, a smart sensor device, a connector board comprising an auxiliary battery and an external sensor connector (not shown in top view), a connector board cover, and a corresponding chassis, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0148] FIG. 22B is a side view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 22A, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0149] FIG.22C is a perspective view of the embodiment shown in 22A, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0150] FIG.22D is a perspective view of the embodiment shown in 22C removed from the chassis, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0151] FIG.22E is a perspective view of the embodiment shown in 22A, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0152] FIG.22F is a perspective view of the embodiment shown in 22D removed from the chassis, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0153] FIG.22G is a side view of an embodiment of a smart sensor device mounted at a chassis and the chassis is coupled to an adjustable mount in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0154] FIG 22H1 and 22H2 are perspective views of a clamp mechanism for securing the chassis to a solar panel in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0155] FIG. 23 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a smart sensor device mounted at a chassis and the chassis is mounted at a side of a solar panel, in accordance with 22 POW-003-PCTaspects of inventive concepts.

[0156] FIG. 24 is a side view of an embodiment of a smart sensor device 300 and an auxiliary pyranometer coupled to a solar panel, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0157] FIG. 25 is an exploded perspective view of an embodiment of an auxiliary pyranometer 850 and an embodiment of a locking material or adhesive, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0158] FIG. 26A is a top view of an embodiment of an auxiliary pyranometer, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0159] FIG. 26B is a perspective view of the embodiment of FIG.25A of an auxiliary pyranometer, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0160] FIG. 26C is a side view of the embodiment of FIG. 25A of an auxiliary pyranometer, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0161] FIG. 26D is a side view of the embodiment of FIG. 25A of an auxiliary pyranometer, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0162] FIG. 26E is a cross-section view of section A-A of FIG. 25C of an auxiliary pyranometer, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0163] FIG. 26F is a bottom view of the embodiment of FIG. 25A of an auxiliary pyranometer, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0164] FIG. 27 is an exploded perspective view of a temperature sensor, a sensor mounting device, and a locking material, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0165] FIG. 28A is a perspective view of an embodiment of a smart sensor device, a top cover, a bottom cover, a chassis, an auxiliary pyranometer, a temperature sensor, a sensor mounting device, and a locking material, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts. 23 POW-003-PCT

[0166] FIG. 28B is a perspective view of an embodiment of a smart sensor device, a top cover, a bottom cover, a chassis, an auxiliary pyranometer, an adjustable mount, a temperature sensor, a sensor mounting device, and a locking material, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0167] FIG. 29A, 29B, 29C shows a side view of an embodiment of a tracker with a smart sensor device 300 comprising two antennas, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0168] FIG. 330 is a flow diagram showing an embodiment of the edge computation architecture, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0169] FIG. 31 is a front view of an embodiment of a gateway, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0170] FIG. 32 is a flow diagram showing a method of calculating a method to benchmark bifacial solar modules, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0171] FIG. 33 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a smart sensor device comprising an accelerometer, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0172] FIG. 34 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a smart sensor device comprising a light emitting diode (LED), an LED support arm, and an LED controller circuit, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0173] FIG. 35 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a smart sensor device comprising a robotic arm, a spray channel, and a brush, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0174] FIG. 36 is a perspective view of an alternative embodiment of a smart sensor device comprising a light emitting diode (LED), an LED support arm, and an LED controller 24 POW-003-PCTcircuit, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

[0175] Various exemplary embodiments will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which some exemplary embodiments are shown. The present inventive concepts may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the exemplary embodiments set forth herein.

[0176] It will be understood that when an element or layer is referred to as being “on,” “connected to” or “coupled to” another element or layer, it can be directly on, connected or coupled to the other element or layer or intervening elements or layers may be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly on,” “directly connected to” or “directly coupled to” another element or layer, there are no intervening elements or layers present. Like numerals refer to like elements throughout. As may be used herein, the term “and / or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.

[0177] It will be understood that, although the terms first, second, third, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, components, regions, layers and / or sections, these elements, components, regions, layers and / or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer or section from another region, layer or section. Thus, a first element, component, region, layer or section discussed below could be termed a second element, component, region, layer or section without departing from the teachings of the present inventive concepts. 25 POW-003-PCT

[0178] Spatially relative terms, such as “beneath,” “below,” “lower,” “above,” “upper” and the like, may be used herein for ease of description to describe one element’s or feature’s relationship to another element(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the figures. It will be understood that the spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. For example, if the device in the figures is turned over, elements described as “below” or “beneath” other elements or features would then be oriented “above” the other elements or features. Thus, the example term “below” can encompass both an orientation of above and below. The device may be otherwise oriented (rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors used herein interpreted accordingly.

[0179] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular exemplary embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the present inventive concepts. As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and / or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and / or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and / or groups thereof.

[0180] Exemplary embodiments may be described herein with reference to cross- sectional illustrations that are schematic illustrations of idealized exemplary embodiments (and intermediate structures). As such, variations from the shapes of the illustrations as a result, for example, of manufacturing techniques and / or tolerances, are to be expected. Thus, exemplary embodiments should not be construed as limited to the particular shapes of regions illustrated 26 POW-003-PCTherein but are to include deviations in shapes that result, for example, from manufacturing. Thus, the regions illustrated in the figures are schematic in nature and their shapes are not intended to illustrate the actual shape of a region of a device and are not intended to limit the scope of the present inventive concepts.

[0181] The smart sensor devices and methods in accordance with exemplary embodiments of the present inventive concepts provide a streamlined solution for solar performance benchmarking. In some embodiments, such devices and methods are constructed and arranged to communicate with monitoring platforms via communication protocols, for example standardized transmission protocols and provide information to a monitoring user comparing desired solar performance versus actual solar performance.

[0182] In some embodiments, smart sensor devices in accordance with the present inventive concepts can include one or more of plane of array (POA) irradiance sensors and module cell temperature sensors. Solar array energy production can be simulated. Wireless communication (including greater than 800 feet in urban conditions) can be provided. Energy harvesting technology allows the smart sensor devices to be self-powered. The smart sensor devices may be configured such that “drop in” installations (fitting in the gap between two solar array modules) can be provided. A receiver / gateway can be readily installed in the vicinity of the 800 foot range smart sensor devices for communication with third-party monitoring. The smart sensor devices can be remotely managed to ensure optimum reliability and accuracy. The smart sensor devices can be licensed as a service to deliver needed monitoring information without the hassle of hardware management.

[0183] In exemplary embodiments the smart sensor devices can capture environmental conditions such that it simulates a reference solar array. In some embodiments, the smart sensor 27 POW-003-PCTdevices can operate in a daylight mode, a twilight mode and a night mode to avoid a necessity of processing excess data. In some embodiments, during daylight conditions the smart sensor device logs POA irradiance data via one or more pyranometer type units, as well as a calculated module cell temperature. Measurement samples can be taken periodically, for example every 5 seconds, and logged as average POA irradiance, cell temperature and KWh equivalent (a Denowattstmcalculation) calculated periodically, for example each minute, made into a record with irradiance and temperature periodically, for example each minute, simulating the physiology of a reference solar array (DenowattsTMis a trademark of PowerOwners). In some embodiments data can be transmitted periodically, for example every 5 minutes to a receiver / gateway.

[0184] In exemplary embodiments, the DenowattsTMmetric calculation can include a simulated energy generation value which is analogous to Kilowatt-Hours, representing a reference solar array. Calculations are performed in the smart sensor devices using an embedded processor. Fog Computing (a paradigm that extends Cloud computing and services to the edge of the network and provides data, compute, storage, and application services to end- users) can be performed at the smart sensor device, which in turn can significantly reduce the amount of data that needs to be sent and the power required. Embedded microprocessors in the smart sensor devices execute processes, for example, processes implemented in software code that implement the fog computing at a location proximal the sensors, rather than through cloud computing by remote servers. In this manner, an improved, less-expensive more-expeditious approach to data processing and performance monitoring is provided. Equations used to perform the metric calculations can be derived from years of measuring and verifying solar asset performance. 28 POW-003-PCT

[0185] The Denowattstmcalculation metric accounts for a number of performance- related parameters. In some embodiments, such parameters can include on or more of irradiance, temperature, static and dynamic system derating, or other parameters indicative of system performance. The Denowattstmcalculation metric incorporates various on-site variables, system specifications and derived data for typical operating conditions. In some embodiments the on- site variables can include POA irradiance. In some embodiments the on-site variables can include sensor temperature. In some embodiments, the system specifications can include DC standard test condition (STC) rating of a DC to AC inverter maximum AC output. In some embodiments, the derived data can include static derate, which in turn can comprise observed DC to AC derating. In some embodiments, the derived data can include dynamic derate as observed inverter efficiency curve data. As described herein, various modes of operation can be employed, depending on, among other things, the time of day. For example, while operating in a “day” mode, the smart sensor devices can perform the Denowattstmcalculation every minute using 5 second interval sample data to deliver exceptional granularity and accuracy across a broad range of environmental conditions. At other times of the day, the sample data interval, the Denowattstmcalculation interval, and the transmission interval can be lengthened so that they are performed less frequently, and therefore consume less system power.

[0186] In some embodiments the smart sensor devices can be powered according to a number of different approaches. For example, they can be self-powered by integrated energy harvesting circuits, such as one or more solar cells and one or more super capacitors, for a power source. In another example, a battery source, for example a lithium battery pack, can optionally be included to provide years of auxiliary power during extended dark conditions when the solar 29 POW-003-PCTbased source may be unavailable. In other example embodiments, the power source can comprise a wired power source.

[0187] In exemplary embodiments communications between the smart sensor devices and the receiver / gateway can utilize powerful 900 MHz Zigbee protocol wireless radio transceivers. Reliable transmission over 1500 feet can be observed in urban environments when exemplary embodiments of the smart sensor devices employ integrated antennas. Further optional antennas can be included to extend transmission over 2500 feet.

[0188] In exemplary embodiments the smart sensor devices can employ a receiver / gateway that can interface with a remote monitoring service using standardized transmission protocols. In some embodiments, the MODBUS TCP protocol can be employed. In some embodiments, receiver / gateway can utilize 24V dc power and have Ethernet connectivity. For example, in some embodiments, the system can operate in an always “on”, for example, via broadband, modem, cellular or wired communications

[0189] In exemplary embodiments, one or more of the smart sensor devices can be mounted to an existing or potential solar array for the purpose of determining energy resources and to monitor their production of an expected power and energy output. In some embodiments, the smart sensor device can be packaged and programmed to behave like a miniature solar array; however, instead of producing energy, it produces information. In some embodiments, such information can be calculated according to the processes described herein, which, in turn, may then be used as a reference point for determining solar performance verification or potential solar performance of a solar array. In some embodiments, the smart sensor devices can be self-contained, for example, each can include its own power source, wireless communication system, processing system, and data storage system. 30 POW-003-PCT

[0190] In some embodiments, the smart sensor devices can be packaged in a weather- resistant container. In some embodiments, the container can be mounted to one or more solar array panels in such a manner that irradiance sensors on the container are mounted or otherwise fixed to be oriented in a plane that is parallel to a plane on which the solar modules or panels are arranged, so that the orientation of the sensor is such that the sensors receive the same light, and at the same orientation, as the solar cells of the solar panels.

[0191] In operation, the smart sensor devices in accordance with embodiments of the present inventive concepts can be configured to fixed weather stations which are commonly used to collect and report weather data. Such conventional weather stations commonly produce only processed data related to sensors such as sun intensity and temperature. In contrast, systems and methods of the present inventive concepts can be configured to additionally produce calculated metrics that represent the production of an actual solar array, as described herein. In this manner, the smart sensor device can be considered to be a “smart and self- contained” unit.

[0192] According to the systems and methods of the present inventive concepts, the processing of data may further include calculating and accumulating a total amount of Sun- Hours collected from the integral of irradiance data, and storing and transmitting the total amount of Sun-Hours to the data monitoring user. The accumulation may be used to ensure that incident irradiance flux is recorded, even during power outages, such that the delivery of measurement and verification services is maintained. The accumulated irradiance data can be used in the process of compiling an adjusted performance baseline which can address the question: “Is my solar array actually doing what it is modeled to do?” 31 POW-003-PCT

[0193] Various exemplary embodiments of the present inventive concepts can be generally characterized, according to the following: sensing, processing, transmitting, and form factor. Such categories are included here only for purposes of discussion, and embodiments are not thus limited.

[0194] Referring to FIGs.2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E(1), 2E(2), 2E(3), 2F, and 2G exemplary embodiments of a smart sensor device for performance monitoring of a solar array having one or more solar panels are depicted.

[0195] In some embodiments, a smart sensor device 11 in accordance with the present inventive concepts comprises one or more solar irradiance sensors 14, and one or more optional temperature sensor 20, mounted to a device platform 22 or housing. In some embodiments, the device platform 22 can comprise a primary platform 22 that can be coupled to a secondary device platform 24. In some embodiments, together, the primary 22 and secondary 24 device platforms house the one or more solar irradiance sensors 14, the one or more optional temperature sensors 20, and additional componentry employed for carrying out the processes of the present inventive concepts. In some embodiments, the primary device platform 22 is constructed and arranged to be seated at a top of the neighboring solar array panels 16 to which the device is mounted, and the secondary device platform 24 is constructed and arranged to be seated at a bottom of the neighboring solar array panels 16 to which the device is mounted. In some embodiments, the primary device platform 22, and, if employed, the secondary device platform 24 are configured to be mounted between edges of two neighboring panels 16 having a gap 18 between them as seen in FIG.2A

[0196] In some embodiments, for example referring to FIG. 2B, the smart sensor device 11 may further include one or more of system processing electronics 75, a power source 32 POW-003-PCT73, a communication transceiver 77 a power storage element 79 and a secondary circuit panel 81 for supporting the devices and communications between them. In some embodiments, the system processing electronics 75 can include a processor, related input / output electronics, volatile system memory and non-volatile system memory utilized for carrying out system processes. In some embodiments the power source 73 can comprise a battery pack or other source of power. In some embodiments, the communication transceiver can comprise componentry used for implementing wireless or wired communication between the smart sensor device 11 and a remote receiver / gateway system.

[0197] In some embodiments, the system processing electronics 75 may be positioned at the primary platform 22, the secondary device platform, or both 22, 24. In some embodiments, a power source 75 may be positioned at the primary platform 22, the secondary device platform 24, or both 22, 24. In some embodiments, the communication transceiver 77 may be positioned at the primary platform 22, the secondary device platform, or both 22, 24. In some embodiments, electronic signals can be communicated between components of the primary 22 and secondary 24 platforms via a cable 26. In other embodiments, the electronic signals can be communicated between components of the primary 22 and secondary 24 platforms in a wireless arrangement.

[0198] In some embodiments, the smart sensor device 11 may further include a device solar array 28. In some embodiments, the device solar array 28 can be positioned at an upper surface of the primary platform 22, so as to be directly exposed in incident sunlight. In some embodiments, the device solar array 28 can be employed to provide a power source to the smart sensor device 11. Energy absorbed by and converted by the device solar array 28 can be stored in a harnessed power storage element 79, for example a capacitor or a super capacitor. The 33 POW-003-PCTenergy stored in the harnessed power storage element 79 can in turn be used to power the operations of the smart sensor device. In some embodiments the device solar array 28 and harnessed power storage element 79 can operate as the primary power source for the smart sensor device 11. In some embodiments, the device solar array 28 and power storage element 79 can operate as the sole power source for the smart sensor device 11. In some embodiments, the device solar array 28 can be used to re-charge the power source 73, for example, the battery pack, for the smart sensor device 11. In such an arrangement, the power storage element 79 may not be needed. In embodiments where the power storage element 79 is included, the power storage element 79 may be positioned at the primary platform 22, the secondary device platform, or both 22, 24.

[0199] In some embodiments, operations related to sensing can include optionally utilizing output signals of one or more solar irradiance sensors 14, and output signals of the temperature measurement sensor 20. In some embodiments, the solar irradiance sensor 14 may comprise a silicon photodiode, for example a pyranometer or other suitable device, which operates to measure sunlight intensity. Such solar irradiance sensors 14 can be optionally configured to monitor various bandwidths of sunlight intensity. For example, in some embodiments, a single solar irradiance sensor 14 can be configured to measure sunlight intensity at a specific wavelength or over a range of wavelengths. Similarly, in some embodiments, multiple solar irradiance sensors 14a, 14b, as shown in FIGs. 2B, 2D, 2F can be configured to measure sunlight intensity at a specific wavelength or over a range of wavelengths.

[0200] In some embodiments, a first solar irradiance sensor 14a can be configured to measure sunlight intensity at a first wavelength and a second solar irradiance sensor 14b can be configured to measure sunlight intensity at a second wavelength. In some embodiments, 34 POW-003-PCTfurther solar irradiance sensors, for example, third and fourth, or more, solar irradiance sensors 14c, 14d, as shown in FIG. 2G, can be configured to measure sunlight intensity at third and fourth, or more, wavelengths.

[0201] In some embodiments, a first solar irradiance sensor 14a can be configured to measure sunlight intensity at a first range of wavelengths and a second solar irradiance sensor 14b can be configured to measure sunlight intensity at a second range of wavelengths. In some embodiments, further solar irradiance sensors, for example, third and fourth, or more, solar irradiance sensors 14c, 14d, can be configured to measure sunlight intensity at third and fourth, or more, ranges of wavelengths.

[0202] In some embodiments, a first solar irradiance sensor 14a can be configured to measure sunlight intensity at a first wavelength and a second solar irradiance sensor 14b can be configured to measure sunlight intensity at a second range of wavelengths.

[0203] In some embodiments, a first solar irradiance sensor 14a can be configured to measure sunlight intensity at a first wavelength or first range of wavelengths and a second solar irradiance sensor 14b can be configured to measure sunlight intensity at a second wavelength or second range of wavelengths, wherein the first and second wavelength or first and second range of wavelengths are substantially equal. In such a configuration, redundancy of the solar irradiance sensors 14a, 14b accommodates certain situations where such redundancy to help to maintain system efficacy. For example, redundancy of the solar irradiance sensors 14a, 14b can maintain system efficacy where one of the multiple irradiance sensors has a foreign substance blocking its outer surface, or where one of the multiple irradiance sensors malfunctions. 35 POW-003-PCT

[0204] In some embodiments, the solar irradiance sensor 14 can be mounted in a standardized packaging such that sunlight can be measured in the Plane of Array (POA) or at an angle normal to the face of a solar module 16 or panel surface to which the smart sensor device 11 is mounted. In this manner, the solar irradiance sensor 14 experiences sunlight exposure that is similar to the exposure experienced by the neighboring solar modules 16. For example, one or more solar irradiance sensors 14 can be positioned on the smart sensor device 11, in turn positioned on the solar panels 16, as shown in FIG. 2A. In this manner, the orientation of the solar irradiance sensor 14 is substantially orthogonal to the plane in which the top surfaces of the solar panels 16 lie. Accordingly, the solar irradiance sensor 14 is equally subject to the same environmental factors as the solar panels 16, such environmental factors as shade, snow, soiling by leaves, dirt, bird droppings, and the like.

[0205] In some embodiments, for example in a case where multiple, for example two or more, solar irradiance sensors 14 are employed, such as in the embodiments of 2D, 2E, 2F and 2G, an average of the irradiance values received by the multiple irradiance sensors can be calculated to provide the irradiance measurement. In such an embodiment, the average irradiance value received by the multiple irradiance sensors known to be functioning properly can be calculated and used to provide the irradiance measurement.

[0206] Referring to the exploded perspective view of FIG. 10A, in some embodiments, a solar irradiance sensor 14 may comprise a diffuser 116, one or more photodiodes 114, and supporting electronics 110. The diffuser 116 is configured to receive incident light and present the incident sunlight to one or more light capturing devices, for example, photodiodes. The one or more photodiodes 114 are configured to convert the received and diffused incident sunlight into a voltage or current signal. The supporting electronics are 36 POW-003-PCTprovided on a circuit board 110. In some embodiments, for example in the embodiments of FIGs.2D, 2E, 2F and 2G, the circuit board 110 may be configured to have mounted thereto one or more solar irradiance sensors 14, each associated with a photodiode 114. In some embodiments where multiple solar irradiance sensors 14 are included, the multiple photodiodes 114 can each have a different and unique frequency response characteristic. Such a multiple- photodiode configuration can allow for the mathematical combination of the sensitivity of multiple irradiance sensors 14, such as averaging, across a broad light spectrum to reduce spectral error, to give results comparable to those provided by a broadband thermopile, while using a combination of components that are relatively simpler in design and sensitivity, and therefore cost.

[0207] In some embodiments, the circuit board 110 is constructed and arranged to include a connector pattern, referred to herein as a photodiode pad 112, arranged to accept multiple types and configurations of photodiodes 114. Such photodiodes can include photodiodes formed of, in various examples, amorphous silicon, indium gallium arsenide, gallium arsenide phosphide, and the like. Such photodiodes of different types can be of different configurations, sizes, and lead footprints, which can be accommodated by the photodiode pad 112 arrangement. In this manner, a single circuit board 110 can be manufactured in a manner so as to be compatible with solar irradiance sensors 14 that employ any of a number of different photodiodes. This eases the burden on manufacturing costs, and allows for a single circuit board platform 110 to be adaptable to a range of different applications. An optimal photodiode 114 for a solar irradiance sensor can be selected for a given application and applied to a standardized circuit board 110. 37 POW-003-PCT

[0208] In some embodiments, each irradiance sensor 14 includes a diffuser 116 and a corresponding single photodiode 114 mounted to the photodiode pad 112. As shown and described herein in connection with the embodiments of FIGs.2C, 2D, 2F, and 2G, for example, multiple irradiance sensors 14a, 14b can be configured on the same circuit board 110 or otherwise included in the same smart sensor device 11. Assuming corresponding photodiode pads 112a, 112b are included with each solar irradiance sensor 14a, 14b, then, in some embodiments, different types of photodiodes 114a, 114b may be positioned on the different photodiode pads 112a, 112b. As described herein, assuming each photodiode 114a, 114b is sensitive to a different wavelength of light or a different spectrum of wavelengths of light, then those different wavelengths or spectrums of wavelengths can be considered when computing an irradiance value for the smart sensor device 11. In addition, different types or different geometric arrangements of diffusers 116a, 116b can be employed for similar reasons.

[0209] Further, in a case where multiple solar irradiance sensors 14a, 14b, are included in the smart sensor device, and the same type of diffuser 116a, 116b, and photodiode 114a, 114b is employed, such a configuration allows for the capability to remotely manage an individual solar irradiance sensor 14a, 14b that may become inoperative or inaccurate due to soiling and sensor drifting. In such a case, the smart sensor device 11 may be re-programmed, for example, to inactivate the bad sensor, or to bias or weight the sensor reading of an operational sensor over that of an underperforming sensor.

[0210] As described herein, photodiode pad 112 comprises a location at the circuit board 110 at which the photodiodes 114 are electrically connected to the circuit board 110 and supporting electronics 111. Referring again to FIGs. 10A, 10B, 10C, 10D and 10E there are depicted in exploded perspective view, cross-sectional view and planar view, exemplary 38 POW-003-PCTembodiments of solar irradiance sensor devices in accordance with the present inventive concepts. As seen in FIG. 10A, the circuit board 110 for mounting in or on device platform 22 may contain a universal photodiode pad 112 (depicted in more detail in FIG. 10E) that allows the electrical connection of four or more different types of photodiodes 114 to the circuit board 110. Depicted in FIG. 10A is an example of one type of photodiode, namely, an Amorphous Silicon (a-Si) photodiode. As seen in FIGs. 10B, 10C and 10D photodiodes 114 can be of various shapes and sizes, including surface mount photodiodes, thru-hole mount photodiodes, and others. Diffuser 116 is a universal diffuser which covers photodiodes 114 for measuring various light attributes with cap 118 providing covering protection. In some embodiments, and with reference to FIG. 10B, the diffuser 116 has a sufficient inner height DHand a sufficient inner width DWso that is of sufficient size to house different types of system-compatible photodiodes 114a, 114b, 114c of different heights and widths. In particular, the inner height DHof the diffuser 116 is selected to be sufficient for the system-compatible photodiode of the greatest anticipated height, in this example, the photodiode of FIG. 10B. At the same time, the inner width DWof the diffuser 116 is selected to be sufficient for the system-compatible photodiode of the greatest anticipated width, in this example, the photodiode of FIG. 10C. As seen in FIG.10E the surface of universal photodiode pad 112 includes various electrical contact locations L1. L2, L3, L4 for mounting various photodiodes 114. For example, an a-Si surface mount photodiode could be mounted in pad area L1, an InGaAs thru-hole mount photodiode could be located in pad area L2, an a-Si thru-hole mount photodiode could be located in pad area L3, and a GaAsP thru-hole mount photodiode could be located in pad area L4.

[0211] With reference to FIG. 10F, in some embodiments, an irradiance sensor 14 includes a diffuser 116 and multiple photodiodes 114a, 114b mounted to the photodiode pad 112 39 POW-003-PCTand positioned under the same diffuser 116. In the case of multiple photodiodes 114a, 114b mounted under the same diffuser 116, in some embodiments, the multiple photodiodes 114a, 114b are of the same type and are provided for redundancy. Accordingly, detection electronics remote the smart sensor device 11 can remotely deactivate an underperforming one 114a of the photodiodes and activate a redundant operational one 114b of the photodiodes to thereby expand the longevity of the smart sensor device 11. In the case of multiple photodiodes 114a, 114b mounted under the same diffuser 116, in some embodiments, the multiple photodiodes 114a, 114b can be of different types and are provided for sensing different wavelengths or ranges of wavelengths of sunlight incident on the shared diffuser 116.

[0212] In some embodiments the primary platform 22, the secondary device platform 24, or both 22, 24. may include one or more electrical connectors 93 (see FIG. 2F, for example) for the attachment of a third-party sensor 91 (see FIG.4), for example, a pyranometer, temperature sensor, or other weather measurement device for measuring, processing, and recording data in a manner similar to the solar irradiance sensor 14 or the temperature sensor of the smart sensor device 11.

[0213] In some embodiments the use of a third-party sensor 91, such as a pyranometer, may be used in the calibration process of the solar irradiance sensor 14 or the temperature sensor 20, or both.. In such an embodiments, the third-party sensor 91 may operate as a reference measurement and allow the further improvement of device sensitivity for the purpose of calibrating the sensors 14, 20. Such computation of calibration factors be completed on-board the smart sensor device 11 or remotely. Adjustments to the operating parameters of the device, including calibration factors, may be made locally or remotely to the smart sensor device 11. 40 POW-003-PCT

[0214] FIGs.11A, 11B and 11C are top-perspective, side and top views respectively of an embodiment of the primary device platform 22, in accordance with the present inventive concepts. In this view, it can be seen that the primary device platform 22 has a width 22W in the direction of the x-axis, a length 22L in the direction of the y-axis and a height 22H in the direction of the z-axis. For purposes of this embodiment, the width 22W of the primary device platform 22 is determined as its maximum width in the in direction of the x-axis. For purposes of this embodiment, the height 22H of the primary device platform 22 is determined as its maximum height in the direction of the z-axis. In particular, the height 22H is measured from a lower surface 122 at the underside of the primary device platform 22 at which the underside primary device platform is configured to make contact with a top surface of a solar panel to which the primary device platform 22 is to be mounted to an uppermost surface of the primary device platform 22 and any device components mounted thereto. In this example embodiment the uppermost surface comprises the uppermost surface of the solar irradiance sensors 14, as the diffuser component of the sensors 14 extends above a top surface of the chassis of the primary device platform 22; therefore, the height 22H of the primary device platform 22 in this case is measured as the distance between the lower surface 122 thereof to a top surface of the solar irradiance sensors 14. In some embodiments, the width 22W of the primary device platform is 1.5 inches, the length 22L of the primary device platform 22 is 10 inches, and the height of the primary device platform 22H, including the extension of the solar irradiance sensors 14 is 0.62 inches. In some embodiments, the width 22W of the primary device platform is 1.5 inches, the length 22L of the primary device platform 22 is 10 inches, and the height of the primary device platform 22H, including the extension of the solar irradiance sensors 14 is 0.5 inches. 41 POW-003-PCT

[0215] With this explanation of terms in mind, in some embodiments, the width 22W of the primary device platform 22 is greater than or equal to two times the height 22H of the primary device platform 22. Alternatively, in some embodiments, the width 22W of the primary device platform 22 is greater than or equal to three times the height 22H of the primary device platform 22. Assuming such a ratio of width 22W to height 22H, the configuration of the primary device platform 22 is managed to have a relatively low profile. Accordingly, shadowing of solar cells of neighboring solar panels 16 to which the primary device platform is mounted is mitigated or eliminated, and system efficiency is not adversely affected by the presence of the smart sensor device 11.

[0216] In some embodiments, the temperature measurement sensor 20 may comprise a thermocouple, or other suitable device, suitable for measuring ambient temperature. As seen in the embodiments of FIGs.2B, 2C, 2D and 2E(2), and 2H and in drawings of other embodiments, the temperature sensor 20, can be attached to the smart sensor devices 11, either on the primary device platform 22 as seen in embodiment of FIG.2C or on the secondary device platform 24, to allow for a measurement of ambient air temperature to be taken at a position that is out of direct sunlight. The measurements taken by the smart sensor device components can be utilized to determine the solar intensity and the calculated solar cell temperature, two variables from which a determination of expected power output of the modules 16 can optionally be determined.

[0217] In some embodiments, the composition of the primary platform 22 and the secondary platform 24 comprises a molded polycarbonate material. In some embodiments, each platform 22, 24 includes a base and a cap that encompass a volume therebetween. The base and cap can be sealed relative to each other to resist entry of moisture. Componentry including the circuit board 110, sensors 14, 20, device solar array 28, power source 73, 42 POW-003-PCTprocessor 75, capacitor 79 and transceiver 77 are positioned in the sealed volume of the platform 22, 24. Gasketing can be positioned at the interface of the diffuser of the solar irradiance sensor 14 and the upper surface of the primary device platform 22 to resist entry of moisture through that interface. In some embodiments the material of the primary and secondary platforms 22, 24 is transparent to the wavelengths of incident sunlight. In this manner, heating of the smart sensor device 11 can be mitigated. In addition, the use of transparent material allows for a pass-through of incident sunlight to the solar array 28 of the smart sensor device 11 so as to optimize power generation by the solar array 28. Further, the use of transparent material allows for visual inspection of the componentry contained therein, which may include LED visual indicators.

[0218] Referring to FIG. 2D, in exemplary embodiments of the smart sensor devices that include both a primary device platform 22 and a secondary device platform 24, mounting rods 30 can be provided to allow device the primary platform 22 to be mounted on at a first, upper, surface of the solar array panels 16 (see FIG.4), while the secondary platform 24 can be spaced apart from the primary device platform 22 and mounted on to a second, opposing, lower side of the solar array panels 16. In some embodiments, the mounting rods 30 can be coupled between the primary platform 22 and secondary platform 24 using bolts 30A, mating nuts 30B and washers 30C, as shown in FIG. 2E(2). The bolts 30A are positioned through corresponding openings 31 in the primary and secondary platforms 22, 24. The mounting rods 30 and cable 26 are sufficiently narrow so as to fit in the gap 18 present between neighboring solar panels 18 to which the smart sensor device 11 is mounted. At the same time, the primary and secondary device platforms 22, 24 and washers 30C are sufficiently wide so they overlap neighboring panels 18. 43 POW-003-PCT

[0219] FIG. 2H is a perspective view of an embodiment of the smart sensor device 11 in accordance with the inventive concepts. In the embodiment of, FIG 2H the smart sensor device 11 includes only the primary platform 22 and does not include the secondary platform. In a manner similar to the embodiment depicted in FIG. 2C, the primary platform 22 of the embodiment of FIG. 2H can include all components required for the sensing, processing and transmission operations, and therefore, the secondary platform is not required. With reference to FIG.2C, such components included in the primary platform 22 can include one or more of the solar irradiance sensor 14, the device solar array 28, the power source 73, the processor 75, the transceiver 77, the capacitor 79, and the circuit board 81, 110. Coupling mechanism 30 in this embodiment includes washers 30C of sufficient width to communicate with undersides of neighboring solar panels 16. Other mechanical coupling mechanisms are equally applicable to the present inventive concepts.

[0220] In some embodiments, for example in the embodiments depicted at FIGs. 2E(1)-(3) a cable gland 27 can be coupled to a wall of the housing of the primary or secondary device platforms to serve as a moisture-proof via for wire or cable systems, for example, power cables, Ethernet cables, or custom communication signal cables.

[0221] Referring to FIGs 3A and 3B, an exemplary embodiment is shown wherein a smart sensor device 11 in accordance with the present inventive concepts is mounted between a pair of solar panels 16. In these depictions, it can be seen that the smart sensor device 11 s constructed and arranged to be positioned between neighboring panels, with interfering with their operation, or minimizing interference with their operation. It can be seen that a typical solar panel 16 includes a frame 16B that extends around the perimeter of the panel, and solar cells 16A at the interior of the frame 16B. The panel frame 16B is typically 1” in width, and 44 POW-003-PCTthe primary device platform 22 is preferably of a width 22W so that it contacts exclusively the frame 16B and avoids interfering with the solar cells 16A when mounted. Neighboring solar panels are typically arranged to have a gap of greater than .25” to allow for thermal expansion and less than 1.5” to optimize density.

[0222] Apparatus and methods for computing the Denowattstmcalculation metric will now be described. Reference is made to the embodiment of FIG. 4A which provides a block diagram of an electronic system in accordance with embodiments of the present inventive concepts. In the embodiment of FIG. 4A, a smart sensor device 11 in accordance with embodiments of the inventive concepts includes one or more solar irradiance sensors 14 generating an irradiance signal 15 and one or more optional temperature sensors 20 generating a temperature signal 21. The irradiance signal 15 and the optional temperature signal 21 are provided 50 to a processor that is on-board the smart sensor device 11, in the sense that is co- located with the one or more solar irradiance sensors 14 and the one or more optional temperature sensors 20 on the primary device platform 22, secondary device platform 24, or both 22, 24. The on-board processor 50 operates to periodically calculate cumulative irradiance values 61 and DenowattsTMmetric values 59 and stores the periodic values in a storage device 83 that is also on-board the smart sensor device 11, in the sense that the storage device 83 is co-located with the one or more solar irradiance sensors 14 and the one or more optional temperature sensors 20 on the primary device platform 22 secondary device platform 24, or both 22, 24. A data transmission system 65 periodically transmits the stored values to a remote receiver 67. The receiver 67 system may optionally include a gateway 69 to the Internet and related available storage facilities 71. 45 POW-003-PCT

[0223] In some embodiments, an irradiance value is calculated 61 as a cumulative value of a total irradiance received over a time interval. In some embodiments, an output of the solar irradiance sensor 14 is in the form of an irradiance voltage signal 15 that varies in accordance with the intensity of sunlight received by the sensor 14. The irradiance voltage signal is input to the on-board processor 50 for calculating a cumulative irradiance value 61, based on the irradiance voltage signal 15. In some embodiments, a gain and an offset value are applied to the voltage signal received by the processor to provide an irradiance value. In such embodiments, a generally linear relationship exists between the voltage signal and the computed irradiance measurement Irr. The irradiance measurement Irr is computed by the processor periodically, for example every 5 seconds, and the collection of computed irradiance measurements Irr are stored by the processor for further processing.

[0224] In some embodiments where two or more solar irradiance sensors 14 are included and actively used, the voltage signals from each sensor can first be averaged to provide an average irradiance value. The average irradiance values are then compiled and used to generate the computed irradiance measurement Irr.

[0225] In other embodiments, as the voltage signals from each sensor can be weighted with respect to each other, and the weighted voltage signals used to generate the computed irradiance measurement Irr. For example the voltage signals can be weighted depending, for example, on the size of solar irradiance sensors 14, depending on the composition or technology of a given solar irradiance sensor 14 or depending on the known or suspected state of one or more of the sensors 14. 46 POW-003-PCT

[0226] In the case where multiple irradiance sensors are deployed to measure wavelengths or ranges of wavelengths, the signals produced by the sensors 14 can be weighted, or factors applied, so that accurate combined value is provided.

[0227] In some embodiments, calibration of the solar irradiance sensor configuration can be completed by comparing the sensors 14 against calibrated, third-party reference sensors of similar spectral absorption.

[0228] In some embodiments, the computed irradiance measurements Irr are further processed to periodically compute a cumulative irradiance value Cumulative Irradiance. In some embodiments, this value can be computed as follows:In this relationship, n represents the time sample interval, in terms of seconds and Irr represents the computed irradiance measurement provided by the solar irradiance sensor. Cumulative Irradiance is calculated in terms of sun-hours (1000 W / m2) (1 hour) and is representative of the sum of irradiance measurements over the course of an hour.

[0229] In this manner, the Cumulative Irradiance can be computed, in some embodiments of the present inventive concepts using exclusively processing of the output signals of irradiance sensors 14. While conventional approaches utilize a temperature measurement, for example using a thermocouple, for the calculation of cumulative irradiance, embodiments of the present inventive concepts do not require such a temperature measurement, but instead can rely exclusively on the output of irradiance sensors.

[0230] As described herein the DenowattsTMmetric value is representative of a simulated energy generation value. In some embodiments, the DenowattsTMmetric value 47 POW-003-PCTaccounts for irradiance, temperature, system size, static system derating and dynamic system derating to provide a performance metric against which the performance of the solar collection system being monitored by the smart sensor device 11 can be gauged. In some embodiments, the DenowattsTMmetric value is periodically calculated on-board the smart sensor device 11, which contains processing power sufficient to perform such computations. DenowattsTMmetric values are stored and periodically transmitted to a receiver station. In this manner, raw irradiance data and, in some cases, raw temperature data, are processed locally using power- efficient processing equipment, and the number and duration of power-hungry transmission operations to the receiver station are minimized.

[0231]

[0232] In some embodiments, the DenowattsTMmetric values are periodically determined as follows: DenowattsTMmetricwherein: DenowattsTMmetricELSE DenowattsTMmetricand wherein: n: Time sample interval (seconds) Irr: Computed Irradiance Measurement (computed above) Pdc: DC Power Rating of the solar array Pac: Maximum Output AC Power Rating of the solar array α: Reference Module Temperature Coefficient (Power) 48 POW-003-PCTTcell: Calculated Solar Cell Temperature may be calculated aswherein: Tdevice: Device temperature recorded on the device platform δ and ε: calculated constants related to a reference cell Static and Dynamic Derate Factorswherein: β : Static Derate Factor γ: Dynamic Derate Factor described by one or more polynomial equation(s) derived from the operating efficiency of a reference inverter and other system characteristics relative to irradiance conditions.

[0233] With reference to the flow diagram of FIG 4B, and as described herein, the DenowattsTMmetric calculation, referring to item 142, the parameter Pdc takes into account the size of the solar collection system being monitored. This is typically a known reference item for the system being monitored.

[0234] Referring to item 144 of FIG. 4B, the Computed Irradiance Measurement Irr, as measured by the one or more solar irradiance sensors 14 of the smart sensor 11 takes into account the amount of solar light energy incident on the monitored solar collection system. As described herein, the Computed Irradiance Measurement Irr can be determined by the processor 50 in response to the output signals of the irradiance sensors 14. 49 POW-003-PCT

[0235] Referring to item 146 of FIG. 4B, an adjustment is made for the operational efficiency of the monitored solar collection system based on the measured temperature Tcell of the device 146, which in essence is a converted temperature measurement Tdevice taken by the temperature sensor 20 of the smart sensor 11, and which takes into account the Computed Irradiance Measurement Irr. For example, it is known that cells of a solar collection system operate with higher efficiency at lower temperatures; this measured temperature Tcell takes this into account.

[0236] Referring to item 148 of FIG. 4B, an adjustment is made for the static derate factor β of the monitored solar collection system. The static derate factor is a known factor for the system and takes into account power losses expected in the solar array, for example losses arising as a result of DC to AC conversion. Typically, the static derate factor β is on the order of about 0.9.

[0237] Referring to item 150 of FIG.4B, an adjustment is made for the dynamic derate factor γ of the monitored solar collection system. The dynamic derate factor γ varies in response to irradiance Irr , and the response is typically non-linear. The dynamic derate factor γ relates to the efficiency of the system inverter used for DC to AC conversion in the monitored solar collection system. When operating low light levels, the system inverter tends to be less energy efficient than when operating at higher light levels. With reference to FIG.12, the non- linear efficiency of a system inverter is charted in response to system irradiance Irr. In the example of FIG. 12, the behavior of system inverter efficiency (y) is graphed in response to irradiance approximates to the following polynomial: y = -3E-13x4+ 1E-9x3– 1E-6x2+ 0.0005x + 0.879 50 POW-003-PCT

[0238] This formula is merely an example of the behavior of the dynamic derate factor and other non-linear approximations, and linear approximations, may equally apply to the determination of dynamic derate factor γ as used herein. Accordingly, the dynamic derate factor accommodates for system non-linear behavior, for example non-linear behavior in monitored system inverter for use in the calculation of the DenowattsTMmetric. Consideration of dynamic derate factor in this manner provides for an exceptionally accurate modeling of the expected behavior of the modeled solar system. Increased accuracy from the use of the dynamic derating improves the accuracy at lower light levels and variable light levels relative to contemporary techniques which lose considerable accuracy at lower and variable light levels.

[0239] Referring to item 152 of FIG.4B, the individual DenowattsTMmetric values are accumulated, and periodically computed as a cumulative DenowattsTMmetric for the system.

[0240] Under certain conditions, the thus computed cumulative DenowattsTMmetric value may be determined to exceed the expected maximum output AC power rating of the solar array Pac. In such cases, the cumulative DenowattsTMmetric value may be reduced to the expected maximum.

[0241] Readings may be then formatted into a data form that can be wirelessly transmitted to a receiver 67 and internet gateway 69 as depicted in FIG.4. Additional features of the processor 50 can include the ability to be remotely programmed, including information related to sensor calibration constants and solar energy system characteristics, including AC nameplate value. In some embodiments, the processor can also be configured to store interval data as well as a cumulative output value. In some embodiments, the processor can be constructed and arranged to manage the power performance requirements of the smart sensor 51 POW-003-PCTdevice in order to minimize smart sensor device energy usage and battery storage requirements and is suitable for on-board processing of data to minimize the amount of data transmitted to off-site software services. In accordance with embodiments of remote programmability, the transmission system 65 can comprise a receiving system suitable for receiving wireless or wired signals from an off-board or remote source.

[0242] The generating and reporting of the Cumulative Irradiance value allows for the measurement and recording of the available solar resource. This in turn allows for the calculation of the weather adjusted generation as modeled by a baseline energy simulation such as PVSyst, PVWatts, and others. By adjusting the amount of available irradiance, as measured in Sun-Hours, the expected energy generation may be adjusted linearly to answer a critical solar array owner’s question “Is my solar array performing as it was expected to perform based on my baseline model?”. An additional feature for generating and reporting Cumulative Irradiance on the smart sensor device 11 is that during times of external power or communications outages, the measurements and process continue to record this critical information.

[0243] The generating and reporting of the Cumulative DenowattsTMmetric permits the measurement and recording of the reference array energy generation in order to calculate a comparable baseline. By comparing the actual solar array energy generation with the Cumulative DenowattsTMmetric answers a solar array owner’s question “Is my solar array performing as well as it could be relative to other similar solar arrays?”. An additional feature of generating and reporting Cumulative DenowattsTMmetric on-board the smart sensor device 11 is to ensure that in times of external power or communications outages that the measurements and process continue to record this critical information. 52 POW-003-PCT

[0244] Exemplary embodiments related to transmitting can optionally include a radio (RF) frequency and / or cellular transmitter. In exemplary embodiments, the RF transmitter can be configured to employ a frequency that is best suited for long-distance, structural penetration (to include concrete and steel), and low power consumption. In exemplary embodiments, the smart sensor devices 11 can also incorporate an RF receiver unit 67, which may stand alone or be incorporated into an internet gateway equipment component. In exemplary embodiments, the RF receiver unit 67 can include both as RS-485 and Ethernet options for delivering the data from the smart sensor devices to an array of internet gateways 69 which are commercially available to connect to the internet. A 2-way system can be employed that allows for remote firmware updates as well as remote calibration, system information updates, and an instantaneous readout mechanism for near instantaneous readings, for example, during peak energy demand periods on the utility grid. In exemplary embodiments, referring to FIG. 2F, optional antenna 25 and supporting electronics can be included to extend transmission over 2500 feet.

[0245] Exemplary embodiments related to form factor can optionally include a universal mounting configuration with modules, a solar power charger for long-term augmentation of the self-contained power supply, integrated sensors that allow a standardized installation, or an onboard antennae for long-range wireless transmission (RF or cellular).

[0246] Exemplary embodiments related to the usage of generated data include a ratio that is defined by the solar power system recorded generation output (“Numerator”) divided by the smart sensor device Output value (“Denominator”) during congruous time intervals. Such a ratio can be the basis for a smart sensor device Performance Index Factor which is used to track and communicate performance. The smart sensor device Performance Index Factor may be 53 POW-003-PCTdefined as the Solar Array Actual Generation divided by the smart sensor device Output cumulated during a concurrent time period and may be calculated as follows:

[0247] Factor = Actual Generation / Device Output

[0248] In a typical day, much like the solar array on which exemplary embodiments of the smart sensor devices can be implemented, the smart sensor devices can have different time- based “mode of operation”. For example, the smart sensor devices can be configured to “sleep” at night to conserve power and to “wake up” at a time when solar energy can be generated. During night conditions, the smart sensor devices can log data less frequently, for example at a frequency of once per hour and transmit less frequently, for example every 6 hours. In some embodiments, during a “sleep mode”, the DenowattsTMcalculation is not calculated when the intensity level is determined to be below 10 w / m2. During twilight conditions (10-40 w / m2) the smart sensor devices can “wake up” and sample data at a rate that is reduced relative to fully operational mode, yet is greater than sleep mode, for example every 30 seconds. Data can be transmitted at a similarly reduced rate, for example every 6 minutes. At such a twilight light level a typical inverter will begin to generate energy. During high sun conditions the smart sensor device can sample data at a higher rate, for example every 5 seconds and transmit data at a higher rate, for example every 5 minutes. As evening twilight conditions return, the smart sensor device can wind down and eventually return to sleep mode until the next morning. The frequency of sampling, logging and transmission of data can vary, depending on the data resolution required, and depending on the type of transmission system, as identified in the chart of FIG.8.

[0249] In exemplary embodiments, remote management of the smart sensor devices 11 can be provided such that highly-reliable and accurate service can be delivered. Remote 54 POW-003-PCTmanagement allows for data quality management, calibration and configuration changes and remote diagnostics, including hardware resets, such that field maintenance is minimized. Utilization of the smart sensor devices 11 in remote management mode allows for hassle-free Data as a Service (DaaS) coupled with the accuracy of on-site calibrated sensors.

[0250] Referring now to FIG. 5, an exemplary embodiment depicts the data logic and data flow described herein. Environmental sensoring data 40, asset specification data 42 and reference specification data 44 are determined and recorded 46. In some embodiments, asset specification data 42 can include one or more of the following: DC STC capacity, AC Rated and AC Max information. In some embodiments, reference specification data 44 can include one or more of the following: static derate, dynamic derate (included inverter efficiency curve and others), module power / temperature coefficients and module degradation coefficients. Denowattstmcalculations and cumulations 48 are computed by the embedded processor 50. Signals from POA irradiance sensors 52 and temperature sensor 54 are provided to signal conditioning circuitry 56 and from there to embedded processor 50. Embedded processor 50 provides data output in the form of average POA irradiance 57, average cell temperature 58, cumulative Denowattstmmetrics 59, and cumulative Irradiance values are determined and recorded.

[0251] Referring to FIG. 6, there is depicted the various communication modes described above. In various embodiments, data output as depicted in FIG.5, can be transmitted by wireless RF, hard wired, and cellular, or by using other suitable communication mechanisms. In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 6, the wireless RF is received by receiver / gateway 60 and communicated to local area network 62, which in turn can provide the received information to third party monitoring entity 64 and data services supplying entity 66. Local area network 62 55 POW-003-PCTcan also receive the data output via hard wiring. Cellular network 68 can also receive the data output and similarly provide the received information to third party monitoring entity 64 and supplier 66.

[0252] As depicted in FIG. 6, third party monitoring entity 64 and data services supplying entity 66 can provide via similar transmission mediums 63 to receiver / gateway 60 configuration adjustment data such that one or more of the following can be adjusted at the smart sensor device: component calibration, simulation parameters, instruction code, and sensor drift of an irradiance sensor of the smart sensor device. Instruction code of the processing system of the smart sensor device, which is discussed in more detail herein, can then receive from receiver / gateway 60 the configuration adjustment data to update the smart sensor device. An adjustment of sensor drift of the irradiance sensor can include updating irradiance sensor voltage gain and offset.

[0253] Referring to FIG. 7A, there is depicted the various power supplying approaches as described above. Device solar array 28, considered primary cells, provide power to energy harvesting circuits 70, which in turn provide power harvested to a harvested power storage device, for example super capacitor 72. In some embodiments, 99% of the power consumed by the wireless RF transceiver 74 is provided by harvested power storage device 72 as discussed in conjunction with FIG. 6. Processor / transceiver / primary cells 73 can include a battery pack that can provide the remaining 1% of the power for the operation of the wireless RF transceiver 74. In some embodiments the battery pack can include lithium battery cells. When the data output transmission depicted in FIG.6 is wired or cellular 76, 100% of the power can be supplied from an external DC power source 78. Receiver / gateway 80 that receives the data output is typically 100% supplied from general power supply 82. 56 POW-003-PCT

[0254] In exemplary embodiments the smart sensor device 11 can be deemed self-powered. As noted in FIG. 7A, in some embodiments, the smart sensor device 11 can include energy harvesting circuits 70 and storage circuitry which includes a harvested power storage device, such as super capacitor 72. Appropriate programming and power allocation can enable operation of the smart sensor device 11 without the need of an external power source or battery source. In such an embodiment, the smart sensor device 11 can operate under its own locally generated power in order to process the Denowattstmcalculation, obtain its result and provide wireless communications with the reciever / gateway. Such self-powered operation eliminates the need to connect the smart sensor device to a locally wired power supply or battery supply, reduces cost, and ensures that energy generation potential can be continually measured and recorded, even in the absence of power by the solar array. In some embodiments the solar sensor device may record the amount of power “lost” due to the solar array being down. This can be important for energy accounting purposes.

[0255] Referring to FIG.7B, an exemplary embodiment of a power arrangement is depicted. In this example embodiment, device solar array 28 harvests energy directly from sunlight and converts the energy to voltage potential. Charge controller 82 coordinates power to voltage regulator 86 and manages both the transfer and secondary power source switching, as well as the maximum power point tracking for solar cell 28 and super capacitor 72. Lithium battery 84 is a stable power source configured to provide backup power during periods without sunlight for energy harvesting. Super capacitor 72 provides storage for energy harvested from solar cell 28, serving as short-term power storage for the energy harvesting circuit. Voltage regulator 86 regulates the voltages required for the device circuits to operate. Processor 88 controls load switching and is programmed to minimize device power requirements by switching circuits OFF 57 POW-003-PCTduring idle periods, loads 90 being the processing, sensor conditioning and communication circuits.

[0256] Referring to FIG. 8, there is depicted typical sampling, logs and reports for each of the daylight, twilight and dark (night-time) modes for each of wireless RF, wired and cellular / Wi-Fi transmissions, as discussed above.

[0257] Exemplary embodiments of the present inventive concepts are described herein with reference to flowchart illustrations and / or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems) and computer program products which may be configured to provide executable instruction code that implements the processes / flowcharts / equations described herein. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and / or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and / or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer program instruction code known to those skilled in the art.

[0258] The computer program instruction code may be stored in a computer-readable medium that can direct a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readable medium produce an article of manufacture including instruction means which implement the function / act specified in the flowchart and / or block diagram block or blocks.

[0259] For example, FIG. 9 provides a simplified block diagram depicting an exemplary processing system 201 formed in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. System 201 may receive data from signal source 208, both from within the solar sensor device and remotely from third party monitoring entities and data services supplying entities (as seen in FIG. 6), and may include a processor 202, memory 203 coupled to the processor (e.g., via a bus 204 or alternative connection means), which may include instruction 58 POW-003-PCTcode 207 as disclosed herein, as well as input / output (I / O) circuitry 206 operative to interface with the processor 202. The processor 202 may be configured to perform at least a portion of the methodologies of the present disclosure, illustrative embodiments of which are shown in the above figures and described herein.

[0260] It is to be appreciated that the term “processor” as used herein is intended to include any processing device, such as, for example, one that includes a central processing unit (CPU) and / or other processing circuitry (e.g., digital signal processor (DSP), microprocessor, programmable gate array, arrangement of discrete hardware or logic gates, etc.). Additionally, it is to be understood that the term “processor” may refer to more than one processing device, and that various elements associated with a processing device may be shared by other processing devices. The term “memory” as used herein is intended to include memory and other computer-readable media associated with a processor or CPU, such as, for example, random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), fixed storage media (e.g., a hard drive), removable storage media (e.g., a diskette), flash memory, etc. Furthermore, the term “I / O circuitry” as used herein is intended to include, for example, one or more input devices for entering data to the processor, and / or one or more output devices for presenting the results associated with the processor.

[0261] The flowchart and block diagrams in the figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present disclosure. In this regard, each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of instruction code, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s) described herein. It should also be noted that, in some alternative 59 POW-003-PCTimplementations, the functions noted in the block may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and / or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and / or flowchart illustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specified functions or acts, or combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions.

[0262] FIGS. 13A-E show different views of an embodiment of a top cover 420, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0263] FIG. 13A is a top view of an embodiment of a top cover 420, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 13A the top cover 420 comprises two sensor housings 422a, 422b, each housing being constructed and arranged to accommodate a solar irradiance sensor 350. In alternative embodiments, the top cover 420 may be constructed and arranged to accommodate a different number of solar irradiance sensors 350. In some embodiments, such as the one shown in FIG. 13A, each sensor housing 422a, 422b is constructed and arranged such that it does not cover the top of the corresponding solar irradiance sensor 350. In alternative embodiments, each sensor housing 422a, 422b may be constructed and arranged such that it does cover the top of the corresponding solar irradiance sensor 350.

[0264] In some embodiments, the top cover 420 comprises one or more coupling positions 424 constructed and arranged to allow a user to secure the top cover 420 to a lower surface. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 13A the top cover 420 comprises twelve coupling positions 424a-424l constructed and arranged to allow a user to secure the top cover 420 to a lower 60 POW-003-PCTsurface. In alternative embodiments, the top cover 420 comprises a different number of coupling positions 424.

[0265] In some embodiments, such as the one shown in FIG.13A, the one or more coupling positions 424 are arranged near the perimeter of the top cover 420. In alternative embodiments, the one or more coupling positions 424 are located at different positions.

[0266] FIG. 13B is an exploded side view of the embodiment of a top cover 420 shown in FIG. 13A and a cosine corrector 352, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts. In FIG. 13B a cosine corrector 352 is shown with a line indicating where that cosine corrector 352 is configured to be positioned.

[0267] FIG. 13C is an exploded perspective view of the embodiment of a top cover 420 shown in FIG. 13A and two cosine correctors 352a, 352b, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts. In FIG. 13C the two cosine correctors 352a, 352b are shown with lines indicating where they configured to be positioned.

[0268] FIG. 13D is an exploded side view of the embodiment of a top cover 420 shown in FIG.13A and two cosine corrector 352a, 352b, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts. In FIG.13D the two cosine correctors are shown with lines indicating where they configured to be positioned.

[0269] FIG. 13E is bottom view of the embodiment of a top cover 420 shown in FIG. 13A, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0270] FIG. 14A is an exploded side view of an embodiment of a portion of a smart sensor device 300, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts. In this embodiment, the smart sensor device 300 comprises a circuit board 312 comprising a rectangular shape. In alternative embodiments, the circuit board 312 may comprise a different shape. In some embodiments, the 61 POW-003-PCTcircuit board 312 comprises one or more of the characteristics described in connection with any embodiment herein.

[0271] In some embodiments, a solar irradiance sensor 350 comprises a photodiode receptable 354. In this embodiment, the photodiode receptacle is positioned at an end of the circuit board 312. In some embodiments the solar irradiance sensor 350 comprises a press fit plug 356. In this embodiment, the press fit plug 356 is positioned above the photodiode receptacle 354. In some embodiments, a solar irradiance sensor 350 comprises a photodiode 351. In this embodiment, the photodiode 351 is mounted at the press fit plug 356. In some embodiments the solar irradiance sensor 350 comprises a diffuser 358. In this embodiment, the diffuser 358 is mounted above the photodiode 351. In some embodiments, the solar irradiance sensor 350 comprises a cosine corrector 352. In this embodiment, the cosine corrector 352 is mounted above the diffuser 358. In some embodiments, the solar irradiance sensor 350 comprises one or more of the characteristics described in connection with any embodiment herein. In some embodiments, the diffuser 358 comprises one or more of the characteristics described in connection with any embodiment herein. In alternative embodiments, the solar irradiance sensor 350 may comprise a subset of the elements listed above or additional elements in addition to those listed above.

[0272] In some embodiments, one or more of the one or more pyranometers 350 at the smart sensor device and / or one or more of the one or more auxiliary pyranometers 850 comprise interchangeable photodiodes to match solar panel 16 spectral absorption. In some embodiments, one or more of the one or more pyranometers 350 at the smart sensor device and / or one or more of the one or more auxiliary pyranometers 850 comprise interchangeable diffusers to match solar panel 16 spectral absorption. 62 POW-003-PCT

[0273] In some embodiments, multiple photodiodes may be used. Photodiodes are specified based on the best spectral match to the photovoltaic (PV) modules 16 under test. Most PV modules today share a common absorption spectra and will use a common photodiode. However, some PV technologies may have varying spectra profiles. It is unlikely that the spectra profile of a photodiode will perfectly match the spectra profile of a PV modules 16. In some embodiments, this difference may be accounted for by adjusting the data that is input into an Expected energy / Power model (see discussion of FIG.30). In some embodiments, measurement error may be reported to the user separately.

[0274] FIG.14B is an exploded perspective view of the embodiment of a portion of a smart sensor device 300 of FIG.14A, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0275] FIG. 15A is a top view of the embodiment of the top cover 420 of FIG. 13A and a smart sensor device 300, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts. In the embodiment shown in FIG.15A the top cover 420 is constructed and arranged to accommodate one or more solar irradiance sensors 350a, 350b, in this example two solar irradiance sensors 350a, 350b. In alternative embodiments, the top cover 420 may be constructed and arranged to accommodate a different number of solar irradiance sensors 350.

[0276] FIG. 15B is an exploded perspective view of an embodiment of the top cover 420 and the smart sensor device 300 of FIG.15A, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts. In some embodiments the smart sensor device 300 comprises one or more radios 314. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 15B, the smart sensor device 300 comprises one radio 314 positioned at a bottom side of the circuit board 312. In alternative embodiments, the smart sensor device 300 comprises a different number of radios. In alternative embodiments, one or more of the one or more radios 314 are at a different position than the position shown in FIG. 63 POW-003-PCT15B. In some embodiments, one or more of the one or more radios comprise one or more of the characteristics described in connection with any embodiment herein. In FIG.15B a line is shown indicating where the top cover 420 is configured to be positioned relative to the smart sensor device 300.

[0277] In some embodiments the smart sensor device 300 comprises one or more super capacitors 316. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 15B, the smart sensor device 300 comprises two super capacitors 316 positioned at a bottom side of the circuit board 312. In alternative embodiments, the smart sensor device 300 comprises a different number of super capacitors 316. In alternative embodiments, one or more of the one or more super capacitors 316 are at a different position than the position shown in FIG. 15B. In some embodiments, one or more of the one or more super capacitors comprises one or more of the characteristics described in connection with any embodiment herein.

[0278] FIG. 15C is an exploded side view of the embodiment of the top cover 420 and the smart sensor device 300 shown in FIG. 15B, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts. In FIG. 15C a line is shown indicating where the top cover 420 is configured to be positioned relative to the smart sensor device 300.

[0279] FIG. 15D is a bottom view of the embodiment of the top cover 420 and the smart sensor device 300 shown in FIG.15B, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts. In some embodiments, the smart sensor device 300 comprises one or more electrical connectors 318. In the embodiments shown in FIG. 15D, the smart sensor device 300 comprises one electrical connector 318. In alternative embodiments, the electrical connector 318 comprises a different number of electrical connectors 318. In alternative embodiments, the electrical connector 318 is 64 POW-003-PCTat a different position of the smart sensor device 300. In some embodiments, the electrical connector 318 is configured to couple with a connector board 500 (see FIGS.18A-18E).

[0280] FIG. 15E is an exploded side view of the embodiment of the top cover 420 and the smart sensor device 300 shown in FIG. 15B, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts. In FIG. 15E a line is shown indicating where the top cover 420 is configured to be positioned relative to the smart sensor device 300.

[0281] FIG. 16A is a top view of an embodiment of a top cover 420, a smart sensor device 300, and a bottom cover 440, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts. In some embodiments, the characteristics of the top cover 420 shown in FIG.16A are those described in connection with the embodiments of FIGS.13A and 15A.

[0282] FIG.16B is an exploded perspective view of the embodiment of FIG.16A of the top cover 420, the smart sensor device 300, and the bottom cover 440, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts. In some embodiments, such as the one shown in FIG. 16B a smart sensor device 300 is constructed and arranged to be positioned between the top cover 420 and the bottom cover 440. In some embodiments, the top cover 420 and bottom cover 440 are constructed and arranged such that they couple together. In some embodiments, the top cover 420 and bottom cover 440 are constructed and arranged such that they couple together to protect a smart sensor device 300, which is positioned between them, from contamination and / or damage, for example from weather conditions. In some embodiments, the characteristics of the top cover 420 and / or bottom cover 440 are configured such that the smart sensor device 300 will avoid overheating when it is positioned between the top cover 420 and the bottom cover 440.

[0283] In some embodiments, the bottom cover 440 comprises one or more coupling positions 444 that correspond to the one or more coupling positions 424 of the corresponding top 65 POW-003-PCTcover 420. In the embodiment, shown in FIG. 16B, the bottom cover 440 comprises twelve coupling positions 444a-444l, each of which corresponds to the twelve coupling positions 424a- 424l of the top cover 420. In such embodiments, a screw, bolt, or any suitable fastener could be used to secure the top cover 420 and the bottom cover 440.

[0284] FIG. 16C is an exploded side view of the embodiment of FIG. 16B of the top cover 420, the smart sensor device 300, and the bottom cover 440, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts. In FIG. 16C a line is shown indicating where the bottom cover 440 is configured to be positioned relative to the smart sensor device 300.

[0285] FIG.16D is a bottom view of the embodiment of FIG.16B of the top cover 420, the smart sensor device 300, and the bottom cover 440, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0286] FIG. 16E is an exploded side view of the embodiment of FIG. 16B of the top cover 420, the smart sensor device 300, and the bottom cover 440, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts. In FIG. 16E a line is shown indicating where the bottom cover 440 is configured to be positioned relative to the smart sensor device 300.

[0287] FIG. 17A is a top view of an embodiment of a top cover 420, a smart sensor device 300, a bottom cover (not shown), and screws 450a-450l (not shown), in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts. In some embodiments, the characteristics of the top cover 420 shown in FIG.17A are those described in connection with the embodiments of FIGS.13A, 15A and 16A.

[0288] FIG.17B is an exploded perspective view of the embodiment of FIG.17A of the top cover 420, the smart sensor device 300, and the bottom cover 440 along with screws 450a-450l to connect the top cover 420 and the bottom cover 440, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 17B the screws 450a-450l are shown at positions 66 POW-003-PCTcorresponding to the coupling positions 424 of the top cover 420 and the coupling positions 444 of the bottom cover 440. In alternative embodiments, a different fastener may be used to couple the top cover 420 and the bottom cover 440. In FIG. 17B lines are shown indicating where the screws 450a-450l are configured to be positioned relative to the bottom cover 440.

[0289] FIG. 17C is a side view of the embodiment of FIG. 17B of the top cover 420, the smart sensor device 300, the bottom cover 440, and the screws 450a-450l, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts. In FIG. 17C lines are shown indicating where the screws 450a- 450l are configured to be positioned relative to the bottom cover 440.

[0290] FIG.17D is a bottom view of the embodiment of FIG.17B of the top cover 420, the smart sensor device 300, the bottom cover 440, and the screws 450a-450l, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts. In some embodiments, such as the one shown in FIG. 17D, the bottom cover 440 is constructed and arranged to include an aperture to provide access to the one or more of the one or more electrical connectors 318. In alternative embodiments, the bottom cover 440 may cover the one or more electrical connectors, or may include a sealed door to allow access to the one or more electrical connectors 318

[0291] FIG. 17E is an exploded side view of the embodiment of FIG. 17B of the top cover 420, the smart sensor device 300, the bottom cover 440, and the screws 450a-450l, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts. In FIG.17E lines are shown indicating where the screws 450a-450l are configured to be positioned relative to the bottom cover 440.

[0292] FIG. 18A is a top view of an embodiment of a top cover 420 coupled to a bottom cover 440, a smart sensor device 300 (only the tops of the solar irradiance sensors are visible), and a connector board 500 comprising an auxiliary battery 510 and an external sensor connector 520 (not shown in top view), in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts. 67 POW-003-PCT

[0293] FIG.18B is an exploded perspective view of the embodiment of FIG.18A of the top cover 312 coupled to the bottom cover 314, the smart sensor device 300, and the connector board 500 comprising the auxiliary battery 510 and the external sensor connector 520, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts. In some embodiments, the auxiliary battery 510 may be added to power the smart sensor device 300 during extended periods of darkness, such as several days of deep snow cover.

[0294] In some embodiments, the connector board 500 comprises a different number of auxiliary batteries 510. In some embodiments, the auxiliary battery 510 is at a different location than the location shown in FIG.18B. In some embodiments, the auxiliary battery 510 comprises one or more of the characteristics described in connection with any embodiment herein. In FIG. 18B a line is shown indicating where the connector board 500 is configured to be positioned relative to the bottom cover 440.

[0295] In some embodiments, the smart sensor 300 comprises an external sensor attachment. In some embodiments, the smart sensor device 300 comprises terminal blocks that allow field technicians to connect wires from auxiliary pyranometers and temperature sensors to the main unit. In some embodiments, the external sensor attachment allows for field attachment of third party pyranometers and / or other sensors.

[0296] FIG. 18C is an exploded side view of the embodiment of FIG. 18A of the top cover 420 coupled to the bottom cover 440, the smart sensor device 300, and the connector board 500 comprising the auxiliary battery 510 and the external sensor connector 520, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts. In FIG.18C a line is shown indicating where the connector board 500 is configured to be positioned relative to the bottom cover 440. 68 POW-003-PCT

[0297] FIG.18D is a side view of the embodiment of FIG.18A of the top cover 420 coupled to the bottom cover 440, the smart sensor device 300, and the connector board 500 comprising the auxiliary battery 510 and the external sensor connector 520, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts. In some embodiments, the connector board 500 comprises a different number of external sensor connectors 520. In some embodiments, the external sensor connector 520 is at a different location than the location shown in FIG. 18D. In some embodiments, the external sensor and / or the external sensor connector 520 comprises one or more of the characteristics described in connection with any embodiment herein. In some embodiments, the external sensor connector 520 is configured to connect the connector board 500 with an auxiliary pyranometer.

[0298] FIG. 18E is an exploded side view of the embodiment of FIG. 18A of the top cover 420 coupled to the bottom cover 440, the smart sensor device 300, and the connector board 500 comprising the auxiliary battery 510 and the external sensor connector 520, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts. In FIG.18E a line is shown indicating where the connector board 500 is configured to be positioned relative to the bottom cover 440.

[0299] FIG. 19A is a top view of an embodiment of a top cover 420 coupled to a bottom cover 440, a smart sensor device 300, a connector board 500 comprising an auxiliary battery 510 and an external sensor connector 520 (not shown in top view), and a connector board cover 540, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0300] FIG.19B is an exploded perspective view of the embodiment of FIG.19A of the top cover 420 coupled to the bottom cover 440, the smart sensor device 300, the connector board 500 comprising the auxiliary battery 510 and the external sensor connector 520, and the connector board cover 540, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts. The connector 69 POW-003-PCTboard cover 540 is configured to protect the connector board 500 and attached items, such as the auxiliary battery 510 and / or the external sensor connector 520. In alternative embodiments, if the connector board 500 is at a different position, the connector board cover 540 is at a corresponding different position. In FIG. 19B a line is shown indicating where the connector board cover 540 is configured to be positioned relative to the connector board 500.

[0301] FIG. 19C is an exploded side view of the embodiment of FIG. 19A of the top cover 420 coupled to the bottom cover 440, the smart sensor device 300, the connector board 500 comprising the auxiliary battery 510 and the external sensor connector 520, and the connector board cover 540, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts. In FIG.19C a line is shown indicating where the connector board cover 540 is configured to be positioned relative to the connector board 500. In some embodiments, the connector board cover 540 is constructed and arranged to protect the connector board 500 and / or the auxiliary battery 510 and / or the external sensor connector 520 from dust and / or weather and / or other contaminants.

[0302] FIG. 19D is a bottom view of the embodiment of FIG. 19A of the top cover 420 coupled to the bottom cover 440, the smart sensor device 300, the connector board 500 comprising the auxiliary battery 510 and the external sensor connector 520, and the connector board cover 540, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0303] FIG. 19E is an exploded side view of the embodiment of FIG. 19A of the top cover 420 coupled to the bottom cover 440, the smart sensor device 300, the connector board 500 comprising the auxiliary battery 510 and the external sensor connector 520, and the connector board cover 540, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts. In FIG. 19E a line is shown indicating where the connector board cover 540 is configured to be positioned relative to the connector board 500. 70 POW-003-PCT

[0304] FIG. 20A is a top view of an embodiment of a chassis 700, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts. In some embodiments, the chassis 700 comprises a base 710 and one or more support arms 720. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 700 the chassis comprises a base 710 and two support arms 720a, 720b. In alternative embodiments, the chassis 700 comprises a different number of support arms 720.

[0305] In some embodiments, the chassis 700 comprises a central support arm 730. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 20A, the chassis 700 comprises one central support arm 730. In alternative embodiments, the chassis 700 comprises a different number of central support arms 730.

[0306] In some embodiments, the chassis 700 is constructed and arranged to keep the top cover 420 and / or bottom cover 440 secured to a photovoltaic (PV) module, or mounting location, and square to the plane of the array (POA). In some embodiments, the chassis 700 allows for universal mounting to the side of solar module frames to ensure alignment to the POA. In some embodiments, the chassis 700 reduces impacts from bowing and torquing that would otherwise cause alignment error.

[0307] FIG. 20B is a top view of an embodiment of a top cover 420 coupled to a bottom cover 440, a smart sensor device 300, a connector board 500 comprising an auxiliary battery 510 and an external sensor connector 520 (not shown in top view), and a connector board cover 540, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0308] FIG.20C is an exploded side view of an embodiment of a top cover 420 coupled to a bottom cover 440, a smart sensor device 300, a connector board 500 comprising an auxiliary battery 510 and an external sensor connector 520 (not shown in top view), a connector board cover 540, and a corresponding chassis 700, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts. 71 POW-003-PCT

[0309] In some embodiments, the chassis 700 is constructed and arranged to be mounted at a solar array panel. In some embodiments, the chassis 700 comprises one or more mounting holes 702 constructed and arranged to facilitate coupling between the chassis 700 and the solar array panel. In the embodiment shown in FIG.20C the chassis 700 two mounting holes 702a, 702b are shown that are constructed and arranged to facilitate coupling between the chassis 700 and the solar array panel. In some embodiments, a screw, bolt, or any suitable fastener can be inserted through each of the mounting holes to secure the chassis 700 to a solar array panel. In alternative embodiments, a different number of mounting holes may be provided. In alternative embodiments, the position and / or arrangement of the mounting holes 702 may be different.

[0310] FIG. 21A is a top view of an embodiment of a top cover 420 coupled to a bottom cover 440, a smart sensor device 300, a connector board 500 comprising an auxiliary battery 510 and an external sensor connector 520 (not shown in top view), and a connector board cover 540, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0311] FIG. 21B is an exploded perspective view of the embodiment of FIG. 21A of a top cover 420 coupled to a bottom cover 440, a smart sensor device 300, a connector board 500 comprising an auxiliary battery 510 and an external sensor connector 520 (not shown in top view), a connector board cover 540, coupled to a chassis 700, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts. In some embodiments, the chassis 700 may comprise one or more of the characteristics described in connection with the chassis 700 of FIG.20A-20C.

[0312] In some embodiments, the chassis 700 is constructed and arranged to secure the smart sensor device 300 and / or the top cover 420 and / or the bottom cover 440 to a solar panel 16 or mounting location. In some embodiments the chassis 700 is constructed and arranged to orient a smart sensor device 300 in the plane of array (POA) of a solar panel 16. In some 72 POW-003-PCTembodiments, the chassis 700 allows for universal mounting at the side of solar module frames to ensure alignment to the POA. In some embodiments, the chassis 700 reduces impacts from bowing and torquing that create alignment error.

[0313] FIG. 21C is a side view of the embodiment of FIG. 21B of a top cover 420 coupled to a bottom cover 440, a smart sensor device 300, a connector board 500 comprising an auxiliary battery 510 and an external sensor connector 520 (not shown in top view), a connector board cover 540, and a corresponding chassis 700, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0314] In some embodiments, the chassis 700 is constructed and arranged to be mounted at a solar array panel. In some embodiments, the chassis 700 comprises one or more mounting holes 702 constructed and arranged to facilitate coupling between the chassis 700 and the solar array panel. In the embodiment shown in FIG.21C the chassis 700 two mounting holes 702c, 702d are shown that are constructed and arranged to facilitate coupling between the chassis 700 and the solar array panel. A user could insert a screw, bolt, or any suitable fastener through each of the mounting holes to secure the chassis 700 to a solar array panel. In alternative embodiments, there may be a different number of mounting holes 702. In alternative embodiments, the size and / or shape and / or position and / or arrangement of the mounting holes 702 may be different.

[0315] FIG. 21D is a bottom view of the embodiment of FIG. 21B of a top cover 420 coupled to a bottom cover 440, a smart sensor device 300, a connector board 500 comprising an auxiliary battery 510 and an external sensor connector 520 (not shown in top view), a connector board cover 540, and a corresponding chassis 700, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0316] FIG. 21E is an exploded side view of the embodiment of FIG. 21A of a top cover coupled to a bottom cover 314, a smart sensor device 300, a connector board comprising an 73 POW-003-PCTauxiliary battery and an external sensor connector (not shown in top view), and a connector board cover, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0317] FIG.22A is a perspective view of an embodiment of a smart sensor device 300 with a top cover 420 coupled to a bottom cover 440, a smart sensor device 300, a connector board 500 comprising an auxiliary battery 510 and an external sensor connector 520 (not shown in top view), a connector board cover 540, and a corresponding chassis 700, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 22A, the smart sensor device 300 comprises two solar irradiance sensors 350. In alternative embodiments, the smart sensor device 300 comprises a different number of solar irradiance sensors 350.

[0318] In the embodiment shown in FIG. 22A, a top portion of the chassis base 710 and a top portion of each of the support arms 720a, 720b are aligned along a top plane 722. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 22A, the bottom surface of each support arm 710 is aligned in a plane 724 that is oriented at an angle relative to the top plane 722. In alternative embodiments, the bottom surfaces 724 of the support arms 720 are aligned in a plane that is oriented at a different angle relative to the top plane 722. In alternative embodiments, the bottom surfaces 724 of the support arms 720 are aligned in a plane that is parallel with the top plane 722.

[0319] In some embodiments, the chassis 700 is constructed and arranged to be mounted at a solar array panel. In some embodiments, the chassis 700 comprises one or more mounting holes 702 constructed and arranged to facilitate coupling between the chassis 700 and the solar array panel. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 22A the chassis 700 four mounting holes 702a, 702b are shown that are constructed and arranged to facilitate coupling between the chassis 700 and the solar array panel. In some embodiments, the opposing support arm 720 also comprises two similarly positioned mounting holes 702. A user could insert a screw, bolt, or any suitable 74 POW-003-PCTfastener through each of the mounting holes 702 to secure the chassis 700 to a solar array panel. In alternative embodiments, there may be a different number of mounting holes 702. In alternative embodiments, the size and / or shape and / or position and / or arrangement of the mounting holes 702 may be different.

[0320] In some embodiments, the chassis 700 is constructed and arranged to secure the smart sensor device 300 and / or the top cover 420 and / or the bottom cover 440 to a solar panel 16 or mounting location. In some embodiments the chassis 700 is constructed and arranged to orient a smart sensor device 300 in the plane of array (POA) of a solar panel 16. In some embodiments, the chassis 700 allows for universal mounting at the side of solar module frames to ensure alignment to the POA. In some embodiments, the chassis 700 reduces impacts from bowing and torquing that create alignment error.

[0321] In some embodiments, the chassis 700 comprises one or more extensions 704. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 22A, the chassis 700 comprises two extensions 704a, 704b (not shown). In alternative embodiments, the chassis 700 comprises a different number of extensions 704. In alternative embodiments, one or more of the one or more extensions 704 are at a different position.

[0322] In some embodiments, the chassis 700 comprises one or more openings 706. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 22A, the chassis 700 comprises one opening 706. In alternative embodiments, the chassis 700 comprises a different number of openings 706. In alternative embodiments, one or more of the one or more openings 706 are at a different position.

[0323] FIG. 22B is a side view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 22A, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts. 75 POW-003-PCT

[0324] FIG.22C is a perspective view of the embodiment shown in 22A, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0325] FIG. 22D is a perspective view of the embodiment shown in 22C removed from the chassis 700, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0326] FIG.22E is a perspective view of the embodiment shown in 22A, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0327] FIG. 22F is a perspective view of the embodiment shown in 22D removed from the chassis 700, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0328] FIG.22G is a side view of an embodiment of a smart sensor device 300 mounted at a chassis 700 and the chassis 700 is coupled to an adjustable mount 970 in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0329] In some embodiments, the adjustable mount 970 comprises a base 974, a body 972, a coupling region 976, and a knob 978. In some embodiments, the base 974 is coupled to a first end of the body 972. In some embodiments, the coupling region 976 is coupled to a second end of the body 972.

[0330] In some embodiments, the base 974 is constructed and arranged to interface with a neighboring surface, for example a solar module 16. In some embodiments, the base 974 is constructed and arranged to be removably coupled to a neighboring surface, for example a solar module 16.

[0331] In some embodiments, the coupling region 976 is constructed and arranged to couple the adjustable mount 970 to another surface, such as a surface at the chassis 700. In some embodiments, the coupling region couples to a surface of the chassis 700 using one or more screws 977. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 22G the coupling region 976 comprises two 76 POW-003-PCTscrews 977a, 977b. In alternative embodiments, the coupling region 976 comprises a different number of screws. In some embodiments, the adjustable mount 970 is coupled to a neighboring surface using ¼-20 screws 977. In alternative embodiments, one or more different types of screws 977 are used. In alternative embodiments, the adjustable mount 970 couples to a surface using a different connector such as glue, a hook and loop mechanism, tape, or any such suitable connector.

[0332] In some embodiments, the adjustable mount 970 is constructed and arranged to adjust the position and / or orientation of the chassis 700 and the smart sensor device 300. In some embodiments, the adjustable mount 970 comprises a knob 978 that secures the position and / or orientation of the coupling region 976. In some embodiments, if a user rotates the knob as much as possible in a first rotational direction, the position and / or orientation of the coupling region 976 is secured in place. In some embodiments, if the user rotates the knob 978 as much as possible in a second rotational direction, which is opposite of the first rotational direction, the position and / or orientation of the coupling region 976 can be adjusted. In some embodiments, if the user can also rotate the knob 978 to an intermediate position such that, the position and / or orientation of the coupling region 976 will be adjustable, but not as free to move as when the knob 978 is rotated as much as possible in the second rotational direction.

[0333] In some embodiments, the adjustable mount 970 is arranged such that the smart sensor device 300 is parallel with the base 974. In alternative embodiments, the adjustable mount 970 is arranged such that the smart sensor device 300 is not parallel with the base 974.

[0334] In some embodiments, the adjustable mount 970 that is coupled with the smart sensor device 300 is mounted at a solar module 16 and the orientation of the smart sensor device 300 is 77 POW-003-PCTadjusted (using the adjustable mount 970) to match the orientation of one or more of the nearby solar modules 16.

[0335] FIGs.22H1 and 22H2 are perspective views of a clamp mechanism for securing the chassis 700 to a solar panel 16 in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts. In the present embodiment, a clamp 711 includes a press 713 and distal wall 712B. Rotation 719A of thumb screw 714 including a threaded rod 715A is translated, via the treaded rod 715A interacting with mating threaded hole 715B at a proximal wall 712A, to movement of the press 713 in a longitudinal direction 719B relative to the distal wall 712B. In this manner, an inner side wall 716 of the chassis 700 can be secured to a side wall 717 of the solar panel 16 by positioning the side walls 716, 717 between the press 713 and distal wall 712B of the clamp 711. Tightening of the thumb screw 714 operates to fixedly secure the chassis 700 to the solar panel 16. Loosening of the thumb screw 714 operates to allow for separation of the chassis 700 from the solar panel 16. The chassis 700 is thereby removably secured to the sidewall 717 of the solar panel 16 by operation of the clamp 711. The clamp 711 can thereby accommodate solar panels 16 and chasses 700 of different sidewall thicknesses. In alternative embodiments, the thumb screw 714 can be replaced by a keyed structure such as male or female hex or TorxTMstructure. In alternative embodiments, multiple clamps 711 may be employed to removably couple the chassis 700 to the solar panel 16.

[0336] In some embodiments described herein the top cover 420 and / or bottom cover 440 may comprise plastic. In some embodiments described herein the top cover 420 and / or bottom cover 440 may comprise metal. In some embodiments described herein the top cover 420 and / or bottom cover 440 may comprise wood or any other such suitable material. In some embodiments 78 POW-003-PCTdescribed herein the top cover 420 and / or bottom cover 440 may be transparent at visible wavelengths.

[0337] FIG. 23 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a smart sensor device 300 mounted at a chassis 700 and the chassis 700 is mounted at a side of a solar panel 16, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 23, the smart sensor device 300 is mounted at the right side of a solar panel 16. In alternative embodiments, the smart sensor device 300 is mounted at a different side of the solar panel 16 such as a top side, a left side, or a bottom side of the solar panel 16. In the embodiment shown in FIG.23, the smart sensor device 300 is coupled to an antenna 800 and the antenna 800 is mounted at a top edge of the solar panel 16. In alternative embodiments, the antenna is mounted at a different location.

[0338] In some embodiments, the smart sensor device 300 is side mounted to a module or strut. In some embodiments, such an arrangement allows the smart sensor device 300 to be removed from a chassis 700, or other mounting bracket, without tools. In some embodiments, the smart sensor device 300 slides into the chassis 700 and locks into place without the need for additional tools, for example in accordance with the coupling mechanisms described herein. This allows the smart sensor device 300 to be installed and removed with ease and without changing the alignment of the chassis 700.

[0339] FIG. 24 is a side view of an embodiment of a smart sensor device 300 and an auxiliary pyranometer 850 coupled to a solar panel 16, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts. In some embodiments, such as the one shown in FIG.24, the smart sensor device 300 comprises one or more pyranometers 350a, 350b. In some embodiments, such as the one shown in FIG. 24, the one or more pyranometers 350a, 350b of the smart sensor device 300 are mounted at the front face of the solar panel 16 and arranged to face in a directionaway from the 79 POW-003-PCTfront face of the solar panel 16. In such a configuration, the one or more pyranometers 350a, 350b are configured to detect direct solar irradiance 1 and / or reflected irradiance 2 and / or diffuse irradiance 3.

[0340] In some embodiments, such as the one shown in FIG. 24, the one or more pyranometers 350 of the smart sensor device 300 are mounted at the rear face of the solar panel 16 and arranged to face away from the rear face of the solar panel 16. In such a configuration, the one or more pyranometers 350 are configured to detect reflected irradiance 2R and / or diffuse irradiance 3R incident at the rear face of the solar panel.

[0341] In some embodiments, the smart sensor device 300 is coupled to one or more auxiliary pyranometers 850. In some embodiments, such as the one shown in FIG. 24, one or more of the one or more auxiliary pyranometers 850 are mounted at a rear face of the solar panel 16 and arranged to face away from the rear face of the solar panel 16. In such a configuration, the one or more auxiliary pyranometers 850 are configured to detect reflected irradiance and / or diffuse irradiance.

[0342] In some embodiments, the one or more auxiliary pyranometers 850 are mounted at a front face of the solar panel 16 and arranged to face away from the front face of the solar panel 16. In such a configuration, the one or more auxiliary pyranometers 850 are configured to detect direct solar irradiance and / or reflected irradiance and / or diffuse irradiance.

[0343] FIG. 25 is an exploded perspective view of an embodiment of an auxiliary pyranometer 850 and an embodiment of a locking material or adhesive, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts. In some embodiments, the auxiliary pyranometer 850 comprises a case 854. In alternative embodiments, the case 854 may be shaped differently. In some embodiments the auxiliary pyranometer 850 comprises a press fit plug 856. In this embodiment, 80 POW-003-PCTthe press fit plug 856 and the case 854 are positioned and coupled to a locking material or adhesive 860. In some embodiments, the locking material 860 is coupled to a solar panel 16. In some embodiments, the locking material 860 comprises at least one of glue, tape, a hook and loop connector, or any suitable connection means. In some embodiments, the locking material 860 comprises a hook and loop mechanism, for example Dual-LockTM. A hook and loop mechanism such as Dual-LockTMmay provide attachment characteristics that are more consistent than tape.

[0344] In some embodiments, the auxiliary pyranometer 850 comprises a photodiode 851. In this embodiment, the photodiode 851 is mounted at the press fit plug 856. In some embodiments the auxiliary pyranometer 850 comprises a diffuser 858. In this embodiment, the diffuser 858 is mounted above the photodiode 851. In some embodiments, the auxiliary pyranometer 850 comprises a cosine corrector 852. In this embodiment, the cosine corrector 852 is mounted above the diffuser 858. In some embodiments, the auxiliary pyranometer 850 comprises one or more of the characteristics described in connection with any solar irradiance sensor embodiment herein. In some embodiments, the diffuser 858 comprises one or more of the characteristics described in connection with any diffuser embodiment herein. In alternative embodiments, the auxiliary pyranometer 850 may comprise a subset of the elements listed above or additional elements in addition to those listed above.

[0345] In some embodiments, one or more of the one or more pyranometers 350 at the smart sensor device and / or one or more of the one or more auxiliary pyranometers 850 comprise interchangeable photodiodes to match solar panel 16 spectral absorption.

[0346] In some embodiments, multiple photodiodes may be used. Photodiodes are specified based on the best spectral match to the PV modules 16 under test. Most PV modules 81 POW-003-PCTtoday share a common absorption spectra and will use a common photodiode. However, some PV technologies may have varying spectra profiles. It is unlikely that that the spectra profile of a photodiode will perfectly match the spectra profile of a PV modules 16. In some embodiments, this difference may be accounted for by adjusting the data that is input into an Expected energy / Power model (see discussion of FIG.30). In some embodiments, measurement error may be reported to the user separately.

[0347] FIG. 26A is a top view of an embodiment of an auxiliary pyranometer 850, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts. In some embodiments, the auxiliary pyranometer 850 comprises a photodiode 851 that matches one or more of the one or more photodiodes 351 of the smart sensor device 300. In some embodiments, the auxiliary pyranometer 850 comprises a diffuser 858 that matches one or more of the one or more diffusers 358 of the smart sensor device 300. In some embodiments, the auxiliary pyranometer 850 comprises a cosine correction geometry that matches the cosine correction geometry of one or more of the one or more pyranometers 350 of the smart sensor device 300. In some embodiments, the auxiliary pyranometer 850 comprises an integrated bubble level 859. In some embodiments, the auxiliary pyranometer 850 comprises an integrated ¼-20 threaded mounting shaft 857. In some embodiments, the auxiliary pyranometer 850 comprises a flat bottom for attaching to surfaces using a hook and loop mechanism such as Dual-LockTMor other adhesive. A hook and loop mechanism such as Dual-LockTMmay provide attachment characteristics that are more consistent than tape. In some embodiments, the auxiliary pyranometer 850 attaches by wire to a smart sensor device 300. In some embodiments, the auxiliary pyranometer 850 communicates wirelessly with a smart sensor device 300. 82 POW-003-PCT

[0348] FIG. 26B is a perspective view of the embodiment of FIG. 25A of an auxiliary pyranometer 850, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0349] FIG.26C is a side view of the embodiment of FIG.25A of an auxiliary pyranometer 850, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0350] FIG.26D is a side view of the embodiment of FIG.25A of an auxiliary pyranometer 850, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0351] FIG. 26E is a cross-section view of section A-A of FIG. 25C of an auxiliary pyranometer 850, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0352] FIG. 26F is a bottom view of the embodiment of FIG. 25A of an auxiliary pyranometer 850, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0353] FIG. 27 is an exploded perspective view of a temperature sensor 870, a sensor mounting device 880, and a locking material 860, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts. In some embodiments, the smart sensor device 300 is coupled to a detachable back of module (BOM) temperature sensor 870. In some embodiments, the BOM temperature sensor 870 is fixtured to measure to the temperature of the module backsheet. In some embodiments, the BOM temperature sensor 870 is attached to the solar module using a hook and loop mechanism such as Dual-LockTM. A hook and loop mechanism such as Dual-may provide attachment characteristics that are more consistent than tape. In some embodiments, the BOM temperature sensor 870 is attached using a plastic connector. In some embodiments, the BOM temperature sensor 870 is coupled to the solar panel module 16 using at least one of glue, tape, a hook and loop connector, or any suitable connection means.

[0354] In some embodiments, such as the one shown in FIG. 27, the BOM temperature sensor 870 is configured to be mounted using a sensor mounting device 881. In some 83 POW-003-PCTembodiments, the sensor mounting device 880 comprises a bottom surface 882. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 26, the bottom surface 882 is flat. In alternative embodiments, the bottom surface 882 of the frame 881 is curved.

[0355] In some embodiments, the bottom surface 882 is constructed and arranged to couple with a locking material or adhesive 860. In some embodiments, the locking material 860 is coupled to a solar panel 16. In some embodiments, the locking material 860 comprises at least one of glue, tape, a hook and loop connector, or any suitable connection means. In some embodiments, the locking material 860 comprises a hook and loop mechanism such as Dual- LockTM. A hook and loop mechanism such as Dual-LockTMmay provide attachment characteristics that are more consistent than tape.

[0356] In some embodiments, the frame 881 comprises a channel 883 constructed and arranged to accommodate one or more wires or cables. In some embodiments, the sensor mounting device 880 comprises a spring arm 884. In some embodiments, the spring arm 884 is coupled to an end of the frame 881. In some embodiments, the spring arm 884 ensures the temperature sensor 870 is held to the solar module backing with minimal air gap. In some embodiments, the spring arm 884 comprises one or more wire pass-throughs 886 constructed and arranged to accommodate one or more wires or cables. In some embodiments, the spring arm 884 is flexible. In some embodiments, the spring arm 884 may be removably coupled to the frame 881. In alternative embodiments, the sensor mounting device 880 may comprises more than one spring arm 884.

[0357] In some embodiments, the sensor mounting device 880 comprises a sensor head 888 configured to cover at least a portion of the sensor 870. In some embodiments, the sensor head 888 is coupled to an end of the spring arm 884. In some embodiments, a sensor head 888 is 84 POW-003-PCTcomprised of equal thickness insulating material such as polycarbonate on all sides except where the sensor 870 is in contact with the solar panel 16 to minimize the effects of wind cooling on the sensor 870 itself. In some embodiments, the sensor head 888 may be removably coupled to the spring arm 884.

[0358] In some embodiments, the sensor mounting device 880 comprises plastic, metal, wood, or any combination of these or any other suitable materials. In the embodiment shown in FIG.27, the sensor mounting device 880 is configured to couple with a temperature sensor 870. In alternative embodiments, the sensor mounting device 880 may be configured to couple with a different type of sensor. In alternative embodiments, the sensor mounting device 880 may be configured to couple with more than one sensor.

[0359] FIG.28A is a perspective view of an embodiment of a smart sensor device 300, a top cover 420, a bottom cover 440, a chassis 700, an auxiliary pyranometer 850, a temperature sensor 870, a sensor mounting device 880, and a locking material 860, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts. In some embodiments, a locking material 860 may also be coupled to the auxiliary pyranometer 850.

[0360] In some embodiments the auxiliary pyranometer 850 is mounted to the front of a solar panel 16. In some embodiments the auxiliary pyranometer 850 is mounted to the back surface of a solar panel 16. In some embodiments, the auxiliary pyranometer 850 is mounted to a solar panel 16 using a hook and loop mechanism such as Dual-LockTM, which allows the pyranometer 850 to be easily aligned with the plane of array at appropriate locations (i.e. clear of shading from mounting structures). Using such an embodiment also allows for simple attachment and removal. In some embodiments, the auxiliary pyranometer 850 is attached using a plastic connector. In some embodiments, the auxiliary pyranometer 850 is coupled to the solar 85 POW-003-PCTpanel module 16 using at least one of glue, tape, a hook and loop connector, or any suitable connection means.

[0361] In some embodiments the temperature sensor 870 is mounted to the front of a solar panel 16. In some embodiments the temperature sensor 870 is mounted to the back surface of a solar panel 16. In some embodiments, the temperature sensor 870 is mounted to a solar panel 16 using a hook and loop mechanism such as Dual-LockTM, which allows for reusable and relocatable temperature sensor attachment. Using such an embodiment also allows for simple attachment and removal.

[0362] In some embodiments, the temperature sensor 870 communicates with the smart sensor device 300 via a wired interface 871. In some embodiments, the temperature sensor 870 communicates with the smart sensor device 300 via a wireless interface. In some embodiments, the auxiliary pyranometer 850 communicates with the smart sensor device 300 via a wired interface 872. In some embodiments, the temperature sensor 870 communicates with the smart sensor device 300 via a wireless interface.

[0363] FIG.28B is a perspective view of an embodiment of a smart sensor device 300, a top cover 420, a bottom cover 440, a chassis 700, an auxiliary pyranometer 850, an adjustable mount 970, a temperature sensor 870, a sensor mounting device 880, and a locking material 860, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts. The embodiments and characteristics described in connection with FIG. 28A also apply to FIG. 28B, and FIG. 28B also includes the adjustable mount 970.

[0364] In some embodiments, the adjustable mount 970 comprises a base 974, a body 972, a coupling region 976, and a knob 978. In some embodiments, the base 974 is coupled to a first 86 POW-003-PCTend of the body 972. In some embodiments, the coupling region 976 is coupled to a second end of the body 972.

[0365] In some embodiments, the base 974 is constructed and arranged to interface with a neighboring surface, for example a solar module 16. In some embodiments, the base 974 is constructed and arranged to be removably coupled to a neighboring surface, for example a solar module 16.

[0366] In some embodiments, the coupling region 976 is constructed and arranged to couple the adjustable mount 970 to another surface, such as a surface at an auxiliary pyranometer 850. In some embodiments, the coupling region couples to a surface of the auxiliary pyranometer 850 using one or more screws. In some embodiments, the adjustable mount 970 is coupled to a neighboring surface using ¼-20 screws. In alternative embodiments, one or more different types of screws are used. In alternative embodiments, the adjustable mount 970 couples to a surface using a different connector such as glue, a hook and loop mechanism, tape, or any such suitable connector.

[0367] In some embodiments, the adjustable mount 970 is constructed and arranged to adjust the position and / or orientation of the auxiliary pyranometer 850. In some embodiments, the adjustable mount 970 comprises a knob 978 that secures the position and / or orientation of the coupling region 976. In some embodiments, if a user rotates the knob as much as possible in a first rotational direction, the position and / or orientation of the coupling region 976 is secured in place. In some embodiments, if the user rotates the knob 978 as much as possible in a second rotational direction, which is opposite of the first rotational direction, the position and / or orientation of the coupling region 976 can be adjusted. In some embodiments, if the user can also rotate the knob 978 to an intermediate position such that, the position and / or orientation of 87 POW-003-PCTthe coupling region 976 will be adjustable, but not as free to move as when the knob 978 is rotated as much as possible in the second rotational direction.

[0368] In some embodiments, the adjustable mount 970 is arranged such that the auxiliary pyranometer 850 is parallel with the base 974. In alternative embodiments, the adjustable mount 970 is arranged such that the auxiliary pyranometer 850 is not parallel with the base 974.

[0369] In some embodiments, the adjustable mount 970 that is coupled with the auxiliary pyranometer 850 is mounted at a solar module 16 and the orientation of the auxiliary pyranometer 850 is adjusted (using the adjustable mount 970) to match the orientation of one or more of the nearby solar modules 16.

[0370] FIGs. 29A, 29B 29C are side views of an embodiment of a solar array system wherein the solar panels 16a, 16b, 16c are mounted to corresponding trackers 950a, 950b, 950c. In the system, three solar panels 16a, 16b, and 16c are illustrated, depicting one or more smart sensor devices 300a, 300b, 300c, single antenna configurations 800a, 800c corresponding to first and third smart sensor devices 300a, 300c, mounted to the first and third solar panels 16a, 16c and a dual antenna configuration 800b1, 800b2 corresponding to the second smart sensor device 300b mounted to the second solar panel 16b, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts. In this scenario, single smart sensor device antennae 800a, 800c are mounted proximal to their corresponding first and third smart sensor devices 300a, 300c. On the other hand, dual antennae 800b1, 800b2 corresponding to the second smart sensor device 300b are mounted to opposite edges of the corresponding second solar panel 16b, for example at east-facing E and west-facing W opposite edges. The smart sensor device antennae 800a, 800b1, 800b2, 800c are configured to communicate with a gateway antenna 800d hosted by a gateway 900 at an 88 POW-003-PCTelectrical box 920 positioned at or near the solar panel array at a position within range of the smart sensor device antennas 800a, 800b1, 800b2, 800c.

[0371] Some solar tracking systems 950a rotate the solar panels 16a, 16b, and 16c over the course of a day to track the position of the sun, in order to obtain optimal output. In this scenario, the trackers are configured to track the sun from east E to west W over the course of the day. Antenna signals may require a clear line of sight for proper transmission, meaning that the presence of obstacles at a position physically between the smart sensor device antennas 800a, 800b1, 800b2, 800c and the gateway antenna 800d could result in a failed radio transmission. Rotation throughout the day, as shown for morning (see FIG 29A), noon (see FIG 29B), and afternoon (see FIG. 29C), can result in varying radio signal quality when only a single antenna 800a, 800c is used since the signal between the single antenna 800a, 800c and the gateway antenna 800d can be blocked or attenuated by the presence of other solar panels at different time of the day.

[0372] For example, referring to the morning scenario of FIG. 29A, single antenna 800a on panel 16a fails to communicate with the gateway antenna 800d in the morning because its transmission is blocked by the solar panel 16a to which it is mounted. The same is true of single antenna 800c on the third panel 16c.

[0373] Referring to the noon scenario of FIG. 29B, single antenna 800a on panel 16a and single antenna 800c on panel 16c both properly communicate with the gateway antenna 800d at this time since each has a direct line of sight to the gateway antenna 800d.

[0374] Referring to the afternoon scenario of FIG. 29C, single antenna 800a on panel 16a communicates properly, as it has a direct line of sight to the gateway antenna 800d. On the 89 POW-003-PCTother hand, single antenna 800c fails to communicate in the afternoon because its transmission is blocked by the first solar panel 16a and by the second solar panel 16b.

[0375] Referring to the morning FIG 29A, noon FIG.29B and afternoon FIG.29C scenarios, it can be seen that the second smart sensor device 300b mounted to the second panel 16b maintains full communication with the gateway antenna 800d and gateway 900 throughout the day by virtue of the dual antenna configuration 800b1, 800b2. By employing multiple antennas 800b1, 800b2 split from a single source 300b, one of the multiple antennas 800b1, 800b2 will share a line of sight with the gateway antenna 800d at all times of day resulting in successful sensor radio transmissions on rotating solar panels. In this configuration, the first multiple antenna 800b1 is mounted to a side region or edge of the panel 16b corresponding to the west W, while the second multiple antenna 800b2 is mounted to a side region or edge of the panel 16b corresponding to the east E. In other embodiments, more than two multiple antennas can be employed.

[0376] Antennas should be oriented vertically during transmission to achieve optimal signal response. In the embodiments shown in FIG. 29 each of the two first and second multiple antennae 800b1, 800b2 corresponding to the second smart sensor device 300b at the second tracker 950b is mounted at an angle such that when the solar panel 16b is angled or pitched relative to horizontal in the morning and afternoon, one of the first and second multiple antennae 800b1, 800b2 will be positioned approximately vertical and above the plane of the adjacent solar panels 16a and 16c, ensuring a clear line of site between the vertically-oriented antenna 800b1, 800b2 and the vertically oriented gateway antenna 800d.

[0377] The principles illustrated in FIGs.29A, 29B, 29C apply to positioning of an antenna below a corresponding panel. Such a configuration would likely experience communication 90 POW-003-PCTfailure, since the transmission would be at least partially blocked by a corresponding solar panels, neighboring solar panels, and / or related equipment.

[0378] Embodiments of the systems and methods described herein can be used to compare the power and energy output one or more solar modules with a known standard. Such a comparison may be helpful to determine if the one or more solar modules are performing as expected. If one or more of the one or more solar modules are not performing as expected, embodiments of the systems and methods described herein may help determine the causes(s) for the unexpected performance.

[0379] There are different standards, and methods of calculating a standard, for evaluating the performance of one or more solar modules. For example, Predicted Energy approaches use a model to determine the amount of energy a solar module / facility will generate based on a typical meteorological year data set (i.e. past weather conditions at the location of the solar module / facility).

[0380] Expected Energy / Power approaches use a model to determine the energy or power that is expected to be generated at a solar module / facility based on the actual weather conditions. It is a “weather adjusted” expectation of the performance of the solar module / facility.

[0381] Learned Energy / Power approaches use a model and / or machine learning algorithm to determine the energy or power that is expected to be generated at a solar module / facility based on the past performance of the energy or power generated at that solar module / facility.

[0382] Examples of Expected Energy / Power approaches are described herein in connection with at least FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B. In those embodiments, a performance reference metric (DenowattsTMmetric) was calculated using the equation previously provided. This approach is “weather adjusted” because it involves (among other factors), the cumulative irradiance 91 POW-003-PCTmeasured and a recorded temperature. In embodiments described herein, a program is executed at a processor at the smart sensor device 300 and this programs output a performance reference metric (or simulated energy generation value) that is based on input values and based on the previously described Expected Energy / Power model.

[0383] In alternative embodiments, the program based on the DenowattsTMExpected Energy / Power model is executed at a processor at the gateway 900. In some embodiments, the DenowattsTMExpected Energy / Power model uses temperature information measured at the back of a solar module, using systems and methods described herein which is converted to cell temperature using a formula: Tcell = Tbom + (Irradiance / 1000)*theta, where theta represents a value unique to that solar array geometry and physical attributes.

[0384] In some embodiments, the system and methods described herein employ edge computation, to perform high resolution Expected Energy / Power calculations. In some embodiments, edge computation includes a system wherein computations are performed at a location at or near the smart sensor devices 300, including computations performed at the Gateway 900, to transform high-resolution measurement samples with localized processors into calculated metrics prior to transmission to a cloud-based server. In some embodiments, high resolution can refer to measurements performed at a periodic basis, such as every five seconds. In some embodiments, the node architecture, referring to the relationships between the smart sensor devices 300 and gateway 900, at a site is updated from previous generations to enable more edge computation to produce more accurate results. In some embodiments, the smart sensor device 300 is configured to execute all the computations for a program that outputs a performance reference metric using an Expected Energy / Power model. In alternative embodiments, the smart sensor device 300 retains this functionality (produce all the 92 POW-003-PCTcomputations of Expected Energy / Power), though adds additional edge computation capability at the gateway 900 level from a more powerful processor and more elaborate algorithms to produce more accurate results. In such embodiments, the gateway 900 comprises a processor and the gateway 900 is configured to communicate with one or more smart sensor devices 300. In some embodiments the gateway 900 is configured to communicate with the Internet or other network.

[0385] In alternative embodiments, a different Expected Energy / Power model may be used to generate a performance reference metric. The actual output of one or more solar modules or a solar module / facility may be compared to this different performance reference metric.

[0386] Effective Irradiance involves measuring the amount of irradiance and irradiation that is utilized by solar modules after accounting for losses due to shade, reflection, soiling (dust, snow, etc.), the available light spectrum, temperature effects etc. In some embodiments, one or more smart sensor devices 300 are used to determine an Effective Irradiance at one or more solar panels 16. If there are characteristics of the smart sensor device 300 measurements that are different than the corresponding characteristics of a solar module / facility then, in some embodiments, system and methods herein are employed to account for such differences and adjust the data from the smart sensor device 300 accordingly so that it better reflects the Effective Irradiance (see measurement enhancements discussion associated with FIG.30). These “measurement enhancements” (P1 in FIG. 30) may then be input into an Expected Energy / Power model (or a program using the Expected Energy / Power model) to output a performance reference metric. Such “measurement enhancements” are intended to lead to a performance reference metric that more accurately indicates the expected characteristics of the module / facility. 93 POW-003-PCT

[0387] In some embodiments, the system and methods described herein are used to create a comprehensive database of Effective Irradiation and sub-hourly irradiation. Such a comprehensive database of effective irradiation, including solar production losses caused by spectral rejection, snow, soiling, shade, and sub-minute variability of irradiation is an improvement over currently available Predictive Energy modeling techniques. Such a database can make solar energy capture more predictable and reliable.

[0388] FIG. 30 is a flow diagram showing an embodiment of an edge computation architecture 903, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts. In this embodiment, data, including data related to incident irradiance, module temperature, module tilt angle, sensor soiling, and the like, is collected at one or more smart sensor devices 300 of the solar array site 901. The data is communicated to a receiver / coordinator (Rx) at a gateway 900 of the solar array site 901. The gateway 900 comprises a processor and is configured to communicate with the one or more smart sensor devices 300. In some embodiments the gateway 900 is configured to communicate with the Internet 902 or other network or cloud-based system.

[0389] In some embodiments, the processor positioned at the gateway 900 is configured to calculate the Reference Irradiation or Effective Irradiation for solar modules 16 at the sites corresponding to the one or more smart sensor devices 300 (P1). An Expected Energy / Power model calculates how much energy / power should be generated at a solar module / facility based, in part, on the actual weather conditions such as the measured irradiation and the measured temperature. However, if differences between the smart sensor device 300 measurements and the solar module / facility measurements are not accounted for, the performance reference metric produced by the Expected Energy / Power model may result in inappropriate expectations. The Measurement Enhancement calculations (P1) may account for such differences that are relevant: 94 POW-003-PCTlosses due to shade, reflection, soiling (dust, snow, etc.), the available light spectrum, age, temperature effects etc.

[0390] In some embodiments, Measurement Enhancement calculations (P1) are calculated using a method to correct for calibration drift due to the age of a solar irradiance sensor(s) 350. In some embodiments, the systems and methods described herein use computation based on the one or more irradiance sensor(s)’ exposure to sunlight, otherwise known as “Sun-Age” and a database of known drift factors to make an adjustment in real-time. This allows users to obtain better results between recalibration periods. In some embodiments, Sun-Age Responsivity Correction is reported to the user separately by measurement uncertainty. The database DB of drift factors is maintained by a calibration laboratory containing data including measured recalibration responsivity, Sun-Age, and sensor model.

[0391] In some embodiments, Measurement Enhancement calculations are calculated using a method to correct for temperature effects. Various embodiments of the systems and methods described herein use edge computation and a database of pyranometer construction types to known temperature effects on responsivity. This means irradiation is adjusted in real-time based to standard test condition, for example at a known temperature of (@250C). A device temperature, as measured and reported on the device, is correlated in a testing lab to irradiance response. A mathematical function is generated to relate device temperature to the irradiance response adjustment, thus allowing a temperature-corrected reported irradiance. That may be expressed as:

[0392] Temp-corrected Irr = Irr*(1-(Tsensor-Tinflection)*coefficient), where coefficient= A for Tsensor < Tinflection and coefficient = B for Tsensor > Tinflection. Tsensor is measured from the sensing device 300. Tinflection is determined from lab studies. 95 POW-003-PCT

[0393] In some embodiments, Measurement Enhancement calculations are calculated using a method to correct for possible differences between the incident angle reflection losses of the smart sensor device 300 as compared to the incident angle reflection losses of one or more solar modules. Various embodiments of the systems and methods described herein use edge computation, incident angle position (solar module relative to the sun, smart sensor device 300 relative to the sun), and a database of known solar module reflectivity to reduce error from IAM (incident angle modifier) losses. In some embodiments, the incident angle position may be determined using systems and methods discussed in connection with FIG. 33. In some embodiments, a testing lab generates a database of reflectivity, or cosine response, of one or more pyranometers in various indoor and outdoor light conditions relative to incident angle to a light source or the sun. The database of solar module reflectivity, pyranometer reflectivity, solar angle, measured sensor incident angle to the sun, measured light, and other various atmospheric characteristics may be used to adjust the measured reference irradiance to further enhance the accuracy of Effective Irradiance.

[0394] In the embodiment shown in FIG. 30, the Measurement Enhancement calculations are performed at the gateway 900. In alternative embodiments, the Measurement Enhancement calculations are performed at one or more of the smart sensor devices 300.

[0395] In some embodiments, Measurement Enhancement calculations are used in an Expected Energy / Power model (P2). In some embodiments, the model produces a performance reference metric. In some embodiments, the Expected Energy / Power model is the DenowattsTMmodel previously presented in connection with FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B. In alternative embodiments, a different Expected Energy / Power model is used, for example a PVlib single diode model or other model (P2). 96 POW-003-PCT

[0396] In some embodiments, such as the one shown in FIG. 30, the program based on the Expected Energy / Power model is executed at the gateway 900. In some embodiments, the related performance reference metric is generated at the gateway 900. In some embodiments, the program based on the Expected Energy / Power model is executed at one or more of the smart sensor devices 300. In some embodiments, the related performance reference metric is generated at one or more of the smart sensor devices 900. In some embodiments a Simple model runs at the smart sensor device 300 to produce Expected power. In some embodiments, complex models, including the Single Diode model, are performed with edge computation in the gateway 900 using the highest resolution data. In some embodiments, a program using an Expected Energy / Power model outputs a performance reference metric at the gateway 900 every minutes using 5 second interval data. Complex model computation results in analytics that better match a user’s modeling software.

[0397] Some embodiments described herein comprise one or more of the following steps: a customer provides the model parameters via text file or uploads a compatible model program; irradiance and temperature data are measured at a smart sensor device 300 and transmitted to a gateway 900; as smart sensor device 300 irradiance and temperature data are received by the gateway 900 (Rx) measurement enhancements (if any) are made by algorithm (P1); Expected Energy / Power calculations are performed by the software (P2); data is transmitted to the Cloud Database, or stored in the persistent queue until the Database connection is made; data is stored in the persistent queue (P3) of the gateway 900 until a connection is made and the data is received by the cloud Database (DB).

[0398] In some embodiments, information is transmitted from the gateway 900 to one or more of the smart sensor devices 300. In some embodiments, the gateway may transmit 97 POW-003-PCTcalibration information to one or more the smart sensor devices 300. In some embodiments, the gateway may transmit simulation information (Expected Energy / Power model software) to one or more the smart sensor devices 300.

[0399] FIG. 31 is a front view of an embodiment of a gateway 900, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts. In some embodiments, the gateway 900 comprises a processor and is configured to communicate with one or more smart sensor device 300. In some embodiments, the gateway 900 is configured to communicate with the Internet or other network. A user may input information such as control signals or calculation parameters at keys 900a. Wired communication including power, control commands and configuration commands, and data can be provided at wire connectors 900b. A wireless communication link at antenna 900c can provide for wireless communication with antennas 800a, 800b, 800c of smart sensor devices 300a, 300b, 300c and with the internet link 902, or with other wireless devices and systems. In some embodiments, the gateway 900 appears different than the embodiment shown in FIG. 31. In some embodiments the gateway 900 is a Linux-based computer that has wireless capability to communicate with sensors and wired inputs and outputs to communicate with other equipment at a solar site. In some embodiments a user may configure the gateway 900 to communicate with and ingest data from various equipment at a solar site.

[0400] In some embodiments, the gateway 900 further comprises one or more gateway sensors coupled to the gateway processor for example via the gateway wire connector 900b or wirelessly via the gateway antenna 900c. In such an embodiment, the one or more gateway sensors providing gateway sensor data directly to the gateway 900. The gateway sensor data can relate to a number of performance indicators, such as the performance of a system inverter, a system battery or a system energy accounting. 98 POW-003-PCT

[0401] FIG.32 is a flow diagram showing a method to benchmark bifacial solar modules, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts.

[0402] In some embodiments, the system and methods described herein are used to benchmark bifacial solar modules (power generated from both front and back sides). In some embodiments, analysis techniques described herein can be modified to more closely align with more complex user models used to benchmark bifacial photovoltaic modules. In some embodiments, one or more smart sensor devices 300 utilize one or more outboard auxiliary pyranometers 850 and the one or more auxiliary pyranometers 850 are placed on the rear side of one or more solar panels 16. In some embodiments, one or more of the one or more auxiliary pyranometers 850 is detachably coupled to the rear side of the corresponding one or more solar panels 16. In some embodiments, the auxiliary pyranometer 850 measures the backside incident effective irradiance component from a representative, unshaded position of the solar panel 16, 32-1. In some embodiments, the smart sensor device 300 accounts for losses from a customer-defined rear shading factor 32-2. In some embodiments, the smart sensor device 300 accounts for losses from a manufacturer-defined bifaciality factor 32-3. In some embodiments, the resulting value is “rear side effective irradiance” 32-4 In some embodiments, front- and rear- side irradiance are later used to compute a performance reference metric associated with an Expected Energy / Power model. In some embodiments, the “rear side effective irradiance” is a measurement enhancement calculated at P1 and input into an Expected Energy / Power model. In some embodiments, the “rear side effective irradiance” is calculated at the smart sensor device 300. In some embodiments, the “rear side effective irradiance” is calculated at the gateway 900. In some embodiments, the “rear side effective irradiance” is calculated at the gateway 99 POW-003-PCT900 every 5 seconds. In some embodiments, the “rear side effective irradiance” is calculated partially at the smart sensor devices 300a, 300b and partially at the gateway 900.

[0403] FIG. 33 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a smart sensor device 300 comprising an accelerometer 3301, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts. In some embodiments, the orientation of the smart sensor device 300 is reported by one or more onboard sensors. In some embodiments, the smart sensor device 300 comprises one or more sensors to identify and report the orientation and angle of the smart sensor device 300 relative to the Earth. Measured orientation enables calculations to report benchmarking error and corrections for misalignment to the plane of array (POA). In some embodiments, the accelerometer 3301 is coupled to the circuit board 312 of the smart sensor device 300.

[0404] In some embodiments, such as the one shown in FIG.33, the smart sensor device 300 comprises a three-axis accelerometer 3301 configured to report the inclination angle of the incident plane of the smart sensor device 300 relative to the horizontal. In some embodiments, such as the one shown in FIG.33, the smart sensor device 300 comprises a magnetometer 3302 and / or an alternative field measurement device configured to report the orientation of the smart sensor device 300 relative to magnetic north. In some embodiments the magnetometer 3302 is coupled to the circuit board 312 of the smart sensor device 300.

[0405] In some embodiments, additional accelerometers 3301 report movement of the smart sensor device 300 in any direction. In some embodiments, the smart sensor device 300 is mounted in the POA, so the orientation may be applied to the solar array.

[0406] In some embodiments, the smart sensor device 300 orientation information is provided to inform the combined array benchmark (performance reference metric) by taking a weighted average of all the sensors and applying this as an input into the Expected 100 POW-003-PCTEnergy / Power model that generate the performance reference metric. In some embodiments, the difference between the combined array benchmark (performance reference metric) and the observed array generation may be used to calculate misalignment error. Misalignment error may be learned and applied to correct the expected benchmark (performance reference metric), for example using Learned Energy / Power systems and methods. In some embodiments misalignment error may be learned and applied to correct the expected benchmark (performance reference metric) using machine learning techniques and / or algorithms. The solar position, location of the sun relative to azimuth and altitude, is known for any time. Given known specifications of the sensors, sensor orientation, and solar position, adjustments may be made to correct for error (see discussion associated with FIG.30).

[0407] In some embodiments, pyranometer soiling is measured and reported to determine array losses from soiling and recalculate incident irradiance. Soiling (for example from dirt, snow, etc.) on solar panels 16 reduces performance. Some soiling sensing technology in the market report the amount of soiling that a sensor detects using A|B Differential or Scattered Beam Deflection systems. The systems and methods described herein are different. In some embodiments, a smart sensor device 300 measures the amount of soiling on a pyranometer to report soiling impacts. This is different from the standard convention which is to keep pyranometers clean on a periodic schedule (weekly on some arrays) and use a separate soiling sensor.

[0408] In some embodiments, one or more of the one or more pyranometers of a smart sensor device 300 and the systems and methods described herein are configured to report Effective Irradiance, which is light reaching a solar panel module 16 after accounting for, among other factors, the soiling losses. In such embodiments the pyranometers that report Effective 101 POW-003-PCTIrradiance are meant to be as equally soiled as the solar panel modules 16. This approach allows for accurate benchmarking, though it requires a separate measurement for the soiling level. Embodiments of a smart sensor device 300 described herein may use different methods to detect the soiling level on a pyranometer of a smart sensor device 300, which may be optionally based on a design using two or more pyranometers:

[0409] In an optical method for measuring effective irradiance, at least one irradiance sensor is illuminated with an LED. In this method, an LED with a select wavelength is momentarily illuminated over one of the multiple sensors during dark conditions. The pyranometer’s measured reading will be sensitive to the amount of soiling on the sensor relative to readings when the pyranometer was known to be clean. The difference in responsivity is the level of detected soiling. Detected soiling on the pyranometer using this method may be used to adjust the reference irradiation measurement by the soiling factor. This is particularly useful for detailing a database of Effective Irradiance, including reporting incident irradiance with and without soiling impacts on production.

[0410] In an automated cleaning method for measuring effective irradiance a robotic arm is used to clean one of the multiple irradiance sensors. In this method, one of the multiple pyranometers are cleaned regularly with an automated cleaning system, which includes mechanical robotic cleaning or compressed air and alcohol spray. The difference in pyranometer responsivity corresponds to the level of detected soiling.

[0411] In a manual cleaning method for measuring effective irradiance one of multiple irradiance sensors is cleaned manually at periodic intervals. The difference in pyranometer responsivity is the level of detected soiling. 102 POW-003-PCT

[0412] FIG. 34 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a smart sensor device 300 comprising a light emitting diode (LED) 610, an LED support arm 620, and an LED controller circuit 630, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts. In some embodiments, such as the one shown in FIG. 31 the smart sensor device 300 is configured to determine a level of soiling on a pyranometer 350 using the optical method previously described. The LED support arm 620 extends over a first pyranometer 350 of the smart sensor device 300. An end of the LED support arm 620 is coupled to an LED 610 such that the optical method previously described can be performed.

[0413] In some embodiments, the LED support arm 620 is coupled to the top cover 420. In some embodiments, the LED support arm 620 is coupled to the bottom cover 440. In some embodiments, the LED support arm 620 is coupled to the chassis 700. In some embodiments, the LED support arm 620 is directly coupled to the smart sensor device 300.

[0414] In some embodiments, the LED support arm 620 is removably coupled to the bottom cover 440. In some embodiments, the LED support arm 620 is removably coupled to the chassis 700. In some embodiments, the LED support arm 620 is directly coupled to the smart sensor device 300.

[0415] In some embodiments, such as the one shown in FIG.34, the LED 610 is controlled by an LED controller circuit 630. In some embodiments, the LED controller circuit 630 is at the connector board 500 described in connection with FIGS. 18A-18E. In alternative embodiments, the LED controller circuit 630 is not at the connector board 500 described in connection with FIGS. 18A-18E. In some embodiments, the LED controller circuit 630 is protected by a cover 635. In some embodiments, the cover 635 has one or more of the characteristics of the connector board cover 540 described in connection with FIGS.19A-19E. 103 POW-003-PCT

[0416] In some embodiments, the information determined using the apparatus discussed in connection with FIG. 34 may be used to calculate a performance reference metric that accounts for differences between the soiling at the smart sensor device 300 and the soiling at one or more solar modules.

[0417] FIG. 35 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a smart sensor device 300 comprising a robotic arm 670, a spray channel 675, and a brush 680, in accordance with aspects of inventive concepts. In some embodiments, such as the one shown in FIG.35 the smart sensor device 300 is configured to determine a level of soiling on a pyranometer 350 using the automated cleaning method previously described.

[0418] In some embodiments, the robotic arm 670 is coupled to the top cover 420. In some embodiments, the robotic arm 670 is coupled to the bottom cover 440. In some embodiments, the robotic arm 670 is coupled to the chassis 700. In some embodiments, the robotic arm 670 is directly coupled to the smart sensor device 300.

[0419] In some embodiments, the robotic arm 670 is removably coupled to the top cover 420. In some embodiments, the robotic arm 670 is removably coupled to the bottom cover 440. In some embodiments, the robotic arm 670 is removably coupled to the chassis 700. In some embodiments, the robotic arm 670 is directly and removably coupled to the smart sensor device 300.

[0420] In some embodiments, the robotic arm 670 is controlled by a controller circuit 690. In some embodiments, the spray channel 675 is controlled by a controller circuit 690. In some embodiments, the brush 680 is controlled by a controller circuit 690. In some embodiments, the controller circuit 690 is at the connector board 500 described in connection with FIGS.18A-18E. In alternative embodiments, the controller circuit 690 is not at the connector board 500 described 104 POW-003-PCTin connection with FIGS.18A-18E. In some embodiments, the controller circuit 690 is protected by a cover 695. In some embodiments, the cover has one or more of the characteristics of the connector board cover 540 described in connection with FIGS.19A-19E.

[0421] FIG. 36 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a smart sensor device 300 comprising a light emitting diode (LED) 610a, an LED support arm 620a having similarity to the embodiment depicted in FIG.34 described herein. In the present embodiment, however, a soiling measurement is taken, at a location different than that of the irradiance sensor. For example, soiling is measured in the present example at an upper surface of the top cover 420 of the smart sensor device 300. This measurement can be performed in a addition to, or in instead of, measurement of soiling at the irradiance sensor.

[0422] In some embodiments, the information determined using the apparatus discussed in connection with FIG.35 may be used to calculate a performance reference metric that accounts for differences between the soiling at the smart sensor device 300 and the soiling at one or more solar modules.

[0423] While the inventive concepts have been particularly shown and described with references to exemplary embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present inventive concepts as defined. 105 POW-003-PCT

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A system, comprising: a smart sensor device, comprising: a platform constructed and arranged to be mounted to one or more solar array modules; and one or more solar irradiance sensors on the platform configured to receive incident solar energy, the one or more solar irradiance sensors oriented on the platform so that the received incident solar energy is comparable to that received by the solar array modules, the one or more solar irradiance sensors providing solar irradiance signals in response to the incident solar energy; a transmitter coupled to the smart sensor device; the transmitter configured to periodically transmit the solar irradiance signals; and a gateway, comprising: a receiver configured to receive the solar irradiance signals from the transmitter; and a processor configured to receive the solar irradiance signals and, in response, generating a performance reference metric based on the solar irradiance signals, the performance reference metric related to the expected performance of the one or more solar array modules to which the platform is mounted.

2. The system of claim 1, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein the system further comprises one or more temperature sensors coupled to the smart sensor device; the one 106 POW-003-PCTor more temperature sensors being configured to provide temperature signals, wherein the transmitter is configured to periodically transmit the temperature signals, wherein the receiver is configured to receive the temperature signals from the transmitter, and wherein the processor further generates the performance reference metric based on the temperature signals.

3. The system of claim 2, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein the processor further generates the performance reference metric based on the temperature signals and the solar irradiance signals.

4. The system of claim 2, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein the temperature sensor generates the temperature signal periodically.

5. The system of claim 1, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein the processor further generates the performance reference metric based on a cumulative irradiance value, the cumulative irradiance value being based on multiple ones of the solar irradiance signals accumulated over a time period.

6. The system of claim 1, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein the processor further generates the performance reference metric as a cumulative performance reference metric based on multiple ones of the generated the performance reference metric accumulated over a time period.

7. The system of claim 6, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein the time 107 POW-003-PCTperiod over which the performance reference metrics are accumulated is one hour.

8. The system of claim 1, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein the transmitter is further configured to transmit the solar irradiance signals periodically in response to a mode of operation, the mode of operation being determined in response to the time of day.

9. The system of claim 2, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein the transmitter is further configured to transmit the temperature signals periodically in response to a mode of operation, the mode of operation being determined in response to the time of day.

10. The system of claim 8, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein the mode of operation results in more frequent transmission during a time of day where more intense sun exposure is expected and results in less frequent transmission during a time of day when less intense or no sun exposure is expected.

11. The system of claim 8, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein the processor is further configured to generate the performance reference metric periodically in response to a mode of operation, the mode of operation being determined in response to the time of day.

12. The system of claim 11, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein the mode of operation results in more frequent generation of the performance reference metric during a time of day where more intense sun exposure is expected and results in less frequent generation 108 POW-003-PCTof the performance reference metric during a time of day when less intense or no sun exposure is expected.

13. The system of claim 1, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein a portion of the platform is constructed and arranged to be positioned at a top surface of the one or more solar array modules, the portion having a maximum width in a first horizontal direction and having a maximum height above the top surface in a vertical direction, wherein the maximum width is greater than or equal to two times the maximum height.

14. The system of claim 1, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein a portion of the platform is constructed and arranged to be positioned on a top surface of the one or more solar array modules, the portion having a maximum width in a first horizontal direction and having a maximum height above the top surface in a vertical direction, wherein the maximum width is greater than or equal to three times the maximum height.

15. The system of claim 1, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein the platform comprises a circuit board and wherein solar irradiance sensor comprises a pyranometer, the pyranometer comprising: a diffuser for receiving incident solar energy, the diffuser having an inner chamber; and a photodiode positioned in the inner chamber for converting the solar energy received by the diffuser into a current signal; wherein the inner chamber is of a sufficient height to accommodate a maximum height of a photodiode selected among a plurality of photodiode types; and 109 POW-003-PCTwherein the inner chamber is of a sufficient width to accommodate a maximum width of a photodiode selected among a plurality of photodiode types.

16. The system of claim 15, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein the circuit board includes a photodiode pad including a plurality of conductive pads for mounting any among the plurality of photodiode types.

17. The system of claim 1, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein the platform further comprises a power source.

18. The system of claim 1, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein the power source comprises a solar collector on the platform and a power storage element for storing energy collected by the solar collector.

19. The system of claim 18, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein the power storage element comprises a super capacitor.

20. The system of claim 18, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein the solar collector and storage element comprise the exclusive power source for the device.

21. The system of claim 18, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein the platform further comprises a supplemental battery. 110 POW-003-PCT22. The system of claim 1, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein the processor is configured to further receive signals from a third-party sensor for calibration of the one or more solar irradiance sensors.

23. The system of claim 1, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein the gateway further comprises a gateway transmitter.

24. The system of claim 1, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein the transmitter comprises a first transmitter and further comprising a second transmitter and wherein the smart sensor device is coupled to the second transmitter.

25. The system of claim 24, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein the first transmitter is positioned at a first end of the one or more solar array modules and the second transmitter is positioned at a second end of the one or more solar array modules.

26. The system of claim 24, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein the first transmitter is positioned at an east end of the one or more solar array modules and the second transmitter is positioned at a west end of the one or one or more solar array modules.

27. The system of claim 26, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein the first transmitter comprises a first transmitter antenna and wherein the second transmitter comprises a second transmitter antenna. 111 POW-003-PCT28. The system of claim 27, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein the solar array module to which the first transmitter antenna and the second transmitter antenna are mounted is mounted to a tracker.

29. The system of claim 28, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein the first transmitter antenna and second transmitter antenna are mounted at a non-zero angle relative to the plane of array of the corresponding solar array module so that when the tracker is at a morning position, the second transmitter antenna is oriented substantially vertical and when the tracker is at an afternoon position, the first transmitter antenna is oriented substantially vertical.

30. The system of claim 28, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein a line of sight is maintained between either or both of the first or second transmitter antennae of the smart sensor device and the receiver of the gateway throughout a time period between a time when the tracker is in the morning position and a time when the tracker is in the afternoon position.

31. The system of claim 1, or any other claim or combination of claims, further comprising an auxiliary solar irradiance sensor, the auxiliary solar irradiance sensor being coupled to the smart sensor device.

32. The system of claim 1, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein the auxiliary solar irradiance sensor is constructed and arranged to be positioned at a bottom surface of the one or more solar array modules. 112 POW-003-PCT33. The system of claim 1, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein the auxiliary solar irradiance sensor is coupled to the smart sensor device by a communication wire.

34. The system of claim 1, or any other claim or combination of claims, further comprising an auxiliary temperature sensor, the auxiliary solar irradiance sensor being coupled to the smart sensor device.

35. The system of claim 1, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein the auxiliary temperature sensor is constructed and arranged to be positioned at a bottom surface of the one or more solar array modules.

36. The system of claim 1, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein the auxiliary temperature sensor is coupled to the smart sensor device by a communication wire.

37. The system of claim 1, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein the processor further generates a performance reference metric that accounts for temperature measured by the auxiliary temperature sensor.

38. The system of claim 1, or any other claim or combination of claims, further comprising a measurement sensor, the measurement sensor being coupled to the smart sensor device.

39. The system of claim 38, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein the measurement sensor is constructed and arranged to be positioned at a top surface of the one or 113 POW-003-PCTmore solar array modules.

40. The system of claim 38, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein the measurement sensor is constructed and arranged to be positioned at a bottom surface of the one or more solar array modules.

41. The system of claim 38, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein the measurement sensor is coupled to the smart sensor device by a communication wire.

42. The system of claim 38, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein the processor further generates a performance reference metric that accounts for measured data as measured by the measurement sensor.

43. The system of claim 38, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein the measurement sensor comprises an accelerometer generating measured orientation data of the smart sensor device.

44. The system of claim 38, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein the measurement sensor comprises a magnetometer generating measured magnetic field data of the smart sensor device.

45. The system of claim 38, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein the measurement sensor comprises a soiling sensor generating measured data related to soiling at a 114 POW-003-PCTportion of the smart sensor device.

46. The system of claim 45, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein the soiling sensor comprises a cleaning mechanism for cleaning the portion of the smart sensor device.

47. The system of claim 46, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein the cleaning mechanism comprises an optical cleaning mechanism or a mechanical cleaning mechanism.

48. The system of claim 1, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein the gateway further comprises one or more gateway sensors coupled to the gateway processor, the one or more gateway sensors providing gateway sensor data directly to the gateway.

49. The system of claim 48, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein the gateway sensor data relates to performance of a system inverter, a system battery or a system energy accounting.

50. The system of claim 1, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein the processor further generates an uncertainty metric based on the one or more solar irradiance sensor’s exposure to sunlight and known drift factors.

51. The system of claim 1, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein the 115 POW-003-PCTprocessor further generates a performance reference metric that accounts for temperature effects on the responsivity of the one or more solar irradiance sensors.

52. The system of claim 1, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein the processor further generates a performance reference metric that accounts for incident angle reflection losses.

53. The system of claim 1, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein the processor further generates a performance reference metric that accounts for calibration drift.

54. The system of claim 1, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein the gateway is positioned at a location that is spaced apart from a location of the smart sensor device.

55. The system of claim 1, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein the transmitter and receiver communicate via wireless communications.

56. The system of claim 1, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein the transmitter comprises one or more transmitter antenna and wherein the receiver comprises one or more receiver antenna.

57. The system of claim 56, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein the one or more transmitter antenna and one or more receiver antenna communicate via wireless communications. 116 POW-003-PCT58. The system of claim 1, or any other claim or combination of claims, further comprising a smart sensor device receiver coupled to the smart sensor device and wherein the gateway further comprises a gateway transmitter in wireless communication with smart sensor device receiver.

59. The system of claim 1, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein the gateway further comprises an internet communication node that provides bidirectional communication between the gateway and the internet.

60. A system, comprising: a smart sensor device, comprising: a platform constructed and arranged to be mounted to one or more solar array modules; and one or more solar irradiance sensors on the platform configured to receive incident solar energy, the one or more solar irradiance sensors oriented on the platform so that the received incident solar energy is comparable to that received by the solar array modules, the one or more solar irradiance sensors providing solar irradiance signals in response to the incident solar energy; and a support arm constructed and arranged to extend over one or the one or more solar irradiance sensors; the support arm comprising: a first end positioned above at least one of the one or more solar 117 POW-003-PCTirradiance sensors; and a second end; and a light emitting diode (LED) coupled to the first end of the support arm, the light emitting diode being constructed and arranged to emit light in a direction toward one or more of the one or more solar irradiance sensors.

61. The system of claim 60, or any other claim or combination of claims, further comprising an LED controller circuit, the LED controller circuit being coupled to the platform of the smart sensor device.

62. The system of claim 60, or any other claim or combination of claims, further comprising a cover constructed and arranged to protect the smart sensor device from damage and / or contaminants.

63. The system of claim 62, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein the cover comprises a top cover configured to be positioned above a top face of the platform and a bottom cover configured to be positioned below a bottom face of the platform.

64. The system of claim 62, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein the second end of the support arm is coupled to the cover.

65. A system, comprising: a smart sensor device, comprising: 118 POW-003-PCTa platform constructed and arranged to be mounted to one or more solar array modules; and one or more solar irradiance sensors on the platform configured to receive incident solar energy, the one or more solar irradiance sensors oriented on the platform so that the received incident solar energy is comparable to that received by the solar array modules, the one or more solar irradiance sensors providing solar irradiance signals in response to the incident solar energy; and a support arm constructed and arranged to extend over one or the one or more solar irradiance sensors; the support arm comprising: a first end positioned above at least one of the one or more solar irradiance sensors; and a second end; and a light emitting diode (LED) coupled to the first end of the support arm, the light emitting diode being constructed and arranged to emit light in a direction toward an upper portion of the platform.

66. The system of claim 65, or any other claim or combination of claims, further comprising an LED controller circuit, the LED controller circuit being coupled to the platform of the smart sensor device.

67. The system of claim 65, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein the upper portion of the platform comprises a cover at constructed and arranged to protect the smart sensor 119 POW-003-PCTdevice from damage and / or contaminants.

68. The system of claim 67, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein the cover comprises a top cover configured to be positioned above a top face of the platform and a bottom cover configured to be positioned below a bottom face of the platform.

69. The system of claim 67, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein the second end of the support arm is coupled to the cover.

70. A system, comprising: a smart sensor device, comprising: a platform constructed and arranged to be mounted to one or more solar array modules; and one or more solar irradiance sensors on the platform configured to receive incident solar energy, the one or more solar irradiance sensors oriented on the platform so that the received incident solar energy is comparable to that received by the solar array modules, the one or more solar irradiance sensors providing solar irradiance signals in response to the incident solar energy; and a support arm constructed and arranged to extend over one or the one or more solar irradiance sensors, the support arm comprising: a first end positioned above at least one of the one or more solar irradiance sensors; 120 POW-003-PCTa second end; and a spray channel constructed and arranged to allow fluid to pass through the support arm from the second end to the first end; and a brush coupled to the first end of the support arm, the brush being constructed and arranged to clean one or more of the one or more solar irradiance sensors.

71. The system of claim 70, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein the support arm is a robotic arm that is constructed and arranged to move.

72. The system of claim 70, or any other claim or combination of claims, further comprising a reservoir constructed and arranged to store cleaning fluid, the reservoir being coupled to the spray channel.

73. The system of claim 70, or any other claim or combination of claims, further comprising a controller circuit, the controller circuit being coupled to the platform of the smart sensor device, the controller circuit being configured to control the movement of the support arm and / or the dispersal of a cleaning fluid from the spray channel.

74. The system of claim 70, or any other claim or combination of claims, further comprising a cover constructed and arranged to protect the smart sensor device from damage and / or contaminants. 121 POW-003-PCT75. The system of claim 70, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein the cover comprises a top cover configured to be positioned above a top face of the platform and a bottom cover configured to be positioned below a bottom face of the platform.

76. The system of claim 70, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein the second end of the support arm is coupled to the cover.

77. The system of claim 70, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein the second end of the support arm is coupled to the platform.

78. A system, comprising: a smart sensor device, comprising: a platform constructed and arranged to be mounted to one or more solar array modules; one or more solar irradiance sensors on the platform configured to receive incident solar energy, the one or more solar irradiance sensors oriented on the platform so that the received incident solar energy is comparable to that received by the solar array modules, the one or more solar irradiance sensors providing solar irradiance signals in response to the incident solar energy; and a transmitter coupled to the smart sensor device; the transmitter configured to periodically transmit the solar irradiance signals; and a gateway, comprising: 122 POW-003-PCTa receiver configured to receive the solar irradiance signals from the transmitter; and a processor configured to: receive the solar irradiance signals; determine adjustment data by applying one or more measurement enhancements to the solar irradiance signals; and generate a performance reference metric based on the adjustment data, the performance reference metric related to the expected performance of the one or more solar array modules to which the platform is mounted.

79. The system of claim 78, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein the smart sensor device further comprises one or more temperature sensors that provides temperature signals, wherein the transmitter is configured to periodically transmit the temperature signals, wherein the receiver is configured to receive the temperature signals from the transmitter, and wherein the processor further generates the performance reference metric based on the temperature signals.

80. The system of claim 79, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein the processor further generates the performance reference metric based on the temperature signals and the adjustment data.

81. The system of claim 79, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein the 123 POW-003-PCTtemperature sensor generates the device temperature signal periodically.

82. A method, comprising the steps of: providing a smart sensor device, comprising: a platform constructed and arranged to be mounted to one or more solar array modules; one or more solar irradiance sensors on the platform configured to receive incident solar energy, the one or more solar irradiance sensors oriented on the platform so that the received incident solar energy is comparable to that received by the solar array modules, the one or more solar irradiance sensors providing solar irradiance signals in response to the incident solar energy; and a transmitter on the platform, providing a gateway comprising a receiver and a processor; the transmitter periodically transmitting the solar irradiance signals; the receiver receiving the solar irradiance signals; the processor determining adjustment data by applying one or more measurement enhancements to the solar irradiance signals; and the processor generating a performance reference metric based on the adjustment data, the performance reference metric related to the expected performance of the one or more solar array modules to which the platform is mounted.

83. The method of claim 82, or any other claim or combination of claims, wherein the 124 POW-003-PCTsystem further comprises one or more temperature sensors coupled to the smart sensor device and the method further comprising the steps of: the one or more temperature sensors providing temperature signals; the transmitter periodically transmitting the temperature signals; the receiver receiving the temperature signals from the transmitter; and the processor further generating the performance reference metric based on the temperature signals.

84. The method of claim 83, or any other claim or combination of claims, further comprising the step of: the processor further generating the performance reference metric based on the temperature signals and the adjustment data.

85. The method of claim 83, or any other claim or combination of claims, further comprising the step of: the temperature sensor generating the temperature signal periodically. 125 POW-003-PCT

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