Composites formed using lewis-acid polymerized polyols and methods of preparing same
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- EP · EP
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- DOW GLOBAL TECHNOLOGIES LLC
- Filing Date
- 2023-07-06
- Publication Date
- 2026-05-13
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Figure PCTCN2023106028-FTAPPB-I100001 
Figure PCTCN2023106028-FTAPPB-I100002 
Figure PCTCN2023106028-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
COMPOSITES FORMED USING LEWIS-ACID POLYMERIZED POLYOLS AND METHODS OF PREPARING SAMEField
[0001] Embodiments relate to polyurethane and polyurethane / (methacrylate) hybrid compositions used in the fabrication of polyurethane composites and reinforced materials having improved mechanical properties.
[0002] INTRODUCTION
[0003] Polyurethane (PU) formulations may be manufactured into reinforced composites by a variety of fabrication processes, which include processes such as pultrusion, infusion and filament winding. Pultrusion is a continuous manufacturing process to make fiber reinforced polymer composite profiles with constant cross-sectional area, which are often used in structural applications. Infusion is a process where the PU resin is brought into contact with and impregnated into fibers by application of vacuum, and it is applied for manufacturing articles such as wind blades. Filament winding is instead typically applied to manufacturing items such as pipes or closed end structures (pressure vessels or tanks) in a process that involves winding filaments, pre-impregnated with resin, over a rotating mandrel.
[0004] As with most fabrication technologies, the reduction of demolding time with maintained or improved product quality results in increased productivity. To reduce demolding time, higher loadings of catalysts or polyols containing higher concentrations of reactive primary hydroxyl groups (e.g., ethylene oxide (EO) derivatives) can be used. However, the use of polyurethane catalysts can be prohibitively expensive, and can increase volatility and shorten the cure time of the formulation during processing. Polyols containing high concentrations of primary hydroxy groups may be obtained using EO as the alkoxylation reagent, which result in higher hygroscopicity, and can lead to accumulation of water in the formulation when exposed to the atmosphere. The increased polarity of EO-containing polyols can also lead to issues with compatibility with nonpolar formulation components and the generation of haze and turbidity.SUMMARY
[0005] In an aspect, embodiments of the present disclosure include methods of forming a composite comprising: preparing a reacting mixture by combining: an isocyanate component; and an isocyanate-reactive component that includes at least one Lewis acid catalyzed polyether polyol having a percent by weight (wt%) of 90 wt%or more polypropylene oxide, a primary hydroxy concentration of at least 30 wt%, a functionality of at least 2, an OH number in the range of 100 mg KOH / g to 800 mg KOH / g, and an average acetal content of at least 0.05 wt%; and combining the reacting mixture with one or more reinforcing materials.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0006] Embodiments relate to two component polyurethane and polyurethane / (meth) acrylate hybrid compositions for use in composite manufacture that include Lewis acid catalyzed polyether polyols produced by polymerization in the presence of a perfluoroalkyl-substituted arylborane catalyst. Polymer-forming composition include an isocyanate component and an isocyanate reactive component that includes at least Lewis acid catalyzed polyether polyol. Lewis acid catalyzed polyether polyols disclosed herein may have a percent by weight (wt%) of 90 wt%or more polypropylene oxide, a primary hydroxy concentration of at least 30 wt%, a functionality of at least 2, an OH number in the range of 100 mg KOH / g to 800 mg KOH / g, and an average acetal content of at least 0.05 wt%. Methods also include the formation of a composite that include combining the components in the presence of a reinforcement material using a suitable process such as infusion, pultrusion, or filament winding.
[0007] The use of a Lewis acid polymerization catalyst (e.g., perfluoroalkyl-substituted arylborane catalysts) to produce polyether polyols may improve polyol reactivity with the isocyanate component, particularly for polypropylene oxide based (or containing) polyether polyols, by increasing the percentage of primary hydroxyl groups. Increased concentrations of primary hydroxyl groups are associated with faster cure times and improved appearance of the final product. Comparative formulations that include concentrations of polyethylene oxide to increase the percentage of primary OH terminal functional groups, producing some decrease in demold time during manufacture. However, the presence of polyethylene oxide also leads to decreased compatibility with nonpolar polymer phases and layers such as PVC skin layers, production of an open cell structure prone to discoloration by oxidative gases, and high reactivity-related scorching. On the other hand, polypropylene oxide-based polyether polyols show good compatibility with nonpolar phases, but preparation of polyether polyols by standard KOH alkoxylation catalysis from monomers having carbon numbers greater than two (i.e., propylene oxide, butylene oxide) produces products having > 95 %secondary OH groups.
[0008] PU compositions and composites disclosed herein include polyether polyols produced by Lewis acid catalyzed polymerization, which increases the percentage of primary hydroxyl groups and associated performance properties (e.g., reactivity, demolding time, etc) . PU compositions and composites disclosed herein exhibit fast demolding and cycle time, while unexpectedly exhibiting enhanced mechanical strength relative to comparatively PO-based polyols prepared by KOH catalysis, and less phase separation than comparative EO-based polyols during processing. In some cases, PU formulations containing Lewis acid catalyzed polyether polyols may enable the formation of composites having good mechanical properties and good adhesion with PVC skin layer. PU compositions disclosed herein may be fast curing with long working time according to ASTM D7487-18 as determined by FOAMATTM Foam Qualification System (Foamat Messtechnik GmbH, Karlsruhe, DE) .
[0009] PU compositions disclosed herein generally include the product obtained from combining a two-component curable composition: an isocyanate component ( “A-side” ) and an isocyanate-reactive component ( “B-side” ) . During application, the isocyanate and isocyanate-reactive components are mixed, initiating a curing reaction, and forming a PU composition or composite. During the formation of a PU composite, the isocyanate component and isocyanate-reactive component may be combined in the presence of a reinforcing material (e.g., carbon fiber, glass fiber) . In some cases, the reinforcing material may be combined with at least one of the isocyanate or isocyanate-reactive components prior to PU formation, or may be present as a third component that is combined following the mixture of the isocyanate and isocyanate-reactive components. Compositions disclosed herein may be substantially free of water (i.e., max content in the formulation is 0.1 %or less) , and produce negligible amounts of foam upon combination of the reactant components.
[0010] Isocyanate components may contain one or more isocyanate compounds, such as polymeric isocyanates, aromatic isocyanates, or carbodiimide-modified isocyanates. Isocyanate compounds may be monomeric, oligomeric, prepolymers, and the like. The isocyanate component can include, for example, one or more isocyanate and / or polyisocyanate compounds. Isocyanate components may include isocyanate compounds having a nominal functionality of 1.5 or greater, or ≥2.0 or greater.
[0011] The isocyanate component may include an isocyanate compound having a number average molecular weight of 150 g / mol to 750 g / mol. In some cases, the isocyanate compound can have a number average molecular weight from a low value of 150 g / mol, 200 g / mol, 250 g / mol or 300 g / mol to an upper value of 350 g / mol, 400 g / mol, 450 g / mol, 500 g / mol or 750 g / mol. The number average molecular weight values reported herein are determined by end group analysis, gel permeation chromatography, and other methods as is known in the art. The isocyanate compound can be monomeric and / or polymeric, as are known in the art.
[0012] The isocyanate component may include on or more of aliphatic polyisocyanate, cycloaliphatic polyisocyanate, araliphatic polyisocyanate, aromatic polyisocyanate, and the like. Examples of isocyanates include, but are not limited to, methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI, including its isomers) ; polymeric MDI; triisocyanatononane (TIN) ; naphthyl diisocyanate (NDI) ; 4, 4’-diisocyanatodicyclohexyl-methane; 3-isocyanatomethyl-3, 3, 5-trimethylcyclohexyl isocyanate (isophorone diisocyanate, IPDI) ; tetramethylene diisocyanate; hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) ; 2-methyl-pentamethylene diisocyanate; 2, 2, 4-trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate (THDI) ; dodecamethylene diisocyanate; 1, 4-diisocyanatocyclohexane; 4, 4’-diisocyanato-3, 3’-dimethyl-dicyclohexylmethane; 4, 4’-diisocyanato-2, 2-dicyclohexylpropane; 3-isocyanatomethyl-1-methyl-1-isocyanatocyclohexane (MCI) ; 1, 3-diisooctylcyanato-4-methylcyclohexane; 1, 3 -diisocyanato-2-methylcyclohexane; and combinations thereof, among others. In addition to the isocyanates mentioned above, partially modified polyisocyanates including uretdione, isocyanurate, carbodiimide, uretonimine, allophanate or biuret structure, and combinations thereof, among others, may be utilized. Examples of commercial isocyanates include, but are not limited to, polyisocyanates under the trade names VORANATETM, VORATRONTM, PAPITM, VORAFORCETM and ISONATETM available from Dow Chemical Company.
[0013] Isocyanate compounds may include isocyanate prepolymers resulting from reaction of an isocyanate-reactive compound with a molar excess of an isocyanate compound or polymeric isocyanate compound under conditions that do not lead to gelation or solidification, the isocyanate prepolymers can have a higher average isocyanate equivalent weight of > 140 g / eq. Formation of isocyanate prepolymers is known in the art, and may include reacting (1) at least one isocyanate compound and (2) at least one polyol compound. Isocyanate prepolymers may be described by an NCO %, corresponding to the weight percent of NCO groups, remaining after completion of the reaction between isocyanate and isocyanate-reactive compound, that are present in the prepolymer. Isocyanates components disclosed herein may include one or more isocyanate compounds having an NCO content at a percent by weight of above 20 wt%, such as in a range of 20 wt%to 50 wt%, or 20 wt%to 48 wt%.
[0014] The isocyanate component includes at least one isocyanate group containing material (such as a polyisocyanate and / or isocyanate-terminated prepolymer) . For example, the isocyanate component includes at least one aromatic polyisocyanate, such as methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) and / or toluene diisocyanate (TDI) . To form the polyurethane polymer the isocyanate and isocyanate-reactive components may be mixed and applied to the substrate just before use and / or applied separately to the substrate and allowed to mix on the substrate. The isocyanate component can include at least 50 wt% (at least 60 wt%, at least 70 wt%, at least 80 wt%, at least 90 wt%, at least 95 wt%, at least 98 wt%, etc. ) of one or more polyisocyanates, based on a total weight of the isocyanate component.
[0015] PU compositions disclosed herein may include an isocyanate component at a percent by weight (wt%) ranging from 15 wt%to 80 wt%, 20 wt%to 80 wt%, or 20 wt%to 70 wt%.
[0016] PU compositions may include an isocyanate-reactive component containing at least one polyether polyol prepared using a Lewis acid catalyst, and optionally one or more hydroxy functionalized (meth) acrylates. As used herein, use of “ (meth) ” in conjunction with various acrylate species indicates that the scope of the specification covers both the acrylate or methacrylate variations of the referenced compound.
[0017] Lewis acid catalyzed polyether polyols may be prepared by polyaddition of alkylene oxides (alkoxylation) onto an initiator (i.e., a polyhydroxy functional starter compound) in the presence of catalysts known in the art that can shape the proportion of primary and secondary hydroxyls in the resulting polymer or oligomer. For example, alkoxylation using a Lewis acid catalyst leads to increased amounts of primary hydroxyls, while the use of basic catalysts such as KOH, produce secondary hydroxyls as a main product. Representative methods for producing polyether polyols using Lewis acid catalysts are discussed, for example, in WO2019055725 and WO2019055727.
[0018] The initiator includes one or more compounds having a low molecular weight and a numerical hydroxyl functionality of at least 2. The initiator is any organic compound that is to be alkoxylated in the polymerization reaction. The initiator may contain as many as 10 hydroxyl groups. For example, the initiator may be a diol or triol. Mixtures of initiators may be used. The initiator will have a hydroxyl equivalent weight less than that of the polyether product, e.g., may have a hydroxyl equivalent weight of less than 500 g / mol equivalence, less than 300 g / mol equivalence, greater than 20 g / mol equivalence, from 20 to 300 g / mol equivalence, from 20 to 200 g / mol equivalence, from 30 to 150 g / mol equivalence, etc. Exemplary, initiator compounds such as ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, 1, 4-butanediol, 1, 6-hexanediol, 1, 8-octanediol, cyclohexane dimethanol, bisphenol A, glycerin, trimethylolpropane, trimethylolethane, pentaerythritol, sugars and sugar alcohols such as sorbitol and sucrose, and / or alkoxylates of any of these that have a weight average molecular weight less than that of the product of the polymerization.
[0019] Lewis acid catalyzed polyether polyols may have a functionality of at least 2 or more such as ranging from 2 to 6, or 2 to 4. Lewis acid catalyzed polyether polyols may have an average primary hydroxyl content of at least 25%or more or 30%or more, such as in the range of 25%to 85%, or 30%to 80%. Lewis acid catalyzed polyols disclosed herein may have low VOC content (e.g., propionaldehyde and acetal) , and up to 85%selectivity toward PO-derived primary hydroxyl-terminated polyol chains. Lewis acid catalyzed polyether polyols may have an average acetal content of at least 0.05 wt%, or at least 0.1 wt%.
[0020] The Lewis acid catalyst may be an arylborane catalyst that has at least one fluoro / chloro or fluoroalkyl-substituted phenyl group, which may allow for improvements in the yield of the reaction. The polymerization catalyst may be fed into the reactor in an amount greater than 0 and less than or equal to 0.005 (e.g., greater than 0.0001, less than or equal to 0.003, less than or equal to 0.001, etc. ) molar equivalents per mole of the initiator feed into the reactor. The Lewis acid catalyst may be active at a lower temperature range (e.g., from 60 ℃-110 ℃) .
[0021] The Lewis acid polymerization catalyst has the general formula M (R1) 1 (R2) 1 (R3) 1 (R4) 0 or 1, whereas M is boron, aluminum, indium, bismuth or erbium, R1 includes (e.g., consists of ) a first fluoro / chloro or fluoroalkyl-substituted phenyl group, R2 includes (e.g., consists of ) a second fluoro / chloro or fluoroalkyl-substituted phenyl group, R3 includes (e.g., consists of ) a third fluoro / chloro or fluoroalkyl-substituted phenyl group or a first functional group or functional polymer group, and optional R4 is (e.g., consists of ) a second functional group or functional polymer group. As used herewithin, by fluoro / chloro or fluoroalkyl-substituted phenyl group it is mean a fluoro / chloro substituted phenyl group or fluoroalkyl-substituted phenyl group, as described below, is present. By fluoroalkyl-substituted phenyl group it is meant a phenyl group that includes a least one hydrogen atom replaced with a fluoroalkyl group. By fluoro-substituted phenyl group it is meant a phenyl group that includes at least one hydrogen atom replaced with a fluorine atom. By chloro-substituted phenyl group it is meant a phenyl group that includes at least one hydrogen atom replaced with a chlorine atom. By fluoro / chloro substituted phenyl group it is meant a phenyl group that includes at least one hydrogen atom replaced with a fluorine or chlorine atom, whereas the phenyl group can include a combination of fluorine and chlorine atom substituents. R1, R2, and R3 may each independently include the fluoro / chloro or fluoroalkyl-substituted phenyl group or may each independently consist essentially of the fluoro / chloro or fluoroalkyl-substituted phenyl group. The M in the general formula may exist as a metal salt ion or as an integrally bonded part of the formula.
[0022] With respect to R3 and optional R4, the functional group or functional polymer group may be a Lewis base that forms a complex with the Lewis acid catalyst (e.g., a boron based Lewis acid catalyst) and / or a molecule or moiety that contains at least one electron pair that is available to form a dative bond with a Lewis acid. The Lewis base may be a polymeric Lewis base. By functional group or functional polymer group it is meant a molecule that contains at least one of the following: water, an alcohol, an alkoxy (examples include a linear or branched ether and a cyclic ether) , a ketone, an ester, an organosiloxane, an amine, a phosphine, an oxime, and substituted analogs thereof. Each of the alcohol, linear or branched ether, cyclic ether, ketone, ester, alkoxy, organosiloxane, and oxime may include from 2-20 carbon atoms, from 2-12 carbon atoms, from 2-8 carbon atoms, and / or from 3-6 carbon atoms. For example, the functional group or functional polymer group may have the formula (OYH) n, whereas O is O oxygen, H is hydrogen, Y is H or an alkyl group, and n is an integer (e.g., an integer from 1 to 100) . However, other known functional polymer groups combinable with a Lewis acid catalyst such as a boron based Lewis acid catalyst may be used. Exemplary cyclic ethers include tetrahydrofuran and tetrahydropyran.
[0023] In some cases, the Lewis acid polymerization catalyst may be that shown in structure I.
[0024] Lewis acid catalyzed polyether polyols may have an OH number in the range 100 mg KOH / g to 900 mg KOH / g, 100 mg KOH / g to 800 mg KOH / g, or 100 mg KOH / g to 750 mg KOH / g. Lewis acid catalyzed polyether polyols may have a number average molecular weight of 400 Da or more, 450 Da or more, or 500 Da or more, such as in a range of 400 Da to 2,000 Da, or 400 Da to 1,500 Da.
[0025] Lewis acid catalyzed polyether polyols may have a polypropylene oxide content at a percent by weight (wt%) of 80 wt%or more, or 90 wt%or more. In some cases, the Lewis acid catalyzed polyether polyol may include polypropylene oxide homopolymer (including polypropylene oxide homopolymers polymerized in the presence of a polyhydroxy starter compound) .
[0026] Lewis acid catalyzed polyether polyols may be present in the isocyanate-reactive component at a percent by weight (wt%) of at least 10 wt%or at least 20 wt%, such as in a range of 10 wt%to 95 wt%, 15 wt%to 95 wt%, or 15 wt%to 80 wt%.
[0027] The isocyanate-reactive component may include one or more hydroxy functional (meth) acrylate monomers that react with the isocyanate component and / or polymerize in the presence of a free radical initiator to produce a PU acrylate hybrid composition.
[0028] Hydroxy functional (meth) acrylate monomers may have the general structure:
[0029] wherein R1 is selected from hydrogen, methyl or ethyl; R2 is selected from alkylene groups having 2-6 carbon atoms, 2, 2-bis (4-phenylene) propane, 1, 4-bis (methylene) benzene, 1, 3-bis (methylene) benzene, 1, 2-bis (methylene) benzene; and n is an integer selected from 1-6. Hydroxy functional (meth) acrylate monomers may include hydroxy C1-10 alkyl (meth) acrylate monomers, such as hydroxyethyl acrylate, hydroxyethyl (meth) acrylate, hydroxypropyl (meth) acrylate, hydroxybutyl (meth) acrylate monomer, and the like.
[0030] Hydroxy functional (meth) acrylates may be added at a percent by weight (wt%) of the polyurethane acrylate hybrid composition in a range of 15 wt%to 40 wt%, from 20 wt%to 38 wt%, from 25 wt%to 35 wt%, or from 27 wt%to 32 wt%.
[0031] The isocyanate-reactive component may include one or more anthraquinone curing indicators that provide a visual indicator of the progress of a PU acrylate hybrid composition during curing. In some cases, curing may be indicated from a transition from a light green color to a brownish red that signifies that the composition is substantially cured. Suitable anthraquinone curing indicators include anthraquinone dyes such as 1- (methylamino) -4-p-toluidinoanthraquinone (CAS: 128-85-8) , 1, 4-bis (ethylamino) -9, 10-anthraquinone, 1, 4-Di (4′-methylphenylamino) anthraquinone, 1, 4-Bis (o-sulfo-p-toluidino) anthraquinone, and the like.
[0032] Anthraquinone curing indicators may be added at a percent by weight (wt%) of the polyurethane acrylate hybrid composition in a range of 0.001 wt%to 0.15 wt%, 0.001 wt%to 0.10 wt%, or 0.01 wt%to 0.05 wt%.
[0033] Methods of the present disclosure may include the formation of composite articles and materials by any suitable method. In some cases, composite part are prepared by combining isocyanate and isocyanate-reactive compounds to form a reactive mixture that is then combined with a reinforcement material. Suitable reinforcement materials include any one or more of glass fibers, e-glass fibers, carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers, polyester fibers, natural fibers, glass fibers, aramid fibers, nylon fibers, mineral fibers, basalt fibers, boron fibers, silicon carbide fibers, asbestos fibers, whiskers, hard particles, metal fibers, and the like.
[0034] Methods of composite formation may include vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM, also known as infusion) , pultrusion, filament winding or braiding, reinforced reaction injection molding (RRIM) , structural reaction injection molding (SRIM) , resin transfer molding (RTM) , cured-in-place pipe applications, reactive extrusion, and other reactive processing techniques. Reactive processing techniques can include the production of a composite in a single step, such as polymeric material formation and reinforcement that occur in the same step or cycle.
[0035] In some cases, a pultrusion process may include drawing pre-selected reinforcement materials, such as fiberglass roving, mat or cloth, through a resin bath in which the reinforcement material is thoroughly impregnated with a toughened PU or PU / (meth) acrylate hybrid composition. The wet-out fiber may then be formed to the desired geometric shape and pulled into a heated steel die. Once inside the die, curing of the toughened composition is initiated by controlling the temperature within the die. The laminate solidifies in the shape of the die, as it is continuously pulled by the pultrusion machine. Compositions and methods have been discussed with respect to examples of polyurethane composites produced by infusion or pultrusion, however, it is envisioned that polyurethane composites may be produced by any suitable method without departing from the scope of this disclosure.
[0036] A cured article prepared from the curable resin composition can be used to produce composites, articles, coatings, adhesives, inks, encapsulations, or castings. The composites can be used in applications such as, for example, wind turbines (e.g., spar caps, wind blades) , boat hulls, truck bed covers, automobile trim and exterior panels, pipe, tanks, window liners, seawalls, pressure vessels, composite ladders and the like.
[0037] While formulation components and properties have been disclosed individually, it is envisioned that component elements (e.g., compounds in isocyanate or isocyanate-reactive components) may be included, excluded, or combined in any manner or subcombination utilizing any of the above concentration ranges and nested subranges therein. Further, that the recited formulation properties may be similarly achieved through various combinations of the recited components within the recited ranges.
[0038] All parts and percentages are by weight unless otherwise indicated. All molecular weight values are based on number average molecular weight unless otherwise indicated.
[0039] Examples
[0040] The following examples are provided to illustrate the embodiments of the invention, but are not intended to limit the scope thereof. Table 1 provides the materials used in the following examples.
[0041] Example 1: Polyurethane Composite Formulations
[0042] In this example, polyurethane compositions were prepared to analyze the properties of inventive and comparative samples containing polypropylene oxide-based polyols. Inventive samples (I1-I3) were formulated with Lewis acid-catalyzed PO-based polyol at three different loading levels, from 20 parts to 55 parts, and results were contrasted with comparative formulations (C1-C3) formulated with Polyol 2 (having the same OH number and functionality, but prepared by KOH catalysis) . Formulations are shown in Table 2.
[0043] Unless specified otherwise in the testing method, samples were generally prepared by mixing the respective components of the isocyanate-reactive component using a DAC 600.1 FVZ-K speedmixer until evenly dispersed. The isocyanate component was then combined in the specified ratio and mixed. The mixture was poured into the appropriate mold and the mold was transferred to an oven at 100℃ for 90 minutes. The plaques were then demolded and the test specimen shapes were water jet-cut accordingly.
[0044] Test methods were performed as follows. Results of property measurements for each sample are shown in Table 3.
[0045] Viscosity: Viscosity rise was measured on a Brookfield DV-II+ Pro viscometer. For each samples, the isocyanate and isocyanate-reactive components were mixed as per Table 5 at 2350 RPM for 15 seconds to ensure same sample temperature each time. 10-10.5 grams of the mixture (depending on the mix ratio) was poured into a disposable chamber (HT-2DB-100) , and then dropped into a Thermosel (Brookfield Engineering) . The temperature of the Thermosel was maintained at an isothermal 26 ℃. The disposable spindle (SC4-27) was then used to measure the viscosity rise with time.
[0046] Glass transition temperature and storage modulus with DMA: Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) was performed with Advanced Rheometric Expansion System (ARES-G2) from TA Instruments equipped with liquid nitrogen environmental control and torsion rectangular fixtures was employed. A rectangular sample from the foams prepared in metal mold at 3 mm thickness were punched (45 mm length and 12.8 mm width) . The temperature was increased from -70 ℃ to 200 ℃ at a ramp rate of 3 ℃ / min. The frequency of testing was 1 Hz and axial force of 0.098 N with 0.05%strain at a data collection interval of 30 sec per point. The major output identified from the characterization were the storage modulus in shear mode (G’) and Tan δ.
[0047] Tensile modulus, Elongation at break, Ultimate tensile strength: The elongation at break (%) , ultimate tensile strength (MPa) and tensile modulus (MPa) were all obtained using ASTM D1708 standard on MTS machine. The cured samples of 3 mm thickness post molding (and min 2 days of ageing at ASTM conditions) to test. The microtensile samples were punched in a dog-bone shape.
[0048] IZOD impact test: Samples were molded into 45mm length and 12.7mm width and 3mm thickness. The samples were notched at a notch length of 2.54 mm at the center of the sample. For notching, the CEAST Notchvis automatic notcher (POR-TL-090) was used. The Model 92T with the Model 892 Impact Display System was used to measure impact resistance in accordance with ASTM D256 (Method for Determining the Izod Pendulum Impact Resistance of Plastics) at 23℃ and 50%relative humidity.
[0049] In Table 3, I1-I3 feature a better reactivity profile (the reactivity is faster) , with an impact that is proportional to the amount of Lewis acid catalyzed polyol in the formulation. However, the open time remains acceptable, as the mix viscosity is < 1000 cPs after 10 minutes, and the inventive samples exhibit unexpectedly improved polymer properties that include higher glass transition temperature, modulus, elongation, and tensile strength.
[0050] Example 2: Compatibility / miscibility of polyols within the formulations
[0051] In this example, the compatibility / miscibility of various isocyanate-reactive component formulations were tested by combining the formulation components as shown in Tables 4 and 5 according to the methods described in Example 1. Following combination, the formulations were sealed in glass vials and left to sit on a horizontal surface at room temperature for a period 1 week. Samples were inspected visually for phase separation and discoloration.
[0052] In the samples, formulations incorporated various concentrations of polyol 2 (C4-C6) , polyol 4 (C7-C9) , and the Lewis acid-catalyzed polyol (I4-I6) . The ratio of polyol 1 and polyol 3 was kept about constant in all formulations.
[0053] For isocyanate-reactive components prepared using a primary polyol component of polyol 2 (a glycerine-initiated, all PO polyether polyol having >95%secondary OH end groups) , all samples (at 20wt%loading, at 40 %loading and at 55 %loading) displayed no phase separation or discoloration / color change, indicating that they are suitable for pultrusion applications.
[0054] Similarly, isocyanate-reactive components prepared using a primary polyol component of Lewis acid-catalyzed polyol were stable, with no visual phase separation nor discoloration / color change at 20wt%loading, at 40 %loading and at 55 %loading.
[0055] However, samples C7-C9 formulated with polyol 4 (a glycerine initiated polyol, all EO) at 20wt%, 40 wt%, and 55 wt%loading displayed phase separation few days after preparation. The extent of the phase separation was estimated of about 15%by volume or higher depending on the polyol loading. The presence of phase separation represents a problem for a formulated resin to be used in composite application. The samples also displayed progressive discoloration and turned slightly yellow with time, indicating unwanted side reactions. The phase separation is believed to be due to the poor compatibility of the all EO polyol with the other formulation ingredients. Thus, while the use of an all EO polyol is expected to provide an accelerated reactivity profile relative to the PO-based polyols, phase separation limits its usefulness in composite-forming applications.
[0056] Example 3: Compact composite formulations designed for infusion applications
[0057] In this example, hybrid polyurethane / acrylate formulations were prepared as compact composites and various performance parameters were measured. Polymer samples were prepared substantially as described in Example 1. Formulations and results are shown in Table 6.
[0058] Test methods were conducted as follows.
[0059] Tensile and impact properties: 1. After chemicals temperature is at 25C, 100g isocyanate and 100g formulated polyol added in 1000ml Speedmixer cup. The mixture will be mixed by Speedmixer at 1500rpm for 1min. 2. Remove the bubble in PU resin by vacuum, then pour the resin into steel mold. The dimension of the mold cavity is 20 cm x 20cm x 0.4cm3. The resin will gel and cure in the mold following the cure cycles: 2 hours at 50℃ + 6 hours at 70℃. 4. Demolding to get casting plate for test. 5. The test specimen was machined according to ISO527 and ISO179 from cured casting plate. 6. Carry out test and record related mechanical properties.
[0060] Tensile properties (strength, modulus, elongation at break) test condition: ISO 527-2 , Test speed: 2mm / min.
[0061] Impact properties test condition: ISO 179, Impact speed: 2.9m / s, Impact energy: 4J.
[0062] While the foregoing is directed to exemplary embodiments, other and further embodiments may be devised without departing from the basic scope thereof, and the scope thereof is determined by the claims that follow.
[0063] In the results, I7 containing the Lewis acid-catalyzed polyol exhibits a relatively longer open time over C10 followed by a faster cure. Table 6 also shows that the Lewis acid-catalyzed polyol unexpectedly leads to the formation of polymer with improved mechanical properties compared to polyol 2 both in strength and in elongation. It is desirable that formulations for composite fabrication techniques such as infusion or pultrusion have longer open times and slow viscosity buildup are preferred for enabling fiber wetting and rheology during processing. Moreover, after the gelling reaction initiates, it is important that the formulation cure quickly, have excellent final mechanical properties, good wetting performance, and no bubble formation.
[0064] While the foregoing is directed to exemplary embodiments, other and further embodiments may be devised without departing from the basic scope thereof, and the scope thereof is determined by the claims that follow.
Claims
1.A method of forming a composite comprising:preparing a reacting mixture by combining:an isocyanate component; andan isocyanate-reactive component that includes at least one Lewis acid catalyzed polyether polyol having a percent by weight (wt%) of 90 wt%or more polypropylene oxide, a primary hydroxy concentration of at least 30 wt%, a functionality of at least 2, an OH number in the range of 100 mg KOH / g to 800 mg KOH / g, and an average acetal content of at least 0.05 wt%; andcombining the reacting mixture with one or more reinforcing materials.2.The method of claim 1, wherein the isocyanate-reactive component includes at least 10 wt%of the polyether polyol.3.The method of claim 1, wherein the polyether polyol is a polypropylene oxide polyol.4.The method of claim 1, wherein the composite has a density higher than 0.850 g / mL.5.The method of claim 1, wherein the polyether polyol has a weight average molecular weight from 200 Da to 1,000 Da, and a functionality of 2 to 4.6.The method of claim 1, wherein the Lewis acid catalyst used to generate the polyether polyol has a general formula M (R1) 1 (R2) 1 (R3) 1 (R4) 0 or 1, whereas M is boron, aluminum, indium, bismuth or erbium, R1, R2, R3, and R4 are each independent, R1 includes a first fluoro / chloro or fluoroalkyl-substituted phenyl group, R2 includes a second fluoro / chloro or fluoroalkyl-substituted phenyl group, R3 includes a third fluoro / chloro or fluoroalkyl-substituted phenyl group or a first functional group or functional polymer group, optional R4 is a second functional group or functional polymer group.7.The method of claim 1, wherein the isocyanate-reactive component further comprises a hydroxy (meth) acrylate monomer, prepolymer, or polymer.8.The method of claim 1, wherein the isocyanate component is present at a percent by weight (wt%) ranging from 35 wt%to 65 wt%of the reacting mixture.9.The method of claim 1, wherein the method for forming the composite comprises pultrusion, infusion, or filament winding.10.A composite prepared by the method of claim 1.