Quantum computer on the basis of paramagnetic centres

Abstract

The invention relates to a quantum computer, which comprises a sample (21) with paramagnetic centres, preferably in the form of NV centres (22), and a pumping radiation source (1). The pumping radiation source (1) irradiates, by means of an optical system, the paramagnetic centres and / or NV centres (22) with pumping radiation (54) of a pumping radiation wavelength (λpmp) over a first optical partial path. The optical system detects the fluorescent radiation (33) of the paramagnetic centres (22) and guides the fluorescent radiation (33) to a photodetector (50) and / or a single-photon detector (50) over a second optical partial path. The first optical partial path differs from the second optical partial path at least in some portions. The photodetector (50) and / or the single-photon detector (50) convert the fluorescent signal of the fluorescent radiation (33) of the paramagnetic centres (22) into at least one measurement signal and / or at least one measurement value. The quantum computer uses this at least one measurement signal and / or this at least one measurement value to carry out a quantum operation. The device is characterised in that the quantum computer has an optical spatial filter in the second optical partial path.

Description

[0001] Quantum computers based on paramagnetic centers

[0002] Field of invention

[0003] The present invention relates to quantum computers according to the preamble of claim 1. In particular, the invention relates to the use of a spatial filter in the optics box of a quantum computer based on paramagnetic centers, in particular NV centers.

[0004] General introduction

[0005] This document describes a groundbreaking invention in the field of quantum computing technology, which focuses on the optical and / or mechanical design of the optical system of a quantum computer based on paramagnetic centers, in particular NV centers, as well as its integration into a standardized 19" server cabinet or 19" rack. From this installation size and below, the quantum computer will be understood as a "mobile quantum computer." The enormous advances in quantum physics have paved the way for a new era of computing, and this novel quantum computer builds on the unique properties of, for example, NV centers (nitrogen vacancy centers) to achieve exceptional performance and scalability. Instead of standardized 19" server cabinets, entangled orHowever, 19" racks can also be other, particularly non-standardized, housings, frames, shelves or stands, which are referred to as "subracks" in the context of the present invention.

[0006] In the course of developing quantum computers, many challenges accompany the transition from theoretical concepts to practical applications. In particular, the mechanical design of the optical system is of great importance, as it forms the basis for the error-free operation of the quantum computer. Our invention aims to overcome these challenges by presenting an innovative design and arrangement of the optical system that improves the efficiency, stability, and accuracy of the entire quantum computer.

[0007] Furthermore, the placement and integration of a quantum computer in a standardized 19" server rack is crucial for integration into existing data centers and the utilization of existing infrastructure. Our paper describes an optimized installation of the NV center-based quantum computer in a 19" server rack to ensure seamless integration and cost-effective use.

[0008] The described invention marks a significant advance in quantum computing technology and opens up new possibilities for scientific research, cryptography, materials science, and much more. The claimed mechanical design of the optical system and the arrangement disclosed here in a 19" server cabinet are groundbreaking for the commercial implementation and practical application of quantum computers in a wide variety of industries and application areas.

[0009] State of the art

[0010] Quantum computers based on NV centers are known from DE 102020 101784 B3 and WO 2021 083448 A1. The document presented here also refers to the as yet unpublished PCT / EP2023 / 055729.

[0011] DE102020101784B3 deals with a groundbreaking advance in quantum computing technology based on the use of nitrogen vacancy centers in diamonds. To adequately describe the prior art for this patent application, we also refer to Philipp Neumann's dissertation entitled "Towards a room temperature solid-state quantum processor - The nitrogen vacancy center in diamond," submitted on December 21, 2011, to the Faculty 8 of Mathematics and Physics at the University of Stuttgart, Germany.

[0012] Philipp Neumann's dissertation marks an important milestone in the research and development of quantum computers based on NV centers in diamonds. NV centers are defects in the crystal lattice of diamonds consisting of a nitrogen atom and a neighboring carbon atom, with a non-displaced electron acting as a quantum bit (also called a "qubit"). The special properties of these defects make them promising candidates for the realization of quantum bits at room temperature.

[0013] Von Neumann's work focuses extensively on characterizing and investigating the optical and magnetic properties of NV centers. In particular, he investigates how these properties can be used to control and entangle the quantum bits. The interactions between the NV centers and their environment, particularly with microwave and optical fields, are also thoroughly explored. A key advantage of NV centers as quantum bits is their ability to operate at room temperature, which reduces the need for complex cooling devices and increases the practical feasibility of a quantum processor.

[0014] The findings from Philipp Neumann's dissertation lay the foundation for further developments and research in the field of NV-center-based quantum computing technology. They also paved the way for the aforementioned German patent, which focuses on the mechanical design of the optical system of an NV-center-based quantum computer and its integration into a 19" server cabinet.

[0015] The interplay between the research results from the dissertation and the innovations described in DE 102020 101 784 B3 promises a groundbreaking solution for the realization of high-performance and stable quantum computers based on NV centers in diamonds, which could represent a significant advancement for quantum computing technology.

[0016] However, all of these documents leave open the specific optical and / or mechanical structure of the optical system of a mobile quantum computer. The "optical system of the quantum computer" refers to all optical elements located in the beam path.

[0017] The contents of these documents are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

[0018] Task

[0019] The present invention is therefore based on the object of providing a solution for the provision of mobile quantum computers.

[0020] This object is achieved with the quantum computer according to the invention as claimed in claim 1. Advantageous further developments are specified in the dependent claims and in the following description together with the figures.

[0021] Brief description of the invention

[0022] The invention presented here relates to a quantum computer comprising a sample 21 comprising paramagnetic centers, in particular in the form of NV centers 22, and a pump radiation source, in particular in the form of an excitation laser 1. The paramagnetic centers can be one or more different types of paramagnetic centers, with NV centers being one possible type. The pump radiation source 1 irradiates the paramagnetic centers 22 via a first optical partial path 70 with pump radiation 54 of a pump radiation wavelength λ by means of an optical system. pmpThe optical system detects the fluorescence radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22 and, via a second optical sub-path 71, guides the fluorescence radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22 to a photodetector 50 and / or a single-photon detector 50. The first optical sub-path 70 is at least partially different from the second optical sub-path 71. The photodetector 50 or the single-photon detector 50 converts the fluorescence signal of the fluorescence radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22 into at least one measurement signal and / or at least one measured value. The quantum computer uses this at least one measurement signal or this at least one measured value to perform at least one quantum operation. The quantum computer according to the invention has at least one optical spatial filter in the second optical sub-path.The optical spatial filter has the advantage of better separation between the signal of the fluorescence radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22 and scattered and / or reflected portions of the pump radiation 54 and other stray radiation sources, particularly in the sample 21.

[0023] Detailed description of the solution to the problem

[0024] The document presented here solves the problem described above for a quantum computer comprising a sample, which is preferably a diamond crystal aligned with respect to a magnetic field. The sample preferably has paramagnetic centers, in particular in the form of NV centers as electronic quantum bits. The quantum computer preferably has first means for coupling and, if necessary, entangling the electron configurations of these paramagnetic centers. These first means preferably comprise a microwave transmission system with one or more microwave sources, microwave lines, possibly microwave connectors, and a microwave antenna, which is preferably part of the microwave line. The sample preferably also has isotopes with a magnetic moment of the nuclear atomic nucleus.Such isotopes with a magnetic moment of the nuclear atomic nucleus typically exhibit a spin (henceforth also referred to as "nuclear spin centers"). In such samples, the following are preferred. 14 N, 15 N and 13 C isotopes are suitable for this purpose. The document presented here refers in this context to the patent family of the German patent

[0025] DE 10 2020 008 157 B3, which mentions a series of isotopes with nuclear spin. The quantum computer presented here preferably further comprises second means suitable for coupling and, if necessary, entangling the spins of the electron configurations of the paramagnetic centers with these nuclear spins of these isotopes with nuclear spin. These second means preferably comprise an RF transmission system with an RF source, an RF line, RF connectors, and an RF antenna, which may be part of the RF line. The first means preferably irradiate the paramagnetic centers of the sample with microwave radiation to manipulate the quantum states of the paramagnetic centers.Preferably, the second means irradiate the paramagnetic centers of the sample, on the one hand, and the atomic nuclei of the isotopes with non-vanishing nuclear spin in the sample, on the other hand, with RF radiation to manipulate the quantum states of the paramagnetic centers, on the one hand, and the quantum states of the atomic nuclei of the isotopes with non-vanishing nuclear spin in the sample, on the other hand. Furthermore, the quantum computer presented here preferably comprises third means for resetting (formatting) the paramagnetic centers. These third means preferably comprise a pump radiation source for generating pump radiation that interacts with the paramagnetic centers of the sample when irradiated with the pump radiation. The pump radiation source is preferably an excitation laser.The third means preferably also comprise a corresponding optical system that transports the pump radiation from the pump radiation source to the paramagnetic centers. Furthermore, it is preferably the task of this optical system to detect the fluorescence radiation emitted by the paramagnetic centers upon irradiation with pump radiation and to transport it to one or more photodetectors, in particular single-photon detectors. The third means separate the pump radiation reflected by the sample from the fluorescence radiation of the paramagnetic centers. According to the solution presented here, these third means separate all radiation components from the radiation reflected back from the sample.

[0026] 1. where, firstly, the radiation component in question does not originate from the relevant area of ​​the paramagnetic centers and has therefore been interspersed into the beam path from somewhere else, or

[0027] 2. where, secondly, the wavelength of the radiation component in question does not correspond to the wavelength of the expected fluorescence radiation or

[0028] 3. where, thirdly, the wavelength of the radiation component in question corresponds to radiation with the pump radiation wavelength or

[0029] 4. Fourthly, the wavelength of the radiation component in question has a wavelength shorter than an edge wavelength, wherein the edge wavelength is preferably shorter than the fluorescence radiation wavelength of the fluorescence radiation and shorter than the pump radiation wavelength of the pump radiation. Therefore, the quantum computer preferably comprises a pump radiation source, in particular in the form of an excitation laser. Typically, this pump radiation source irradiates the paramagnetic centers with pump radiation of the pump radiation wavelength via a first optical subpath by means of the optical system.This optical system detects the fluorescence radiation of the paramagnetic centers in the sample and then, via a second optical subpath, directs the detected fluorescence radiation of the paramagnetic centers to a photodetector and / or, better, a single-photon detector, which converts the fluorescence signal of the paramagnetic centers from the targeted region of the sample into a receiver output signal. Typically, the first optical subpath is at least partially different from the second optical subpath. In the example presented here, the common optical subpath is the third optical subpath, which is not described in this document as part of the first optical subpath or as part of the second optical subpath.However, the third optical sub-path can be considered a common part of the first optical sub-path and the second optical sub-path, which is thus encompassed by the description presented here, even if the document presented here does not describe the third optical sub-path as part of the first optical sub-path and the second optical sub-path for the sake of brevity. The photodetector or the single-photon detector converts the fluorescence signal of the fluorescence radiation of the paramagnetic centers into at least one measurement signal (receiver output signal) and / or at least one measured value. The quantum computer preferably uses this at least one measurement signal or this at least one measured value to perform one or more quantum operations. In this context, the document presented here refers to the patent family of the German patent DE 10 2020008 157 B3.The document presented here proposes using a first spatial filter to filter out that portion of the radiation reflected back by the sample from the beam path of the second optical partial path in front of the photodetector or single-photon detector which does not originate from the relevant region of the paramagnetic centers and has therefore been interspersed into the beam path from somewhere else. The problem is that even in this region, radiation can be emitted or reflected which is not fluorescence radiation from the paramagnetic centers in the fluorescence wavelength range of interest, but could be, for example, reflected pump radiation. For this reason, the document presented here proposes in particular using a fluorescence bandpass filter to only pass those radiation portions of the radiation from the sample, which has typically already been filtered several times, to the photodetector or single-photon detector.To allow a single-photon detector to receive a wavelength that definitely has a wavelength in the fluorescence wavelength range of interest, and then preferably to perform another optical spatial filtering step to further increase the selectivity and the filtering slope. The proposed quantum computer therefore preferably has a double optical spatial filter in the second optical sub-path.

[0030] In a first special embodiment, the second optical sub-path of the quantum computer comprises a first optical spatial filter and a second optical spatial filter as a double optical spatial filter. This has the advantage of a particularly simple implementation of the double optical spatial filter, which significantly increases the filtering effect.

[0031] In a second special embodiment, the second optical spatial filter comprises a second focusing lens. This enables the concentration of light from the focused spatial region of the sample to a point in a plane perpendicular to the optical axis. Radiation from other points within the sample is focused less or not at all, whereby the focusing lens reduces their radiation component in the region of the focal point of the second focusing lens, while the focusing lens increases the radiation component of the fluorescence radiation from the paramagnetic centers in this region of the focal point. However, the focusing lens cannot arbitrarily increase the radiation component of the fluorescence radiation from the paramagnetic centers in this region of the focal point, nor can it arbitrarily decrease the radiation component of the radiation from other points within the sample in the region of the focal point.Within the scope of the present invention, it was recognized that it is useful to further reduce the radiation component of the radiation from other points within the sample in the region of the focal point, which does not have the fluorescence wavelength, by means of the said fluorescence bandpass filter and to select it better by means of a downstream second optical spatial filter.

[0032] Preferably, an optical spatial filter of the device comprises, in the plane of the focal point of the first focusing lens, an optical diaphragm and / or an optical pinhole and / or a micro-optical, functionally equivalent functional element, such as a hologram and / or a photonic crystal and / or a perforated grid plate with micro-holes, etc., in order to separate the fluorescence radiation in the region of the focal point of the second focusing lens, which originally originates from the paramagnetic centers 22 whose fluorescence radiation is to be evaluated, from the fluorescence radiation of other paramagnetic centers that are not to be evaluated but are located in the vicinity of the aforementioned paramagnetic centers whose fluorescence radiation is to be evaluated, and can therefore radiate into the second optical sub-path as sources of interference radiation. It is desirable to keep the complexity of the first optical spatial filter low.

[0033] The second optical spatial filter preferably comprises a second optical waveguide or an optical aperture and / or an optical pinhole and / or a micro-optical, functionally equivalent functional element, such as a hologram and / or a photonic crystal and / or a perforated grid plate with micro-holes, etc., in order to separate the fluorescence radiation in the region of the focal point of the second focusing lens, which originally originates from the paramagnetic centers whose fluorescence radiation is to be evaluated, from the fluorescence radiation of other paramagnetic centers and / or NV centers that are not to be evaluated but are located in the sample near the aforementioned paramagnetic centers whose fluorescence radiation is to be evaluated and can therefore radiate into the second optical sub-path as sources of interference radiation. It is desirable to keep the complexity of the second optical spatial filter low.

[0034] The sequential arrangement of the first optical spatial filter and the second optical spatial filter in the second optical subpath reduces the interference caused by the interfering radiation of other paramagnetic centers that are not to be evaluated but are located in the sample near the aforementioned paramagnetic centers whose fluorescence radiation is to be evaluated, and can therefore radiate into the second optical subpath as interfering radiation sources, to such an extent that the first photon detection signal of the single-photon detector or the photon detector has a sufficient signal-to-noise ratio. The arrangement of further (one, two, three, or more) optical spatial filters beyond these two exemplary optical spatial filters in the second optical subpath is conceivable.

[0035] Preferably, the second optical waveguide comprises a single-mode optical waveguide at least in sections and / or (better) over its entire length, and / or a polarization-maintaining optical waveguide at least in sections and / or (better) over its entire length, as a partial optical waveguide of the second optical waveguide. This enables the evaluation of the polarization direction of the fluorescence radiation of the paramagnetic centers of the sample and thus a conclusion about the quantum state of the paramagnetic centers of the sample.

[0036] Preferably, the second optical waveguide comprises, at least in sections and / or (better) along its entire length, a flexible glass fiber and / or a flexible quartz glass fiber. The advantage is that such glass fibers and quartz glass fibers can be manufactured with high transparency, low scattering, low parasitic fluorescence, and well-defined properties. This is generally not the case with plastic-based optical waveguides.

[0037] Preferably, the first optical sub-path and the second optical sub-path jointly comprise a dichroic mirror as an optical functional element, in order to, firstly, feed the pump radiation of the excitation laser, i.e., the pump radiation source, from the first optical sub-path into the third optical sub-path, and secondly, to couple the fluorescence radiation of the paramagnetic centers of the sample from the third optical sub-path into the second optical sub-path, and thirdly, to prevent and / or reduce the passage of parasitic radiation, such as scattered and / or reflected pump radiation, from the third optical sub-path into the second optical sub-path. A functionally equivalent system comprising one or more optical functional components with these three effects is encompassed by the term "dichroic mirror" within the meaning of the document presented here.

[0038] Preferably, the first optical spatial filter comprises a first focusing lens in order to carry out an imaging onto the actual filtering element, the aforementioned optical aperture and / or optical pinhole apertures and / or a micro-optical, functionally equivalent functional element, such as holograms and / or photonic crystals and / or perforated grid plates with micro-holes, etc. It can also be a more complicated optical functional element that, for example, carries out multiple imaging onto several focusing points, etc. In the sense of the document presented here, a focusing lens is an optical functional element in which, in the signal-theoretical sense, the modification of a parallel optical light beam, in particular its focusing, can be regarded as a linear transformation.A focusing lens, as defined in this document, performs a linear transformation on the incident light beam in the second optical path, originating from a point in the object plane (the object). Mathematically, this transformation can be expressed as a 2 x 2 matrix or an n x n matrix (where n is a positive integer), since a focusing lens changes the direction of the light beam but usually not its amplitude. The exact form of the matrix depends on the properties of the focusing lens, such as its focal length, shape, number of focal points, etc.If we consider the incident light beam as a vector in two-dimensional space, consisting of the coordinates in the horizontal (x) and vertical (y) directions, then the focusing lens can transform this vector to create the focused light beam at one or more points in the image plane, which typically contains the aforementioned optical apertures and / or optical pinholes and / or a micro-optical, functionally equivalent functional element, such as holograms and / or photonic crystals and / or perforated grid plates with micro-holes, etc. Typically, focusing can occur not only point-like, but also annularly in a focus ring, for example. Diffraction phenomena in particular can lead to the formation of a focus point that is surrounded by one or more relevant focus rings.The intensity distribution of this image can be achieved for improved optical spatial filtering by connecting appropriately designed optical apertures and / or optical pinholes and / or micro-optical, functionally equivalent functional elements, such as holograms and / or photonic crystals and / or perforated grid plates with micro-holes, etc., which also transmit the light from the focus rings. Overall, the focusing lens performs a linear transformation of the incident light beam to focus it on the focal point and, if necessary, focus rings (in the case of diffraction) in the image plane. The diffraction phenomena can be specifically designed. The document presented here proposes an FDTD ("finite difference method in the time domain") simulation of the optical spatial filter or similar for the corresponding design as part of a follow-up.

[0039] According to the proposal, the first optical spatial filter preferably comprises a pinhole. For the purposes of this document, the term pinhole includes optical apertures and / or optical pinholes and / or micro-optical, functionally equivalent functional elements, such as holograms and / or photonic crystals and / or perforated grid plates with micro-holes, etc.

[0040] Preferably, the first optical spatial filter comprises a second collimator lens. This allows for the connection of additional functional elements, such as a second optical spatial filter.

[0041] Preferably, a first optical waveguide feeds the pump radiation from the pump radiation source (1) into the first optical subpath. Among other advantages, this mechanically decouples the pump radiation source from the rest of the optical system.

[0042] Preferably, the first optical waveguide is a single-mode optical waveguide at least in sections and / or (better) over its entire length, and / or a polarization-maintaining optical waveguide at least in sections and / or (better) over its entire length. This enables control of the polarization direction of the pump radiation for irradiation and thus improved manipulation of the paramagnetic centers of the sample and thus improved control of the quantum states of the paramagnetic centers of the sample.

[0043] Preferably, the first optical waveguide comprises a flexible glass fiber and / or a flexible quartz glass fiber, at least in sections and / or (better) along its entire length. The advantage is that such glass fibers and quartz glass fibers can be manufactured with high transparency, low scattering, low parasitic fluorescence, and well-defined properties. This is generally not the case with plastic-based optical waveguides. This enables improved and less disruptive control of the paramagnetic centers of the sample.

[0044] Preferably, the first optical subpath comprises an optical neutral density filter, which can attenuate the intensity of the pump radiation at the output of the first optical subpath in a defined manner, preferably manually or, better, via the control bus. This has the advantage that intensity-dependent quantum operations can be better controlled by the control device of the quantum computer.One idea of ​​the document presented here is that the control device optimally adjusts the intensity of the pump radiation via the control bus as a function of the quantum operation to be performed and / or the quantum operations to be performed and / or the quantum computer program to be performed for manipulating quantum states of quantum bits of the nuclear quantum bits and / or electronic quantum bits (paramagnetic centers) in the sample by means of the pump radiation source (excitation laser) and / or the neutral density filter before executing the quantum computer operation and / or a quantum computer program.

[0045] Preferably, the first optical sub-path comprises a first optical bandpass filter in the first optical sub-path in order to prevent the input of electromagnetic radiation that does not correspond to the pump radiation wavelength of the pump radiation of the pump radiation source - here the excitation laser - from entering the first optical sub-path and the third optical sub-path and the second optical sub-path.

[0046] Preferably, the optical system of the quantum computer comprises the first optical sub-path, the second optical sub-path, and the third optical sub-path in order to be able to suitably condition the fluorescence radiation in the second optical sub-path before detection and to be able to optimize the quality of the pump radiation in the first optical sub-path before irradiating the paramagnetic centers of the sample. The third optical sub-path enables joint access to the paramagnetic centers of the sample for control and readout.

[0047] To further compact the optical structure, a mirror is preferably inserted into the second and / or third optical sub-path. Alternatively or additionally, the three optical sub-paths can be arranged in an "E"-shaped configuration.

[0048] To further compact the optical setup, a piezoelectric tilt and scanner system with a mirror is preferably inserted into the third optical subpath. This allows the control device to select individual paramagnetic centers in the sample via the control bus, search for them by scanning, and / or switch to other paramagnetic centers, typically coupled to other nuclear quantum bits, in the event of the failure of one or more paramagnetic centers.

[0049] The quantum computer preferably has a magnetic positioning device, which typically comprises a magnetic structure, wherein the magnetic structure in particular comprises a Haibach magnet structure. The magnetic structure preferably comprises at least one or more permanent magnets and / or one or more individual magnets, which can be repositionably fixed to a ferromagnetic carrier, for example, as a sub-device of the magnetic positioning device, using magnetic force. The magnetic flux densities of the magnetic fields of the at least one and / or more permanent magnets of the magnetic structure preferably flow through the paramagnetic centers.

[0050] Preferably, the quantum computer comprises a fluorescence bandpass filter for separating the fluorescence radiation from other radiation in the second optical sub-path, which improves the signal-to-noise ratio of the first photon detection signal of the single-photon detector n or the photon detector, since the fluorescence bandpass filter essentially only transmits the electromagnetic radiation of the fluorescence radiation with the fluorescence wavelength and does not transmit electromagnetic radiation of other wavelengths or transmits it only with a strong attenuation.

[0051] Preferably, the first optical sub-path comprises the pump radiation source and first optical functional elements for processing the radiation of the pump radiation source for use as pump radiation, as well as a second optical coupling functional element for coupling the pump radiation (54) of the first optical sub-path into the third optical sub-path in order to realize the advantages described above and described below.

[0052] Preferably, the second optical sub-path comprises a third optical coupling functional element for coupling out the fluorescence radiation from the third optical sub-path and fourth optical functional elements for processing the fluorescence radiation for detection by the photodetector and / or the single-photon detector, wherein the fourth optical functional elements comprise the first optical spatial filter and the second optical spatial filter in order to realize the advantages described above and described below.

[0053] Preferably, the third optical sub-path comprises the second optical coupling functional element for coupling the pump radiation into the third optical sub-path and the third optical coupling functional element for coupling the fluorescence radiation (33) into the second optical sub-path and fifth optical functional elements for optimally irradiating the paramagnetic centers with pump radiation and for detecting the fluorescence radiation of the paramagnetic centers in order to realize the advantages described above and described below.

[0054] Preferably, the first optical functional elements comprise a first optical waveguide and a first collimator lens and an optional neutral density filter and an optional first optical bandpass filter and an optional X / 2 delay plate and / or an optional X / 4 delay plate in order to realize the advantages described above and below.

[0055] Preferably, the third optical functional elements comprise an optical long-pass filter and an optical band-stop filter and an optional mirror and a first focusing lens and a pinhole and a second collimator lens and a fluorescence band-pass filter and a second focusing lens and a second optical waveguide in order to realize the advantages described above and below.

[0056] Preferably, the fifth optical functional elements comprise the mirror of the piezoelectric tilting and scanning system (16) and the objective lens (20) in order to realize the advantages described above and below.

[0057] Preferably, the proposed quantum computer comprises a piezoelectric objective positioner and the sample with the paramagnetic centers, wherein the piezoelectric objective positioner can adjust the distance from objective to sample to an accuracy of up to 50 nm and / or better to an accuracy of up to 25 nm and / or better to an accuracy of up to 10 nm and / or better to an accuracy of up to 5 nm or better, wherein an adjustment of the distance from objective to sample to an accuracy of up to 5 nm or better is preferred, since this allows a sharper adjustment of the two optical spatial filters and thus improves the signal-to-noise ratio.

[0058] Preferably, the first optical sub-path comprises the pump radiation source and the first optical waveguide and the first collimator lens and the optional optical neutral density filter and the first optical bandpass filter and the optional X / 2 delay plate or (or) the optional X / 4 delay plate and the dichroic mirror in order to realize the advantages described above and described below.

[0059] Preferably, the second optical sub-path comprises the dichroic mirror and the optical long-pass filter and the optional optical band-stop filter and the optional mirror and the first focusing lens and a pinhole and a second collimator lens and a fluorescence band-pass filter and a second focusing lens and a second optical waveguide and the photodetector or (and / or) the single-photon detector in order to realize the advantages described above and described below.

[0060] Preferably, the third optical sub-path comprises the dichroic mirror and the mirror of the piezoelectric tilting and scanning system and the objective and the sample with paramagnetic centers and the nuclear spins of the isotopes with a magnetic moment (e.g. 14 N, 15 N, 13 C) which are coupled or can be coupled to at least one paramagnetic center and / or NV center in order to realize the advantages described above and below.

[0061] Preferably, an optical long-pass filter is inserted into the second optical subpath. This filter preferably transmits electromagnetic radiation at the fluorescence wavelength, i.e., the fluorescence radiation of the paramagnetic centers of the sample, and does not transmit and / or significantly attenuates radiation of shorter wavelengths, i.e., preferably the pump radiation at the pump radiation wavelength. This further improves the signal-to-noise ratio of the first photon detection signal of the single-photon detector or the photon detector.

[0062] Preferably, an optical band-stop filter is inserted into the second optical subpath, which is preferably designed to block and / or significantly attenuate electromagnetic radiation with a pump radiation wavelength of the pump radiation. This further improves the signal-to-noise ratio of the first photon detection signal of the single-photon detector or the photon detector.

[0063] To ensure transportability, the quantum computer preferably comprises a subrack, preferably a rack or a server cabinet, in particular a 19" rack or a 19" server cabinet. The quantum computer preferably comprises a base plate, in particular with a square pattern of threaded holes, wherein the base plate is provided and / or configured for installation in the subrack. Preferably, one or more optical device parts and / or all optical device parts of the optical system of the quantum computer are fastened to the base plate, in particular on the surface of the base plate by means of the threaded holes and corresponding screws and / or other fastenings, such as magnetic holders. Preferably, other, preferably all other, device parts of the quantum computer are housed together with the base plate in the subrack.

[0064] This enables the quantum computer to be transportable. For this purpose, the quantum computer is preferably equipped with wheels for easy transport. This also ensures particularly easy maintenance.

[0065] In the context of the present invention, "optical device parts" are understood to mean all parts that serve to guide and treat the pump radiation and the fluorescence radiation of the quantum computer. However, optical waveguides that connect, for example, the pump radiation source to the optical device parts are not considered "optical device parts." The pump radiation source and the photodetector or single-photon detector are also not considered "optical device parts." Thus, the "optical device parts" include, in particular, the parts of the first, second, and third optical subpaths, i.e., collimator lenses, optical neutral density filters, optical bandpass filters, × / 2 delay plates, mirrors, dichroic mirrors, the piezoelectric tilting and scanning system with mirror, objectives, the sample with the sample positioning device, focusing lenses, pinhole diaphragms, optical band-stop filters, and optical longpass filters.

[0066] The advantages are not limited to those mentioned above.

[0067] For further details, functions, components and advantages of the quantum computer according to the invention, reference is made to DE 10 2023 123 194.4, the priority of which is claimed, which describes in particular the focal lengths of the focusing lenses used, the neutral density filters used, the optical bandpass filters used and their constructive C P k-values, the geometric arrangement of the optical sub-paths used, the control device used, the Halbach magnet structure used, the optical long-pass filters used, the optical band-stop filters used, and the optical mirrors used. The relevant disclosure content of DE 10 2023 123 194.4 is hereby incorporated in its entirety.

[0068] List of characters

[0069] The features and further advantages of the present invention will become clear below from the description of preferred embodiments in conjunction with the figures. These show, purely schematically:

[0070] Figure 1 describes the basic function of the proposed system to describe the system.

[0071] Figure 2 shows the cage system 51 with essential optical parts of the system of Figure 1 in plan view.

[0072] Figure 3 shows a roughly simplified schematic of a 19" server cabinet 98 with the essential components of the proposed quantum computer.

[0073] Description of the characters

[0074] The figures illustrate the proposal schematically and in a simplified manner. The disclosure of the document presented here is not limited to the figures and also includes other combinations.

[0075] Figure 1 provides a schematic and simplified overview of the proposed system. The optical components are preferably located in a cage system 51, which is further explained in the following figures.

[0076] Excitation laser

[0077] The excitation laser 1 serves as an exemplary pump radiation source for the optical excitation of the NV centers 22 in the sample 21.

[0078] The excitation laser 1 emits pump radiation 54, preferably in the form of laser radiation. The pump radiation 54 has a pump radiation wavelength Ä, pmp preferably in a wavelength range of 400 nm to 700 nm and / or better 450 nm to 650 nm and / or better 500 nm to 330 nm and / or better 515 nm to 540 nm. In preparing the proposal, an excitation laser 1 with a pump radiation wavelength Ä, pmp of 514nm was successfully used to generate pump radiation 54.

[0079] Preferably, the pump radiation source, in the form of the exemplary excitation laser 1, emits the pump radiation 54 into the first optical sub-path 70 in an amplitude-modulated manner. The amplitude modulation of the pump radiation 54 of the pump radiation source, in the form of the exemplary excitation laser 1, preferably depends on an AWG (Arbitrary Waveform Generator is an electronic test device used to generate electrical waveforms. These waveforms can be either repetitive or one-time, in which case some kind of trigger source (internal or external) is required. The resulting waveforms can be fed into a device under test and analyzed during their passage to confirm the proper operation of the device or to locate a fault therein. - Further information can be found at https: / / en.wikipedia.org / wiki / Arbitrary_waveform_generator.) laser modulation signal 81.Preferably, the AWG 78 synchronizes, by means of the AWG laser modulation signal 81 or by means of a functionally equivalent signal, the emission of light pulses of the pump radiation 54 by the pump radiation source in the form of the excitation laser 1 with the feeding of microwave pulses of microwave radiation from a microwave source 55 or a microwave amplifier 55 into a microwave line 57 and / or with the feeding of RF pulses of RF radiation from an RF source 56 or an RF amplifier 56 into an RF line 58.

[0080] Typically, the AWG 78 synchronizes a fast photon counter 77 with the AWG laser modulation signal 81 and / or the AWG microwave signal 79 and / or the AWG RF signal 80 via an AWG synchronization signal 82, so that the pump radiation source in the form of the excitation laser 1 and / or the microwave source 55 or the microwave amplifier and / or the RF source 56 or the RF amplifier and the fast photon counter 77 are synchronized to a common temporal reference point.

[0081] Preferably, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 controls the pump radiation source, here the excitation laser 1, and its auxiliary devices via the control bus 66 and monitors the operating parameters of the pump radiation source, here the excitation laser 1, and its auxiliary devices via the control bus 66 and reads other data of the pump radiation source, here the control laser 1, and its auxiliary devices via the control bus 66. first optical fiber

[0082] The first optical waveguide 2 of the excitation laser 1 serves to transport the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 to the cage system 51. The first optical waveguide 2 can be a glass fiber. The first optical waveguide 2 is preferably a single-mode optical waveguide and / or, better, a polarization-maintaining optical waveguide. The first optical waveguide 2 guides the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 to the cage system 51 and feeds the pump radiation 54 into the first optical subpath 70 of the cage system 51.

[0083] The optical waveguide holder 3 in the first xy adjuster 4 serves for the lateral positioning of the optical waveguide output of the first optical waveguide 2 of the excitation laser 1 and for aligning the laser beam of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 emerging from the first optical waveguide 2 of the excitation laser 1 in the cage system 51. The optical waveguide holder 3 of the first optical waveguide 2 ensures that preferably the first optical waveguide 2 radiates the pump radiation 54 in the form of the laser radiation of the excitation laser 1 preferably into the first optical partial path 70 along its optical axis.

[0084] The first optical waveguide 2 is preferably flexible, for example designed as a glass fiber, and can then mechanically decouple the excitation laser 1 from the optical system and enable the compaction of the optical device to geometric dimensions that allow installation in a 19" rack.

[0085] The excitation laser 1 feeds the pump radiation 54 into the first optical waveguide 2 at the first end of the first optical waveguide 2. The pump radiation 54 exits the optical waveguide end of the first optical waveguide 2 at the second end of the first optical waveguide 2. The first optical waveguide 2 thus feeds the pump radiation 54 into the first optical subpath 70 of the device. First collimator lens

[0086] The pump radiation 54 of the laser beam of the excitation laser 1 passes through the first collimator lens 5 after exiting the first optical waveguide 2. The first collimator lens 5 is an optical component that serves to align the light beams of the pump radiation 54 in parallel. It is used to generate a collimated light beam of the pump radiation 54 from the pump radiation 54 emerging essentially in a point-like manner at the optical waveguide end of the first optical waveguide 2. The first collimator lens 5 thus parallelizes the beam path of the pump radiation 54 in the first optical sub-path 70 and in the third optical sub-path 71.

[0087] The exemplary distance of the first collimator lens 5 from the preceding optical waveguide end of the first optical waveguide 2 in the first optical sub-path 70 is 48 mm in the examples of Figures 1 to 3. The main function of the collimator lens 5 is to convert the diverging light of the pump radiation 54 after the pump radiation 54 exits the first optical waveguide 2 into parallel beams. The collimator lens 5 focuses the incident light of the pump radiation 54 so that the light beams of the pump radiation 54 exit the collimator lens 5 almost parallel. The collimated light beam of the pump radiation 54 has the advantage that it maintains its propagation direction within the device and exhibits only minimal divergence. This enables precise transmission of the light of the pump radiation 54 over long distances within the device without it spreading or diverging significantly.In the device of the proposed invention, the collimator lens 5 is used to optimize the beam path of the laser beam of the pump radiation 54. It ensures that the laser beam of the pump radiation 54 remains parallel and focused, which is important here. The collimator lens 5 is arranged in a first z-adjuster 6 in order to be able to align the positioning of the collimator lens 5 relative to the optical axis of the system. If necessary, the collimator lens 5 should not only be displaceable relative to the optical axis of the system, but also pivotable against the two possible angles in order to minimize imaging errors if necessary. The collimator lens 5 in the z-adjuster 6 thus serves to collimate the laser radiation of the pump radiation 54 coupled out from the first optical waveguide 2 of the excitation laser 1. The focal length f5 of the collimator lens 5 is preferably in the range of 20 mm to 100 mm and / or better 34 mm to 50 mm. optional neutral density filter.

[0088] In the exemplary implementation of the device, an optional optical neutral density filter 7 is preferably inserted into the beam path of the pump radiation 54. The preferably present optical neutral density filter 7 serves in particular to adjust the level of the intensity of the pump radiation 54 in the first optical sub-path 70 and in the third optical sub-path 72. For example, the neutral density filter 7 could be designed as a gradient filter.

[0089] The exemplary distance between the first collimator lens 5 and the optional optical neutral density filter 7 following in the first optical sub-path 70 is 10 mm in the examples of Figures 1 to 3. The function of the optional optical neutral density filter 7 is to reduce the intensity of the light of the pump radiation 54 for the intended application without influencing the wavelength composition of the light of the pump radiation 54. It is an optical filter that does not selectively block certain wavelengths of the light of the pump radiation 54, but rather preferably uniformly attenuates the entire visible spectrum of the pump radiation 54. The optional optical neutral density filter 7 is preferably used to reduce the amount of light of the pump radiation 54 that strikes the paramagnetic centers 22.This can be advantageous for precise control of the paramagnetic centers 22, particularly when performing initialization operations of the paramagnetic centers 22.

[0090] Overall, the optional optical neutral density filter 7 typically enables precise control over the amount of light of the pump radiation 54 that strikes the paramagnetic centers 22 without changing the wavelength composition of the pump radiation 54. The optional optical neutral density filter 7 is preferably located in the first removable holder 8. The first removable holder 8 can, if necessary, also be fixed to the first z-adjuster 6. For the device presented here, the optional optical neutral density filter 7 is typically optional. If required, an optional optical neutral density filter 7 is located in the first removable holder 8. The optional optical neutral density filter 7 is preferably an absorbing optical neutral density filter.The optional optical neutral density filter 7 preferably comprises an anti-reflection coating for the spectral range from 510 nm to 540 nm, and / or better from 500 nm to 330 nm, and / or better from 450 nm to 650 nm and / or better from 300 nm to 700 nm. The optional optical neutral density filter 7 in the removable holder 8 thus allows an attenuation of the laser beam of the pump radiation 54 to optimize the manipulation capability of the device for manipulating the quantum states of the paramagnetic centers 22. first bandpass filter (laser bandpass filter).

[0091] A first optical bandpass filter 9 is preferably inserted into the beam path of the pump radiation 54. The preferably present first optical bandpass filter (also called laser bandpass filter) 9, which is located in the first optical partial path 70, essentially transmits only electromagnetic radiation with the desired pump radiation wavelength λ. pmp, which here preferably corresponds to the wavelength of the laser light of the excitation laser 1, which the first optical waveguide 2 feeds into the first optical sub-path 70. The exemplary distance of the first optical bandpass filter 9 from the optional optical neutral density filter 7 preceding it in the first optical sub-path 70 is, in the examples of Figures 1 to 3, an exemplary 40 mm. In the version of the proposal presented here that was drafted, the first optical bandpass filter 9 had a central wavelength of 513 nm with a bandwidth of 13 nm wavelength. The bandwidth of the first optical bandpass filter 9 together with the central wavelength of the first optical bandpass filter 9 can be understood as a tolerance window for the central wavelength of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 and the bandwidth of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1.Typically, the laser beam of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 has an intensity distribution across the cross section of the laser beam of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 that corresponds to a Gaussian bell (Gaussian beam). Therefore, a constructive Cpkg value and a constructive C can be determined. Pk9b value as a function of the bandwidth of the first optical bandpass filter 9 together with the central wavelength of the first optical bandpass filter 9 can be calculated as a tolerance window and from the central wavelength of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 and the bandwidth of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 as a manufacturing distribution. The document presented here proposes to coordinate the central wavelength of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 and the bandwidth of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 and the bandwidth of the first optical bandpass filter 9 together with the central wavelength of the first optical bandpass filter 9 such that the thus calculated constructive C P k9 value is greater than 0.5, better than 0.75, better than 1.0, better than 1.25, better than 1.66. A constructive C Pk9 value better than 1.66 is preferred to meet automotive manufacturing requirements. The document presented here proposes to coordinate the central wavelength of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 and the bandwidth of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 and the bandwidth of the first optical bandpass filter 9 together with the central wavelength of the first optical bandpass filter 9 such that the thus calculated constructive C P k9b value is greater than 0.5, better than 0.75, better than 1.0, better than 1.25, better than 1.66. A constructive C P k9b value better than 1.66 is preferred to meet automotive manufacturing requirements.

[0092] The first optical bandpass filter 9 is preferably located in the first holding plate 10. The first optical bandpass filter 9 is preferably used for spectral filtering of the emitted pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1. The first optical bandpass filter 9 preferably has a central wavelength which corresponds to + / -25%, better + / -10%, better + / -5%, better + / -2%, better + / -1% + / -0.5%, better + / -0.2%, better + / -0.1% of the central wavelength of the emitted laser radiation of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1. However, the central wavelength of the first optical bandpass filter 9 naturally depends on the emission wavelength of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1. The tolerances of the emission wavelength of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 and the central wavelength of the first optical bandpass filter 9 must therefore be coordinated in the form of a suitable tolerance pyramid. The more precise the better.The first optical bandpass filter 9 preferably has a bandwidth in the range of 8 nm to 20 nm, more preferably 8 nm to 15 nm, and preferably 13 nm. In the device used to prepare the present document, the first optical bandpass filter 9 had a bandwidth of 13 nm.

[0093] X / 2 delay plate

[0094] A half-wavelength retardation plate 11 is preferably inserted into the beam path of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1. The half-wavelength retardation plate 11 is preferably installed in a rotating mount 12. A phase shift of the pump radiation 54 can be adjusted via the preferably present half-wavelength retardation plate 11. An half-wavelength retardation plate 11 (also referred to as a half-wavelength retardation plate or half-wavelength retardation plate) is, in the sense of the document presented here, an optical component that is inserted in an optical path to change the polarization of the pump radiation 54. The half-wavelength retardation plate 11 has the special property of changing the phase shift of the incident pump radiation 54 by half a wavelength. The main function of the half-wavelength retardation plate 11 is to change the polarization of the preferably linearly polarized pump radiation 54.When the linearly polarized pump radiation 54 passes through the X / 2 retardation plate 11 and traverses the main axis of the X / 2 retardation plate 11 at a certain angle, the polarization of the pump radiation 54 is rotated by 90 degrees. This means that a linearly polarized pump radiation beam 54 that is horizontally (or vertically) polarized transitions to a vertical (or horizontal) polarization after passing through the X / 2 retardation plate 11.

[0095] The exemplary distance of the Å / 2 delay plate 11 from the first optical bandpass filter 9 preceding it in the first optical sub-path 70 is 10 mm in the examples of Figures 1 to 3. The exemplary distance of the Å / 2 delay plate 11 from the dichroic mirror 13 following it in the first optical sub-path 70 is 80 mm in the examples of Figures 1 to 3.

[0096] The function of the half-wave plate 11 is to influence the polarization properties of the light from the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1. The half-wave plate 11 is used to generate the phase shift between the oscillation components of the light. The half-wave plate 11 preferably comprises a material with optical properties that is capable of changing the oscillation plane of the incident light from the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1. It is also referred to as a half-wave plate because it causes a phase shift of exactly half a wavelength between the mutually perpendicularly polarized oscillations of the light from the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1. The operation of the half-wave plate 11 is typically based on the principle of birefringent materials.When the typically linearly polarized light of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 passes through the retardation plate 11, it is split into two perpendicularly polarized oscillation components. The phase shift of half a wavelength between the two oscillations causes the oscillation plane of the light of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 to be rotated.

[0097] Depending on the rotation angle (orientation) of the half-wave plate 11 around the optical axis and the orientation of the incident polarized light of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1, the oscillation plane of the light of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 can be rotated or reversed. This enables control over the polarization of the light of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1, which is important in the application presented here.

[0098] In summary, the half-wavelength retardation plate 11 enables the targeted manipulation of the polarization of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 through a phase shift of half a wavelength. The half-wavelength retardation plate 11 in the rotation mount 12 thus allows a targeted rotation of the polarization plane of the excitation laser beam of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 relative to the orientation of the axis of the paramagnetic centers 22.

[0099] The setup presented here offers the option of optionally replacing the Å / 2 retardation plate 11 in the rotation mount 12 with a Å / 4 retardation plate, which enables the preparation of an elliptical, preferably circular, polarization state of the laser radiation of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1. Of course, other retardation plates can also be used here. However, the two presented here are preferred.

[0100] If the pump radiation 54 is not sufficiently polarized upon entering the half-wave retardation plate 11, an optional additional upstream polarization filter in the first optical subpath 70 can improve or establish this polarization. However, this optional additional upstream polarization filter is not shown in Figure 1 for clarity. A knowledgeable person may read this information. dichroic mirror

[0101] A dichroic mirror 13 is then typically inserted into the beam path of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1. The dichroic mirror 13 preferably transmits in the spectral range from 485 nm to 545 nm. The two immediately preceding wavelength specifications preferably have a tolerance of + / -25%, better + / -10%, better + / -5%, better + / -2%, better + / -1%. Thus, the dichroic mirror 13 preferentially transmits electromagnetic radiation with the fluorescence radiation wavelength Xfi of the fluorescence radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22. The dichroic mirror 13 is preferably reflective in the range from 570 nm to 825 nm. The two immediately preceding wavelength specifications preferably have a tolerance of + / -25%, better + / - 10%, better + / -5%, better + / -2%, better + / -1%, better + / -0.5%, better + / -0.2%, better + / -0.1%.Thus, the dichroic mirror 13 preferentially reflects electromagnetic radiation with the pump radiation wavelength Ä. pmpthe pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1. The function of the dichroic mirror 13 is to selectively reflect or transmit the light in the beam path of the device based on its wavelength. It is an optical filter capable of treating light of different wavelengths differently. The dichroic mirror 13 typically comprises, for example, a thin layer or coating on a glass or substrate material. This coating is preferably designed to reflect certain wavelengths of light in the beam path and transmit other wavelengths of light in the beam path.When the light of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 and / or the fluorescence radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22 strikes the dichroic mirror 13, a portion of the light—here the light of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1—is reflected at the surface of the dichroic mirror 13, while another portion—here the fluorescence radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22—penetrates the material of the dichroic mirror 13. The reflected light component—here the light of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1—and the transmitted light component—here the fluorescence radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22—have different properties that depend on the specific coating properties of the dichroic mirror 13. Typically, the functionality of a dichroic mirror 13 is based on the principle of interference.The coating of the dichroic mirror 13 is preferably designed to manipulate the phases of the different wavelengths of the incident light so that certain wavelengths, here the pump radiation wavelength Ä. pmp , are reflected and others, here the fluorescence radiation wavelength Xfi, are transmitted. This enables a selective separation of the light of the pump radiation 54 with the pump radiation wavelength Ä, pmp and the fluorescence radiation 33 with the fluorescence radiation wavelength Xn based on its wavelength of the respective radiation. In summary, the dichroic mirror 13 thus serves to selectively reflect or transmit light from the pump radiation 54 and the fluorescence radiation 33 based on its respective wavelength. The dichroic mirror 13 thus serves to spectrally separate or filter the light from the pump radiation 54 with the pump radiation wavelength X pmpand the fluorescence radiation 33 with the fluorescence radiation wavelength Xfi. An optical mount (not shown), better a rotating mount, preferably a three-axis rotating mount, integrated into a connecting cube 15 preferably supports the dichroic mirror 13. The three-axis rotating mount allows fine adjustment of the mirror alignment of the dichroic mirror 13 in the beam path of the cage system 51. Thus, the dichroic mirror 13 reflects the excitation laser beam of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1, which serves for optical excitation, toward an objective 20. The dichroic mirror 13 transmits the fluorescence radiation 33 of the NV centers 22 collected by the objective 20 toward the detection system with the single-photon detector 50. Piezoelectric tilt and scanner system

[0102] Typically, a piezoelectric tilt and scanner system with mirror 16 is inserted into the beam path following the dichroic mirror 13 in the third optical sub-path 72. The exemplary distance of the mirror of the piezoelectric tilt and scanner system with mirror 16 from the dichroic mirror 13 preceding it in the third optical sub-path 72 is 122 mm in the examples of Figures 1 to 3.

[0103] The piezoelectric tilting and scanning system with mirror 16 is preferably integrated with the holder 17 of the piezoelectric tilting and scanning system 16 in a mirror holder 18.

[0104] Preferably, the piezoelectric tilting and scanning system with mirror 16 deflects the light of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 coming from the excitation laser 1 in the direction of the objective 20 by 90° + / - 10° or smaller in magnitude.

[0105] Preferably, the piezoelectric tilting and scanning system with mirror 16 deflects the light of the fluorescent radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22 coming from the objective 20 toward the dichroic mirror 13 by -90° + / - 10° or less in magnitude. A piezoelectric tilting and scanning system 16 preferably serves to finely position the excitation location in the form of the focal point of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 on the sample 21 with the paramagnetic centers 22 by changing the angle of the optical path to the objective 20. The sample 21 preferably comprises one or more crystals, preferably diamond crystals, with paramagnetic centers 22.

[0106] Preferably, a control device 62 of the quantum computer controls the piezoelectric tilt and scanner system 16 via control lines of the piezoelectric tilt and scanner system 16.

[0107] lens

[0108] Preferably, the lens 20 is inserted into the beam path of the device after the piezoelectric tilting and scanning system with mirror 16. The exemplary distance of the thread of the piezoelectric Z-lens positioner 19, into which the lens 20 is typically screwed, from the preceding mirror of the piezoelectric tilting and scanning system with mirror 16 in the third optical subpath 72 is 38 mm in the examples of Figures 1 to 3.

[0109] The exemplary distance of the thread of the piezoelectric Z-lens positioner 19, into which the lens 20 is typically screwed, from the sample 21 following in the third optical subpath 72 is 92 mm in the examples of Figures 1 to 3. This distance depends significantly on the focal length of the lens 20 used.

[0110] In the microprojection device described here, the objective lens 20 serves to reduce the size of the object to be imaged and to project the generated image of the light exit surface at the end of the first optical waveguide 2 for the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 onto the surface of the sample 21 as a projection surface. The objective lens 20 plays a central role in imaging and enables a significant reduction in the size of the light exit surface at the end of the first optical waveguide 2 for the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 and a high spatial resolution. The function of the objective lens 20 in the microprojection device presented here encompasses several aspects:

[0111] Reduction: The objective lens 20 reduces the imaged light exit surface at the optical waveguide end of the first optical waveguide 2 for the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 by capturing a large angle of view and projecting it onto a smaller image field. This allows fine structures to be exposed. Resolution: The objective lens 20 has a high resolution, meaning it is capable of clearly imaging fine details of the imaged light exit surface at the optical waveguide end of the first optical waveguide 2 for the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1. This enables precise and accurate imaging of the light exit surface at the optical waveguide end of the first optical waveguide 2 for the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 onto the surface of the sample 21.

[0112] Correction of optical aberrations: The lens 20 can be equipped with corrections for optical aberrations such as chromatic aberration, spherical aberration, and distortions. This can improve image quality and achieve a precise imaging of the light exit surface at the optical waveguide end of the first optical waveguide 2 for the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1.

[0113] Numerical aperture: The lens 20 has a numerical aperture that determines the lens 20's ability to gather light from a limited angular range. A higher numerical aperture enables better light gathering and thus higher resolution and contrast of the projected image.

[0114] Focusing: The lens 20 enables the precise focusing of the light exit surface to be imaged at the optical waveguide end of the optical waveguide 2 for the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1. By adjusting the focal plane, the sharpness and clarity of the projected image on the sample 21 can be optimized.

[0115] In summary, the objective lens 20 in the microprojection device presented here has the function of reducing the imaged light exit surface at the optical waveguide end of the first optical waveguide 2 for the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1, ensuring high resolution and image quality on the surface of the sample 21, preferably also correcting optical aberrations, and enabling precise focusing. It is crucial for generating a detailed and well-projected image of the imaged light exit surface at the optical waveguide end of the first optical waveguide 2 for the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 on the surface of the sample 21.

[0116] The objective 20 focuses the laser beam of the pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 for optical excitation of the paramagnetic centers 22 in the sample 21. The objective 20 collects the

[0117] - TI - captures the fluorescence radiation 33 emitted by the paramagnetic centers 22 in the sample 21 and feeds it to the single-photon detector 50 via other optical functional components of the setup. Piezoelectric Z-objective positioner

[0118] A piezoelectric Z-lens positioner 19 preferably serves to adjust the distance between lens 20 and sample 21 to an accuracy of up to 50 nm, preferably 25 nm, preferably 10 nm, preferably 5 nm, or better. Adjusting the distance between lens 20 and sample 21 to an accuracy of up to 5 nm or better is preferred. This piezoelectric Z-lens positioner 19 can preferably also perform an adjustment in the xy direction.

[0119] Sample carrier device

[0120] The structure of the sample carrier device includes, for example, a sample positioning device 26, an adapter plate 25, a PCB board 24 (PCB = printed circuit board), and the sample 21. The sample positioning device 26 positions the sample 21 relative to the objective 20, preferably with an accuracy of up to 50 nm or better. The PCB board 24 serves to attach the sample 21 to the adapter plate 25 of the sample carrier device. The PCB board 24 also serves to connect the sample 21 to the microwave sources 55 or the microwave amplifiers for microwave transmission, and to connect the sample 21 to the RF sources 56 or the RF amplifiers for RF transmission.

[0121] A microwave line 57 connects the microwave source 55 via a microwave connector 59 to a typically planar microwave line 60 on the PCB board 24. Typically, the microwave source 55 comprises a microwave amplifier that amplifies the AWG microwave signal 79 of an AWG 78 according to the setting that the microwave amplifier, as the microwave source 55, received from the control device 63 via the control bus 66, and feeds it into the microwave line 57. During normal operation, the microwave source 55 or the microwave amplifier feeds a microwave signal into the preferably planar microwave line 61 on the PCB board 24 via the microwave connector 59.The planar microwave line 61 on the PCB board 24 is preferably arranged relative to the sample 21 and the paramagnetic centers 22 such that the microwave field of the microwave signal in the preferably planar microwave line 61 on the PCB board 24 can influence the quantum states of the paramagnetic centers 22 in the sample 21. The control device 63 preferably controls the microwave source 55 or the microwave amplifier via a control bus 67 by executing a computer-implemented control method for the microwave source 55 or the microwave amplifier using its computer core 65 and in doing so sending control commands to the microwave source 55 or the microwave amplifier via a control bus 66. The control device 63 preferably monitors the microwave source 55 or the microwave amplifier via the control bus 67 by executing the computer-implemented control method for the microwave source 55 or the microwave amplifier.the microwave amplifier by means of its computer core 65 and, in doing so, queries data and status data of the microwave source 55 or the microwave amplifier from the microwave source 55 or the microwave amplifier via a control bus 66. Preferably, the control device 63 monitors the microwave source 55 or the microwave amplifier via the control bus 67 by executing the computer-implemented control method for the microwave source 55 or the microwave amplifier by means of its computer core 65 and, in doing so, queries data and status data of the microwave source 56 or the microwave amplifier via a control bus 66.

[0122] Microwave amplifier at the microwave source 55 or the microwave amplifier. Preferably, a memory and / or storage medium 64 of the control device 63 contains the program code for executing the computer-implemented control method for the microwave source 56 or the microwave amplifier by the computer core 65 of the control device 63.

[0123] An RF line 58 connects the RF source 56 via an RF connector 60 to a typically planar RF line 62 on the PCB board 24. Typically, the RF source 56 includes an RF amplifier that amplifies the AWG RF signal 80 of an AWG 78 according to the setting that the RF amplifier, as the RF source 56, received from the control device 63 via the control bus 66, and feeds it into the RF line 58. During normal operation, the RF source 56 feeds an RF signal into the preferably planar RF line 62 on the PCB board 24 via the RF connector 60. Preferably, the planar RF line 62 on the PCB board 24 is arranged relative to the sample 21 and the paramagnetic centers 22 in such a way that the RF field of the RF signal in the preferably planar RF line 62 on the PCB board 24 encloses the quantum states of the paramagnetic centers 22 and the nuclear spins of isotopes with a magnetic nuclear moment, e.g.14 N, 15 N, 13 C, in which the sample can influence 21. These nuclear spins of isotopes with magnetic nuclear moment - e.g. 14 N, 15 N, 13 C, in the sample 21 form nuclear quantum bits 67, which can be manipulated and read out by means of the paramagnetic centers 22. By means of the microwave signals in conjunction with the RF signals and in conjunction with the possibly pumped pump radiation 54, the device can manipulate the quantum states of the paramagnetic centers 22 as electronic quantum bits and / or the quantum states of the nuclear quantum bits. By means of the microwave signals in

[0124] In conjunction with the RF signals and in conjunction with the possibly pumped pump radiation 54, and by evaluating the fluorescence radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22, the device can read out the quantum states of the paramagnetic centers 22 as electronic quantum bits and / or the quantum states of the nuclear quantum bits. Preferably, the control device 63 controls the RF source 56 or the RF amplifier via a control bus 66 by executing the computer-implemented control method for the RF source 56 using its computer core 65 and thereby sending control commands to the RF source 56 or the RF amplifier via the control bus 66. The control device 63 preferably monitors the RF source 56 or the RF amplifier via the control bus 66 by executing the computer-implemented control method for the RF source 56 or the RF amplifier by means of its computer core 65 and in doing so transmitting data and status data of the RF source 56 or the RF amplifier via the control bus 66.of the RF amplifier at the RF source 56 or the RF amplifier. Preferably, a memory and / or storage medium 64 of the control device 63 contains the program code for executing the computer-implemented control method for the RF source 56 or the RF amplifier by the computer core 65 of the control device 63.

[0125] The control device 63 (see also Figure 5) preferably has one or more memories and / or one or more storage media 64 in which the program code for a higher-level computer-implemented control method for the RF source 56 or the RF amplifier on the one hand and / or for the microwave source 55 or the microwave amplifier on the other hand is stored and is kept ready at least temporarily for execution by the computer core 65 of the control device 63. The program code of the higher-level computer-implemented control method in the one memory or the multiple memories and / or in the one storage medium 64 or the multiple storage media 64 preferably comprises the program code of the computer-implemented control method of the microwave source 55 or the microwave amplifier.The program code of the higher-level computer-implemented control program in the one memory or multiple memories and / or in the one storage medium 64 or multiple storage media 64 preferably comprises the program code of the computer-implemented control method of the RF source 55 or the RF amplifier. The one or more memories and / or the one or more storage media 64 of the control device 63 are preferably coupled to the computer core 65 of the control apparatus 63 via an internal data bus 68. The computer core 65 of the control apparatus 63 is preferably coupled to a data interface 69 via an internal data bus 68. The computer core 65 of the control apparatus can typically access the control bus 66 via the data interface 69 and control and / or monitor device parts of the device and / or read data from device parts of the device.Preferably, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 controls and monitors the excitation laser 1 of the device via the control bus 66. Preferably, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 controls and monitors the single-photon detector 50 of the device via the control bus 66 and preferably reads its data via the control bus 66. The device can comprise further device components such as waveform generators, lock-in amplifiers, amplifiers, analog-to-digital converters, etc., which can also be part of the device components already mentioned here. If possible, the computer core 65 of the device also controls and monitors these device components of the device via a control bus 66 and, if necessary, reads their data. In this context, the document presented here refers to the prior art documents that describe these device components and their operation in more detail.

[0126] The sample 21 preferably comprises a diamond material with paramagnetic centers 22 as electronic quantum bits and preferably nuclear quantum bits. The sample 21 preferably comprises a microwave antenna 23, which is preferably connected to the microwave line 61. The sample 21 preferably comprises an RF antenna 23, which is preferably connected to the RF line 62. However, it is also conceivable for the microwave line 61 to serve as a microwave antenna if the microwave line 61 is positioned close enough to the paramagnetic centers 22. However, it is also conceivable for the RF line 61 to serve as an RF antenna if the RF line 62 is positioned close enough to the paramagnetic centers 22 and the isotopes 67 with nuclear spins that serve as nuclear quantum bits and that can couple with the paramagnetic centers 22.It is also conceivable to couple the RF signal and the microwave signal into a common waveguide via a wave coupler and to use this common waveguide and a common antenna instead of two separate waveguides, the microwave line 61 and the RF line 62. Particularly preferably, the waveguide is a waveguide comprising the microwave line 61 and the RF line 62. It is preferably a differential tri-plate waveguide. In this context, the document presented here refers to the German utility model DE 202023 101 056 U1, the content of which is incorporated in its entirety by reference.

[0127] Magnetic positioning device structure

[0128] The magnetic positioning device assembly preferably comprises a magnetic positioning device 28, an adapter plate 29, and a magnetic assembly 30. The magnetic positioning device 28 preferably positions the magnetic assembly 30 relative to the sample 21 with a relative positional accuracy of the magnetic assembly 30 relative to the sample 21 of better than 10 μm, better than 5 μm, better than 2 μm, better than 1 μm, better than 0.5 μm, better than 0.2 μm, better than 0.1 μm, better than 50 μm, better than 20 μm, better than 10 μm. A relative positioning accuracy of the magnetic assembly 30 relative to the sample 21 of better than 50 μm is typically sufficient and preferred. The magnetic assembly 30 optionally comprises a single magnet or a Haibach magnet assembly 30.

[0129] A Haibach magnet setup as a magnet setup 30, a so-called Halbach array, is described in the Wikipedia article https: / / de.wikipedia.org / wiki / Halbach-Array. The document presented here quotes this article as follows: "A Halbach array is a special configuration of permanent magnets. It allows the magnetic flux to almost cancel out on one side, but to strengthen it on the other. [...] A Halbach array is composed of segments of permanent magnets whose magnetization direction is tilted by 90° relative to each other in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the array. As a result, the field lines on the side in which the field director is tilted move closer together, which increases the magnetic flux density. On the opposite side, the field lines are less close together than in the undisturbed magnet, so the field is weakened or increased even at close distances."disappears completely, since the north and south poles alternate. In principle, the magnetization directions of adjacent segments can also enclose an angle of less than 90°, which makes assembly more complex but still improves the field concentration. The ideal case of perfectly one-sided field concentration is achieved by continuously changing the magnetization direction, [4] which is no longer achieved by joining individual permanent magnets, but by one-sided anisotropic magnetization of a flat magnetic material.

[0130] A Halbach array as a magnetic assembly 30, as defined in the document presented here, is an arrangement of magnets that generates a magnetic field with special properties and comprises a series of permanent magnets that are typically arranged so that the flux density of the magnetic field is increased on one side, while the flux density of the magnetic field is greatly weakened on the other side. The main function of the Halbach array in the magnetic assembly 30 is to generate a strong and focused magnetic field on one side, while creating a very weak magnetic field on the opposite side. This one-sided magnetic field is used in the applications described here to generate a strong and homogeneous magnetic field.Through the targeted arrangement of the permanent magnets in the Halbach array of the magnet assembly 30, the magnetic field can be optimized and adapted to the specific requirements of the technical solution presented here. This enables a more efficient use of the magnetic forces to influence the paramagnetic centers 22 as electronic quantum bits and the nuclear spins of the isotopes with a magnetic moment, which serve as nuclear quantum bits.

[0131] Preferably, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 controls the magnetic positioning device 28 via the exemplary control bus 66. Preferably, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 detects a measured value for the fluorescence radiation 33 of one or more paramagnetic centers 22 using the single-photon detector 50 and, if applicable, other auxiliary devices of the device, and determines therefrom a measured value that depends on the magnetic flux density at the location of the one or more paramagnetic centers 22. If this measured value deviates from a reference value, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 or another part of the device, for example a PID or PD controller, determines the control deviation and changes the magnetic flux density flowing through the paramagnetic centers 22 of the sample 21 accordingly.Such a change can occur, for example, by changing the current supply to a coil whose magnetic flux density flows through the paramagnetic centers 22. Such a change can also occur by changing the positioning of the Hallbach magnet array 30 relative to the sample 21 with the paramagnetic centers 22. To this end, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 can, for example via the control bus 66, cause a magnet positioning device 28 to change the positioning of the Hallbach magnet array 30 relative to the sample 21 with the paramagnetic centers 22 by means of appropriate positioning commands in accordance with the transmitted signaling. This allows the computer core 65 of the control device 63 to stabilize the magnetic flux density at the location of the paramagnetic centers 22 and adjust it to a desired value.In the example of Figure 1, the magnet positioning device 28 is mechanically connected to the Hallbach magnet array 30 by means of an adapter plate 29, so that the magnet positioning device 28 can change the position of the Hallbach magnet array 30 relative to the sample 21.

[0132] Preferably, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 can control a sample positioning device 26 via the control bus 66 and query its status and other data from the sample positioning device 26. In the example of Figure 1, the sample positioning device 26 is mechanically connected to the PCB board 24 of the sample carrier device via an adapter plate 25 of the sample carrier device. As a result, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 can use the sample positioning device 26 to change the position of the sample 21, which is located on the PCB board 24 of the sample carrier device, and the paramagnetic centers 22 located in the sample 21 relative to the objective 22 and adapt them to requirements. By means of the piezoelectric tilt and scanner system with mirror 16, the device is capable of scanning a region of the sample surface of the sample 21 with pump radiation 54.The pump radiation 54 penetrates the surface of the sample and generates a fluorescence signal of the fluorescence radiation 33 when the focus point, which moves during scanning, hits one or more paramagnetic centers 22 on the surface or near the surface of the sample. This eliminates the need for a camera. A camera would have to be inserted into the beam path via a semi-transparent mirror, which would impair photon efficiency. The solution using a piezoelectric tilting and scanning system with mirror 16 is therefore advantageous. Preferably, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 controls the piezoelectric tilting and scanning system with mirror 16 via the control bus 66 and monitors the operating parameters of the piezoelectric tilting and scanning system with mirror 16 via the control bus 66 and reads other data from the piezoelectric tilting and scanning system with mirror 16 via the control bus 66.

[0133] The sample carrier device and the magnetic positioning device assembly are preferably connected to one another and aligned with one another by a common base plate 27. The base plate 27 is preferably fixed to the base plate 52. The base plate 52 is preferably fixed to a housing, for example, a 19" rack, by means of damping means. For example, the base plate 52 can also be located on a damping table or be part of a damping table. Optical partial paths of the device

[0134] Preferably, the network of optical paths of the device can be divided into at least three optical subpaths 70, 71, 72. In the example of Figures 1 and 2, these are the first optical subpath 70, the second subpath 71, and the third optical subpath 72.

[0135] The first optical sub-path 70 comprises the pump radiation source, here the excitation laser 1, and the first optical functional elements for processing the radiation of the pump radiation source, here the excitation laser 1, for use as pump radiation 54 in the device, as well as a second optical coupling functional element, here the dichroic mirror 13, for coupling the pump radiation 54 of the first optical sub-path into the third optical sub-path.

[0136] The second optical sub-path 71 comprises a third optical coupling functional element, here the dichroic mirror 13, for coupling out the fluorescent radiation 33 from the third optical sub-path and fourth optical functional elements for processing the fluorescent radiation 33 for detection by a photodetector, here the exemplary single-photon detector 50.

[0137] The third optical sub-path 72 comprises the second optical coupling functional element, here the dichroic mirror 13, for coupling the pump radiation 54 into the third optical sub-path and the third optical coupling functional element, here the dichroic mirror 13, for coupling the fluorescence radiation 33 into the second optical sub-path and fifth optical functional elements for optimally irradiating the paramagnetic centers 22 with pump radiation 54 and for detecting the fluorescence radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22 with as little loss as possible.

[0138] In the example of Figure 1, the second optical coupling functional element is identical to the third optical coupling functional element. In the example of Figure 1, the second optical coupling functional element and the third optical coupling functional element are the dichroic mirror 13.

[0139] In the example of Figure 1, the first optical functional elements comprise the first optical waveguide 2, the first collimator lens 5, the optional optical neutral density filter 7, the typically provided, optional first optical bandpass filter 9, the preferably also provided and also optional X / 2 delay plate 11 or X / 4 delay plate.

[0140] The third optical functional elements in the example of Figure 1 comprise an optical long-pass filter 31, an optical band-stop filter 53, an optional mirror 13, a first focusing lens 36, a pinhole 37, a second collimator lens 39, a fluorescence band-pass filter 42, a second focusing lens 45, and a second optical waveguide 49 of the single-photon detector 50.

[0141] The fifth optical functional elements in the example of Figure 1 comprise the mirror of the piezoelectric tilting and scanning system 16, and the lens 20.

[0142] The dichroic mirror 13 separates the pump radiation 54 from the electromagnetic radiation 33, 54 reradiated by the paramagnetic centers 22 and the sample 21 via the objective 20 and the piezoelectric tilting and scanning system 16 with a mirror, and reradiates it in the direction of the first optical waveguide 2, for example, at a 90° angle. Preferably, the device absorbs pump radiation 54 scattered in this region. The dichroic mirror 13 also separates the fluorescence radiation 33 from the electromagnetic radiation 33, 54 reradiated by the paramagnetic centers 22 and the sample 21 via the objective 20 and the piezoelectric tilting and scanning system 16 with a mirror, and typically allows it to pass in the direction of the single-photon detector 50. The dichroic mirror 13 thus splits the optical path from the objective 20 into two partial optical paths 70, 71.

[0143] The first optical sub-path 70 comprises, for example, the excitation laser 1, the first optical waveguide 2, the first collimator lens 5, the optional optical neutral density filter 7, the typically provided, optional first optical bandpass filter 9, the preferably also provided, likewise optional × / 2 delay plate 11 or × / 4 delay plate, and the dichroic mirror 13.

[0144] The second optical sub-path 71 comprises, for example, the dichroic mirror 13, an optical long-pass filter 31, an optical band-stop filter 53, an optional mirror 33, a first focusing lens 36, a pinhole 37, a second collimator lens 39, a fluorescence band-pass filter 42, a second focusing lens 45, a second optical waveguide 49 of the single-photon detector 50, and the single-photon detector 50. The second optical waveguide 49 can also be designed as a glass fiber.

[0145] The third optical sub-path 72 comprises, for example, the dichroic mirror 13, the mirror of the piezoelectric tilting and scanning system 16, the objective 20 and the sample 21 with the paramagnetic centers 22 and the nuclear spins of the isotopes with a magnetic moment (e.g. 14 N, 15 N, 13 C) optical long-pass filter

[0146] In the example of Figure 1, an optical longpass filter 31 is inserted behind the dichroic mirror 13. The second removable holder 32 encompasses this optical longpass filter 31. The exemplary distance of the optical longpass filter 31 from the deflection mirror 34 following in the second optical sub-path is 32 mm in the examples of Figures 1 to 3. The exemplary distance of the optical longpass filter 31 from the dichroic mirror 13 preceding it in the second optical sub-path is 50 mm in the examples of Figures 1 to 3. The optical longpass filter 31 typically serves to filter out the laser radiation reflected by the sample and collected by the objective 20, as well as the reflected pump radiation 54 transmitted into the second optical sub-path despite the dichroic mirror 13.It is essential that the intensity of the pump radiation 33 in the second optical sub-path is reduced as much as possible, while the intensity of the fluorescent radiation 33 should preferably remain as unchanged and constant as possible in the second optical sub-path 71 over the entire length of the second optical sub-path compared to the intensity of the fluorescent radiation in the third optical sub-path 72 in order to achieve maximum photon yield for the single-photon detector 50. This optimizes the signal-to-noise ratio of the output signal of the single-photon detector 50.

[0147] Preferably, the optical long-pass filter 31 has an edge wavelength λ,3i=542 nm + / -25%, better + / -10%, better + / -5%, better + / -2%, better + / -1%. Optional optical band-stop filter

[0148] Optionally, for further suppression of the reflected pump radiation 54 of the excitation laser 1 in the second optical sub-path, an optical band-stop filter 53 can be integrated in the removable holder 32 in the second optical sub-path after the optical long-pass filter 31.

[0149] Preferably, the optical band-stop filter 53 has a central wavelength which corresponds to + / -25%, better + / -10%, better + / -5%, better + / -2%, better + / -1% of the central wavelength of the emitted laser radiation.

[0150] Preferably, the optical band-stop filter 53 has a bandwidth of 17 nm + / -25%, better + / - 10%, better + / -5%, better + / -2%, better + / -1%.

[0151] Deflecting mirror

[0152] Preferably, a deflecting mirror, mirror 34, is inserted into the beam path of the second optical partial path, which shortens the overall length of the optical system so that it can be accommodated, for example, in a conventional 19" rack. Said mirror 34 in a preferably adjustable mirror holder 35 thus serves to deflect the beam path to compact the system of the device. Preferably, the mirror 34 deflects the beam path in the second partial beam path by approximately 90° + / - 10°, better + / - 5°, better + / - 1°, better + / - 1°, better + / - 0.5°, better + / - 0.1°, better + / - 0.1°. First focusing lens

[0153] Preferably, a first focusing lens 36 is inserted into the beam path of the second optical sub-path 71. The focusing lens 36 is preferably an achromatic focusing lens. The first focusing lens 36 preferably serves to focus the photoluminescence signal of the fluorescence radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22 in the second optical sub-path 71 onto a pinhole 37. The exemplary distance of the pinhole 37 from the focusing lens 36 is, for example, 37 mm in the examples in Figures 1 to 3. The exemplary distance of the focusing lens 36 from the deflecting mirror 34 preceding it in the second optical sub-path is, for example, 43 mm in the examples in Figures 1 to 3. The focal length of the first focusing lens 36 is preferably fa? = 30 mm + / -25%, better + / - 10%, better + / -5%, better + / -2%, better + / -1%.The first focusing lens 36 preferably has the same focal length as the second collimator lens 39, which preferably follows in the beam path of the second optical subpath 71. In principle, other focal lengths of the lenses (39, 36) could also be selected. Focal lengths between approximately 7 mm and 100 mm would probably be practical.

[0154] pinhole

[0155] Preferably, a pinhole 37 is inserted into the beam path of the second optical sub-path 71 behind the focusing lens 36. The pinhole 37 is preferably located in an xyz adjuster 38, which enables exact positioning of the pinhole 37 in the beam path of the second optical sub-path 71. The exemplary distance of the second collimator lens 39 from the pinhole 37 is 39 mm in the examples of Figures 1 to 3. The xyz adjuster 38 of the pinhole 37 typically serves for the fine positioning of the pinhole 37 in the common focal point of the first focusing lens 36 and the second collimator lens 39. In a high C PIn a device manufactured with k values, this xyz adjuster 38 of the pinhole 37 should not be necessary. The pinhole 37 preferably has an aperture with a diameter in the range of 5 pm to 50 pm, better from 10 pm to 20 pm. The pinhole 37 serves to spatially filter the photoluminescence signal 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22 collected by the objective 20.

[0156] Second collimator lens

[0157] Preferably, a second collimator lens is inserted into the beam path of the second optical sub-path 71

[0158] 39 behind which a pinhole 37 is inserted. Preferably, the second collimator lens 39 is an achromatic collimator lens. The second collimator lens 39 is preferably in the second holder plate

[0159] 40 is inserted. The second collimator lens 39 serves to collimate the light beam of the fluorescent radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22. The first focusing lens 36, which preferably precedes the second optical sub-path, preferably has the same focal length as the second collimator lens 39. The focal length of the second collimator lens 39 is preferably f 40 = 30 mm + / -25%, better + / - 10%, better + / -5%, better + / -2%, better + / -1%. In principle, other focal lengths for the 39 mm and 36 mm lenses could also be selected. Focal lengths between approximately 7 mm and 100 mm would probably be practical.

[0160] Optical spatial filter

[0161] The first focusing lens 36 and the pinhole 37 and the second collimator lens 39 together form a first optical spatial filter for separating the fluorescence radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22 from the radiation in the second optical partial path 71 of the device. Since other optical spatial filter designs - for example based on optical waveguides - are also known, the second optical sub-path 71 thus comprises, for example, the dichroic mirror 13, an optical long-pass filter 31, an optical band-stop filter 53, an optional mirror 33, a first optical spatial filter, here comprising the first focusing lens 36, the pinhole 37 and the second collimator lens 39, a fluorescence band-pass filter 42, a second focusing lens 45, a second optical waveguide 49 of the single-photon detector 50 and the single-photon detector 50. The second focusing lens 45 and the second optical waveguide 49 form a second optical spatial filter.

[0162] The function of the first optical spatial filter 36, 37, 30 is to isolate and separate the fluorescence radiation 33 from the point of the paramagnetic centers 22 used in the spatial region of the paramagnetic centers 22 used in the sample 21 from other radiation components and to minimize the influence of other light sources in the beam path of the device and the sample 21. This is used in the fluorescence microscopy used here to enhance the fluorescence signal of the fluorescence radiation of the paramagnetic centers 22 of the sample 21 and to reduce background noise. By using the first optical spatial filter, the scattered light or light from neighboring sample regions can be effectively blocked, so that the light of interest of the fluorescence radiation 33 from the target region of the paramagnetic centers 22 can be isolated and detected in the downstream single-photon detector 50.

[0163] The first optical spatial filter can be implemented in the form of an aperture, a pinhole, or a spatial filter with more complex optical elements such as gratings or special lenses. The selection of the appropriate filter size and geometry depends on the specific application and the desired spatial resolution requirements and should be calculated and confirmed by simulations during subsequent work. Overall, the first optical spatial filter enables improved spatial resolution, contrast enhancement, and selective detection of the fluorescence signal of the fluorescence radiation from the paramagnetic centers 22 of the sample 21 from a specific region of the sample 21 with the paramagnetic centers 22 of the sample 21.

[0164] There are various ways to implement an optical spatial filter to isolate the fluorescence signal from the fluorescence radiation of the paramagnetic centers 22 of sample 21 and suppress light from other light sources. This paper lists some methods for implementing such an optical spatial filter:

[0165] Aperture: A simple way to implement an optical spatial filter is to place an aperture—here, the pinhole 37—in the beam path of the second optical path of the device. The aperture is an opaque or impermeable plate with a small central hole that acts as a pinhole. The light from the point light source of interest—here, the fluorescence radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22—can pass through the hole, while the light from other areas is blocked.

[0166] Pinhole: A pinhole is a tiny hole drilled or cut directly into an opaque plate. It functions similarly to an aperture, allowing only the light from the selected point light source—here, the fluorescence radiation 33 from the paramagnetic centers 22—to pass through.

[0167] Spatial filter (Z-scanner): This is a mechanical device that allows light from different depth levels to be filtered. Light from a specific focal point in the sample chamber—here, the fluorescence radiation 33 from the paramagnetic centers 22—is selectively transmitted, while light from other depth levels is suppressed.

[0168] Grid aperture: A grid aperture preferably comprises a grid with closely spaced holes or slits. It allows only light from a specific spatial region near the optical axis—here, the fluorescence radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22—to pass through, while blocking light from other regions.

[0169] Mask: A specially shaped opaque mask is used to transmit light only from a specific area—here, the fluorescence radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22. The mask can be manufactured using techniques such as photolithography to create precisely defined patterns.

[0170] Holographic spatial filter: A holographic spatial filter is created using holographic techniques to filter out light from a specific spatial region—here the fluorescence radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22—and suppress other regions.

[0171] Optical fiber: Optical fibers can also act as spatial filters by efficiently collecting light from specific spatial regions in the environment—here, the fluorescence radiation 33 from the paramagnetic centers 22—while omitting light from other regions. This principle is used in second optical spatial filters 45, 49.

[0172] The spatial filtering of the photoluminescence signal 33 of the NV centers 22 collected by the objective 20 by means of the optical spatial filter, here the pinhole 37, results in the device subsequently detecting only the signal from the focal volume of the objective 20 - here the fluorescence radiation 33 from the region of the paramagnetic centers 22 of the sample 21.

[0173] Fluorescence bandpass filter (second bandpass filter)

[0174] Preferably, a further fluorescence bandpass filter 42 is inserted into the beam path of the second optical subpath 71 behind the first optical spatial filter. The fluorescence bandpass filter 42 is an optical bandpass filter as defined in the document presented here. The exemplary distance of the further fluorescence bandpass filter 42 from the second collimator lens 39 is, for example, 76 mm in the examples of Figures 1 to 3. The exemplary distance of the further fluorescence bandpass filter 42 from the second holding plate 40 of the second collimator lens 39 is, for example, 55 mm in the examples of Figures 1 to 3. The fluorescence bandpass filter 42 is preferably located in a third, preferably removable, holder 43.The fluorescence bandpass filter 42 typically serves for the further spectral selection of the collected and here already spatially filtered photoluminescence signal 41 fluorescence radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22 to a spatially and spectrally selected photoluminescence signal 44. The fluorescence bandpass filter 42 preferably has a central wavelength of 697 nm + / -25%, better + / - 10%, better + / -5%, better + / -2%, better + / -1%, better + / -0.5%, better + / -0.2%, better + / -0.1%. The fluorescence bandpass filter 42 preferably has a bandwidth of 75 nm + / -25%, better + / -10%, better + / -5%, better + / -2%, better + / -1%, better + / -0.5%, better + / -0.2%, better + / -0.1%. It has been shown that this second bandpass filter has a particularly beneficial effect on the properties of the quantum computer, especially in combination with the first optical spatial filter and / or the second optical spatial filter. Second focusing lens.

[0175] Preferably, a second focusing lens 45 is inserted into the beam path of the second optical subpath 71 behind the further fluorescence bandpass filter 42 and behind the optical spatial filter. The exemplary distance of the center of the second focusing lens 45 from the center of the further fluorescence bandpass filter 42 is 55 mm in the examples of Figures 1 to 3. The second focusing lens 45 is preferably an achromatic focusing lens. Preferably, the second focusing lens 45 is mounted in a second z-adjuster 46. Instead of a second z-adjuster 46, another adjuster that allows the z-adjustment can also be used here. The second z-adjuster 46 can also be fully automatic and motor-driven if necessary. In this case, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 preferably controls the motor of the second z-adjuster 46 via the control bus 66 of the device.In this case, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 preferably monitors the electrical control of the motor of the second z-adjuster 46 and reads the operating parameters and data acquired therefrom as needed. In the examples in the figures, the second z-adjuster 46 is operated manually, for example. Preferably, the second focusing lens 45 serves to focus the spatially and spectrally filtered photoluminescence signal 44 onto the optical fiber input of the second optical fiber 49 of the single-photon detector 50. The focal length f. 45 the second focusing lens 45 is preferably at f 45 = 10 mm + / -25%, better + / - 10%, better + / -5%, better + / -2%, better + / -1%. The focal length f 45 of the second focusing lens 45 typically depends on the choice of the second optical waveguide 49, for example the second glass fiber 49, of the single-photon detector 50. The focal length f 45The second focusing lens 45 can therefore also be used in a focal length range of f 45 = 150mm to 1mm. second optical fiber

[0176] The second optical waveguide 49 is preferably a single-mode optical waveguide and / or, better, a polarization-maintaining optical waveguide. The second optical waveguide 49 transports the spectrally and spatially filtered photoluminescence signal of the fluorescent radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22 to the single-photon detector 50. The second optical waveguide 49 can be embodied as a fiber optic cable. The optical waveguide holder 47 in the xy adjuster 48 serves to position the optical waveguide input of the second optical waveguide 49 relative to the focal point of the second focusing lens 45 for the fluorescent radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22 in the cage system 51. The exemplary distance between the center of the second focusing lens 45 and the optical waveguide input of the second optical waveguide 49 is 46 mm in the examples presented here in Figures 1 to 3.The second optical waveguide 49 mechanically decouples the single-photon detector 50 from the optical system and allows the optical device to be compacted to geometric dimensions that allow installation in a 19" rack. The second optical waveguide 49 typically irradiates the single-photon detector 50 with the spectrally and spatially filtered photoluminescence signal of the fluorescence radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22.

[0177] The second optical waveguide 49 is preferably flexible, for example, designed as a glass fiber, and can then mechanically decouple the single-photon detector 50 or the photodetector 50 from the optical system and enable the compaction of the optical device to geometric dimensions that allow installation in a 19" rack.

[0178] Second optical spatial filter

[0179] The second optical waveguide 49 and the second focusing lens 45 together form a second optical spatial filter, which further improves the selectivity of the optical spatial filtering of the first optical spatial filter.

[0180] It is therefore a preferred feature of the device proposed here that it has a double optical spatial filter in the second optical sub-path 71.

[0181] Base plate

[0182] A base plate 52 on a damping table is preferably used to secure all components to one another and to dampen vibrations / shocks. In the example shown in Figure 1, this is a base plate 52 with a grid of mounting sockets for installation in a 19" rack.

[0183] Single-photon detector

[0184] The single-photon detector 50 typically converts the spectrally and spatially filtered photoluminescence signal of the fluorescent radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers 22 into a first photon detection signal 83 and, if appropriate, a second photon detection signal 84. The first photon detection signal 83 may, if appropriate, also be identical to the second photon detection signal 84. A slow photon counter 76 is preferably connected to the single-photon detector 50 or the photodetector 50 directly or indirectly via a first photon detection signal 83. The slow photon counter 76 typically counts the photons whose reception the single-photon detector 50 or the photodetector 50 signals via the first photon detection signal 83, typically without a time stamp. The slow photon counter 76 is typically used to generate a scan image (not shown) by the controller 63.

[0185] To create the scan image, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 preferably sets a predetermined focal point on the surface of the sample 21 via the control bus 66 and by means of a mirror mount 18 with a piezoelectric tilt and scanner system with mirror 16. Using the slow photon counter 76, the computer core typically counts the photons whose reception the single-photon detector 50 or the photodetector 50 signals via the first photon detection signal 83. For this purpose, the computer core 65 preferably executes program code for a computer-implemented scan image creation method for a scan image (not shown), which program code is located in a memory and / or a storage medium 64 of the control device 63.Preferably, after a predetermined period of time, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 reads the photon count value determined by the slow photon counter 76 for this currently set focal point on the surface of the sample 21 from the slow photon counter 76 via the control bus 66. Preferably, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 stores the photon count value thus determined in a data record of a computer-implemented photon count value database in a memory and / or in a storage medium 64 of the control device 63. Each data record of the photon count value database preferably includes information about the detected photon count value and the spatial coordinate of the focal point on the surface of the sample 21 associated with this photon count value.In addition to a two-dimensional scan, a three-dimensional scan is also conceivable, in which the computer core 65 of the control device 63 sets the focal point not only in the x- and y-direction, for example, by means of the mirror holder 18 with a piezoelectric tilt and scanner system with mirror 16, to a predetermined focal point on the surface of the sample 21, but also in the z-direction by means of a sample positioning device 26 via the control bus 66. In this case, a data record of the photon count database includes information about the recorded photon count and the spatial coordinates of the focal point in the sample 21 associated with this photon count. The photon counts typically represent fluorescence intensity values ​​of the fluorescence radiation 33 of paramagnetic centers 22 at the spatial coordinates of the corresponding focal points.Preferably, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 determines the image data for a computer-implemented scan image (not shown) by executing the program code of the computer-implemented scan image creation method and stores this data in an image storage area, which is preferably located in a memory and / or in a storage medium 64 of the control device 63. Preferably, an imaging unit, for example a screen, displays this computer-implemented scan image (not shown) in a manner perceivable by humans. Preferably, the computer-implemented scan image (not shown) includes information about the spatial coordinates of the paramagnetic centers 22 in the sample 21 and, if applicable, their quantum states. This enables the selection of clusters of paramagnetic centers 22 for use as quantum dots of the quantum computer.Typically, the intensity values ​​of the computer-implemented scan image (not shown) represent fluorescence intensity values ​​of the fluorescence radiation 33 of paramagnetic centers 22 at the spatial coordinates of the corresponding focus points.

[0186] A fast photon counter 77 is typically connected to the single-photon detector 50 or the photodetector 50 directly or indirectly via a second photon detection signal 84. Preferably, the fast photon counter 77 includes a time base, for example, in the form of a clock, in order to be able to determine and record the time values ​​of points in time. The fast photon counter 77 typically counts the photon detection events transmitted by the single-photon detector 50 or the photodetector 50 by means of the second photon detection signal 84. In doing so, the fast photon counter 77 preferably records each photon detection event and preferably provides each photon detection event thus recorded with a time stamp for the time of arrival corresponding to the current time value of its time base at the time of this arrival relative to a temporal reference point.Preferably, the AWG 78 signals this temporal reference point to the fast photon counter 77 by means of an AWG synchronization signal 82. Preferably, the fast photon counter 77 sets the time value of its time base to a predetermined time value, for example zero, depending on this AWG synchronization signal 82. As a result, the time base of the fast photon counter 77 is synchronous with the modulation of the pump radiation 54 of the pump radiation source, for example in the form of the excitation laser 1 and / or with the modulation of the microwave signal of the microwave source 55 or the microwave amplifier and / or with the modulation of the RF signal of the RF source 56 or the RF amplifier. Preferably, the fast photon counter 77 and / or the computer core 65 of the control device 63 create a photon histogram from the time stamps of the detected photon detection events thus recorded in order to determine the statistical temporal distribution of the photon events.

[0187] For this purpose, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 preferably executes a computer-implemented statistical evaluation method, which preferably evaluates the recorded time stamps of the detected photon detection events. Preferably, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 queries the recorded time stamps of the photon detection events from the fast photon counter 77 via the control bus 66. The program code for the computer-implemented statistical evaluation method is preferably located in a memory and / or in a storage medium 64 of the control device 63. When executed by the computer core 65 of the control device 63, the computer-implemented statistical evaluation method preferably generates a histogram of the recorded time stamps of the detected photon detection events.Preferably, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 uses the aforementioned computer-implemented statistical evaluation method in the memory and / or storage medium 64 of the control device 63 to infer a quantum state of the paramagnetic centers 22 in the sample 21. Preferably, the content of the memory and / or storage medium 64 of the control device 63 also includes program code of a computer-implemented quantum computer program, which the computer core 65 of the control device 63 typically executes as needed. Typically, this program code includes the computer-implemented quantum computer program.

[0188] • at least one program code for modifying the quantum state of at least one paramagnetic center, for example an NV center 22, and / or the quantum state of a nuclear quantum bit (a nuclear spin of an isotope with a magnetic nuclear moment) in the sample 21 and / or

[0189] • at least one program code for reading the quantum state of at least one paramagnetic center, for example an NV center 22, and / or the quantum state of a nuclear quantum bit (a nuclear spin of an isotope with a magnetic nuclear moment) in the sample 21.

[0190] The computer core 65 of the control device 63 preferably accesses this measured value or values ​​derived from this and / or other measured values ​​via the control bus 66. Preferably, the computer core 65 of the control device 63 controls the single-photon detector 50 and its auxiliary devices via the control bus 66 and monitors the operating parameters of the single-photon detector 50 and its auxiliary devices via the control bus 66 and reads other data from the single-photon detector 50 and its auxiliary devices via the control bus 66.

[0191] Figure 2 shows the cage system 51 with essential optical parts of the system of Figure 1 in a top view. With regard to the description of the device components of the cage system 51, the document presented here refers to the preceding description of Figure 1. In the example of Figure 1, the threaded holes in the base plate 52 are manufactured at an exemplary distance of 1 inch, which can be used as a reference scale for the sizes of the device components. It should be noted that the scale in the X direction in Figure 2 deviates slightly from the scale in the Y direction. In Figure 2, the actual optical functional elements are not always shown. With regard to the further description of the figure, the document presented here refers to the preceding descriptions of the other figures.

[0192] Figure 3 shows a roughly simplified schematic of a 19" server cabinet 98 with the essential device components of the proposed quantum computer. Part 3a shows the exemplary 19" server cabinet from the front in a front view. Part 3b shows the exemplary 19" server cabinet from the side in a side view with the arrangement of essential device components sketched in dashed lines.

[0193] A control device 63 is installed at the very bottom of the 19" server cabinet 98. The control device 63 preferably comprises a conventional PC or a conventional server, such as is used for server farms. Typically, the control device 63 is connectable to the Internet and / or other computer systems via a data interface 69. Preferably, the control device 63 controls the quantum computer depending on binary codes of a quantum computer program within a memory 64 and / or storage medium of the control device 63 by means of one or more computer-implemented control methods for device parts of the quantum computer, the program code of which is preferably located at least temporarily within a memory 64 and / or storage medium of the control device 63.

[0194] The control device 63 is preferably connected to other device components of the quantum computer via a control bus 66. The control bus 66 is preferably laid as a data line, preferably within the 19" server cabinet 98. For clarity, this control bus 66 is not shown in Figure 3. To provide the 19" server cabinet 98 with the greatest possible mechanical stability, the control device 63 in the example of Figure 3 is arranged at the very bottom of all device components of the quantum computer, since this control unit is typically the heaviest device component due to the weight of its power supply and typically does not require any further manual intervention after assembly. Device components that may require manual intervention, such as calibration access, are preferably inserted at a height of 80 cm to 1.2 m.In the example of Figure 3, the base plate 52 with the calibration-intensive cage system 51 is therefore located at an exemplary height of 83 cm measured from the lower edge of the castors of the 19" server cabinet 98 or the floor 116. Preferably, the base plate 52 with the calibration-intensive cage system 51 is therefore located at a height of 75 cm to 1.20 m measured from the lower edge of the castors of the 19" server cabinet 98 and / or better at a height of 77 cm to 1.10 m measured from the lower edge of the castors of the 19" server cabinet 98 and / or better at a height of 78 cm to 1.00 m measured from the lower edge of the castors of the 19" server cabinet 98 and / or better at a height of 79 cm to 90 cm measured from the lower edge of the castors of the 19" server cabinet. kes 98 and / or better at a height of 80 cm to 85 cm measured from the bottom edge of the castors of the 19" server cabinet 98.

[0195] The optics box 74 with the base plate 52 and an optional electrical and / or magnetic shield 90 is mounted, for example, on an exemplary damping material 89 for insulation against acceleration, shocks, vibrations, and structure-borne noise. Handles attached to the base plate 52, not shown in the figures to simplify the illustration, preferably enable safe handling of the opened optics box 74.

[0196] In the example of Figure 3, the AWG 78 is arranged above the control unit 63 in the 19" server cabinet 98. This is because the arrangement of the devices in the 19" server cabinet 98 from bottom to top preferably essentially follows the signal propagation direction. This shortens the cable lengths and thus reduces the parasitic line losses that occur. Since the optimal positioning of the control unit 63 at the bottom of the 19" server cabinet and the base plate 52 with the calibration-intensive cage system 51 are predetermined according to the above considerations, the arrangement of the other device components of the quantum computer essentially follows an up-down sequence, starting with the control unit 63 to the base plate 52 with the cage system 51 and back to the control unit 63.Following this arrangement logic, in the example of Figure 3, the AWG 78 is located above the control unit 63 in the 19" server cabinet 98, while the heat sink(s) 97 for the power stages are located above it. Above this are the microwave source 55 or the microwave amplifier and the RF source 56 or the RF amplifier.

[0197] Preferably, the power stage of the microwave source 55 or the microwave amplifier is thermally connected to one or more of the heat sinks 97 or the heat sink 97 with the smallest possible thermal resistance, so that the waste heat of the microwave source 55 or the microwave amplifier can be transferred from the quantum computer by convection or, better, by means of a fan via the heat exchanger of the heat sink 97 to the air as a heat transport medium, and this heat transport medium can then be removed from the quantum computer, in particular from the 19" server cabinet 98.

[0198] Preferably, the power stage of the RF source 56 or the RF amplifier is thermally connected to one or more of the heat sinks 97 or the heat sink 97 with the smallest possible thermal resistance, so that the waste heat of the RF source 56 or the RF amplifier can be transferred from the quantum computer via the heat exchanger of the heat sink 97 to the air as a heat transport medium by means of convection or, better, by means of a fan, and this heat transport medium can then be removed from the quantum computer, in particular from the 19" server cabinet 98.

[0199] An RF line 58 connects the RF source 56 or the RF amplifier to the PCB board 24 of the sample support device in the cage system 51 on the base plate 52. The length of the RF line 58 is less critical than that of the measurement lines and other lines, since the RF line 58 has relatively few parasitic component permeations, whose parameter values ​​are typically small and which typically have only a minor influence. Therefore, the RF source 56 or the RF amplifier can be arranged lower than other device parts of the quantum computer, as viewed from the base plate 52 with the cage system 51.

[0200] A microwave line 57 connects the microwave source 55 or the microwave amplifier to the PCB board 24 of the sample carrier device in the cage system 51 on the base plate 52. The length of the microwave line 57 is also less critical than that of the measurement lines and other lines, since the microwave line 57 has only relatively few parasitic component coatings, whose parameter values ​​are typically small and which typically have only a minor influence. Therefore, the microwave source 55 or the microwave amplifier can also be arranged lower than other device components of the quantum computer, as viewed from the base plate 52 with the cage system 51. In the example of the side view of the 19" server cabinet 98 in sub-figure 3b, the RF line 58 and the RF source 56 or the RF amplifier conceal the microwave line 57 and the microwave source 55 or the microwave amplifier.The person skilled in the art can deduce the exemplary arrangement of the microwave line 57 and the microwave source 55 or the microwave amplifier by replacing the reference numeral 58 of the RF line in sub-figure 3b with the reference numeral 57 of the microwave line and replacing the reference numeral 56 of the RF source or the RF amplifier with the reference numeral 55 of the microwave source 55 or the microwave amplifier.

[0201] Preferably, the slow photon counter 76 and the fast photon counter 77 are arranged close to the base plate 52 with the cage system 51. However, the optical fibers 2 and 49 should be as short as possible. Therefore, the pump radiation source, here the excitation laser 1, and the single-photon detector 50 or photodetector 50 are arranged on the same 19" shelf (mounting position) of the 19" server cabinet 98 as the slow photon counter 76 and the fast photon counter 77, but further to the right in sub-figure 3b. This arrangement maximally shortens the optical waveguide lengths of the optical waveguides 2, 49 and does not change the length of the line of the first photon detection signal 83 of the single-photon detector 50 or the photon detector 50 and the length of the line of the second photon detection signal 84 of the single-photon detector 50 or the photon detector 50.

[0202] The arrangement sequence from top to bottom in the 19" server cabinet 98 of base plate 52 with the cage system 51 -> pump radiation source, here the excitation laser 1, and the single-photon detector 50 or photodetector 50 with slow photon counter 76 and fast photon counter 77 -> microwave source 55 or microwave amplifier and RF source 56 or the RF amplifier -> heat sink 97 -> control device 63 is therefore not random, but well thought out and reduces the parasitic elements of the lines with maximum reduction effect on undesirable effects of these parasitic elements of the lines on the functional result of the quantum computer when executing quantum computer programs.

[0203] To reduce mechanical influences, vibrations and shocks and to reduce thermal influences, the base plate 52 with the cage system 51 and its optical functional elements is preferably mechanically and / or thermally insulated from the 19" server cabinet 98 over its entire surface or at several points by means of a damping material 89.

[0204] The cage system 51 with the essential optical functional elements is typically located on the base plate 52. The base plate 52 is preferably provided with an electrical and / or magnetic shield 90, which in the exemplary device of Figure 3, in the assembled state, forms a shielding box that protects the cage system 51 in the optics box 74 from electromagnetic radiation (light, EMC radiation, etc.).

[0205] In Fig. 3, it can also be seen that the 19" server cabinet 98 has an openable cover 113 in the form of a removable top plate. The top plate 113 is therefore preferably removable in order to be able to have full access to all components of the optics box 74 on the base plate 52 and to be able to adjust the optical functional elements located on the base plate 52.

[0206] Furthermore, there is a mounting hook 114 for wall mounting the quantum computer's 19" server cabinet 98 on the wall 115 adjacent to the floor 116 on which the quantum computer is installed with its 19" server cabinet 98. The mounting hook 114 prevents the server cabinet 98 from toppling over when the rather heavy optics box 74 is pulled out on the other side. For this purpose, the mounting option 114 is arranged above half the height of the 19" server cabinet 98 to better absorb the corresponding torques.

[0207] Finally, there is a pull-out lock 117 on the optics box 74 to effectively prevent the optics box 74 from being completely pulled out of the server cabinet 98 and to prevent an excessive shift in the center of gravity. This pull-out lock 117 can only be removed from above via the opening created when the top panel 113 of the 19" server cabinet 98 is removed.

[0208] The optics box 74 comprises at least the base plate 52, which is mounted in the 19" server cabinet 98 in an extendable manner. In addition, there may be one to four side walls (not shown) arranged on the base plate 52. The cover 113 covers the optics box 74 at the top. However, there could also be a separate, preferably removable cover element (not shown) of the optics box 74, which is arranged directly on the one to four side walls of the optics box 74. These elements provide quite good shielding of the optics box 74 against the ingress of dust. The claims filed now with the application and also those filed later are without prejudice to the attainment of further protection.

[0209] Should a closer examination, particularly of the relevant prior art, reveal that one or another feature is beneficial to the purpose of the invention but not crucially important, then, of course, a formulation is already being sought that no longer contains such a feature, especially in the main claim. Such a subcombination is thus also covered by the disclosure of this application.

[0210] The references cited in the dependent claims indicate the further development of the subject matter of the main claim through the features of the respective subclaim. However, these are not to be understood as a waiver of independent, objective protection for the features of the referenced subclaims.

[0211] It should also be noted that the embodiments and variants of the invention described in the various embodiments and shown in the figures can be combined with one another as desired. Individual or multiple features are interchangeable.

[0212] These combinations of features are also disclosed.

[0213] Features that were only disclosed in the description or individual features from claims that comprise a plurality of features can at any time be incorporated into the independent claim(s) as being of essential importance to the invention in order to distinguish them from the prior art, even if such features were mentioned in connection with other features or achieve particularly favorable results in connection with other features.

[0214] Thus, all features presented in the general description of the invention, the description of the exemplary embodiments, the following claims, and the figures can be essential to the invention both individually and in any combination. These features or combinations of features can each form the basis of an independent invention, the right to claim which is expressly reserved. Individual features from the description of an exemplary embodiment do not necessarily have to be combined with one or more or all of the other features specified in the description of this exemplary embodiment; in this regard, each sub-combination is expressly disclosed. Furthermore, physical features of a device can be reformulated to also be used as method features, and method features can be reformulated to be used as physical features of a device.Such a reformulation is therefore automatically disclosed.

[0215] List of cited writings

[0216] DE 102020 101784 B3

[0217] WO 2021 083448 Al

[0218] PCT / EP2023 / 055729

[0219] Philipp Neumann, "Towards a room temperature solid-state quantum processor - The nitrogen vacancy center in diamond," PhD thesis at the Faculty 8 Mathematics and Physics of the University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany, December 21, 2011

[0220] DE 20 2023 101 056 Ul

[0221] These documents and their respective contents are incorporated by reference in their entirety within the scope of this invention. This shall also apply to any subsequent applications to the present patent application. In particular, this incorporation by reference shall apply in the context of the nationalization of a subsequent international application, if the law of the respective legal system of the state in which the international application of the document submitted here is nationalized permits such incorporation by reference.

[0222] glossary

[0223] Definition of the terms "bandwidth" and "central wavelength" of electromagnetic radiation in relation to the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation

[0224] background

[0225] The document presented here refers at various points to bandwidth or central wavelength of the pump radiation 54 and bandwidth of the fluorescence radiation 33. For greater clarity, the document presented here defines these terms and their measurement.

[0226] The "bandwidth" of electromagnetic radiation refers to the range of wavelengths within a specific frequency range that are transmitted by the radiation. It is usually expressed in nanometers (nm) or hertz (Hz) and corresponds to the difference between the longest and shortest wavelengths or frequencies covered by the radiation. The "center wavelength" of electromagnetic radiation is the middle or central wavelength within the frequency range at which the radiation has its maximum intensity or power. It represents the wavelength or frequency at which the radiation achieves its highest energy transfer or its dominant resonant frequency.

[0227] Measurement method for measuring the bandwidth and central wavelength of electromagnetic radiation

[0228] The bandwidth and central wavelength of electromagnetic radiation can be determined using various measurement techniques. Two common methods are described below:

[0229] Bandwidth: a) 10%-90% bandwidth method: This method defines the bandwidth of radiation by the wavelength ranges where the intensity or power lies between 10% and 90% of the maximum value. The bandwidth corresponds to the difference between the wavelength points or frequency values ​​where the intensity or power reaches 10% and 90% of the maximum value. b) Spectral analysis bandwidth method: This method uses a spectrum analyzer to measure the intensity of the various wavelength components of electromagnetic radiation. The bandwidth is calculated by determining the frequency range or wavelength range where the intensity lies above a certain threshold.c) Full-width at half maximum (FWHM) for bandwidth: Specifically, the FWHM refers to the frequency or wavelength range within which the intensity, amplitude, or power of the radiation has dropped to half its maximum value. This means that the FWHM is the difference between the wavelength points where the intensity reaches 50% of the maximum value of the radiation.

[0230] Central wavelength: a) Maximum intensity method for the central wavelength: The central wavelength is defined by the wavelength or frequency at which the radiation reaches its maximum intensity or power. It is the point in the frequency range with the highest intensity or power. b) Center of gravity method for the central wavelength: The center of gravity method is a common method for determining the central wavelength of a signal, particularly in spectroscopy and the wavelength measurement of optical components such as filters or lasers. This method is based on calculating the center of gravity of a signal distribution to determine the central wavelength. c) To apply the center of gravity method, the measurement data of the signal or signal distribution is first recorded. These are usually intensity measurements that are recorded as a function of the wavelength or frequency of the signal.d) The center of gravity method works by calculating the sum of the products of the intensity measurements and the corresponding wavelengths (or frequencies) and dividing this sum by the total intensity of the signal. Mathematically, the formula for the center of gravity (CGF) is as follows:

[0231] SP = Z (Intensity ! * WavelengthJ) / Z IntensityJ

[0232] Where "IntensityJ" represents the intensity of the signal at the i-th measured wavelength and "WavelengthJ" represents the i-th measured wavelength. The sums are calculated over all measured values.

[0233] The center of gravity (CGF) thus corresponds to the weighted average of the wavelengths or frequencies of the signal, with the intensity serving as the weighting factor. The resulting center of gravity indicates the central wavelength of the signal.

[0234] The center-of-mass method is a simple and effective way to calculate the central wavelength of a signal, especially when the signal distribution is symmetric. This method is widely used in many applications and offers a precise way to determine the characteristic wavelength of a signal. However, it should be noted that the accuracy of the method depends on the quality of the measurement data, and other analysis methods may be required for asymmetric or complex signal distributions. Measuring the bandwidth and central wavelength of electromagnetic radiation is crucial for characterizing the properties of the radiation and for its targeted use in various applications such as optical communication systems, sensor technologies, and spectral analysis.

[0235] The terms bandwidth and center wavelength can also be applied to the various optical filters mentioned in this document when they are irradiated with white light, or when the filter spectra are converted to white light transmission. The terms bandwidth and center wavelength of the filter then refer to the spectrum of the light transmitted by the filter when white light is transmitted. Definition of the terms "bandwidth" and "center wavelength" of an optical bandpass filter in relation to the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation of an optical bandpass filter.

[0236] An optical bandpass filter is a device capable of transmitting a specific range of wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation while blocking other wavelengths. The "bandwidth" of an optical bandpass filter refers to the range of wavelengths that the filter effectively passes. It is usually measured in nanometers (nm) or angstroms (Å) and corresponds to the difference between the longest and shortest wavelengths that the filter allows to pass.

[0237] The "center wavelength" of an optical bandpass filter is the middle or central wavelength within the passband at which the filter efficiency is highest. It represents the wavelength at which the filter achieves its maximum transmission rate.

[0238] Measurement method for measuring the bandwidth and the central wavelength of an optical bandpass filter

[0239] The bandwidth and center wavelength of an optical bandpass filter can be determined using various measurement techniques. Two common methods are described below: a) Full-width at half maximum (FWHM) bandwidth: This method measures the wavelength ranges where the transmission intensity is half of the maximum transmission value. The bandwidth corresponds to the difference between the wavelength points at which the transmission intensity has dropped to half of the maximum value. b) Maximum transmission center wavelength method: The center wavelength is defined by the wavelength at which the filter achieves its maximum transmission rate. This is the point in the passband with the highest transmission rate.

[0240] Measuring the bandwidth and center wavelength are crucial to characterizing the filter performance of an optical bandpass filter and ensuring that it efficiently transmits the desired wavelengths. 2. Definition of the term "edge wavelength" of an optical longpass filter in relation to the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation: Definition of the terms "edge wavelength" of an optical longpass filter in relation to the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation of optical longpass filters

[0241] An optical longpass filter is a device capable of transmitting electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength greater than a certain edge wavelength, also called the cutoff wavelength, while blocking shorter wavelengths. The edge wavelength of an optical longpass filter is the critical wavelength at which the transmission rate drops abruptly from high transmission (transmittance) for longer wavelengths to low transmission for shorter wavelengths.

[0242] Measurement method for measuring the edge wavelength of an optical long-pass filter

[0243] The edge wavelength of an optical longpass filter can be determined using various measurement methods. Two common methods are described below: a) 50% point method: In this method, the edge wavelength is defined as the wavelength at which the transmission rate is 50% of the maximum value. The edge wavelength corresponds to the point at which the filter efficiency reaches half of the maximum transmission rate. b) 10%-90% method: In this method, the edge wavelength is determined based on the wavelength ranges where the transmission rate lies between 10% and 90% of the maximum value. The edge wavelength corresponds to the point at which the filter efficiency increases from 10% to 90%.

[0244] Definition of the terms "bandwidth" and "central wavelength" of an optical band-stop filter in relation to the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation of optical band-stop filters

[0245] An optical band-stop filter is a device capable of blocking a specific range of wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation while allowing other wavelengths to pass through.

[0246] The "bandwidth" of an optical band-stop filter refers to the range of wavelengths that the filter effectively blocks. It is usually measured in nanometers (nm) or angstroms (Å) and corresponds to the difference between the longest and shortest wavelengths that the filter does not transmit. The "center wavelength" of an optical band-stop filter is the middle or central wavelength within the stopband at which the filter efficiency is highest. It represents the wavelength at which the filter achieves maximum suppression of transmission. Measurement method for measuring the bandwidth and the center wavelength of an optical

[0247] Bandstop filter:

[0248] The bandwidth and center wavelength of an optical band-stop filter can be determined using various measurement methods. Two common methods are described below: a) 10%-90% bandwidth method: This method defines the filter's bandwidth by the wavelength ranges where the transmission rate lies between 10% and 90% of the maximum value. The bandwidth corresponds to the difference between the wavelength points where the transmission rate reaches 10% and 90%. b) Maximum rejection center wavelength method: The center wavelength is defined by the wavelength at which the filter achieves maximum transmission rejection. This is the point in the stopband with the lowest transmission rate.

[0249] Measuring the bandwidth and center wavelength are crucial to characterize the filtering performance of an optical band-stop filter and ensure that it efficiently blocks specific wavelength ranges.

[0250] List of reference symbols

[0251] 1 excitation laser

[0252] 2 first optical waveguide of the excitation laser 1

[0253] 3 Optical fiber holder of the excitation laser 1

[0254] 4 first xy-adjuster

[0255] 5 first collimator lens

[0256] 6 first z-adjuster

[0257] 7 optical neutral density filter

[0258] 8 first removable bracket

[0259] 9 first optical bandpass filter (also called laser bandpass filter)

[0260] 10 first retaining plate

[0261] 11 X / 2 delay plate

[0262] 12 Rotation bracket

[0263] 13 dichroic mirrors

[0264] 15 connecting cubes

[0265] 16 piezoelectric tilt and scanner system with mirror

[0266] 17 Holder of the piezoelectric tilt and scanner system

[0267] 18 Mirror mount with piezoelectric tilt and scanner system with mirror 16

[0268] 19 piezoelectric Z-lens positioner

[0269] 20 lens

[0270] 21 Sample

[0271] 22 NV centers

[0272] 23 Antenna

[0273] 24 PCB board of the sample carrier device

[0274] 25 Adapter plate of the sample carrier device

[0275] 26 Sample positioning device

[0276] TI base plate of the sample carrier device

[0277] 28 Magnetic positioning device

[0278] 29 Adapter plate of the magnetic positioning device

[0279] 30 Haibach magnet assembly

[0280] 31 long-pass filters

[0281] 32 second removable bracket

[0282] 33 Fluorescence radiation of the paramagnetic centers, here the NV centers 22 34 Mirror

[0283] 35 Adjustable mirror mount

[0284] 36 first focusing lens

[0285] 37 pinhole

[0286] 38 xyz adjusters

[0287] 39 second collimator lens

[0288] 40 second retaining plate

[0289] 41 spatially filtered photoluminescence signal of the NV centers

[0290] 42 fluorescence bandpass filters (second bandpass filters)

[0291] 43 third removable bracket

[0292] 44 spectrally and spatially filtered photoluminescence signal of the fluorescence radiation 33 of the paramagnetic centers, here the NV centers 22

[0293] 45 second focusing lens

[0294] 46 second z-adjuster

[0295] 47 Optical waveguide holder of the second optical waveguide 49 of the single-photon detector 50

[0296] 48 second xy-adjuster

[0297] 49 second optical fiber of the single-photon detector 50

[0298] 50 single-photon detectors

[0299] 51 Cage system

[0300] 52 base plate

[0301] 53 band-stop filters

[0302] 54 Pump radiation

[0303] 55 Microwave source (microwave amplifier)

[0304] 56 RF source (RF amplifier)

[0305] 57 Microwave line

[0306] 58 RF cable

[0307] 59 microwave connectors

[0308] 60 RF connectors

[0309] 61 typically planar microwave line

[0310] 62 typically planar RF lines

[0311] 63 Control device

[0312] 64 Memory and / or storage medium of the control device 63

[0313] 65 Computer core of the control unit 63

[0314] 66 Control bus 67 Nuclear quantum bit

[0315] 68 internal data bus of the control device 63

[0316] 69 Data interface

[0317] 70 optical axis of the first optical sub-path

[0318] 71 optical axis of the second optical path

[0319] 72 optical axis of the third optical path

[0320] 74 Optics box with base plate 52, which includes the cage system 51 with the optical functional elements

[0321] 75 Control of the magnetic positioning device 28, this control being considered in this document as part of the magnetic positioning device 28

[0322] 76 Slow photon counter. The slow photon counter 76 is preferably connected to the single-photon detector 50 or the photodetector 50 directly or indirectly via a first photon detection signal 83. The slow photon counter 76 counts the photons whose reception the single-photon detector 50 or the photodetector 50 signals via the first photon detection signal 83, typically without a time stamp. The slow photon counter 76 typically serves to generate a scan image by the control device 63.

[0323] 77 fast photon counter. The fast photon counter 77 is connected to the single-photon detector 50 or the photodetector 50 directly or indirectly via a second photon detection signal 84. The fast photon counter 77 typically counts the photon detection events transmitted by the single-photon detector 50 or the photodetector 50 via a second photon detection signal 84. The fast photon counter 77 provides each event with a time stamp for the time of arrival relative to a temporal reference point. Preferably, the AWG 78 signals the fast photon counter 77 about this temporal reference point using an AWG synchronization signal 82.

[0324] 78 AWG (arbitrary waveform generator = signal generator with freely selectable waveform)

[0325] 79 AWG microwave signal

[0326] 80 AWG RF signal

[0327] 81 AWG laser modulation signal

[0328] 82 AWG synchronization signal

[0329] 83 first photon detection signal of the single-photon detector 50 or the photon detector 50 84 second photon detection signal of the single-photon detector 50 or the photon detector 50

[0330] 89 Damping material

[0331] 90 electrical and / or magnetic shielding

[0332] 94 Control of the sample positioning device 26, this control being considered in this document as part of the sample positioning device 26

[0333] 95 Operating side

[0334] 96 Maintenance page

[0335] 97 heat sinks

[0336] 98 19" server cabinet, subrack

[0337] 99 Evaluation group of the second optical sub-path 71

[0338] 113 openable lid

[0339] 114 mounting hooks, bracket

[0340] 115 Wall, support device

[0341] 116 Floor

[0342] 117 Move-out lock

Claims

Patent claims 1. Quantum computer comprising a sample (21) having paramagnetic centers, preferably NV centers (22), and a pump radiation source (1), in particular in the form of an excitation laser (1), wherein the pump radiation source (1) is configured to supply the paramagnetic centers (22) with pump radiation (54) of a pump radiation wavelength (λ) to the sample by means of an optical system via a first optical partial path (70). pmp), and wherein the optical system is designed to at least partially detect the fluorescence radiation (33) of the paramagnetic centers (22) and to at least partially guide this detected fluorescence radiation (33) to a photodetector (50) and / or a single-photon detector (50) via a second optical partial path (71), wherein the first optical partial path (70) is at least partially different from the second optical partial path (71), and wherein the photodetector (50) or the single-photon detector (50) is designed to convert the fluorescence signal of the fluorescence radiation (33) of the paramagnetic centers (22) into at least one measurement signal and / or at least one measured value, and wherein the quantum computer is designed to convert this at least one measurement signal orto use this at least one measured value for carrying out a quantum operation, characterized in that the quantum computer comprises a subrack (98) in which a base plate (52) is arranged, on which at least one optical device part of the optical system is arranged, wherein the base plate (52) is designed to be at least partially extendable from the subrack (98).

2. Quantum computer according to claim 1, characterized in that the quantum computer is configured to remain in operation even with the base plate (52) at least partially extended.

3. Quantum computer according to one of claims 1 to 2, characterized in that the subrack (98) has a holder (114) which is designed to be connectable to a support device (115) arranged outside the quantum computer, wherein the holder (114) is preferably arranged above half the height of the subrack (98), wherein the support device is in particular a wall (115) of a building.

4. Quantum computer according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the assembly carrier (98) has an opening (113) through which at least one optical device part (5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 16, 20, 21, 31, 34, 36, 37, 39, 42, 45, 53, ) of the optical system can be accessed, wherein the opening (113) is preferably designed to be closable, wherein the opening (113) is located in particular on the upper side of the assembly carrier (98).

5. Quantum computer according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the subrack (98) has at least one, preferably at least two, in particular at least four elements arranged at a distance from one another, which are configured to displace the subrack (98) on a floor (116) on which the subrack (98) is placed, wherein the elements are preferably designed as rollers.

6. Quantum computer according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the optical device parts of the first optical partial path (70) and / or the optical device parts of the second optical partial path (71) are arranged on the base plate (52) and / or that all optical device parts (5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 16, 20, 31, 34, 36, 37, 39, 42, 45, 53, ) of the quantum computer are fastened to the base plate (52).

7. Quantum computer according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least one non-optical device part (1, 50, 55, 56, 63, 76, 77, 78, 97), preferably all non-optical device parts of the quantum computer are arranged in the assembly carrier (98) independently of the base plate (52).

8. Quantum computer according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least one of the elements control device (63), pump radiation source (1), photodetector or single photon detector, a heat sink (97), a microwave source (55), an RF source (56) and an AWG (78) has a different mounting position, preferably a lower mounting position than the base plate (52).

9. Quantum computer according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least one device part (74) of the quantum computer, which may require manual interventions, such as calibration and setting access, is preferably arranged above half the height of the subrack (98), preferably at a height of 70 cm to 1.2 m, in particular at a height of 80 cm to 90 cm in the subrack (98) and / or that at least one device part (63) of the quantum computer, which has a greater weight than other device parts of the quantum computer, is arranged below half the height of the subrack (98), preferably at a height of 0 cm to 50 cm, in particular at a height of 0 cm to 30 cm in the subrack (98).

10. Quantum computer according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the base plate (52) has the highest mounting position in the subrack (98) and / or that the excitation laser (1) and the photodetector or single-photon detector are arranged at an identical horizontal mounting position in the subrack (98) and / or that the mounting position of the excitation laser in the subrack (98) is located below, preferably directly below, the mounting position of the base plate in the subrack (98) and / or that the mounting position of the photodetector or single-photon detector in the subrack (98) is located below, preferably directly below, the mounting position of the base plate (52) in the subrack (98) and / or that the mounting position of the microwave source in the subrack (98) is located below, preferably directly below, the mounting position of the excitation laser in the subrack (98).wherein the microwave source is preferably connected to the heat sink, and / or that the mounting position of the RF source in the subrack (98) is located below, preferably directly below, the mounting position of the excitation laser in the subrack (98), wherein the RF source is preferably connected to the heat sink, and / or that the mounting position of the AWD in the subrack (98) is located below the mounting position of the excitation laser in the subrack (98) and / or that the mounting position of the AWD in the subrack (98) is located below the mounting position of the microwave source in the subrack (98) and / or that the mounting position of the control device in the subrack (98) is located below, preferably directly below, the mounting position of the AWD in the subrack (98) and / or that the mounting position of the control device in the subrack (98) is below,preferably located directly below the mounting position of the AWD in the subrack (98) and / or that the control device has the lowest mounting position in the subrack (98).

11. Quantum computer according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the subrack (98) has a maintenance side (96) and a different operating side (95), wherein the base plate (52) is preferably at least partially removable from the subrack (98) on the operating side (95).

12. Quantum computer according to claim 9, characterized in that on the maintenance side (96) a first optical waveguide connects the excitation laser to the first optical sub-path (70), wherein the length of the first optical waveguide is preferably dimensioned such that the base plate (52) can be at least partially pulled out of the sub-rack (98) without interrupting the operation of the quantum computer, and / or that on the maintenance side (96) a second optical waveguide connects the photodetector or single-photon detector to the second optical sub-path (71), wherein the length of the second optical waveguide is preferably dimensioned such that the base plate (52) can be at least partially pulled out of the sub-rack (98) without interrupting the operation of the quantum computer.

13. Quantum computer according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that there is a lock (117) against the complete withdrawal of the base plate (52) from the assembly carrier (98), wherein the lock (117) is preferably designed to be releasable, wherein the lock (117) is in particular designed such that the release can take place through the opening (113) according to claim 4.

14. Quantum computer according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the base plate (52) is part of an optical box (74) designed as a drawer.

15. Quantum computer according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the base plate (52) has a pattern, preferably a square pattern of threaded holes.

16. Quantum computer according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the base plate (52) is adapted for installation in a 19" rack or a 19" server cabinet.

17. Quantum computer according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the base plate (52) is arranged on the module carrier (98) with damping means, wherein the damping means preferably comprise a damping table.

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