Methods for providing single-stranded RNA

Abstract

A method for providing single-stranded RNA (smcRNA), comprising: (i) producing an RNA preparation comprising smcRNA by in vitro transcription; (ii) contacting the RNA preparation with a cellulose material under conditions that allow double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) to bind to the cellulose material but do not allow smcRNA to bind to the cellulose material; and (iii) separating the scRNA from the cellulose material under conditions that allow the binding of dsRNA to the cellulose material and do not allow the binding of scRNA to the cellulose material, in which in step (ii) the RNA preparation is provided as a liquid comprising scRNA and a first buffer and / or the cellulose material is provided as a suspension in a first buffer, wherein the first buffer comprises water, ethanol and a salt in a concentration that permits the binding of scRNA to the cellulose material and does not permit the binding of scRNA to the cellulose material; and The concentration of ethanol in the first buffer is 14 to 20% (v / v) and the concentration of salt in the first buffer is 15 to 70 mM.

Description

Methods for providing single-stranded RNA Technical field of the invention The present invention relates to methods for providing single-stranded RNA (ssRNA). Background of the invention During mRNA synthesis by in vitro transcription (IVT) using T7 RNA polymerase (see Yin et al. Cell 116 (2004), 393-404) significant amounts of aberrant products are produced, including double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) due to the activity unconventional enzyme (see Triana-Alonso et al., JSC 270 (1995), 6298-6307; Cazenave et al., PNAS USA 91 (1994), 6972-6976; Gong et al., JBC 281 (2006) , 23533-23544). Since dsRNA induces inflammatory cytokines and activates effector enzymes (see Kariko et al., Curr. Opin. Drug Discov. Devel. 10 (2007), 523-532) leading to inhibition of protein synthesis, it is important remove the dsRNA from the TIV mRNA to be used as a therapeutic compound. To date, two different methods have been described for the removal of dsRNA from TIV mRNA. One method is purification of TIV mRNA by ion-pair reverse-phase HPLC using a C18 non-porous polystyrene-divinylbenzene (PS-DVB) matrix (see Weissman et al., Methods Mol. Biol. 969 (2013), 43 -54) or porous (see US 8,383,340 B2). However, methods using HPLC to purify RNA have several drawbacks, such as complex equipment; use of toxic solvents such as acetonitrile; long duration of the standard purification process; difficult climbing; costs; and degradation of long RNA due to shearing. Alternatively, an enzyme-based method has been established using E. coli RNase III that specifically hydrolyzes dsRNA but not ssRNA, thus removing dsRNA contaminants from TIV mRNA preparations (see WO 2013 / 102203 A1). However, it is possible that RNase III induces unwanted reactions (such as an unwanted immune reaction) in the patient to be treated with the RNA. Therefore, before administering the RNA to the patient, it is necessary to remove the enzyme thus increasing the complexity and cost of the method. Furthermore, the use of RNase III often leads to partial degradation of ssRNA, especially long ssRNA, during incubation. This is likely due to RNase Ill-catalyzed hydrolysis of double-stranded secondary structures contained in the ssRNA. A nonionic interaction between unmodified CF-11 cellulose powder and RNA in the presence of EtOH was described in 1966 and used to separate RNAs ("soluble RNA") from ribosomal RNA (rRNA) by chromatography (Barber, R Biochim Biophys Acta 114 (1966), 42-424). While mRNA was eluted with 35% EtOH from the column, rRNA could be selectively eluted by reducing the EtOH concentration of the chromatography buffer to 15%. Franklin et al. (PNAS USA 55 (1966), 1504-1511) used the same separation principle to isolate the replicative intermediate (RI) RNA of bacteriophage R17 from E. coli total RNA RNA. Here, cellulose-bound RI RNA, identified as RNase A-resistant dsRNA, was efficiently eluted only in EtOH-free buffer. This technique was adapted to isolate dsRNA from Cryphonectria parasitica, a parasitic fungus of chestnut (Day et al., Phytopathology 67 (1977), 1393). Morris and Dodds (Phytopathology 69 (1977), 854-858) simplified previously described cellulose-based procedures by selectively removing viral dsRNA from fungal and plant RNA isolates in the presence of 15% (v / v) EtOH. This procedure has been used for decades to isolate dsRNA and has undergone only minor modifications over the years, for example, using commercial minicolumns packed with CF-11 cellulose, to speed up the process and increase sample throughput (see Castillo et al. , Virol. J. 8 (2011), 38; Okada et al., Arch. Virol. 159 (2014), 807-809). Pe'er and et al. (Methods 11 (1997), 371-381) describe the synthesis and purification of ssRNA for use in experiments. with PKR and in cell-free translation systems. Kariko et al. (Nucl. Acids Res. 39 (2011), e142) report that in vitro transcribed RNA contaminants are a source of innate immune activation and their removal increases RNA translation and eliminates type I interferon and inflammatory cytokine secretion. . Urayama et al. (Microbes Environ. 30 (2015), 199-203) describe a method of fractionation and recovery of ionic nucleic acid composition and structure based on viral genomes using tandem column chromatography. It is an object of the present invention to provide means that address one or more of the problems described above. In particular, it is an object of the present invention to provide an alternative method of providing ssRNA that is cost effective, simple and less time consuming than HPLC based methods; that avoids toxic substances; that can be easily expanded; which provides ssRNA in comparable yield and purity to ssRNA obtained by HPLC; it does not affect long RNAs; and / or that does not degrade RNA. Said objects underlying the present invention are solved by the content that is described or defined elsewhere in this document, for example, by the content of the appended claims. Summary of the invention In a first aspect, the present invention provides a method of providing ssRNA, comprising (i) providing an RNA preparation comprising ssRNA produced by in vitro transcription: (ii) contacting the RNA preparation with a cellulose material in conditions that allow binding of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) to the cellulose material and disallowing binding of ssRNA to the cellulose material; and (iii) separating the ssRNA from the cellulose material under conditions that allow dsRNA binding to the cellulose material and not allowing ssRNA binding to the cellulose material, wherein in step (ii) the RNA preparation is provided as a liquid comprising ssRNA and a first buffer and / or the cellulose material is provided as a suspension in a first buffer, wherein the first buffer comprises water, ethanol, and a salt in a concentration that allows binding of dsRNA to the cellulose material and not allowing binding of ssRNA to the cellulose material; and the concentration of ethanol in the first buffer is 14 to 20% (v / v) and the concentration of the salt in the first buffer is 15 to 70 mM. Therefore, in the first aspect, steps (ii) and (iii) are carried out under conditions that allow binding of dsRNA to the cellulose material and do not allow binding of ssRNA to the cellulose material (this first aspect some (sometimes referred to herein as a "negative" purification procedure because it allows selective binding of the dsRNA to the cellulose material, while the ssRNA remains unattached). In one embodiment of the negative purification method, step (ii) comprises mixing the RNA preparation comprising ssRNA with the cellulose material by shaking and / or stirring, preferably for at least 5 min, more preferably for at least 10 min. In one embodiment of the negative purification procedure, in step (ii) the salt comprised in the first buffer is sodium chloride. In one embodiment, the concentration of ethanol in the first buffer is 14 to 16% (v / v). In one embodiment, the concentration of the salt in the first buffer is from 20 to 60 mM. In one embodiment, the first buffer further comprises a buffering substance, preferably tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (TRIS), and / or a chelating agent, preferably EDTA. In one embodiment of the negative purification procedure, in step (ii) and / or (iii) the mixture of the RNA preparation, the cellulose material and the first buffer is provided in a tube and step (iii) comprises ( 1) apply gravity or centrifugal force to the tube so as to separate the liquid and solid phases; and (2) collecting the supernatant comprising ssRNA or removing the cellulose material. In an alternative embodiment, in step (ii) and / or (iii) the mixture of the RNA preparation, the cellulose material and the first buffer is provided in a spin column or filter device and step (iii) comprises (1') applying gravity, centrifugal force, pressure, or vacuum to the spin column or filter device so that the liquid and solid phases separate; and (2') collecting the outflow comprising ssRNA. In one embodiment of the negative purification procedure, steps (ii) and (iii) are repeated one or two or more times, in which the ssRNA preparation obtained after step (iii) of a cycle of steps (ii) and (iii) as RNA preparation in step (ii) of the following cycle and in step (ii) of each cycle of steps (ii) and (iii) fresh cellulose material is used. In a second aspect, the present invention provides a method of providing ssRNA, comprising: (i) producing an RNA preparation comprising ssRNA by in vitro transcription; (ii) contacting the RNA preparation with a cellulose material under conditions that allow binding of dsRNA and ssRNA to the cellulose material; and (iii) separating the ssRNA from the cellulose material under conditions that allow dsRNA binding to the cellulose material and disallow ssRNA binding to the cellulose material, wherein step (iii) comprises: (1) mixing the cellulose material to which dsRNA and ssRNA are bound with a first buffer by shaking and / or shaking, wherein the first buffer comprises water, ethanol, and a salt in a concentration that allows binding of dsRNA to the cellulose material and does not allow binding of ssRNA to cellulose material; and (2) separating the liquid phase comprising ssRNA from the cellulose material; and the concentration of ethanol in the first buffer is 14 to 20% (v / v) and the concentration of the salt in the first buffer is 15 to 70 mM. Therefore, in the second aspect, step (ii) is carried out under conditions that allow binding of dsRNA and ssRNA to the cellulose material; and step (iii) is carried out under conditions that allow binding of dsRNA to the cellulose material and do not allow binding of ssRNA to the cellulose material (this second aspect is sometimes referred to herein as a "positive" purification procedure). ", because first dsRNA and ssRNA bind to the cellulose material and then the ssRNA is selectively released from the cellulose material, while the dsRNA remains bound). In one embodiment of the positive purification procedure, step (ii) comprises (1) mixing the RNA preparation comprising ssRNA with the cellulose material by shaking and / or stirring, preferably for at least 5 min, more preferably for at least 10 minutes; and (2) separating the dsRNA- and ssRNA-binding cellulose material from the remainder. In one embodiment of the positive purification procedure, in step (ii) the RNA preparation is provided as a liquid comprising ssRNA and a second buffer and / or the cellulose material is provided as a suspension in a second buffer, in the that the second buffer comprises water, ethanol and a salt, preferably sodium chloride, in a concentration that allows binding of dsRNA and ssRNA to the cellulose material. In one embodiment, the concentration of ethanol in the second buffer is at least 35% (v / v), preferably 38 to 42% (v / v). In one embodiment, the concentration of the salt in the second buffer is from 15 to 70 mM, preferably from 20 to 60 mM. In one embodiment, the second buffer further comprises a buffering substance, preferably tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (TRIS), and / or a chelating agent, preferably EDTA. In one embodiment of the positive purification procedure, in step (ii) (1) and / or (ii) (2) the mixture of the RNA preparation and the cellulose material obtained in step (ii) (1) is it is provided in a tube and step (ii) (2) comprises (2a) applying gravity or centrifugal force to the tube so as to separate the liquid and solid phases; and (2b) removing the supernatant or collecting the dsRNA- and ssRNA-binding cellulose material. In an alternative embodiment, in step (ii) (1) and / or (ii) (2) the mixture of the RNA preparation and the cellulose material obtained in step (ii) (1) is provided in a column spin column or filter device and step (ii) (2) comprises (2a') applying gravity, centrifugal force, pressure or vacuum to the spin column or filter device such that the liquid and solid phases separate; and (2b') discarding the output stream. In one embodiment of the positive purification procedure, step (ii) further comprises (3) adding an aliquot of the second buffer to the dsRNA- and ssRNA-binding cellulose material; (4) incubate the resulting mixture by shaking and / or shaking, preferably for at least 5 min, more preferably for at least 10 min; and (5) separating the dsRNA- and ssRNA-binding cellulose material from the liquid phase; and optionally (6) repeating steps (3) to (5) one or two or more times. In one embodiment of the positive purification procedure, in step (iii) (1) the cellulose material to which the dsRNA and ssRNA bind is mixed with the first buffer by shaking and / or stirring for at least 5 min, preferably for at least 10 minutes. In one embodiment, the salt comprised in the first buffer is sodium chloride. In one embodiment, the ethanol concentration in the first buffer is 14-16% (v / v). In one embodiment, the concentration of the salt in the first buffer is 20 to 60 mM. In one embodiment, the first buffer further comprises a buffering substance, preferably tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (TRIS) and / or a chelating agent, preferably EDTA. In one embodiment of the positive purification procedure, in step (iii) the mixture of the cellulose material and the first buffer is provided in a tube and step (iii) (2) comprises (2a) applying gravity or centrifugal force to the tube in such a way that the liquid and solid phases are separated; and (2b) collecting the supernatant comprising ssRNA or removing the cellulose material. In an alternative embodiment, in step (iii) the mixture of the cellulose material and the first buffer is provided in a spin column or filter device and step (iii) (2) comprises (2a') applying gravity, centrifugal force , pressure, or vacuum to the spin column or filter device; and (2b') collecting the outflow comprising ssRNA. In one embodiment of the positive purification procedure, steps (ii) and (iii) are repeated one or two or more times, in which the ssRNA preparation obtained after step (iii) of a cycle of steps (ii) and (iii) as RNA preparation in step (ii) of the following cycle and in step (ii) of each cycle of steps (ii) and (iii) fresh cellulose material is used. In one embodiment of the positive purification procedure, in step (ii) the cellulose material is provided on a column, step (ii) comprises loading the RNA preparation onto the column under conditions that allow binding of dsRNA and ssRNA to the cellulose material, and step (iii) comprises eluting the ssRNA from the cellulose material under conditions that allow binding of dsRNA to the cellulose material and do not allow binding of ssRNA to the cellulose material. In one embodiment, in step (ii) the RNA preparation is provided and loaded onto the column as a liquid comprising ssRNA and a second buffer, wherein the second buffer comprises water, ethanol and a salt, preferably sodium chloride. sodium, in a concentration that allows binding of dsRNA and ssRNA to the cellulose material. In one embodiment, the concentration of ethanol in the second buffer is at least 35% (v / v), preferably 38 to 42% (v / v). In one embodiment, the concentration of the salt in the second buffer is from 15 to 70 mM, preferably from 20 to 60 mM. In one embodiment, the second buffer further comprises a buffering substance, preferably tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (TRIS), and / or a chelating agent, preferably EDTA. In one embodiment, step (iii) is carried out using a first buffer as eluent, wherein preferably the salt comprised in the first buffer is sodium chloride. In one embodiment, the concentration of ethanol in the first buffer is 14 to 16% (v / v). In one embodiment, the concentration of the salt in the first buffer is from 20 to 60 mM. In one embodiment, the first buffer further comprises a buffering substance, preferably tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (TRIS), and / or a chelating agent, preferably EDTA. In an embodiment of the first and second aspects, the RNA preparation is produced using an RNA polymerase selected from the group consisting of T3, T7, and SP6 RNA polymerases. In an embodiment of the first and second aspects, prior to step (ii) the RNA preparation is subjected to at least n pre-purification treatments. In one embodiment, at least one pre-purification treatment comprises one or more of the following: nucleic acid precipitation, preferably using lithium chloride; binding of nucleic acids to magnetic beads; ultrafiltration; and DNA degradation, preferably using duplex-specific nuclease (DSN). In an embodiment of the first and second aspects, the ssRNA is mRNA or an inhibitory RNA (such as an antisense RNA, siRNA, or miRNA). In an embodiment of the first aspect, the ssRNA is at least 2,700 nt in length, preferably at least 2,800 nt, at least 2,900 nt, at least 3,000 nt, at least 3,100 nt, at least 3,200 nt, at least 3,300 nt, al minus 3400 nt, such as at least 3500 nt, at least 3600 nt, at least 3700 nt, at least 3800 nt, at least 3900 nt, at least 4000 nt, at least 4100 nt, at least 4200 nt, at least 4300 nt, at least 4,400 nt, or at least 4,500 nt. In an embodiment of the first and second aspects, the cellulose material comprises cellulose fibers, preferably cellulose fibers of a grade suitable for use as a partition chromatography reagent. In one embodiment, prior to contacting the RNA preparation in step (ii), the cellulose material is provided as a washed cellulose material. In one embodiment, washing the cellulosic material includes (I) mixing the cellulosic material with a washing solution by shaking and / or agitating, preferably for at least 5 min, more preferably for at least 10 min; and (II) withdrawing the liquid or collecting the cellulose material; and optionally (III) repeating steps (I) and (II) one or two or more times. In one embodiment, the wash solution has the composition of (A) the first buffer as defined above or below if step (ii) is performed under conditions that allow binding of dsRNA to the washed cellulose material and do not allow the binding of ssRNA to the washed cellulose material (i.e., in "negative" purification method embodiments), or (B) the second buffer as defined above or below if step (ii) is performed under conditions that allow binding of dsRNA and ssRNA to the washed cellulose material (ie, in "positive" purification method embodiments). Also described herein is ssRNA obtainable by any method of the first or second aspects. The ssRNA is substantially free of dsRNA and / or substantially free of DNA, preferably substantially free of dsRNA and DNA. This ssRNA can be used in therapy. Other aspects, as well as advantages and novel features of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description, optionally in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Brief description of the drawings Figure 1: The extraction of dsRNA peptides from TIV RNA by cellulose. After incubation with a cellulose material in the presence of 1x STE buffer containing 16% (v / v) EtOH, bound and unbound fractions of 50 µg of the 2,500 nt m 1^ modified TIV RNA were analyzed. length to detect dsRNA contaminants by dot blot using dsRNA-specific J2 antibody. For comparison, unpurified RNA (input) was analyzed in parallel. 180 ng, 900 ng and 1800 ng of the RNA of the corresponding RNAs were loaded for dot blot analysis. To monitor RNA integrity, 80 ng of the RNAs were loaded onto a 1.4% (w / v) agarose gel and separated by electrophoresis. Figure 2: The impact of different EtOH concentrations on the efficiency of dsRNA removal from TIV RNA by cellulose. After incubation with a cellulose material in the presence of 1x STE buffer containing 16% (v / v), 18% (v / v), or 20% (v / v) EtOH, bound and unbound fractions of 50 μg of the D2-protected ^ 1,500 nt long modified TIV RNA were analyzed for dsRNA contaminants and RNA / DNA hybrids by dot blot using dsRNA-specific antibody J2 or RNA-hybrid-specific antibody S 9.6 -DNA, respectively. For comparison, unpurified RNA (input) was analyzed in parallel. 40 ng, 200 ng and 1000 ng of the RNA of the corresponding aRns were loaded onto two separate membranes, each of which hybridized with the indicated antibodies in dot blot analysis. Figure 3: Comparison of cellulose purification of TIV RNA with RNase III treatment and HPLC purification. 100 μg of the 1^m-modified TIV RNA of 2,500 nt length was purified 1x, 2x, or 3x with cellulose using microcentrifuge spin columns and 1x STE buffer containing 16% (v / v) EtOH. 200 ng, 1,000 ng, and 3,000 ng of the cellulose-purified RNA were analyzed for dsRNA contaminants by dot blot using a dsRNA-specific J2 antibody. For comparison, the same amounts of crude RNA as well as HPLC-purified RNase III-treated RNA were loaded onto the dot-blot membrane. Hybridization signals were quantified by densitometry and values ​​are expressed as percentage of dsRNA removed from unpurified RNA. To monitor RNA integrity, 80 ng of the RNAs were loaded onto a 1.4% (w / v) agarose gel and separated by electrophoresis. Figure 4: Comparison of the performance of different types of cellulose in the removal of dsRNA from TIV RNA. The bound and unbound fractions of 100 μg of the modified TIV RNA with m 1^ of 1,500 nt length after 1 cycle of purification using different celluloses (Sigma, C6288; Macherey-Nagel, MN 100 and MN 2100), columns Microfuge spins and 1x STE buffer containing 16% (v / v) EtOH were analyzed by dot blot. 80 ng, 400 ng and 2,000 ng samples of RNA were analyzed for dsRNA contaminants using dsRNA-specific J2 antibody. For comparison, the same amount of crude RNA (input RNA) was loaded onto the dot blot membrane. Hybridization signals were quantified by densitometry and values ​​are expressed as percentage of dsRNA removed from unpurified RNA. To monitor RNA integrity, 80 ng of the RNAs were loaded onto a 1.4% (w / v) agarose gel and separated by electrophoresis. Figure 5: The cellulose purification method is scalable. 5 mg of the 1900 nt long D1 capped TIV RNA was purified 1x or 2x with cellulose using vacuum driven filter devices and 1x STE buffer containing 16% (v / v) EtOH. 40 ng, 200 ng and 1000 ng of the cellulose-purified RNA were analyzed for dsRNA contaminants by dot blot using a dsRNA-specific J2 antibody. For comparison, the same amounts of crude RNA (input RNA) were loaded onto the dot blot membrane. Hybridization signals were quantified by densitometry and values ​​are expressed as percentage of dsRNA removed from unpurified RNA. To monitor RNA integrity, 80 ng of the RNAs were loaded onto a 1.4% (w / v) agarose gel and separated by electrophoresis. RNA recovery rates for both samples are indicated. Figure 6: Purification of TIV RNA with different length using a "positive" purification procedure. For 2 cycles of cellulose purification, 400 μg of D1-capped TIV RNA >10,000 nt long, D2-capped TIV RNA 1,300 nt long (A) and TIV RNA 2,500 nt long (without A) were used. protect) (B). None of the RNAs contained nucleoside modifications. During the first cycle, RNAs were fully bound to cellulose using 1x STE containing 40% (v / v) EtOH prior to elution with buffer containing 16% (v / v) and transferred to a second cellulose column. microfuge containing a cellulose material ("positive" purification). The indicated amounts of purified RNAs were analyzed for dsRNA contaminants by dot blot using a dsRNA-specific J2 antibody. For comparison, the same amounts of crude RNA were loaded onto dot blot membranes. To monitor RNA integrity, 80 ng of the RNAs were loaded onto 1.4% (w / v) agarose gels and separated by electrophoresis. Figure 7: Purification of TIV RNA using buffers with different ionic strength. 250 μg (A) or 160 μg (B) of the 1^m-modified TIV RNA of 1,300 nt length were purified by cellulose using 1x STE buffers containing 25-150 mM NaCl (A) or 0-50 mM NaCl ( B). Before elution with corresponding buffers containing 16% (v / v) EtOH followed by elution with 0% (v / v) EtOH buffers, RNA was completely bound to cellulose in the presence of 40% EtOH. (v / v) . 40ng, 200ng, 1000ng and 3000ng of the eluted RNAs were analyzed for dsRNA contaminants by dot blot using dsRNA-specific J2 antibody. Due to low recovery, only 40 ng, 200 ng and 1000 ng of the RNA eluted with 0% (v / v) EtOH could be loaded for dot blot analysis in (B). For comparison, the same amounts of crude RNA (input RNA) were loaded onto dot blot membranes. Hybridization signals were quantified by densitometry and values ​​are expressed as percentage of dsRNA removed from unpurified RNA. To monitor RNA integrity, 80 ng of the RNAs were loaded onto 1.4% (w / v) agarose gels and separated by electrophoresis. Figure 8: Cellulose purification of TIV RNA by FPLC. (A) An FPLC chromatogram of 500 μg of the m 1^ modified TIV RNA of 1,300 nt length is shown, in which the RNA was loaded onto a XK 16 / 20 column packed with 4 g of a cellulose material. Binding was performed with 1x STE containing 40% (v / v) EtOH, contaminating ssRNA and dsRNA were eluted by decreasing the EtOH concentration of the running buffer to 16% (v / v) and 0% (v / v). ), respectively. Fractions indicated by a gray box in the chromatogram (F1: 16% EtOH eluate, F2: 0% EtOH eluate) were collected. (B) 40 ng, 200 ng, 1,000 ng, and 3,000 ng of RNAs recovered from fractions F1 and F2 were analyzed for dsRNA contaminants by dot blot using dsRNA-specific J2 antibody. For comparison, the same amounts of crude RNA (input RNA) were loaded onto the dot blot membrane. Hybridization signals were quantified by densitometry and values ​​are expressed as percentage of dsRNA removed from unpurified RNA. To monitor RNA integrity, 80 ng of the RNAs were loaded onto a 1.4% (w / v) agarose gel and separated by electrophoresis. Figure 9: Purification of TIV RNA using different concentrations of EtOH for elution of ssRNA. 200 μg of the 1,500 nt long D1-capped TIV RNA was cellulose purified using 1x STE buffer containing 6%, 10%, 12%, 14%, 16, 18%, 20%, or 24% EtOH (v / v) to elute ssRNA. Before elution, RNA was completely bound to cellulose in the presence of 40% (v / v) EtOH. 200 ng, 1,000 ng, and 3,000 ng of the eluted ssRNAs were analyzed for dsRNA contaminants by dot blot using dsRNA-specific J2 antibody (A). For comparison, the same amounts of crude RNA (at input Rn) were loaded onto the dot blot membrane. To monitor RNA integrity, 80 ng of the RNAs were loaded onto a 1.4% (w / v) agarose gel and separated by electrophoresis. (B) Hybridization signals were quantified by densitometry and values ​​(expressed as percentage of dsRNA removed from unpurified RNA) were plotted against EtOH concentrations used for elution (solid line) and compared to rates of RNA recovered from individual eluates (dashed line). Figure 10: Determination of the binding capacity of cellulose to RNA. 0.1 g of cellulose (Sigma, C6288) was incubated with 25 μg, 50 μg, 100 μg, 250 μg, 500 g, 750 μg, 1,000 μg, or 1,500 μg of the capped TIV RNA. 1,500 nt long D1 in 500 µl of 1x STE containing 40% (v / v) EtOH in a microfuge column. After separation of unbound RNA by centrifugation, cellulose-bound RNA was eluted stepwise, first with 1x STE containing 16% (v / v) EtOH and finally with H2O (0% (v / v) EtOH). ) . After precipitation, the amounts of the RNA recovered from the outflow (A, B; 40% (v / v) EtOH, solid line), the 16% (v / v) EtOH eluate (A, B; dashed line) and 0% (v / v) EtOH% eluate (A, B; dotted line) were determined by spectrophotometry and plotted against the total amount of RNA used for purification. Values ​​are presented as recovery rate relative to the total amount of RNA used (A) or as the total yield of recovered RNA (B). 200 ng, 1,000 ng and 3,000 ng of the RNA recovered from the 16% (v / v) eluates were analyzed for dsRNA contaminants by dot blot using dsRNA-specific J2 antibody (C). For comparison, the same amounts of crude RNA (input RNA) were loaded onto the dot blot membrane. To monitor RNA integrity, 80 ng of these RNAs were loaded onto a 1.4% (w / v) agarose gel and separated by electrophoresis. Hybridization signals were quantified by densitometry and values ​​(expressed as a percentage of dsRNA removed from non-purified RNA) were plotted against the total amount of RNA used for purification (D; solid line) and compared with rates of RNA recovered from individual 16% (v / v) EtOH eluates (D; dashed line). Figure 11: Impact of cellulose purification of TIV RNA on its translatability and immunogenicity. D1-capped TIV RNA (200 jig) encoding murine erythropoietin (EPO) was left unpurified or purified by a 2-step procedure using 2 spin columns each filled with a cellulose material: 1st column: purification TIV RNA positive (ie, dsRNA and ssRNA binding using 1x STE buffer containing 40% (v / v) EtOH; ssRNA elution using 1x STE buffer containing 16% (v / v) EtOH); 2nd column: negative purification of the eluate from the 1st column (ie, the eluate containing ssRNA and obtained from the 1st column using 1x STE buffer containing 16% EtOH). The outlet stream obtained from the second column was precipitated with isopropanol / sodium acetate and redissolved in H2O. After formulation with TransIT (Mirus Bio), the TIV RNAs were injected intraperitoneally into mice (n=4) at a dose of 3 jig of the RNA / animal. Blood was drawn at 2, 6 and 24 h after injection and plasma samples were collected. Control mice were injected with TransIT only. Murine interferon alpha (A) and murine EPO (B) levels were measured using specific ELISA assays (Murine interferon alpha-specific ELISA (eBioscience); Murine EPO-specific ELISA DuoSet development kit (R&D)). Detailed description of the present invention Although the present invention is further described in more detail below, it is to be understood that this invention is not limited to the particular methodologies, protocols, and reagents described herein, as these may vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, which shall be limited only by the appended claims. Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meanings as are commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. In the following, the elements of the present invention will be described in more detail. These elements are listed with specific embodiments, however, it is to be understood that they may be combined in any manner and in any number to create additional embodiments. The variously described examples and preferred embodiments should not be construed as limiting the present invention solely to the explicitly described embodiments. It is to be understood that this description supports and encompasses embodiments that combine the explicitly described embodiments with any number of the described and / or preferred elements. Furthermore, any of the permutations and combinations of all the elements described in this application should be considered disclosed by the description of the present application unless the context indicates otherwise. For example, if in one preferred embodiment the ssRNA comprises a poly(A) tail consisting of 120 nucleotides and in another preferred embodiment the ssRNA molecule comprises a 5' cap analog, then in a preferred embodiment the ssRNA comprises the poly(A) tail consisting of 120 nucleotides and the 5' cap analog. Likewise, if in a preferred embodiment the concentration of EtOH in the first buffer is 14 to 16% (v / v) and in another preferred embodiment the concentration of a chelating agent in the first buffer is 15 to 40 mM, then in In a preferred embodiment, the first buffer comprises EtOH at a concentration of 14 to 16% (v / v) and the chelating agent at a concentration of 15 to 40 mM. Preferably, terms used in this document are defined as described in "A multilingual glossar and of biotechnological terms: (IUPAC Recommendations)", H.G.W. Leuenberger, B. Nagel, and H. Kolbl, Eds., Helvetica Chimica Acta, CH-4010. Basel, Switzerland, (1995). The practice of the present invention will employ, unless otherwise indicated, conventional methods of chemistry, biochemistry, and recombinant DNA techniques that are explained in the pertinent literature in that field (see, for example, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory and Manual , 2nd Edition, J. Sambrook et al eds., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory and Press, Cold Spring Harbor 1989). Throughout this specification and the claims that follow, unless the context otherwise requires, the word "comprise" and variations such as "comprising" will be understood to imply the inclusion of an element, integer or step or group of elements, integers, or steps, but not to the exclusion of any other element, integer, or step or group of elements, integers, or steps. The term "consisting essentially of" means excluding other elements, integers, or steps of any essential meaning. The term "comprising" encompasses the term "consisting essentially of" which, in turn, encompasses the term "consisting of". Therefore, at each occurrence in the present application, the term "comprising" may be replaced by the term "consisting essentially of" or "consisting of". Also, at each occurrence in the present application, the term "consisting essentially of" may be replaced by the term "consisting of". The terms "a", "uno, una" and "el, la" and similar references used in the context of the description of the invention (especially in the context of the claims) should be interpreted to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by the context. Mention of ranges of values ​​herein is merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of individually referring to each separate value that falls within the range. Unless otherwise indicated herein, each individual value is incorporated into the specification as if individually mentioned herein. All methods described herein may be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by the context. The use of any and all examples, or expression example (for example, "such as"), provided herein is merely intended to better illustrate the invention and is not intended to limit the scope of the claimed invention. else. Nothing in the specification is to be construed as indicating any unclaimed element essential to the practice of the invention. Various documents are cited throughout the text of this specification. Nothing in this document should be construed as an admission that the invention is not entitled to precede such disclosure by virtue of prior invention. The term "conditions that allow binding of dsRNA to cellulose material" as used herein means conditions that favor (eg, enhance) binding (preferably non-covalent binding or adsorption) of dsRNA to cellulose material, inhibit release the dsRNA bound to the cellulose material from the cellulose material, and / or reduce the amount of free dsRNA (ie, dsRNA that is not bound to the cellulose material). These conditions may or may not allow the binding of RNAs other than dsRNA (eg, ssRNA) to the cellulose material. Thus, in one embodiment, the term "conditions that allow binding of dsRNA to cellulose material" is "conditions that allow binding of dsRNA to cellulose material and do not allow binding of ssRNA to cellulose material." In this embodiment, conditions (i) promote (eg, enhance) binding (preferably non-covalent binding or adsorption) of dsRNA to the cellulose material, inhibit release of dsRNA bound to the cellulose material from the cellulose material, and / o reduce the amount of free dsRNA (i.e., the amount of dsRNA not bound to the cellulose material), and (ii) favor (e.g., enhance) the unbound state of ssRNA (i.e., the state of unbound ssRNA). bound or adsorbed to the cellulose material), reduce the amount of the ssRNA bound (preferably adsorbed or non-covalently bound) to the cellulose material, and / or inhibit the binding (preferably non-covalent binding or adsorption) of the ssRNA to the cellulose material . In an alternative embodiment, the term "conditions that allow the binding of dsRNA to the cellulose material" is "conditions that allow the binding of dsRNA and ssRNA to the cellulose material". In this alternate embodiment, the conditions favor (eg, enhance) the binding (preferably non-covalent binding or adsorption) of dsRNA and ssRNA to the cellulose material, inhibit the release of dsRNA and ssRNA bound to the cellulose material from the cellulose material. and / or reduce the amount of free dsRNA and ssRNA (ie, the amount of dsRNA and ssRNA not bound to the cellulose material). The above conditions whether or not to allow binding of dsRNA / ssRNA to the cellulose material can be controlled by the composition of the medium (such as the composition of a buffer) in which the dsRNA / ssRNA comprising RNA preparation is dissolved or added. to the cellulose material. In this regard, "composition" means the type and amount of the components contained in the medium (eg, in the buffer). Thus, in one embodiment, "conditions that allow binding of dsRNA to cellulose material and do not allow binding of ssRNA to cellulose material" may be achieved by a first means (eg, a first buffer) comprising water, ethanol, and a salt in a concentration that allows binding of dsRNA to the cellulose material and does not allow binding of ssRNA to the cellulose material. Therefore, to meet these conditions, in step (ii) the RNA preparation can be provided as a liquid comprising ssRNA and the first medium (eg the first buffer); the cellulose material may be provided as a suspension in the first medium (eg, the first buffer) (eg, as a washed cellulose material, wherein the first medium (eg, the first buffer) has been used as wash solution) ; the RNA preparation may be provided as a liquid comprising ssRNA and the first medium (eg first buffer) and the cellulose material may be provided as a suspension in the first medium (eg first buffer); or the RNA preparation may be provided as a liquid comprising ssRNA and the first medium (eg, first buffer) and the cellulose material may be provided as washed cellulose material (wherein the first medium (eg, the first buffer) has been used as a wash solution), either in dry form or as a suspension in the first medium (eg, the first buffer). The expression "in a concentration that allows the binding of dsRNA to the cellulose material and that does not allow the binding of ssRNA to the cellulose material" means that the concentration of the components (in particular water, ethanol and a salt) in the first medium (eg, in the first buffer) is sufficient to (i) promote (eg, enhance) binding (preferably non-covalent binding or adsorption) of dsRNA to the cellulose material, inhibit release of dsRNA bound to the cellulose material of the cellulose material in the first medium (for example, in the first buffer) and / or reduce the amount of free dsRNA (that is, the amount of dsRNA not bound to the cellulose material) in the first medium (for example, in the first buffer), and (ii) favoring (eg, enhancing) the unbound state of the ssRNA (i.e., the state of the ssRNA not bound or adsorbed to the cellulose material), reducing the amount of bound ssRNA (preferably bound or non-covalently adsorbed) to the material d and cellulose, and / or inhibit the binding (preferably non-covalent binding or adsorption) of the ssRNA to the cellulose material. Furthermore, in one embodiment, "conditions that allow binding of dsRNA and ssRNA to the cellulose material" can be achieved by a second medium (eg, a second buffer) comprising water, ethanol, and a salt in a concentration that allows the binding of dsRNA and ssRNA to the cellulose material. Therefore, to meet these conditions, in step (ii) the RNA preparation may be provided as a liquid comprising ssRNA and the second medium (eg the second buffer); the cellulose material may be provided as a suspension in the second medium (eg, the second buffer) (eg, as a washed cellulose material, wherein the second medium (eg, the second buffer) has been used as wash solution) ; the RNA preparation may be provided as a liquid comprising ssRNA and the second medium (eg the second buffer) and the cellulose material may be provided as a suspension in the second medium (eg the second buffer); or the RNA preparation may be provided as a liquid comprising ssRNA and the second medium (eg, the second buffer) and the cellulose material may be provided as a washed cellulose material (wherein the second medium (eg, the second buffer) has been used as a wash solution), either in dry form or as a suspension in the second medium (eg, the second buffer). The expression "in a concentration that allows the binding of dsRNA and ssRNA to the cellulose material" means that the concentration of the components (in particular water, ethanol and a salt) in the second medium (for example, in the second buffer) is sufficient to promote (eg, enhance) the binding (preferably non-covalent binding or adsorption) of dsRNA and ssRNA to the cellulose material, inhibit the release of dsRNA and ssRNA bound to the cellulose material from the cellulose material to the second medium ( eg, in the second buffer) and / or reduce the amount of free dsRNA and ssRNA (ie, the amount of dsRNA and ssRNA not bound to the cellulose material) in the second medium (eg, in the second buffer). The present inventors have surprisingly found that dsRNA, but not ssRNA, binds selectively to a cellulose material in the presence of ethanol at a concentration of 14 to 20% (v / v). Thus, in one embodiment, "conditions that allow binding of dsRNA to cellulose material and do not allow binding of ssRNA to cellulose material" can be achieved by the first means (eg, first buffer) as follows: specified above that it contains ethanol in a concentration of 14 to 20% (v / v), preferably 14 to 19% (v / v), more preferably 14 to 18% (v / v), such as 14 to 17 % (v / v), 14 to 16% (v / v), 15 to 19% (v / v), 15 to 18% (v / v), 15 to 17% (v / v), 16 to 19% (v / v), or 16 to 18% (v / v). In one embodiment, the first medium (for example, the first buffer) comprises, in addition to ethanol in the ranges described above, the salt in a concentration of 15 to 70 mM, preferably 20 to 60 mM such as 25 to 50 mM or 30 to 50 mM. The salt in the first medium (eg, the first buffer) is preferably sodium chloride. However, based on the information and data provided in the present application, the person skilled in the art can easily determine other salts and their concentrations that are suitable for the first medium (for example, the first buffer) to be used in the methods. of the present invention. Other optional components of the first medium (eg, the first buffer) comprise a buffering substance (preferably TRIS or HEPES, more preferably TRIS) and / or a chelating agent (preferably EDTA or nitrilotriacetic acid, more preferably EDTA). In one embodiment, the concentration of the buffer substance in the first medium (eg, the first buffer) is 5 to 40 mM, preferably 6 to 30 mM, such as 8 to 20 mM or 10 to 15 mM. In one embodiment, the pH of the first medium (for example, the first buffer) is from 6.5 to 8.0, preferably from 6.7 to 7.8, such as from 6.8 to 7.2 (for example , when TRIS is the buffering agent) or from 7.3 to 7.7 (eg, when HEPES is the buffering agent). In one embodiment, the concentration of the chelating agent in the first medium (eg, the first buffer) is 10 to 50 mM, preferably 15 to 40 mM, such as 20 to 30 mM. In one embodiment, the first medium (eg, the first buffer) comprises water, ethanol, TRIS, and EDTA (such as water, ethanol, the salt (preferably sodium chloride), TRIS, and EDTA), preferably in the concentrations specified above. for the first medium (eg, the first buffer). However, based on the information and data provided in this application, the person skilled in the art can easily determine buffering substances other than TRIS and / or chelating agents other than EDTA and / or salts other than sodium chloride, as well as their concentrations that are suitable for the first medium (eg, the first buffer) to be used in the methods of the present invention. For example, in one embodiment, the first medium (eg, the first buffer) comprises, in addition to ethanol in the ranges described above (i.e., 1 to 20% (v / v), etc.), TRIS in an amount from 5 to 40 mM and the salt (preferably sodium chloride) in an amount from 15 to 70 mM. In another embodiment, the first medium (eg, the first buffer) comprises, in addition to ethanol in the ranges described above (ie, 14 to 20% (v / v), etc.), HEPES in an amount of 5 to 40 mM and the salt (preferably sodium chloride) in an amount of 100 to 150 mM (eg 110 to 140 mM or 120 to 130 mM). In one embodiment, "conditions permitting binding of dsRNA and ssRNA to the cellulose material" may be achieved by the second medium (eg, the second buffer) as specified above, containing ethanol in a concentration of at least 35%. (v / v), preferably at least 36% (v / v), at least 37% (v / v), at least 38% (v / v), at least 39% (v / v), at least 40 % (v / v), such as 35 to 45% (v / v), 36 to 45% (v / v), 37 to 45% (v / v), 38 to 45% (v / v), 38 to 42% (v / v), or 39 to 41% (v / v). In one embodiment, the second medium (eg, the second buffer) comprises, in addition to ethanol in the ranges described above (i.e., at least 35% (v / v), at least 36% (v / v), at less 37% (v / v), at least 38% (v / v), etc.), the salt in a concentration of 15 to 70 mM, preferably 20 to 60 mM such as 25 to 50 mM or 30 to 50 mM. The salt in the second medium (eg the second buffer) is preferably sodium chloride. However, based on the information and data provided in the present application, the person skilled in the art can easily determine other salts and their concentrations that are suitable for the second medium (for example, the second buffer) to be used in the methods. of the present invention. Other optional components of the second medium (eg, the second buffer) comprise a buffering substance (preferably TRIS or HEPES, more preferably TRIS) and / or a chelating agent (preferably EDTA or nitrilotriacetic acid, more preferably EDTA). In one embodiment, the concentration of the buffer substance in the second medium (eg, the second buffer) is 5 to 40 mM, preferably 6 to 30 mM, such as 8 to 20 mM or 10 to 15 mM. In one embodiment, the pH of the second medium (eg, the second buffer) is from 6.5 to 8.0, preferably from 6.7 to 7.8, such as 6.8 to 7.2 (eg, when TRIS is the buffering substance) or from 7.3 to 7.7 (eg when HEPES is the buffering substance). In one embodiment, the concentration of the chelating agent in the second medium (eg, the second buffer) is 10 to 50 mM, preferably 15 to 40 mM, such as 20 to 30 mM. In one embodiment, the second medium (eg, the second buffer) comprises water, ethanol, TRIS, and EDTA (such as water, ethanol, the salt (preferably sodium chloride), TRIS, and EDTA), preferably in the concentrations specified above. for the second medium (eg, the second buffer). However, based on the information and data provided in this application, the person skilled in the art can easily determine buffering substances other than TRIS and / or chelating agents other than EDTA and / or salts other than sodium chloride, as well as their concentrations that are suitable for the second medium (eg, the second buffer) to be used in the methods of the present invention. In one embodiment, the second medium (eg, the second buffer) comprises, in addition to ethanol in the ranges described above (i.e., at least 35% (v / v), at least 36% (v / v), at least 37% (v / v), at least 38% (v / v), etc.), TRIS in an amount of 5 to 40 mM, and the salt (preferably sodium chloride) in an amount of 15 to 70 mM. In another embodiment, the second medium (eg, the second buffer) comprises, in addition to ethanol in the ranges described above (ie, at least 35% (v / v), at least 36% (v / v), at less 37% (v / v), at least 38% (v / v), etc.), HEPES in an amount of 5 to 40 mM and the salt (preferably sodium chloride) in an amount of 10 to 150 mM ( eg, 110 to 140 mM or 120 to 130 mM). In one embodiment, the first and second media (i.e., the first and second buffers) differ not only in the concentration of ethanol but also in the type and / or concentration of one or more of the other components (such as salt, buffering substance and / or the optional chelating agent). In a preferred embodiment, the first and second media (i.e., the first and second buffers) have the same composition (i.e., with respect to the type and concentration of components other than water, such as salt, optional buffer substance, and the optional chelating agent) with the exception of the ethanol concentration. The expression "separating the ssRNA from the cellulose material under conditions that allow binding of dsRNA to the cellulose material", as used herein, means that the phase comprising ssRNA (said phase being preferably liquid) must be isolated from the material. cellulose to which the dsRNA is attached. Such isolation / separation can be achieved in various ways known to the skilled person, for example, by selectively removing only the cellulose material to which the dsRNA is bound (for example, by using, as the cellulose material, a cellulose that is covalently coupled to beads). and using a magnet) or by collecting only the phase comprising ssRNA (for example, using a pipette). For example, in one embodiment, the mixture of the RNA preparation, the cellulose material, and the first buffer is provided in a tube (in this embodiment, it is preferred that (a) the RNA preparation is provided as a liquid comprising ssRNA and the first buffer and / or (p) the cellulose material is provided as washed cellulose material (wherein the first buffer has been used as wash solution), either in dry form or as a suspension in the first medium. (eg, the first buffer), and / or (and) the RNA preparation, the cellulose material, and the first buffer are mixed by shaking and / or shaking (preferably for at least 5 min, more preferably for at least 10 min, such as for 5 to 30 min or 10 to 20 min); it is most preferred that (a) the RNA preparation is provided as a liquid comprising ssRNA and the first buffer, (p) the cellulose material is provided as washed cellulose material (in which the first buffer has been used do as a wash solution), either in dry form or as a suspension in the first medium (eg, the first buffer) and (and) the RNA preparation, the cellulose material, and the first buffer are mixed by shaking and / or stirring, eg, for 5 to 30 min or 10 to 20 min). In this embodiment, it is preferred that step (iii) comprises (1) applying gravity or centrifugal force (eg, 10,000 x g to 15,000 x g for 1 to 5 min) to the tube such that the liquid and solid phases separate ( preferably completely separated); and (2) harvesting the ssRNA-comprising supernatant (eg, using a pipette) or removing the cellulose material (eg, using, as the cellulose material, a cellulose that is covalently coupled to magnetic beads and using a magnet). Steps (ii) and (iii) may be repeated one or two or more times (such as one, two or three times). If steps (ii) and (iii) are repeated, the ssRNA preparation obtained after step (iii) of one cycle is used as the RNA preparation in step (ii) of the next (i.e. immediately following) cycle. and fresh cellulose material (preferably freshly washed cellulose material) is used in each cycle. In an alternative embodiment, the mixture of the RNA preparation, the cellulose material, and the first buffer is provided in a spin column or filter device (in this embodiment, it is preferred that (a) the RNA preparation is provided as a liquid comprising ssRNA and the first buffer and / or (p) the cellulose material is provided as washed cellulose material (wherein the first buffer has been used as wash solution), either in dry form or as a suspension in the first medium (eg, the first buffer), and / or (and) the RNA preparation, the cellulose material, and the first buffer are mixed by shaking and / or shaking (preferably for at least 5 min, more preferably for at least 10 min, such as for 5 to 30 min or 10 to 20 min); it is most preferred that (a) the RNA preparation is provided as a liquid comprising ssRNA and the first buffer, (p) the material of cellulose is provided as washed cellulose material ado (in which the first buffer has been used as a wash solution), either in dry form or as a suspension in the first medium (for example, the first buffer) and (and) the RNA preparation, the cellulose material and the first buffer are mixed by shaking and / or shaking, eg, for 5 to 30 min or 10 to 20 min). In this embodiment, it is preferred that step (iii) comprises (1') applying gravity, centrifugal force (eg 10,000 x g to 15,000 x g for 1 to 5 min), pressure (eg 1000 hPa to 3000 hPa) or vacuum. (eg, 100 hPa to 900 hPa, such as 200 hPa to 800 hPa) to the spin column or filter device so that the liquid and solid phases are separated (preferably completely separated); and (2') collecting the outflow comprising ssRNA. Steps (ii) and (iii) may be repeated one or two or more times (such as one, two or three times). If steps (ii) and (iii) are repeated, the ssRNA preparation obtained after step (iii) of one cycle is used as the RNA preparation in step (ii) of the next (i.e. immediately following) cycle. and fresh cellulose material (preferably freshly washed cellulose material) is used in each cycle. The expression "separate the dsRNA- and ssRNA-bound cellulose material from the rest", as used herein, means that the solid phase (i.e., cellulose material) to which dsRNA and ssRNA are bound (preferably adsorbed or non-covalently adsorbed) is to be isolated from the other phase (said other phase being preferably liquid). Such isolation / separation can be achieved in various ways known to the skilled person, for example, by selectively harvesting only the cellulose material to which dsRNA and ssRNA are bound (for example, by using, as the cellulose material, a cellulose that is covalently coupled to magnetic beads and using a magnet) or selectively removing only the other phase (for example, using a pipette). For example, in one embodiment, the mixture of the RNA preparation, the cellulose material, and the second buffer is provided in a tube (in this embodiment, it is preferred that (a') the RNA preparation is provided as a liquid containing comprises ssRNA and the second buffer and / or (p') the cellulose material is provided as washed cellulose material (wherein the second buffer has been used as wash solution), either in dry form or as a suspension in the second medium (eg, the second buffer), and / or (and') the RNA preparation, the cellulose material, and the second buffer are mixed by shaking and / or shaking (preferably for at least 5 min, more preferably for at least 10 min, such as for 5 to 30 min or 10 to 20 min); it is most preferred that (a') the RNA preparation is provided as a liquid comprising ssRNA and the second buffer, (p') the cellulose material is provided as washed cellulose material (wherein the second buffer has been used as a wash solution), either in dry form or as a suspension in the second medium (for example, the second buffer) and (y') the RNA preparation, the cellulose material and the second buffer are mixed by whipping and / or stirring, eg, for 5 to 30 min or 10 to 20 min). In this embodiment, it is preferred that step (ii) (2) (i.e. "separating the dsRNA- and ssRNA-bound cellulose material from the remainder") comprises (2a) applying gravity or centrifugal (e.g. eg, 10,000 x g to 15,000 x g for 1 to 5 min) to the tube such that the liquid and solid phases separate (preferably completely separate); and (2b) either removing the supernatant (for example, using a pipette) or collecting the cellulose material to which dsRNA and ssRNA bind (for example, using, as the cellulose material, a cellulose that is covalently coupled to magnetic beads and using a magnet). Step (ii) may further comprise (3) adding an aliquot of the second buffer (preferably the aliquot is 0.5 to 3 times (such as 1 to 2 times) the volume of the cellulose material) to the cellulose material to which dsRNA and ssRNA are linked; (4) incubate the resulting mixture by shaking and / or shaking (preferably for 5 to 20 min or 10 to 15 min); and (5) separating the dsRNA and ssRNA bound cellulose material from the liquid phase (preferably the separation is carried out in the same manner as defined in steps (2a) and (2b), above); and optionally (6) repeating steps (3) to (5) one or two or more times (such as one, two or three times). Step (iii) may comprise (1) mixing the dsRNA- and ssRNA-binding cellulose material with a first buffer as specified above (eg, having an EtOH concentration of 14 to 20% (v / v) , preferably 14 to 16% (v / v)) by whipping and / or stirring (preferably for at least 5 min, more preferably for at least 10 min, such as for 5 to 30 min or 10 to 20 min); and (2) separating the liquid phase comprising ssRNA from the cellulose material (preferably the step of separating the liquid phase comprising ssRNA from the cellulose material is carried out as specified above, for example, by applying gravity or centrifugal force ( eg, 10,000 x g to 15,000 x g for 1 to 5 min) to the tube such that the liquid and solid phases separate (preferably completely separated); and (2) collect the supernatant comprising ssRNA (eg, using a pipette) or removing the cellulose material (for example, using as the cellulose material a cellulose covalently coupled to magnetic beads and using a magnet) Steps (ii) and (iii) may be repeated one or two or more times (such as one, two or three times).If steps (ii) and (iii) are repeated, the ssRNA preparation obtained after step (iii) of one cycle is used as a Rn preparation in step (ii) of the next cycle ( that is, immediately after) and fresh cellulose material (preferably freshly washed cellulose material) is used in each cycle. In an alternative embodiment, the mixture of the RNA preparation, the cellulose material, and the second buffer is provided in a spin column or filter device (in this embodiment, it is preferred that (a') the RNA preparation is provided as a liquid comprising ssRNA and the second buffer and / or (p) the cellulose material is provided as washed cellulose material (wherein the second buffer has been used as wash solution), either in dry form or as suspension in the second medium (eg, the second buffer), and / or (and) the RNA preparation, the cellulose material, and the second buffer are mixed by shaking and / or shaking (preferably for at least 5 min, plus preferably for at least 10 min, such as for 5 to 30 min or 10 to 20 min); most preferably (a) the RNA preparation is provided as a liquid comprising ssRNA and the second buffer, (p') the cellulose material is provided as cell material ulose wash (in which the second buffer has been used as the wash solution), either in dry form or as a suspension in the second medium (for example, the second buffer) and (and) the RNA preparation, the material of cellulose and the second buffer are mixed by shaking and / or stirring, eg, for 5 to 30 min or 10 to 20 min). In this embodiment, it is preferred that step (ii) (2) (i.e. "separating the dsRNA- and ssRNA-bound cellulose material from the rest") comprises (2a') applying gravity, centrifugal force (eg, 10,000 x g to 15,000 x g for 1 to 5 min), pressure (eg, 1,000 hPa to 3,000 hPa), or vacuum (eg, 100 hPa to 900 hPa, such as 200 hPa to 800 hPa) to the column centrifuge or filter device so that the liquid and solid phases are separated (preferably completely separated); and (2b') discarding the outflow. Step (ii) may further comprise (3) adding an aliquot of the second buffer (preferably the aliquot is 0.5 to 3 times (such as 1 to 2 times) the volume of the cellulose material) to the cellulose material to which dsRNA and ssRNA are linked; (4) incubate the resulting mixture by shaking and / or shaking (preferably for 5 to 20 min or 10 to 15 min); and (5) separating the dsRNA and ssRNA bound cellulose material from the liquid phase (preferably the separation is carried out in the same manner as defined in steps (2a') and (2b'), above) ; and optionally (6) repeating steps (3) to (5) one or two or more times (such as one, two or three times). Step (iii) comprises (1) mixing the dsRNA- and ssRNA-binding cellulose material with a first buffer as specified above (eg, having an EtOH concentration of 14 to 20% (v / v), preferably 14 to 16% (v / v)) by whipping and / or stirring (preferably for at least 5 min, more preferably for at least 10 min, such as for 5 to 30 min or 10 to 20 min); and (2) separating the liquid phase comprising ssRNA from the cellulose material (preferably the step of separating the liquid phase comprising ssRNA from the cellulose material is carried out as specified above, for example, by applying gravity or centrifugal force ( eg, 10,000 x g to 15,000 x g for 1 to 5 min), pressure (eg, 1,000 hPa to 3,000 hPa), or vacuum (eg, 100 hPa to 900 hPa, such as 200 hPa to 800 hPa) to the column. centrifugation or filter device such that the liquid and solid phases are separated (preferably completely separated) and collecting the outflow comprising ssRNA Steps (ii) and (iii) may be repeated one or two or more times (such as once, twice or three times).If steps (ii) and (iii) are repeated, the ssRNA preparation obtained after step (iii) of one cycle is used as the RNA preparation in step (ii) of the cycle. next cycle (i.e. immediately after) and in each cycle it uses of fresh cellulose material (preferably freshly washed cellulose material). In one embodiment of the positive purification procedure, the cellulose material is provided in a column (in this embodiment, it is preferred that the cellulose material is provided as washed cellulose material, wherein a second buffer as specified above (is that is, having an EtOH concentration) of at least 35% (v / v), at least 36% (v / v), at least 37% (v / v), at least 38% (v / v), etc.) has been used as a washing solution). In this embodiment, it is preferred that before the RNA preparation is loaded onto the column in step (ii), the column comprising the cellulose material is equilibrated (i.e. washed) with the second buffer as specified. above (eg with an aliquot of said second buffer). Subsequently, the aRn preparation (preferably provided as a liquid comprising ssRNA and said second buffer) is loaded onto the column (preferably by injection) and preferably the column is washed with said second buffer (for example, with an aliquot of said second buffer, preferably 0.5 to 2 times the volume of the cellulose material contained in the column). This wash step is preferred because it can remove contaminants other than RNA (such contaminants particularly include the starting materials used to generate TIV RNA (which is optionally modified) and their degradation products, e.g., a DNA template; an RNA polymerase (such as T7, T3, or SP6); monoribonucleotides in unmodified form (eg, rATP, rGTP, rCTP, rUTP, and their analogs having only one or two phosphate groups) or in modified form (eg, r(1m^ ) TP or r'+'TP and its analogs having only one or two phosphate groups); pyrophosphate; a capping reagent (i.e., a reagent for introducing a 5' cap or a 5' cap analog); and additives used to generate TIV RNA (e.g., buffering agents, salts, antioxidant agents, polyamines (such as spermidine). Step (iii) is preferably carried out using a first buffer as specified above (i.e., having a EtOH concentration 14 to 20% (v / v), preferably 14 to 16% (v / v)) as eluant, thus releasing the ssRNA from the cellulose material. Compounds (in particular ssRNA, optionally also dsRNA) that are eluted or washed from the column can be detected and / or monitored using conventional means (eg a UV / VIS detector such as a diode array detector), eg , at a wavelength of 260 nm (for detection of nucleic acids) and / or 215 nm (for detection of peptides / proteins) and / or 280 nm (for detection of peptides / proteins containing aromatic amino acids). The ssRNA obtained by any of the methods of the present invention (particularly regardless of whether the "negative" or "positive" purification procedure has been used) may be subjected to additional treatments, such as precipitation and / or modification. For example, the ssRNA obtained by the methods of the present invention can be precipitated using conventional methods (for example, using the "sodium acetate / isopropanol" precipitation method or the "LiCl" precipitation method) resulting in a preparation ssRNA in dry form. Dried ssRNA can be stored (eg, at -70 °C) or can be resolved in an appropriate solvent (eg, water or TE buffer (10 mM TRIS, and 1 mM DtA)) and then stored (eg, at - 70 °C) or used additionally (for example, for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition). Alternatively or additionally, the ssRNA may be further modified, for example by removing unprotected 5'-triphosphates and / or adding a cap structure, before it is stored (eg -70°C) or used (eg). example, for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition). As demonstrated in the examples of this application, the methods of the invention provide several advantages, such as one or more of the following. For example, the methods of the present invention offer a broad spectrum of different purification techniques, including simple centrifugation steps, microcentrifuge spin columns, vacuum driven filtration systems, and FPLC. Compared to HPLC methods, the methods of the present invention are cost-effective and simple (no need for complex equipment), avoid toxic substances (such as acetonitrile), and provide ssRNA in comparatively high purity and yield. Furthermore, because cellulose is a natural product, a cellulose-based method of the present invention that is effective in purifying ssRNA (particularly TIV ssRNA) can be expected to encounter less complexity when transferred to GMP regulated environments. Furthermore, it has been shown in the present application that the methods of the present invention can be easily scaled up and are less time consuming than conventional HPLC methods. In this regard, it is noted that conventional HPLC methods (such as those described in Weissman et al., supra) are generally limited by column size and the back pressure problem involved in the use of large columns. This is not the case with the methods of the present invention. For example, as demonstrated in the present application (see Example 5), purification of 50 to 100 mg of TIV RNA can be achieved in less than 2 h when using the methods of the present invention. In contrast, the HPLC column used in Example 3 (Semi-Prep RNASep 100 x 21.1 mm, Transgenomic) with a column volume of 35 ml has a maximum binding capacity of 1 mg of the TIV RNA. Since a standard purification cycle using such an HPLC column takes over 60 min, purification of 50 mg of TIV RNA would take approximately 50 h compared to only 2 h using the methods of the present invention. Furthermore, purification of long TIV RNAs using conventional HPLC-based methods causes problems and often leads to (a) large loss of TIV RNA (particularly when the TIV RNA is at least about 2,700 m long). nt (preferably at least 2800 nt, at least 2900 nt, at least 3000 nt, at least 3100 nt, at least 3200 nt, at least 3300 nt, at least 3400 nt, more preferably at least 3500 nt, at least 3600 nt, at least 3,700 nt, at least at least 3,800 nt, at least 3,900 nt, at least 4,000 nt, at least 4,100 nt, at least 4,200 nt, at least 4,300 nt, at least 4,400 nt, more preferably at least 4,500 nt, at minus 4,600 nt, at least 4,700 nt, at least 4,800 nt, at least 4,900 nt, at least 5,000 nt), because TIV RNAs having such a length do not elute in conventional HPLC-based methods as a sharp peak, but elute as a broad peak, requiring collection of the eluate (comprising ssRNA) over a p extended period of time to minimize ssRNA loss) and / or, more importantly, (b) TIV RNA degradation (particularly when the long TIV RNA (e.g., is at least 3,500 nt in size) , such as at least 4,000 nt, at least 4,500 nt, at least 5,000 nt, at least 5,500 nt), at least 6,000 nt, at least 6,500 nt, at least 7,000 nt, at least 7,500 nt, at least 8,000 nt, at minus 8,500 nt, at least 9,000 nt, or at least 9,500 nt) must be purified probably due to shearing during passage of long RNAs through the densely packed column material). In contrast, as demonstrated in the present application, use of the methods of the present invention to purify TIV RNAs that are approximately 10,000 nt or larger in size do not result in degradation of the RNA. Furthermore, it was found that by using the methods of the present invention, it is possible to elute TIV ssRNAs (in particular TIV ssRNAs that are at least about 2700 nt in length (preferably at least 2800 nt, at least 2900 nt, at least 3,000 nt, at least 3,100 nt, at least 3,200 nt, at least 3,300 nt, at least 3,400 nt, more preferably at least 3,500 nt, at least 3,600 nt, at least 3,700 nt, at least 3,800 nt, at least 3,900 nt, at least 4,000 nt, at least 4,100 nt, at least 4.200 nt, at least 4,300 nt, at least 4,400 nt, more preferably at least 4,500 nt, at least 4,600 nt, at least 4,700 nt, at least 4,800 nt, at least 4,900 nt, at least 5,000 nt) of the cellulose material in a defined peak, thus reducing the amount (ie volume) of eluate (comprising ssRNA) to be collected to a minimum. Finally, the integrity of the purified RNA makes the methods of the present invention superior compared to conventional methods using E. coli RNase III, which often result in partial degradation of ssRNA, especially long ssRNA, during synthesis. incubation (probably due to RNase III-catalyzed hydrolysis of double-stranded secondary structures contained in the ssRNA). The term "beating and / or stirring" as used herein means any action that is suitable for mixing (preferably thoroughly mixing) a mixture, for example a mixture comprising a solid phase (such as a cellulose material) and a liquid phase (such as a medium (eg, a buffer), a washing solution, or an RNA preparation dissolved in a medium (eg, a buffer)). Examples of devices for achieving "churning and / or stirring" are known to those skilled in the art and include a stirrer, a mixer (eg, a vortex mixer or a static mixer), a magnetic stirrer (including a stir bar), and a stirring rod. agitators, which are available in different sizes depending on the volume to be mixed. The beating and / or stirring of the mixture can be carried out for a time sufficient to achieve complete mixing, for example, for a time of at least 1 min (such as at least 2 min, at least 3 min, at least 4 min). , at least 5 min, at least 8 min, at least 10 min) . The maximum time for beating and / or stirring the mixture can be up to 40 min (such as up to 35 min, up to 30 min, up to 28 min, up to 26 min, up to 24 min, up to 22 min, or up to 20 min). Therefore, examples of time intervals for mixing and / or stirring the mixture are 5 to 40 minutes, 5 to 30 minutes, 5 to 20 minutes, 10 to 40 minutes, 10 to 30 minutes , 10 to 20 minutes, 15 to 40 minutes, 15 to 30 minutes, or 15 to 20 minutes. Generally, the duration of the beating and / or agitation will depend on factors such as the intended use (eg, washing of a cellulose material or binding of RNA to a cellulose material) and the amount of solid to be mixed. For example, for the washing of a cellulose material, the duration of the beating and / or agitation can be in the range of 1 to 15 min, such as 5 to 10 min. For binding of RNA to a cellulose material, the duration of beating and / or agitation may be in the range of 5 to 20 min (such as 10 to 20 min) when using up to 1 g of cellulose material, or in the range of 10 to 30 minutes (eg, 15 to 30 minutes) when more than 1 g of cellulose material is used. Likewise, for the release of the RNA (particularly mRNA) bound to a cellulose material from the cellulose material, the duration of the beating and / or stirring may be in the range of 5 to 20 min (such as 10 to 20 minutes). min) when using up to 1 g of cellulose material, or in the range of 10 to 30 min (such as 15 to 30 min) when using more than 1 g of cellulose material. The term "salt" as used with respect to the first and second media (eg, the first and second buffers) means any ionic compound that results from the neutralization reaction of an acid and a base. Preferably, the salt (i) is not a buffering agent, (ii) is not a chelating agent, or (iii) is not a buffering agent or a chelating agent. Examples of acids include inorganic acids (such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, boric acid, and perchloric acid) and organic acids (for example, monocarboxylic acids, preferably those having 1 to 5 (such as 1, 2 or 3) carbon atoms, eg formic acid, acetic acid and propionic acid), preferably inorganic acids. Examples of bases include inorganic bases (such as NH3, ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH), and the oxides and hydroxides of metals, preferably the oxides and hydroxides of alkali, earth, and alkaline earth metals (for example, the oxides and hydroxides of Li, Na , K, Rb, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Al. Y Zn) ) and organic bases (such as amines, for example, monoalkyl, dialkyl or trialkylamines), preferably inorganic bases, more preferably the oxides and hydroxides of Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Al and Zn, more preferably the oxides and hydroxides of Li, Na, K and Zn, such as the oxides and hydroxides of Li, Na and K. Examples of salts that can be used with respect to the first and second media (eg, the first and second buffers) include LiCl, NaCl, and KCl, and an especially preferred salt in this regard is NaCl. Preferably, the salt is used in the first and second media (eg, the first and second buffers) in a concentration that does not result in precipitation of RNA in said media. In one embodiment, the concentration of the salt in the first and / or second media (eg, the first and / or second buffers) is 15 to 70 mM, eg, 20 to 60 mM, 25 to 50 mM or from 30 to 50 mM, in particular if the buffering substance is TRIS. In one embodiment, the concentration of the salt in the first or second medium (eg, the first and / or second buffers) is 100 to 200 mM, eg, 110 to 190 mM, 120 to 180 mM, of 130 to 170 mM, 140 to 160 mM or 145 to 155 mM, in particular if the buffer substance is HEPES. The terms "buffering substance" and "buffering agent" as used herein mean a mixture of compounds capable of maintaining the pH of a solution nearly constant even if a strong acid or base is added to the solution. In one embodiment, the buffering substance or buffering agent is a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base. In another embodiment, the buffering substance or buffering agent is a mixture of a weak base and its conjugate acid. Preferably, the buffering substance is not a chelating agent. Examples of suitable buffer substances for the first and second media (eg, the first and second buffers) include tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (TRIS), 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazine-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES), 3-morpholino-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid (MOPSO), 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid (MOPS), N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-ammoethanesilphonic acid (BES), 2-[(2- hydroxy-1,1-bis(hydroxymethyl)ethyl)amino]ethanesulfonic acid (TES), piperazine-N,N'-bis(2-ethanesulfonic acid) (PIPES), and 3-(N,N-bis[2-hydroxyethyl ]amino)-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid (DIPSO), preferably TRIS or HEPES, more preferably TRIS. The desired pH value (such as pH 6.5 to 8.0, preferably pH 6.6 to 7.8, such as pH 6.8 to 7.6, pH 6.8 to 7.2, pH 6, 9 to 7, 5, pH 6, 9 to 7, 3, pH 7, 0 to 7, 7, pH 7, 0 to 7, 5, pH 7, 0 to 7, 3, pH 7, 3 to 7, 8 , pH 7.3 to 7.7 or pH 7.3 to 7.6) can be achieved by adding a sufficient amount of acid (eg inorganic acid such as hydrochloric acid) to the corresponding base (eg TRIS) or adding a sufficient amount of base (eg, inorganic base such as sodium hydroxide) to the corresponding acid (eg, PIPES if a pH above its pKa of 6.76 is desired (such as a pH of 7.0 or 7, 3 to 7, 7) ). In one embodiment, the concentration of the buffer substance in the first and / or second medium (eg, the first and / or second buffer) is 5 to 40 mM, eg, 6 to 30 mM, 8 to 20 mM or 10 to 15 mM. The term "chelating agent" as used herein with respect to the first and second means (eg, the first and second buffers) means a compound (preferably an organic compound) that is a polydentate ligand and that is capable of forming two or more (preferably three or more, such as four or more) coordinate bonds with a single central atom (preferably a single metal cation such as Ca2+ or Mg2+). In this regard, "polydentate" refers to a ligand having more than one (i.e., two or more, preferably three or more, such as four or more) donor groups on a single ligand molecule, wherein the groups donors preferably include atoms having lone pairs of electrons (for example, O-, =O, -NH2, -NRH (where R is an organic moiety such as alkyl, in particular C1-3 alkyl) and -NR2 (in wherein each R is independently an organic moiety such as alkyl, in particular C1-3 alkyl)). Preferably, the chelating agent is not a buffer substance. Examples of chelating agents include EDTA, nitrilotriacetic acid, citrate salts (eg, sodium citrate), 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA), 1,4 , 7-triazacyclononane-1, 4, 7-trisacetic acid (NOTE) , 3, 6, 9, 15-tetraazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1 (15) , 11, 13-triene-3, 6, 9- triacetic acid (PCTA), and 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclidodecane-1,4,7-triacetic acid (DO3A), preferably EDTA or nitrilotriacetic acid, more preferably EDTA. In one embodiment, the concentration of the chelating agent in the first and / or second medium (eg, the first and / or second buffer) is 10 to 50 mM, eg, 15 to 40 mM or 20 to 30 mM. . The term "cellulose material" as used herein refers to any cellulose fiber, preferably of a grade suitable for use as a partition chromatography reagent. Particular examples of cellulose material suitable for the methods of the invention include CF-11 cellulose powder and commercially available celluloses such as those from Sigma-Aldrich (eg cat. # C6288) and Macherey-Nagel (eg MN 100 or MN 2100). In one embodiment, the cellulose material is washed prior to its use in the methods of the present invention. Therefore, in a preferred embodiment of the methods of the present invention, the cellulose material is provided as a washed cellulose material, for example in dry form or as a suspension in a wash solution (wherein said solution wash may be the first or second medium (eg, first or second buffer as specified herein). The washing of the cellulose material may include (I) mixing the cellulose material with a washing solution by shaking and / or agitating (preferably for at least 5 min, more preferably for at least 10 min, such as for 5 to 10 min ) ; and (II) withdrawing the liquid (eg, using a pipette) or collecting the cellulose material (eg, using, as the cellulose material, a cellulose that is covalently coupled to magnetic beads and using a magnet); and optionally (III) repeating steps (I) and (II) one or two or more times (such as one, two or three times). For example, when the mixture of the cellulose material and the wash solution is provided in a tube, it is preferred that gravity or centrifugal force (eg, 4,000 x g to 15,000 x g, such as 5,000 x g to 10,000 x g for 1 to 5 min.) ) is applied to the tube in such a way that the liquid and solid phases are separated (preferably completely separated) and the supernatant is removed (for example, using a pipette) or the cellulose material is collected (for example, using, as a buffer material). cellulose, a cellulose that is covalently coupled to magnetic beads and using a magnet). Alternatively, when the mixture of cellulose material and wash solution is provided in a spin column or filter device, it is preferred that gravity, centrifugal force (eg, 4,000 x g to 15,000 x g, such as 5,000 x g to 10,000 x g during 1 to 5 min), pressure (eg, 1,000 hPa to 3,000 hPa), or vacuum (eg, 100 hPa to 900 hPa, such as 200 hPa to 800 hPa) is applied to the spin column or filter device. so that the liquid and solid phases are separated (preferably completely separated) and the outflow is discarded. The composition of the wash buffer preferably depends on the anticipated mode of selective binding of the RNAs to the washed cellulose material: (1) If only dsRNA should selectively bind to the washed cellulose material, while ssRNA should remain unbound, the solution Washing should be such that it allows dsRNA binding to the cellulose material and does not allow ssRNA binding to the cellulose material. Thus, in a preferred embodiment of (1), the wash solution has the composition of the first medium (eg, the first buffer) as specified above. (2) If both dsRNA and ssRNA are to be bound to the washed cellulose material, the wash solution must be such as to allow binding of dsRNA and ssRNA to the cellulose material. Thus, in a preferred embodiment of (2), the wash solution has the composition of the second medium (eg, the second buffer) as specified above. After washing, the washed cellulose material may be stored (or used in the methods of the present invention) as a dry product (i.e. after the wash solution has been completely removed from the washed cellulose as specified herein). document) or as a suspension in the wash solution. However, if the washed cellulose material stored in the wash solution is to be used in the methods of the invention, it is preferred that before the washed cellulose material is contacted with the RNA preparation, the liquid phase (i.e., the wash solution in which the cellulosic material is suspended for storage) is removed from the washed cellulosic material (for example, by applying gravity or centrifugal force (as specified above with respect to washing cellulosic material). cellulose) if the washed cellulose is provided in a tube or by applying gravity, centrifugal force, pressure or vacuum (as specified above with respect to washing of cellulose material) if the washed cellulose is provided in a spin column or filter device) and the resulting washed cellulose material as such (i.e. in dry form) is then used in the methods of the invention or suspended in a wash solution (where di This wash solution may be the first or second medium (eg, the first or second buffer) as specified herein) and is then used in the methods of the invention. The term "fresh cellulose material" as used herein means that said fresh cellulose material has not been contacted with an RNA preparation. Said fresh cellulose material may or may not be washed. In a preferred embodiment, the fresh cellulose material is provided as a washed cellulose material as specified above (eg, in dry form or as a suspension in the wash solution). Thus, depending on the intended use of the washed fresh cellulose material (i.e., to selectively bind either (1) dsRNA but not ssRNA or (2) dsRNA and ssRNA), washed fresh cellulose material has been obtained. using (1) the first medium (eg, the first buffer) as specified above or (2) the second medium (eg, the second buffer) as specified above. The ratio of the RNA (contained in the RNA preparation) to the cellulose material in step (ii) of the methods of the invention is such that the RNA binding capacity of the cellulose material is not exceeded. In a preferred embodiment, the amount of RNA per 100 mg of cellulose material is at most 250 µg, more preferably at most 200 µg, such as at most 150 µg. Therefore, in one embodiment, the amount of the RNA per 100 mg of cellulose material is in the range of 10 to 250 µg, such as 20 to 220 µg, 30 to 200 µg, 40 to 180 µg, 50 to 160 jg, 60 to 140 jg, 70 to 120 jg, 80 to 110 jg or 90 to 100 jg. Therefore, in one embodiment, the amount of cellulose material per 1 µg of the RNA may be at least 0.4 mg, preferably at least 0.5 mg, such as at least 0.67 mg. For example, the amount of cellulose material per 1 µg of the RNA may be in the range of 0.4 to 10 mg, such as 0.45 to 5 mg, 0.5 to 3.3 mg, 0.56 to 2 , 5 mg, 0.63 to 2 mg, 0.71 to 1.67 mg, 0.83 to 1.43 mg, 0.91 to 1.25 mg or 1 to 1.11 mg. The term "tube" as used herein refers to a container, in particular an elongated container, which has only one opening such that compounds and / or liquids can be introduced and / or withdrawn from the container. In a preferred embodiment, the opening of the tube is configured to be closed by suitable means, such as a closure cap that can be screwed on or snaps onto the opening so as to seal the opening. In one embodiment, the tube is configured such that gravity or centrifugal force can be applied to the tube (for the purpose of separating the contents in the tube with respect to their specific gravity) without spilling any of the contents and without damaging the integrity of the tube. of the tube. The terms "spin column" and "filter device" as used herein refer to a container, in particular an elongated container, having two openings on opposite sides and a frit or filter, in which the first opening is such that compounds and / or liquids can be introduced and / or removed from the container, while the second opening is separated from the first opening by the frit or filter so that solid compounds (particularly cellulose material) are retained inside the vessel by the frit or filter, but that liquids can pass through the frit or filter and the second opening. The frit or filter preferably has a pore size of at most 1 µm, such as at most 0.8 µm, such as at most 0.6 µm, for example in the range 0.30 to 0.60 µm, such as 0.35 to 0.55 jm. In a preferred embodiment, at least the first opening of the spin column or filter device (preferably each of the openings) is configured to be closable by suitable means, such as a screw-on or snap-on lid. into the first or second opening in such a way as to hermetically seal the opening. In one embodiment, the spin column or filter device is configured such that gravity, centrifugal force, pressure, or vacuum can be applied to the spin column or filter device (to separate the contents in the spin column or filter device). filter device) without damaging the integrity of the spin column or filter device. Examples of suitable spin columns include microcentrifuge spin columns (such as those available from Macherey-Nagel, eg, NucleoSpin Filters (cat. #740606)), and examples of suitable filter devices include disposable powered filter devices. by vacuum (such as those available from Merck Chemicals GmbH / Millipore, eg, Steriflip-HV, 0.45 µm pore size, PVDF (cat. # SE1M003M00)). The terms "liquid" and "liquid phase" as used herein refer to a fluid under standard conditions. Particular examples of a liquid include a medium (eg, a buffer), a wash solution, and an RNA preparation dissolved in a medium (eg, a buffer). The terms "solid" and "solid phase" as used herein refer to a substance or mixture of substances that has a defined shape and volume but is neither a liquid nor a gas under standard conditions. A particular example of a solid includes a cellulose material. The term "standard conditions" as used herein refers to a temperature of 20°C and an absolute pressure of 1013.25 hPa. The term "supernatant" as used herein refers to the upper phase that is generated when a liquid phase and a solid phase are mixed and the mixture is allowed to separate (eg, by applying gravity or centrifugal force). In case the solid phase has a higher specific gravity compared to the liquid phase, the liquid phase will be the supernatant. The term "outflow" as used herein refers to the liquid phase passing through a spin column or filter device. The term "aliquot" as used herein means a volume of a liquid to be added to a solid to be loaded onto the stationary phase of a column, where the volume of the aliquot is typically 0.1 to 10 times (such as 0.5 to 5 times, 1 to 4 times, 1 to 3 times, or 1 to 2 times) the volume of the solid or stationary phase. In one embodiment, the liquid is a medium (eg, a buffer) (such as the first, second, or third medium (eg, the first, second, or third buffer) as specified herein) or a wash solution . In one embodiment, the solid is a cellulosic material such as a washed cellulosic material. The term "apply gravity", as used in this document, means that a container, such as a tube, spin column, or filter device, is subject only to the "normal" gravitational force of the earth (approximately 1 x g) , that is, no gravitational force is applied in addition to the "normal" gravitational force of the earth to the container (for example, a medium is allowed to flow passively through the stationary phase of a column, in which the column is arranged in such a way that the longitudinal axis of the column (ie the line through both openings of the column) points to the center of the earth). In one embodiment, gravity is applied to the container for a time sufficient to separate (preferably completely separate) the phases (such as a liquid phase and a solid phase) contained in the container. The term "apply centrifugal force," as used in this document, means that a container, such as a tube, spin column, or filter device, is subjected to a multiple of the earth's normal gravitational force (i.e., more than 1 x g, such as at least 2 x g, at least 10 x g, at least 100 x g, and up to 20,000 x g, such as up to 15,000 x g, up to 1,000 x g, up to 5,000 x g, or up to 4,000 x g). A suitable device capable of generating such centrifugal force includes a centrifuge. In one embodiment, centrifugal force is applied to the container for a time sufficient to separate (preferably completely separate) the phases (such as a liquid phase and a solid phase) contained in the container. Examples of durations are in the range of 1 minute to 30 minutes (such as 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 minutes to 25 minutes, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 minutes to 20 minutes or 10 to 15 minutes) . Generally, the level and duration of centrifugal force applied will depend on factors such as the intended use (for example, washing of a cellulose material, binding of RNA to a cellulose material, or release of Rn from a cellulose material). and the volume and weight of the container (including its contents). For example, a high centrifugal force (such as 10,000 x g to 20,000 x g) applied for a short period (eg, 1 to 5 min) may be sufficient for (complete) separation, while a low centrifugal force (such as up to 100 x g) may require a longer duration (such as 20 to 30 min) for a (complete) separation. Likewise, for a small volume and weight (eg, up to a volume of about 2 mL and a weight of about 2 g), a high centrifugal force (such as 10,000 x g to 20,000 x g) is applied for a short period (eg, 1 to 5 min) which may be sufficient for (complete) separation, while for higher volume and / or weight, where only lower centrifugal force (such as 200 x g to 10,000 x g) can be applied, it may be A longer duration (eg 20 to 30 min) is necessary to achieve (complete) separation. The term "apply pressure" as used herein means that a container, such as a spin column, filter device, or column, is subjected to a positive force (compared to standard conditions) applied to an opening of the bowl. In particular, when the container is a column, applying pressure means that a liquid (such as a medium or buffer) is pumped through the container, for example, using one or more pumps. The pressure applied in the methods of the present invention is much lower compared to the pressure applied in HPLC methods and is preferably at most 2 MPa (at most 1 MPa, at most 5,000 hPa, at most 4,000 hPa). hPa, maximum 3,000 hPa, maximum 2,000 hPa) . The term "apply vacuum" as used herein means that a container, such as a spin column, filter device, or column, is subjected to a negative pressure (compared to standard conditions), in which that negative pressure is preferably applied to an opening of the container. Preferably, a negative pressure is at most 900 hPa, at most 800 hPa, at most 700 hPa, at most 600 hPa, at most 500 hPa, at most 400 hPa, at most 300 hPa, at most 200 hPa, or a maximum of 100 hPa. In one embodiment, a vacuum is applied to the container for a time sufficient to separate (preferably completely separate) the phases (such as a liquid phase and a solid phase) contained in the container. Devices for generating a negative pressure are known to those skilled in the art and include a water jet vacuum pump. The expression "repeated one or two or more times" as used herein means that the corresponding step or steps are carried out at least once, such as two or more times, three or more times, four or more times , etc., preferably once, twice or three times. The expression "one cycle of steps (ii) and (iii)" as used herein means that steps (ii) and (iii) are each carried out only once. If one cycle of steps (ii) and (iii) is completed, an additional cycle (also referred to herein as "next cycle") of steps (ii) and (iii) may optionally be carried out. For example, in step (ii) of said next cycle of steps (ii) and (iii), the RNA preparation obtained after step (iii) of the previous cycle of steps (ii) and (iii) ( i.e., an RNA preparation preferably comprising dsRNA in less amount compared to the RNA preparation used in step (ii) of the previous cycle) is used as the RNA preparation, it is preferred that in each cycle of steps (ii ) and (iii) fresh cellulose material is used (to avoid contamination with eg dsRNA). Thus, by performing steps (ii) and (iii), and optionally repeating these steps one or two or more times, it is possible to remove dsRNA from the ssRNA preparation to such an extent that the finally obtained ssRNA is substantially free of dsRNA and / or substantially free of DNA, preferably substantially free of dsRNA and DNA. The expression "RNA preparation comprising dsRNA in less quantity compared to the RNA preparation used in step (ii) of the previous cycle" means that performing one cycle of steps (ii) and (iii) is effective for remove dsRNA such that the total amount of dsRNA in the dsRNA preparation obtained after step (iii) of one cycle is less than the total amount of dsRNA in the dsRNA preparation used in step (ii) of the previous cycle . Preferably, the first cycle of steps (ii) and (iii) is effective to remove at least 70%, more preferably at least 75% (such as at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%) of the dsRNA contained in the RNA preparation used in step (ii) of the first cycle of steps (ii) and (iii). In a preferred embodiment, performing a total of two, three, or four cycles of steps (ii) and (iii) is effective to remove at least 95%, more preferably at least 96% (such as at least the 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%) of the dsRNA contained in the RNA preparation used in step (ii) of the first cycle of steps (ii) and (iii). The term "eluent" as used herein means a liquid that is capable of altering the binding properties of a compound (such as dsRNA or ssRNA) relative to a stationary phase (such as a cellulose material). "Altering binding properties" means increasing or decreasing the ability of a compound (such as dsRNA or ssRNA) to bind to a stationary phase (such as a cellulose material). Preferably, an eluant is capable of decreasing the ability of a compound (such as dsRNA or ssRNA) to bind to a stationary phase (such as a cellulose material). Therefore, in this preferred embodiment, (1) if the compound is bound to the stationary phase, the step of contacting the stationary phase with the eluent results in the release of the compound from the stationary phase, or (2) if the compound dissolves in the eluent, the eluant decreases the compound's ability to bind to the stationary phase, preferably the eluant prevents the compound from binding to the stationary phase. The term "elute", as used herein, means to apply or load an eluent (in) to a column (including a spin column) that contains a stationary phase (such as a cellulose material) to which it binds. a compound (such as ssRNA) in order to release the compound from the stationary phase. A preferred eluant for ssRNA bound to a cellulose material is the first medium (eg, first buffer) as specified above, while a preferred eluant for dsRNA bound to a cellulose material is a third medium (eg, a buffer). third buffer) that may have the same composition as the first or second medium (eg, the first or second buffer) but does not contain EtOH (eg, the third medium may be water). A preferred wash solution that does not release dsRNA or ssRNA bound to a cellulose material is the second medium (eg, the second buffer) as specified above. The term "eluate" as used herein refers to the liquid that exits a column, when an eluant is applied or loaded onto the column. The term "column", as used herein, refers to a container, in particular a cylindrical container, having two openings on opposite sides, at least one frit, and a stationary phase (such as a cellulose material), wherein the first opening is configured to allow the introduction of liquids (such as a medium, eg, a wash solution or a medium, eg, a first or second buffer) into the container, while the second opening is separated from the first opening and the stationary phase by the frit in such a way that (i) the stationary phase is retained within the column by the frit but (ii) liquids are allowed to pass through the frit and into the column. the second opening. Columns can be configured to be usable in HPLC methods or FPLC methods. However, columns to be used in the methods of the present invention are preferably configured so that they can be used in FPLC methods. The term "HPLC", as used herein, means high pressure liquid chromatography, in which a liquid phase is pumped at high pressure (typically at least 5 MPa, such as 5 to 35 MPa) through a column to separate, identify and / or quantify at least one component in a mixture. The term "FPLC" as used herein means fast performance liquid chromatography, in which a liquid phase is allowed to flow through a column to separate, identify, and / or quantify at least one component in a mixture. . Liquid flow through the FPLC column can be achieved by applying gravity or pressure, where the pressure is preferably at most 2 MPa (such as at most 1 Pa), at most 5,000 hPa, at most 4,000 hPa, at most 3,000 hPa , at most 2,000 hPa, or at most 1,000 hPa) . The term "pre-purification treatment", as used herein with respect to an RNA preparation, means a process for partially or completely removing contaminants from the RNA preparation, wherein the contaminants preferably include all compounds other than from RNA, such as the starting materials used to generate TIV RNA (which is optionally modified) and its degradation products, eg, a DNA template; an RNA polymerase (such as T7, T3 or SP6); monoribonucleotides in unmodified form (for example, rATP, rGTP, rCTP, rUTP and their analogs having only one or two phosphate groups) or in modified form (for example, r (1m^) TP or r'+'TP and their analogs having only one or two phosphate groups); pyrophosphate; a capping reagent (ie, a reagent for introducing 5' capping or a 5' capping analog); and additives used to generate TIV RNA (eg, buffering agents, salts, antioxidant agents, and polyamines (such as spermidine)). Examples of suitable pre-purification treatments that are known to those of skill include nucleic acid precipitation (preferably using lithium chloride); binding of nucleic acids (particularly RNA) to magnetic beads (eg contaminants that do not bind to the magnetic beads can then be washed away using an appropriate medium); ultrafiltration; and DNA degradation, preferably using duplex-specific nuclease (DSN). For example, RNA can be precipitated using the "sodium acetate / isopropanol" precipitation method or the "LiCl" precipitation method (preferably using the "LiCl" precipitation method), both resulting in an RNA preparation in dry form. . In each case, the dried and precipitated RNA thus obtained can be dissolved in a suitable amount of water or TE buffer (10 mM TRIS, 1 mM EDTA), both preferably free of RNase. The "sodium acetate / isopropanol" precipitation method includes the following steps: add 0.1 volumes of 3M sodium acetate (pH 4.0) and 1 volume of isopropanol to an RNA preparation, mix the resulting mixture, incubate the mixture at -20 °C for 1 h, applying centrifugal force (eg, 14,000 x g for 10 min), removing the supernatant from the RNA pellet, washing the RNA pellet with 200 µl of 70% EtOH (v / v) ice cold (i.e., by adding 200 μL ice-cold 70% EtOH to the RNA pellet, applying centrifugal force (eg, 14,000 x g for 5 min), and removing the supernatant from the RNA pellet) and drying (preferably by air) pellet the RNA (preferably in such a way that the ethanol is removed). The "LiCl" precipitation method includes the following steps: add lithium chloride (LiCl) to an RNA preparation so that the final concentration of LiCl is 2.5 M, incubate the mixture at -20 °C for 30 min , apply centrifugal force (eg, 14,000 xg for 10 min), remove supernatant from RNA pellet, wash RNA pellet with 200 μl ice-cold 70% (v / v) EtOH (i.e., add 200 μl of ice-cold 70% (v / v) EtOH to the RNA pellet, applying centrifugal force (eg, 14,000 x g for 5 min) and removing the supernatant from the RNA pellet) and drying (preferably air) the RNA pellet (preferably in such a way that the ethanol is eliminated). The term "RNA polymerase", as used herein, refers to a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase that produces primary transcript RNA. Examples of RNA polymerases suitable for generating TIV RNA according to the present invention include T7, T3 and SP6 RNA polymerases. A preferred RNA polymerase is T7 RNA polymerase. The term "substantially free of dsRNA" as used herein in conjunction with ssRNA or an RNA preparation comprising ssRNA, wherein said ssRNA or RNA preparation comprising ssRNA has been subjected to a method of the present invention, means that the amount of the dsRNA in the ssRNA or RNA preparation comprising ssRNA has been reduced by at least 70% (preferably at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 82%, at least 84% , at least 86%, at least 88%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%) compared to the amount of the dsRNA contained in the ssRNA or RNA preparation comprising ssRNA before said ssRNA or RNA preparation comprising ssRNA has been subjected to the method of the present invention. Preferably, said ssRNA or RNA comprising ssRNA preparation which has been subjected to a method of the present invention has a dsRNA content such that said ssRNA or RNA comprising ssRNA preparation when administered to a subject does not substantially induce an unresponsive response. (such as an unwanted induction of inflammatory cytokines (eg IFN-a) and / or an unwanted effector enzyme activation leading to an inhibition of protein synthesis from the ssRNA of the invention) in said subject. For example, the terms "substantially free of dsRNA" and "does not substantially induce an undesired response" may mean that, when administered to a subject, a ssRNA or RNA preparation comprising ssRNA, wherein said ssRNA or RNA preparation RNA has been subjected to a method of the present invention, induces inflammatory cytokines (particularly IFN-a) in an amount that is reduced by at least 60% (eg, at least 62%, at least 64%, at least 66 %, at least 68%, at least 70%, at least 72%, at least 74%, at least 76%, at least 78%, at least 80%) compared to a control ssRNA (i.e., a preparation of ssRNA or RNA comprising ssRNA that has not been subjected to a method of the present invention). Preferably, the terms "substantially free of dsRNA" and "does not substantially induce an undesired response" mean that, when administered to a subject, a ssRNA or RNA preparation comprising ssRNA, wherein said ssRNA or RNA preparation is has been subjected to a method of the present invention and said ssRNA encodes a peptide or protein, results in translation of the ssRNA into the peptide or protein for at least 10 hrs (eg, at least 12 hrs, at least 14 hrs, at least 16 hours, at least 18 hours, at least 20 hours, at least 22 hours, or at least 24 hours) after administration. For example, the content of the dsRNA in ssRNA or an RNA preparation comprising ssRNA, wherein said ssRNA or RNA preparation comprising ssRNA has been subjected to a method of the present invention, may be at most 5% by weight (preferably at most 4% by weight, at most 3% by weight, at most 2% by weight, at most 1% by weight, at most 0.5% by weight, at most 0.1% by weight, as at most 0.05 wt%, at most 0.01 wt%, at most 0.005 wt%, at most 0.001 wt%), based on the total weight of said ssRNA or RNA preparation comprising ssRNA. The term "substantially free of DNA" as used herein in conjunction with ssRNA or an RNA preparation comprising ssRNA, wherein said ssRNA or RNA preparation comprising ssRNA has been subjected to a method of the present invention, means that the amount of the dsRNA in the ssRNA or the RNA preparation comprising ssRNA may be at most 5 wt% (preferably at most 4 wt%, at most 3 wt%, at most 2 wt%, at most 1% by weight, at most 0.5% by weight, at most 0.1% by weight, at most 0.05% by weight, at most 0.01% by weight, at most 0.005% by weight, at most 0.001% by weight), based on the total weight of said preparation of ssRNA or RNA comprising ssRNA. The term "substantially free of dsRNA and DNA" as used herein in conjunction with ssRNA or an RNA preparation comprising ssRNA, wherein said ssRNA or RNA preparation comprising ssRNA has been subjected to a method of the present invention , means that the amount of dsRNA in the preparation of ssRNA or RNA comprising ssRNA is substantially free of dsRNA as specified above (e.g. translation lasts at least 10 h after administration and / or dsRNA content is as maximum 5% by weight) and is substantially free of DNA as specified above (eg, DNA content is maximum 5% by weight). In the context of the present invention, the term "RNA" refers to a molecule that comprises ribonucleotide residues and is preferably composed wholly or substantially of ribonucleotide residues. "Ribonucleotide" refers to a nucleotide with a hydroxyl group at the 2' position of a p-D-ribofuranosyl group. The term "RNA" encompasses isolated RNA such as partially or completely purified RNA, essentially pure RNA, synthetic RNA, and recombinantly generated RNA, and includes modified Rn that differs from natural RNA by addition, deletion, substitution, and / or alteration of one or more nucleotides. Such alterations may include the addition of non-nucleotide material, such as at the end(s) of an RNA or internally, for example at one or more nucleotides of the RNA. Nucleotides in RNA molecules may also comprise non-standard nucleotides, such as non-naturally occurring nucleotides or chemically synthesized nucleotides or deoxynucleotides. These altered / modified nucleotides may be referred to as naturally occurring nucleotide analogs, and the corresponding RNAs containing such altered / modified nucleotides (ie, altered / modified RNAs) may be referred to as naturally occurring RNA analogs. A molecule is "substantially composed of ribonucleotide residues" if the content of ribonucleotide residues in the molecule is at least 40% (such as at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96 %, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%), based on the total number of nucleotide residues in the molecule. The total number of nucleotide residues in a molecule is the sum of all nucleotide residues (regardless of whether the nucleotide residues are standard (ie naturally occurring) nucleotide residues or analogs thereof). RNA can be isolated from cells, prepared from a DNA template, or chemically synthesized using methods known in the art. In preferred embodiments, the RNA is synthesized in vitro from a DNA template. In a particularly preferred embodiment, RNA, in particular ssRNA such as mRNA or an inhibitory ssRNA (eg antisense RNA, siRNA or miRNA), is generated by in vitro transcription from a DNA template. The person skilled in the art knows the in vitro transcription methodology; see, eg, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory and Manual, 2nd edition, J. Sambrook et al. eds., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory and Press, Cold Spring Harbor 1989. In addition, there are a variety of commercially available in vitro transcription kits, for example, from Thermo Fisher Scientific (such as the T7 TranscriptAid™ kit, the T7 MEGAscript kit ®, MAxiscript®), New England BioLabs Inc. (such as HiScribe™ T7 Kit, HiScribe™ ARCA T7 mRNA Kit), Promega (such as RiboMAX™, HeLaScribe®, Riboprobe® Systems), Jena Bioscience (such as SP6 or T7 transcription kits) and Epicenter (such as AmpliScribe™). In a particularly preferred embodiment, the RNA is in vitro transcribed RNA (TIV RNA). To provide modified RNA, correspondingly modified nucleotides, such as modified naturally occurring nucleotides, modified non-naturally occurring nucleotides and / or modified non-naturally occurring nucleotides, can be incorporated during synthesis (preferably in vitro transcription), or modifications can be made to and / or added to the RNA after transcription. According to the invention, synthetic oligonucleotides of 6 to 100, preferably 10 to 50, in particular 15 to 30 or 15 to 20 nucleotides or longer transcripts of more than 50 nucleotides, preferably 100 to 15,000, more preferably 50, are preferred as RNAs. to 10,000, more preferably from 100 to 5,000, in particular from 200 to 1,000 nucleotides. According to the invention, "RNA" includes mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, sRNA, ssRNA, dsRNA and inhibitory RNA. According to the invention, "ssRNA" includes mRNA and inhibitory ssRNA (such as antisense ssRNA, siRNA or miRNA). "ssRNA" means single-stranded RNA. ssRNA may contain self-complementary sequences that allow parts of the RNA to fold and pair with themselves to form double helices. The size of the ssRNA may vary from 6 to 15,000 nucleotides, preferably from 10 to 12,000, in particular from 100 to 10,000, 150 to 8,000, 200 to 7,000, 250 to 6,000 or 300 to 5,000 nucleotides. In one embodiment, the ssRNA is at least 2,700 nucleotides in length (such as at least 2,800, at least 2,900, at least 3,000, at least 3,100, at least 3,200, at least 3,300, at least 3,400, at least 3,500, at least at least 3,600, at least 3,700, at least 3,800, at least 3,900, at least 4,000, at least 4,100, at least 4,200, at least 4,300, at least 4,400, at least 4,500, at least 4,600, at least 4,700, at least 4,800 , at least 4,900, at least 5,000 nucleotides). Long ssRNA, as used herein, means ssRNA that is at least 3,500 nucleotides in size (such as at least 3,600, at least 3,700, at least 3,800, at least 3,900, at least 4,000, at least 4,100, at least at least 4,200, at least 4,300, at least 4,400, at least 4,500, at least 4,600, at least 4,700, at least 4,800, at least 4,900, at least 5,000, at least 5,500, at least 6,000, at least 6,500, at least 7,000 , at least 7,500, at least 8,000, at least 8,500, at least 9,000, at least 9,500 nucleotides), preferably up to 15,000, such as up to 14,000, up to 13,000 or up to 12,000 nucleotides. According to the invention, "dsRNA" means double-stranded RNA and is RNA with two partially or completely complementary strands. The size of the chains can vary from 6 to 10,000 nucleotides, preferably from 10 to 8,000, in particular from 200 to 5,000, 200 to 2,000 or 200 to 1,000 nucleotides. In accordance with the present invention, the term "mRNA" means "messenger RNA" and refers to a "transcript" that can be generated using a DNA template and can encode a peptide or a protein. Typically, an mRNA comprises a 5' UTR, a protein coding region, and a 3' UTR. In the context of the present invention, mRNA is preferably generated by in vitro transcription from a DNA template. As discussed above, in vitro transcription methodology is known to one of skill in the art and a variety of in vitro transcription kits are commercially available. The size of the mRNA can vary from about 1,000 to 15,000 nucleotides, preferably 2,000 to 12,000, in particular 2,700 to 11,000, 3,000 to 10,000, 3,500 to 9,000, 4,000 to 9,000, 4,500 to 7,000 or 5,000 to 8,000 nucleotides. In one embodiment, the mRNA is at least 2,700 nucleotides in length (such as at least 2,800, at least 2,900, at least 3,000, at least 3,100, at least 3,200, at least 3,300, at least 3,400, at least 3,500, at least at least 3,600, at least 3,700, at least 3,800, at least 3,900, at least 4,000, at least 4,100, at least 4,200, at least 4,300, at least 4,400, at least 4,500, at least 4,600, at least 4,700, at least 4,800 , at least 4,900, at least 5,000 nucleotides). Long mRNA means mRNA that is at least 3,500 nucleotides in size (such as at least 3,600, at least 3,700, at least 3,800, at least 3,900, at least 4,000, at least 4,100, at least 4,200, at least 4,300, at least at least 4,400, at least 4,500, at least 4,600, at least 4,700, at least 4,800, at least 4,900, at least 5,000, at least 5,500, at least 6,000, at least 6,500, at least 7,000, at least 7,500, at least 8,000, at least 8,500, at least 9,000, at least 9,500 nucleotides), preferably up to 15,000, such as up to 14,000, up to 13,000, up to 12,000, up to 11,000 or up to 10,000 nucleotides. mRNA only has a limited half-life in cells and in vitro. Thus, according to the invention, the stability and translation efficiency of the RNA can be modified as required. For example, the mRNA can be stabilized and its translation increased by one or more modifications that have a stabilizing effect and / or increase the translational efficiency of the mRNA. Such modifications are described, for example, in WO 2007 / 036366, the full disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. To increase expression of the mRNA according to the present invention, it may be modified within the coding region, i.e. the sequence encoding the expressed peptide or protein, preferably without altering the sequence of the expressed peptide or protein, to increase the content. of GC to increase mRNA stability and perform codon optimization and thus improve translation in cells. The term "modification" in the context of RNA, preferably ssRNA (such as mRNA) according to the present invention includes any modification of an RNA (preferably ssRNA, such as mRNA) that is not naturally present in said RNA. In one embodiment of the invention, the ssRNA (preferably mRNA) disclosed herein does not have uncapped 5'-triphosphates. Removal of such uncapped 5'-triphosphates can be achieved by treating ssRNA (preferably mRNA) with a phosphatase. The ssRNA (preferably mRNA) disclosed herein may have ribonucleotides modified to increase its stability and / or decrease cytotoxicity. For example, in one embodiment, in the ssRNA (preferably mRNA) disclosed herein, 5-methylcytidine is partially or completely, preferably completely, replaced by cytidine. Alternatively or additionally, in one embodiment, in the ssRNA (preferably mRNA) disclosed herein, pseudouridine or N(1)-methylpseudouridine is partially or completely, preferably completely, substituted for uridine. An RNA (preferably ssRNA such as mRNA) that is modified by pseudouridine (replacing partially or completely, preferably completely, by uridine) is referred to herein as "V-modified", while the term "1mV-modified" means that the RNA ( preferably ssRNA such as mRNA) contains N(1)-methylpseudouridine (substituted partially or completely, preferably completely, by uridine). In one embodiment, the term "modification" refers to providing an RNA (preferably ssRNA, such as mRNA) with a 5' cap or 5' cap analog. The term "5' cap" refers to a cap structure that is found at the 5' end of an RNA molecule (preferably ssRNA, such as mRNA) and generally consists of a guanosine nucleotide connected to the RNA (preferably ssRNA, such as mRNA) via an unusual 5' to 5' triphosphate bond. In one embodiment, this guanosine is methylated at the 7-position. The term "conventional 5' cap" refers to a naturally occurring RNA 5' cap, preferably the 7-methylguanosine (m7G) cap. In the context of the present invention, the term "5' cap" includes a 5' cap analog that resembles the structure of the RNA cap and is modified to possess the ability to stabilize RNA (preferably ssRNA, such as mRNA) and / or enhance translation of the RNA (preferably ssRNA, such as mRNA) if bound thereto, preferably in vivo and / or in a cell. Preferably, the 5' end of the RNA (preferably ssRNA, such as mRNA) includes a cap structure having the following general formula: wherein R1 and R2 are independently hydroxy or methoxy and W, X and Y are independently oxygen, sulfur, selenium or BH3. In a preferred embodiment, R1 and R2 are hydroxy and W, X and Y are oxygen. In a further preferred embodiment, one of R1 and R2, preferably R1 is hydroxy and the other is methoxy and W, X and Y are oxygen. In a further preferred embodiment, R1 and R2 are hydroxy and one of W, X and Y, preferably X is sulfur, selenium or BH3, preferably sulfur, while the others are oxygen. In a further preferred embodiment, one of R1 and R2, preferably R2 is hydroxy and the other is methoxy and one of W, X and Y, preferably X is sulfur, selenium or BH3, preferably sulfur while the other is oxygen. In the above formula, the right-hand side nucleotide is connected to the RNA chain (preferably ssRNA, such as mRNA) through its 3' group. Those cap structures in which at least one of W, X and Y is sulfur, ie, which have a phosphorothioate moiety, exist in different diastereoisomeric forms, all of which are included herein. Furthermore, the present invention encompasses all tautomers and stereoisomers of the above formula. For example, the cap structure having the above structure, where R1 is methoxy, R2 is hydroxy, X is sulfur, and W and Y are oxygen exists in two diastereoisomeric forms (Rp and Sp). These can be resolved by reverse phase HPLC and are designated D1 and D2 according to their order of elution from the reverse phase HPLC column. According to the invention, the D1 isomer of m27,2'"°GppspG is particularly preferred. Accordingly, the term "D1 capping" as used herein refers to an RNA (preferably ssRNA, such as mRNA) that is capped with the D1 isomer of m272'-°GppspG as specified above Similarly, the term "D2-capped" as used herein refers to an RNA (preferably ssRNA, such as mRNA) that is capped with the D2 isomer of m272'-°GppspG as specified above Other examples of capped structures are known to those skilled in the art and include those described in WO 2008 / 157688. Providing an RNA (preferably ssRNA, such as mRNA) with a 5' cap or 5' cap analog can be achieved by in vitro transcription of a DNA template in the presence of said 5' cap or 5' cap analog, in wherein said 5' cap is cotranscriptionally incorporated into the generated RNA strand (preferably ssRNA, such as mRNA), or the RNA (preferably ssRNA, such as mRNA) may be generated, for example, by in vitro transcription, and the 5' cap ' can bind to RNA (preferably ssRNA, such as mRNA) post-transcriptionally using capping enzymes, eg capping enzymes from vaccinia virus. The RNA (preferably ssRNA, such as mRNA) may comprise additional modifications. For example, a further modification of the ssRNA disclosed herein may be an extension or truncation of the naturally occurring poly(A) tail or an alteration of the 5' or 3' untranslated regions (also called "5' untranslated"). or 3'") (UTR). RNA (preferably ssRNA, such as mRNA) having an unmasked poly-A sequence is translated more efficiently than RNA (preferably ssRNA, such as mRNA) having a masked poly-A sequence. The term "poly(A) tail" or "poly-A sequence" refers to a sequence of adenosine (particularly adenylyl) residues (A) normally found at the 3' end of an RNA (preferably ssRNA, such as mRNA) and "unmasked poly-A sequence" means that the poly-A sequence at the 3' end of an RNA molecule (preferably ssRNA, such as mRNA) ends with an A from the sequence of poly-A and is not followed by nucleotides other than A located at the 3' end, ie downstream, of the poly-A sequence. Furthermore, a long poly-A sequence that is about 120 nucleotides in length results in optimal transcription stability and translation efficiency of an RNA (preferably ssRNA, such as mRNA). Therefore, to increase the stability and / or expression of the RNA, preferably ssRNA (such as mRNA) according to the present invention, it can be modified to be present together with a poly-A sequence, preferably with a length of from 10 to 500, more preferably from 30 to 300, even more preferably from 65 to 200 and especially from 100 to 150 adenosine (particularly adenylyl) residues. In an especially preferred embodiment, the poly-A sequence is about 120 adenosine (particularly adenylyl) residues in length. To further increase the stability and / or expression of the RNA, preferably the ssRNA (such as mRNA) disclosed herein, the poly-A sequence can be unmasked. Furthermore, incorporation of a 3' UTR into the 3' untranslated region of an RNA molecule (preferably ssRNA, such as mRNA) can result in improved translation efficiency. A synergistic effect can be achieved by incorporating two or more such 3' UTRs. The 3' UTRs can be autologous or heterologous to the RNA (preferably ssRNA, such as mRNA) into which they are introduced. In a particular embodiment, the 3' UTR is derived from a globin gene or mRNA, such as an alpha2-globin, alpha1-globin or beta-globin gene or mRNA, preferably beta-globin, more preferably human beta-globin. A combination of the modifications described above, i.e., incorporation of a poly-A sequence, unmasking of a poly-A sequence, incorporation of one or more 3' UTRs, and replacement of one or more natural nucleotides with synthetic nucleotides (for example, 5-methylcytidine for cytidine and / or pseudouridine (^) or N(1)-methylipseudouridine (1m^) for uridine), has synergistic influence on RNA (preferably ssRNA, such as mRNA) stability and increases efficiency of the translation. The term "inhibitory RNA" as used herein means RNA that selectively hybridizes to and / or is specific for the target mRNA, thereby inhibiting (eg, reducing) transcription and / or translation thereof. Inhibitory α Rn includes RNA molecules having sequences in the antisense orientation relative to the target mRNA. Suitable inhibitor oligonucleotides typically range in length from five to several hundred nucleotides, more typically from about 20 to 70 nucleotides in length or shorter, even more typically from about 10 to 30 nucleotides in length. Examples of the inhibitory RNA include antisense RNA, ribozyme, RNAi, siRNA, and miRNA. The term "antisense RNA" as used herein refers to an RNA that hybridizes under physiological conditions with the DNA comprising a particular gene or with the mRNA of said gene, thus inhibiting the transcription of said gene and / or the translation of said mRNA. An antisense transcript of a nucleic acid or part thereof can form a duplex with naturally occurring mRNA and thus prevent accumulation or translation of the mRNA. Another possibility is the use of ribozymes to inactivate a nucleic acid. The antisense RNA can hybridize to a 5' upstream or N-terminal site such as a translation start site, a transcription start site or a promoter site. In additional embodiments, the antisense RNA can hybridize to a 3' untranslated region or splice site of the mRNA. The size of the antisense RNA may vary from 15 to 15,000 nucleotides, preferably from 20 to 12,000, in particular from 100 to 10,000, from 150 to 8,000, from 200 to 7,000, from 250 to 6,000, from 300 to 5,000 nucleotides, such as 15 to 2,000, 20 to 1,000, 25 to 800, 30 to 600, 35 to 500, 40 to 400, 45 to 300, 50 to 250, 55 to 200, 60 to 150, or 65 to 100 nucleotides. In one embodiment, the antisense RNA is at least 2,700 nucleotides in length (such as at least 2,800, at least 2,900, at least 3,000, at least 3,100, at least 3,200, at least 3,300, at least 3,400, at least 3,500, at least 3,600, at least 3,700, at least 3,800, at least 3,900, at least 4,000, at least 4,100, at least 4,200, at least 4,300, at least 4,400, at least 4,500, at least 4,600, at least 4,700, at least 4,800, at least 4,900, at least 5,000 nucleotides). Long antisense RNA as used herein means antisense RNA that is at least 3,500 nucleotides in size (such as at least 3,600, at least 3,700, at least 3,800, at least 3,900, at least 4,000, at least 4,100, at least 4,200, at least 4,300, at least 4,400, at least 4,500, at least 4,600, at least 4,700, at least 4,800, at least 4,900, at least 5,000, at least 5,500, at least 6,000, at least 6,500, at least 7,000, at least 7,500, at least 8,000, at least 8,500, at least 9,000, at least 9,500 nucleotides), preferably up to 15,000, such as up to 14,000, up to 13,000, up to 12,000, up to 11,000 or up to 10,000 nucleotides. The stability of the antisense RNA can be modified as needed. For example, antisense RNA can be stabilized by one or more modifications that have a stabilizing effect. Such modifications include modified phosphodiester linkages (such as methylphosphonate, phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate, or phosphoramidate linkages in place of natural phosphodiester linkages) and 2' substitutions (eg, 2'-fluoro, 2'-O-alkyl (such as 2'-O -methyl, 2'-O-propyl or 2'-O-pentyl) and 2'-O-allyl). For example, in one embodiment of the antisense RNA, the phosphorothioate linkages are partially replaced by phosphodiester linkages. Alternatively or additionally, in one embodiment of the antisense RNA, the ribose moiety is partially substituted at the 2' position with O-alkyl (such as 2'-O-methyl). An antisense RNA can target any stretch of from about 19 to 25 contiguous nucleotides in any of the target mRNA sequences (the "target sequence"). Generally, a target sequence in the target mRNA can be selected from a given cDNA sequence corresponding to the target mRNA, preferably starting 50 to 100 nt downstream (ie, in the 3' direction) from the start codon. However, the target sequence may be located in the 5' or 3' untranslated regions, or in the region near the start codon. Antisense RNA can be obtained using various techniques known to those of skill in the art. For example, antisense RNA can be chemically synthesized or recombinantly produced using methods known in the art. Preferably, the antisense RNA is transcribed from circular or linear recombinant DNA plasmids using any suitable promoter. Selection of suitable plasmids for expressing antisense RNA, methods for inserting nucleic acid sequences for expressing antisense RNA into the plasmid, and TIV methods of in vitro transcription of said antisense RNA are within the skill of the art. An "antisense ssRNA" refers to an antisense RNA as specified above that is single-stranded. By "small interfering RNA" or "siRNA" as used herein is meant an RNA molecule, preferably greater than 10 nucleotides in length, more preferably greater than 15 nucleotides in length, and most preferably 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30 nucleotides in length that is capable of specifically binding a portion of a target mRNA. This binding induces a process, in which said portion of the target mRNA is cut or degraded and therefore gene expression of said target mRNA is inhibited. A range of 19 to 25 nucleotides is the most preferred size for siRNAs. Although, in principle, the sense and antisense strands of siRNA can comprise complementary single-stranded RNA molecules, the siRNAs disclosed herein comprise a single molecule in which two complementary portions are base-paired and covalently linked by a "hairpin" area. "single stranded. That is, the sense region and the antisense region can be covalently connected by a linker molecule. The linker molecule may be a polynucleotide or non-nucleotide linker, but is preferably a polynucleotide linker. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the hairpin area of ​​the single-stranded siRNA molecule is cleaved intracellularly by the "Dicer" protein (or its equivalent) to form a siRNA of two single base paired RNA molecules. The siRNA may also comprise a 3' overhang. As used herein, a "3' overhang" refers to at least one mismatched nucleotide extending from the 3' end of an RNA strand. Thus, in one embodiment, the siRNA comprises at least one 3' overhang 1 to about 6 nucleotides (including ribonucleotides or deoxynucleotides) in length, preferably 1 to about 5 nucleotides in length, more preferably 1 to about 4 nucleotides. in length, and particularly preferably from about 2 to about 4 nucleotides in length. In the embodiment where both strands of the siRNA molecule (i.e., after the single-stranded siRNA molecule is cleaved intracellularly by the "Dicer" protein) comprise a 3' overhang, the length of the overhangs may be the same or different for each string. In a more preferred embodiment, the 3' overhang is present on both strands of the siRNA and is 2 nucleotides in length. For example, each siRNA strand may comprise dideoxythymidylic acid ("TT") or diuridylic acid ("uu") 3' overhangs. To improve siRNA stability, the 3' overhangs can also be stabilized against degradation. In one embodiment, the overhangs are stabilized by including purine nucleotides, such as adenosine or guanosine nucleotides. Alternatively, substitution of pyrimidine nucleotides with modified analogs, eg, substitution of uridine nucleotides at 3' overhangs with 2'-deoxythymidine, is tolerated and does not affect the efficiency of RNAi degradation. In particular, the absence of a 2'-hydroxyl in 2'-deoxythymidine significantly improves the nuclease resistance of the 3' overhang in tissue culture medium. As used herein, "target mRNA" refers to an RNA molecule that is a target for down-regulation. The siRNA according to the invention can target any stretch of from about 19 to 25 contiguous nucleotides in any of the target mRNA sequences (the "target sequence"). Techniques for selecting siRNA target sequences are presented, for example, in Tuschl T. et al., "The siRNA User Guide," revised Oct. 11, 2002. "The siRNA User Guide" is available on the World Wide Web at a website maintained by Dr. Thomas Tuschl, RNA Molecular Biology Laboratory, Rockefeller University, New York, USA, and can be found by accessing the Rockefeller University website and searching with the keyword "siRNA" . Further guidance regarding target sequence selection and / or siRNA design can be found on the Protocol Online web pages (www.protocol-online.com) using the keyword "siRNA". Thus, in one embodiment, the siRNA sense strand disclosed herein comprises a nucleotide sequence substantially identical to any contiguous stretch of from about 19 to about 25 nucleotides in the target mRNA. Generally, a target sequence in the target mRNA can be selected from a given cDNA sequence corresponding to the target mRNA, preferably starting 50 to 100 nt downstream (ie, in the 3' direction) from the start codon. However, the target sequence may be located in the 5' or 3' untranslated regions, or in the region near the start codon. siRNA can be obtained using various techniques known to those of skill in the art. For example, siRNA can be chemically synthesized or recombinantly produced using methods known in the art, such as the Drosophila in vitro system described in Tuschl et al., US Patent Application No. 2002 / 0086356. siRNA can be expressed from pol III expression vectors without a change in targeting site, as RNA expression from pol III promoters is thought to be efficient only when the first transcribed nucleotide is a purine. Preferably, the siRNA is transcribed from circular or linear recombinant DNA plasmids using any suitable promoter. Suitable promoters for transcribing siRNA of the invention from a plasmid include, for example, the U6 or HI RNA pol III promoter sequences and the cytomegalovirus promoter. Selection of other suitable promoters is within the skill of the art. Selection of suitable plasmids for transcribing siRNA, methods of inserting nucleic acid sequences to express the siRNA into the plasmid, and TIV methods of in vitro transcription of said siRNA are within the skill of the art. The term "miRNA" (microRNA) as used herein refers to non-coding RNAs that are 21 to 25 (such as 21 to 23, preferably 22) nucleotides in length and that induce degradation and / or prevent translation. of the target mRNAs. miRNAs are typically found in plants, animals, and some viruses, where they are encoded by eukaryotic nuclear DNA in plants and animals and by viral DNA (in viruses whose genome is based on DNA), respectively. miRNAs are post-transcriptional regulators that bind to complementary sequences in target messenger RNA (mRNA) transcripts, generally resulting in translational repression or target degradation and gene silencing. miRNA can be obtained using a number of techniques known to those of skill in the art. For example, antisense RNA can be chemically synthesized or recombinantly produced using methods known in the art (eg, using commercially available kits such as the miRNA cDNA Synthesis Kit sold by Applied Biological Materials Inc.). Preferably, the antisense RNA is transcribed from circular or linear recombinant DNA plasmids using any suitable promoter. Techniques for predicting the secondary structure of RNAs are presented, for example, in Sato et al. (Nucleic Acids Res. 37 (2009): W277-W280), Hamada et al. (Nucleic Acids Res. 39 (2011): W100-W1062011), and Reuter and Mathews (BMC Bioinformatics 11 (2010): 129). The term "nucleoside" refers to compounds that can be considered nucleotides without a phosphate group. Whereas a nucleoside is a nucleobase attached to a sugar (eg, ribose or deoxyribose), a nucleotide is composed of a nucleoside and one or more phosphate groups. Examples of nucleosides include cytidine, uridine, adenosine, and guanosine. The five standard nucleosides that make up nucleic acids are uridine, adenosine, thymidine, cytidine, and guanosine. The five nucleosides are commonly abbreviated to their one-letter codes U, A, T, C, and G, respectively. However, thymidine is more commonly written as "dT" ("d" stands for "deoxy") since it contains a 2'-deoxyribouranose moiety in place of the ribofuranose ring found in uridine. This is because thymidine is found in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and not in ribonucleic acid (RNA). In contrast, uridine is found in RNA and not in DNA. The remaining three nucleosides can be found in both RNA and DNA. In RNA, they would be represented as A, C, and G, while in DNA they would be represented as dA, dC, and dG. The term "stability" of RNA (preferably ssRNA, such as mRNA) refers to the "half-life" of the RNA. "Half-life" refers to the length of time it takes to eliminate half the activity, amount, or number of molecules. In the context of the present invention, the half-life of an RNA (preferably ssRNA, such as mRNA or inhibitory ssRNA) is indicative of the stability of said RNA. Of course, if according to the present invention it is desired to decrease the stability of the RNA (preferably ssRNA such as mRNA or inhibitory ssRNA), it is possible to modify the RNA (preferably ssRNA such as mRNA or inhibitory ssRNA) to interfere with the function of the elements as described above increasing the stability of the RNA (preferably ssRNA such as mRNA or inhibitory ssRNA). In one embodiment, the ssRNA disclosed herein is (modified) ssRNA, in particular (modified) mRNA, that encodes a peptide or protein. According to the invention, the term "ssRNA encoding a peptide or protein" means that the ssRNA, if present in the appropriate environment, preferably within a cell, can direct the assembly of amino acids to produce, i.e. express, the peptide or protein during the translation process. Preferably, ssRNA (such as mRNA) disclosed herein is capable of interacting with the cellular translational machinery allowing translation of the peptide or protein. The term "expression" is used according to the invention in its most general meaning and comprises the production of the RNA and / or peptides or proteins, for example, by transcription and / or translation. With respect to RNA, the term "expression" or "translation" refers in particular to the production of peptides or proteins. It also encompasses the partial expression of nucleic acids. Furthermore, the expression may be transient or stable. In the context of the present invention, the term "transcription" refers to a process, in which the genetic code in a DNA sequence is transcribed into RNA. The RNA can then be translated into protein. According to the present invention, the term "transcription" comprises "in vitro transcription", where the term "in vitro transcription" refers to a process, in which RNA, in particular ssRNA, such as mRNA , is synthesized in vitro in a cell-free system, preferably using appropriate cell extracts. Preferably, the cloning vectors are applied for the generation of transcripts. These cloning vectors are generally referred to as transcription vectors and are encompassed in accordance with the present invention by the term "vector". According to the present invention, the RNA preparation comprises ssRNA produced by in vitro transcription, in particular in vitro transcription of an appropriate DNA template. The promoter to control transcription can be any promoter of any RNA polymerase. Particular examples of RNA polymerases are the T7, T3 and SP6 RNA polymerases. Preferably, in vitro transcription is controlled by a T7, T3 or SP6 promoter. A DNA template for in vitro transcription can be obtained by cloning a nucleic acid, in particular cDNA, and inserting it into an appropriate vector for in vitro transcription. cDNA can be obtained by reverse transcription of RNA. The cDNA-containing vector template may comprise vectors carrying different cDNA inserts which upon transcription result in a population of different RNA molecules optionally capable of expressing different peptides or proteins or may comprise vectors carrying only one species of insert. of cDNA that after transcription alone results in a population of one RNA species capable of expressing only one peptide or protein. Thus, it is possible to produce RNAs capable of expressing a single peptide or protein only or to produce compositions of different RNAs such as RNA libraries and whole cell RNAs capable of expressing more than one peptide or protein, for example, a composition of peptides or proteins. The present invention provides for the introduction of all of these RNAs into cells. The term "translation" according to the invention refers to the process in the ribosomes of a cell by which a strand of mRNA directs the assembly of an amino acid sequence to produce a peptide or protein. The term "peptide" as used herein comprises oligo and polypeptides and refers to substances comprising two or more, preferably 3 or more, preferably 4 or more, preferably 6 or more, preferably 8 or more, preferably 10 or more. , preferably 13 or more, preferably 16 or more, preferably 21 or more and even preferably 8, 10, 20, 30, 40 or 50, in particular 100 amino acids covalently linked by peptide bonds. The term "protein" preferably refers to large peptides, preferably peptides with more than 100 amino acid residues, but in general the terms "peptide" and "protein" are synonymous and are used interchangeably herein. In accordance with the present invention, the ssRNA such as mRNA may encode a peptide or a protein. Thus, the ssRNA may contain a coding region (open reading frame (ORF)) that encodes a peptide or protein. For example, the ssRNA may encode and express an antigen or a pharmaceutically active peptide or protein such as an immunologically active compound (which is preferably not an antigen). In this regard, an "open reading frame" or "ORF" is a continuous stretch of codons beginning with a start codon and ending with a stop codon. The term "pharmaceutically active peptide or protein" includes a peptide or protein that can be used in the treatment of a subject where expression of a peptide or protein would be beneficial, for example, in ameliorating symptoms of a disease or disorder. For example, a pharmaceutically active protein may replace or increase protein expression in a cell that does not normally express a protein or misexpresses a protein, eg, a pharmaceutically active protein may compensate for a mutation by supplying a desirable protein. Furthermore, a "pharmaceutically active peptide or protein" may produce a beneficial result in a subject, for example, it may be used to produce a protein with which a subject is vaccinated against an infectious disease. Preferably, a "pharmaceutically active peptide or protein" has a positive or beneficial effect on a subject's condition or disease state when administered to the subject in a therapeutically effective amount. Preferably, a pharmaceutically active peptide or protein has curative or palliative properties and can be administered to ameliorate, alleviate, palliate, reverse, delay the onset of, or lessen the severity of one or more symptoms of a disease or disorder. A pharmaceutically active peptide or protein may have prophylactic properties and may be used to delay the onset of a disease or to lessen the severity of said disease or pathological condition. The term "pharmaceutically active peptide or protein" includes whole proteins or polypeptides, and may also refer to pharmaceutically active fragments thereof. It can also include pharmaceutically active analogs of a peptide or protein. The term "pharmaceutically active peptide or protein" includes peptides and proteins that are antigens, ie, the peptide or protein elicits an immune response in a subject that may be partially or fully therapeutic or protective. Examples of pharmaceutically active proteins include, but are not limited to, cytokines and immune system proteins such as immunologically active compounds (eg, interleukins, colony-stimulating factor (CSF), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), erythropoietin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interferons, integrins, addressins, selectins, homing receptors, T-cell receptors, immunoglobulins, soluble antigens of the major complex of histocompatibility, immunologically active antigens such as bacterial, parasitic or viral antigens, allergens, autoantigens, antibodies), hormones (insulin, thyroid hormone, catecholamines, gonadotropins, trophic hormones, prolactin, oxytocin, dopamine, bovine somatotropin, leptins and the like), hormones of growth (eg, human growth hormone), growth factors ent (eg, epidermal growth factor, nerve growth factor, insulin-like growth factor, and the like), growth factor receptors, enzymes (tissue plasminogen activator, streptokinase, biosynthetic or degrading cholesterol, steroidogenic enzymes, kinases , phosphodiesterases, methylases, demethylases, dehydrogenases, cellulases, proteases, lipases, phospholipases, aromatases, cytochromes, adenylate or guanylate cyclases, neuramidases, and the like), receptors (steroid hormone receptors, peptide receptors), binding proteins (binding proteins to growth hormone or growth factor and the like), transcription and translation factors, tumor growth suppressor proteins (eg, proteins that inhibit angiogenesis), structural proteins (such as collagen, fibroin, fibrinogen, elastin, tubulin, actin and myosin) and blood proteins (thrombin, serum albumin, Factor VII, Fact or VIII, insulin, Factor IX, Factor X, tissue plasminogen activator, protein C, von Willebrand factor, antithrombin III, glucocerebrosidase, erythropoietin granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF) or modified Factor VIII, anticoagulants, and the like). In one embodiment, the pharmaceutically active protein is a cytokine that is involved in the regulation of lymphoid homeostasis, preferably a cytokine that is involved in and preferably induces or enhances T cell development, priming, expansion, differentiation, and / or survival. embodiment, the cytokine is an interleukin. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutically active protein is an interleukin selected from the group consisting of IL-2, IL-7, IL-12, IL-15, and IL-21. The term "immunologically active compound" refers to any compound that alters an immune response, preferably by inducing and / or suppressing immune cell maturation, inducing and / or suppressing cytokine biosynthesis, and / or altering humoral immunity by stimulating the production of cytokines. of antibodies by B cells. Immunologically active compounds possess potent immunostimulatory activity including, but not limited to, antiviral and antitumor activity, and may also downregulate other aspects of the immune response, for example, by turning the immune response away from a TH2 immune response, which is useful for treating a wide range of TH2-mediated diseases. Immunologically active compounds may be useful as vaccine adjuvants. In one embodiment, ssRNA (such as mRNA) encoding an antigen such as disease-associated antigen is administered to a mammal, particularly if it is desired to treat a mammal having a disease involving or expressing the antigen (associated antigen). illness) . The ssRNA is preferably taken up in mammalian antigen presenting cells (monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells or other cells). An antigen translation product of the ssRNA is formed and the product is presented on the surface of cells for recognition by T cells. In one embodiment, the antigen or a product produced by its optional processing is presented on the cell surface in the context of MHC molecules for their recognition by T cells through their T cell receptor leading to their activation. Interferons are important cytokines characterized by antiviral, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory activities. Interferons are proteins that alter and regulate gene transcription within a cell by binding to interferon receptors on the regulated cell surface, thus preventing viral replication within cells. Interferons can be grouped into two types. IFN-gamma is the only type II interferon; all others are type I interferons. Type I and type II interferons differ in genetic structure (type II interferon genes have three exons; type I have one), location on the chromosome (in humans, type II is found on chromosome 12; type I interferon genes are linked and on chromosome 9), and the types of tissues where they are produced (type I interferons are synthesized ubiquitously, type II by lymphocytes). Type I interferons competitively inhibit each other's binding to cell receptors, whereas type II interferon has a different receptor. According to the invention, the term "interferon" or "IFN" preferably refers to type I interferons, in particular IFN-alpha and IFN-beta. In one embodiment, the RNA, in particular the RNA to be expressed in a cell, is a single-stranded self-replicating RNA. In one embodiment, the self-replicating RNA is positive-sense single-stranded RNA. In one embodiment, the self-replicating RNA is viral RNA or RNA derived from viral RNA. In one embodiment, the self-replicating RNA is alphaviral genomic RNA or is derived from alphaviral genomic RNA. In one embodiment, the self-replicating RNA is a viral gene expression vector. In one embodiment, the virus is the Semliki Forest virus. In one embodiment, the self-replicating RNA contains one or more transgenes which, in one embodiment, if the RNA is viral RNA, may partially or completely replace viral sequences such as viral sequences encoding structural proteins. The term "RNA preparation" as used herein refers to any composition comprising at least one of the various types of RNA specified above (i.e., mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, nsRNA, ssRNA, dsRNA, and RNA). Inhibitory ssRNA (such as antisense Ar N, siRNA or miRNA)). The term "RNA preparation comprising ssRNA", as used herein, refers to any composition comprising at least ssRNA (however, said composition may also comprise dsRNA). The term "RNA preparation comprising ssRNA produced by in vitro transcription" refers to any composition comprising at least ssRNA, wherein said ssRNA has been generated by in vitro transcription. The term "in vitro transcription" or "TIV", as used herein, means that the transcription (ie, the generation of RNA) is performed without cells. That is, TIV does not use live / cultured cells but rather the transcription machinery extracted from the cells (eg, cell lysates or components isolated from them, including an RNA polymerase (preferably T7, T3, or SP6 polymerase)). The term "optional" or "optionally" as used in this document means that the event, circumstance, or condition described below may or may not occur, and that the description includes instances in which such event, circumstance, or condition occurs and instances in which such event, circumstance, or condition occurs. that doesn't happen "Isomers" are compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in structure ("structural isomers") or in the geometric position of functional groups and / or atoms ("stereoisomers"). "Enantiomers" are a pair of stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other. A "racemic mixture" or "racemate" contains a pair of enantiomers in equal amounts and is indicated by the prefix (±). "Diastereomers" are stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of one another. "Tautomers" are structural isomers of the same chemical that spontaneously interconvert with each other, even when pure. Terms such as "decrease", "reduce" or "inhibit" refer to the ability to cause an overall decrease, preferably 5% or more, 10% or more, 20% or more, more preferably 50% or more , and most preferably 75% or more, at the level. This also includes a complete or essentially complete decrease, ie a decrease to zero or essentially zero. Terms such as "increase", "improve" or "prolong" preferably refer to an increase, improvement or prolongation by about at least 10%, preferably at least 20%, preferably at least 30%, preferably at least 40%. %, preferably at least 50%, preferably at least 80%, preferably at least 100%, preferably at least 200% and in particular at least 300%. These terms may also refer to an increase, enhancement, or prolongation from zero or a non-measurable or non-detectable level to a level greater than zero or a level that is measurable or detectable. The term "naturally occurring" as used in this document refers to the fact that an object can be found in nature. For example, a protein or nucleic acid that is present in an organism (including viruses), can be isolated from a source in nature, and has not been intentionally modified by man in the laboratory, is naturally occurring. The ssRNA disclosed herein may be isotopically labeled, that is, one or more atoms of the ssRNA are replaced by a corresponding atom having the same number of protons but differing in number of neutrons. For example, a hydrogen atom can be replaced by a deuterium atom. Examples of isotopes that can be used in the ssRNA of the present invention include deuterium, 11C, 13C, 14C, 15N, 18F, 32S, 36Cl, and 125I. Isotopically labeled ssRNA can be produced by using correspondingly isotopically labeled nucleotides during transcription in vitro or by adding such correspondingly isotopically labeled nucleotides after transcription. Also described herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a ssRNA of the invention and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a ssRNA of the invention, one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, and one or more additional / supplemental active compounds. Also disclosed herein is a ssRNA as specified above or a pharmaceutical composition as specified herein for use in therapy. For example, the ssRNA and pharmaceutical compositions of the invention can be used in the treatment (including prophylactic treatment) of a condition, disorder or disease selected from the group consisting of infectious diseases (eg, those caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi or other microorganisms) ; an undesirable inflammation (such as an immune disorder); and cancer. Therefore, (i) a ssRNA disclosed herein (or a pharmaceutical composition comprising such ssRNA optionally together with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient) for use in a method of treating a condition, disorder or disease as described is also disclosed. specifies herein, in particular, a disease selected from the group consisting of infectious diseases (eg, those caused by a virus, bacteria, fungus, or other microorganism); an undesirable inflammation; and cancer; and (ii) a method of treating an individual in need thereof, comprising administering a pharmaceutically effective amount of a ssRNA of the invention (or a pharmaceutical composition comprising such ssRNA optionally together with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient) to the individual. In one embodiment, the individual suffers from, is susceptible to, or is at risk for, one or more of the conditions, disorders, or diseases described herein. The condition, disorder, or disease may be selected from the group consisting of infectious diseases (eg, those caused by a virus, bacteria, fungus, or other microorganism); an undesirable inflammation; and cancer. Furthermore, the individual is preferably a mammal and more preferably a human. Cancer (medical term: malignant neoplasm) is a class of diseases in which a group of cells exhibits uncontrolled growth (division beyond normal limits), invasion (intrusion into and destruction of adjacent tissues), and sometimes metastases. (spread to other locations in the body through the lymph or blood) . These three malignant properties of cancers differentiate them from benign tumors, which are self-limited and do not invade or metastasize. Most cancers form a tumor, that is, an inflammation or lesion made up of abnormal growth of cells (called neoplastic cells or tumor cells), but some, such as leukemia, do not. The term "cancer" according to the invention includes leukemias, seminomas, melanomas, teratomas, lymphomas, neuroblastomas, gliomas, rectal cancer, endometrial cancer, kidney cancer, adrenal cancer, thyroid cancer, blood cancer, skin, brain cancer, cervical cancer, bowel cancer, liver cancer, colon cancer, stomach cancer, bowel cancer, head and neck cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, lymph node cancer, esophageal cancer, colorectal cancer , pancreatic cancer, ear, nose, and throat (ENT) cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, uterine cancer, ovarian cancer, and lung cancer and their metastases. Examples thereof are lung carcinomas, breast carcinomas, prostate carcinomas, colon carcinomas, renal cell carcinomas, cervical carcinomas, or metastases from the types of cancer or tumors described above. The term cancer according to the invention also comprises cancer metastases. Examples of cancers treatable with the ssRNA and pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention include malignant melanoma, all types of carcinoma (colon, renal cell, bladder, prostate, small cell and non-small cell lung carcinoma, etc.), lymphomas , sarcomas, blastomas, gliomas, etc. Malignant melanoma is a serious type of skin cancer. It is due to the uncontrolled growth of pigment cells, called melanocytes. According to the invention, a "carcinoma" is a malignant tumor derived from epithelial cells. This group represents the most common cancers, including common forms of breast, prostate, lung, and colon cancer. Lymphoma and leukemia are neoplasms derived from hematopoietic (blood-forming) cells. A sarcoma is a cancer that arises from transformed cells in one of several tissues that develop from the embryonic mesoderm. Thus, sarcomas include tumors of bone, cartilage, adipose, muscle, vascular, and hematopoietic tissue. A blastic tumor or blastoma is a tumor (usually malignant) that resembles immature or embryonic tissue. Many of these tumors are more common in children. A glioma is a type of tumor that begins in the brain or spine. It is called a glioma because it arises from glial cells. The most common site for gliomas is the brain. "Metastasis" means the spread of cancer cells from their original site to another part of the body. The formation of metastases is a very complex process and depends on the detachment of malignant cells from the primary tumor, the invasion of the extracellular matrix, the penetration of the endothelial basement membranes to enter the body cavity and vessels, and then, after being transported by the blood, infiltration of target organs. Finally, the growth of a new tumor, that is, a secondary tumor or a metastatic tumor, at the target site is dependent on angiogenesis. Tumor metastasis often occurs even after removal of the primary tumor because tumor cells or components may remain and develop metastatic potential. In one embodiment, the term "metastasis" according to the invention refers to "distant metastasis" which refers to a metastasis that is remote from the primary tumor and the regional lymph node system. Examples of immune disorders include, but are not limited to, autoimmune diseases (eg, diabetes mellitus, arthritis (including rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and psoriatic arthritis), multiple sclerosis, encephalomyelitis, myasthenia gravis, systemic lupus erythematosis, thyroiditis, dermatitis (including atopic dermatitis and eczematous dermatitis), psoriasis, Sjogren's syndrome, Crohn's disease, aphthous ulcer, iritis, conjunctivitis, keratoconjunctivitis, ulcerative colitis, asthma, allergic asthma, sepsis and septic shock, inflammatory bowel disorder, lupus cutaneous erythematosus, scleroderma, vaginitis, proctitis, drug eruptions, leprosy reversal reactions, erythema nodosum leprosum, autoimmune uveitis, allergic encephalomyelitis, acute ecrotizing hemorrhagic encephalopathy, idiopathic bilateral progressive sensorineural hearing loss, aplastic anemia, pure red blood cell anemia, thrombocytopenia idiopathic, poly chondritis, Wegener's granulomatosis, chronic active hepatitis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, glomerulonephritis, idiopathic sprue, lichen planus, Graves' disease, sarcoidosis, primary biliary cirrhosis, posterior uveitis, and interstitial pulmonary fibrosis), graft-versus-host disease, cases of transplant, and allergy such as atopic allergy. Examples of viruses include, but are not limited to, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV) (eg, CMV5), human herpesviruses (HHV) (eg, , HHV6, 7, or 8) , herpes simplex virus (HSV) , bovine herpesvirus (BHV) (for example, BHV4) , equine herpesvirus (EHV) (for example, EHV2) , cell leukemia virus Human T (HTLV) 5, Varicella-zoster virus (VZV), Measles virus, Papovavirus (JC and BK), Hepatitis virus (for example, HBV or HCV), Myxoma virus, Adenovirus, Parvovirus, Virus polyoma virus, influenza virus, papilloma virus, and poxviruses such as vaccinia virus and molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) and lyssavirus. Said virus may or may not express an inhibitor of apoptosis. Examples of illnesses caused by a viral infection include, but are not limited to, chickenpox, cytomegalovirus infections, genital herpes, hepatitis B and C, influenza, herpes, and rabies. Examples of bacteria include, but are not limited to, Campylobacter jejuni, Enterobacter species, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli (eg, F. coli 0157:H7), group A streptococcus, Haemophilus influenzae, Helicobacter pylori, listeria, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, S. pneumoniae, Salmonella, Shigella, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Borrelia and Rickettsia. Examples of illnesses caused by a bacterial infection include, but are not limited to, anthrax, cholera, diphtheria, foodborne illness, leprosy, meningitis, peptic ulcer disease, pneumonia, sepsis, septic shock, syphilis, tetanus, tuberculosis, typhoid fever and urinary tract infection, Lyme disease, and Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Particular examples of infectious diseases treatable with the ssRNA and the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention include viral infectious diseases, such as AIDS (HIV), hepatitis A, B or C, herpes, herpes zoster (chickenpox), German measles rubella), yellow fever, dengue; infectious diseases caused by flaviviruses; influenza; hemorrhagic infectious diseases (Marburg or Ebola virus); bacterial infectious diseases (such as Legionnaires' disease (Legionella), gastric ulcer (Helicobacter), cholera (Vibrio), E. coli, Staphylococci, Salmonella, or Streptococci (tetanus) infections; protozoan pathogen infections such as malaria, sleeping sickness, leishmaniasis, toxoplasmosis, i.e. Plasmodium, Trypanosoma, Leishmania, and Toxoplasma infections; or fungal infections, which are caused, for example, by Cryptococcus neoformans, Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides immitis, Blastomyces dermatitidis, or Candida albicans. The ssRNA and pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein may be used alone or in conjunction with one or more additional / supplemental active compounds that may be administered before, simultaneously with, or after administration of the ssRNA or pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. Said one or more additional / supplemental active compounds include chemotherapeutic drugs for cancer patients (eg gemcitabine, etopophos, cis-platin, carbo-platin), antiviral agents, antiparasitic agents, antibacterial agents, immunotherapeutic agents (eg antigens or fragments thereof (in particular immunogenic fragments thereof)) and adjuvants, and, if co-administered with the ssRNA of the present invention, may be present in a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. In particular, the one or more additional / supplemental active compounds may comprise an immunotherapeutic agent, preferably an immunotherapeutic agent that induces or effects a targeted, ie specific, immune reaction. Thus, in one embodiment, the ssRNA and pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be used in conjunction with an immunotherapeutic agent, preferably an immunotherapeutic agent that induces or effects a targeted, ie, specific, immune reaction. Such immunotherapeutic agents include agents directed against a disease-associated antigen, such as therapeutic antibodies or agents that induce an immune response directed against a disease-associated antigen or cells expressing a disease-associated antigen. Useful immunotherapeutic agents include proteins or peptides that induce a B cell or T cell response against the disease-associated antigen or cells that express the disease-associated antigen. These proteins or peptides may comprise a sequence essentially corresponding to or identical to the sequence of the disease-associated antigen or one or more fragments thereof. In one embodiment, the protein or peptide comprises the sequence of an MHC-presented peptide derived from the disease-associated antigen. Instead of administering the protein or peptide, it is also possible to administer the nucleic acid, preferably mRNA, encoding the protein or peptide. The RNA encoding the protein or peptide may be the ssRNA of the present invention. Alternatively or additionally, the RNA encoding the protein or peptide may be a different RNA not according to the present invention, which RNA may be co-administered (in this case, the RNA may form part of a pharmaceutical composition of the invention) and / or before, and / or after administration of a pharmaceutical composition of the invention. Accordingly, the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can be used in genetic vaccination, in which an immune response is stimulated by the introduction into a subject of a suitable nucleic acid molecule (DNA or mRNA) encoding an antigen or a fragment of the same. In one embodiment, a disease-associated antigen is a tumor-associated antigen. In this embodiment, the ssRNA and pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be useful for treating cancer or cancer metastasis. Preferably, the diseased organ or tissue is characterized by diseased cells such as cancer cells that express a disease-associated antigen and / or are characterized by the association of a disease-associated antigen with their surface. Immunization with intact or substantially intact tumor-associated antigen or fragments thereof, such as MHC class I and class II peptides or nucleic acids, in particular mRNA, encoding said antigen or fragment, makes it possible to elicit an MHC response of class I and / or class II and thus stimulate T cells such as CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes that are capable of lysing cancer cells and / or CD4+ T cells. Such immunization can also elicit a humoral immune response (B cell response) resulting in the production of antibodies against the tumor associated antigen. In addition, antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as dendritic cells (DCs), can be loaded with peptides presented by MHC class I directly or by transfection with nucleic acids encoding tumor antigens or tumor antigen peptides in vitro and administered. to a patient. According to the present invention, a tumor-associated antigen preferably comprises any antigen that is characteristic of tumors or cancers as well as tumor or cancer cells with respect to type and / or level of expression. In one embodiment, the term "tumor-associated antigen" refers to proteins found under normal conditions, that is, in a healthy subject, specifically expressed in a limited number of organs and / or tissues or at specific stages of development, for example, the tumor-associated antigen can be expressed under normal conditions specifically in the tissue of the stomach, preferably in the gastric mucosa, in the reproductive organs, for example in the testes, in the trophoblastic tissue, for example in the placenta, or in germ line cells, and are expressed or aberrantly expressed in one or more tumor or cancer tissues. In this context, "a limited number" means preferably not more than 3, more preferably not more than 2 or 1. Tumor-associated antigens in the context of the present invention include, for example, differentiation antigens, preferably differentiation antigens. cell-type specific, i.e. proteins that are under normal conditions specifically expressed in a certain cell type at a certain stage of differentiation, cancer / testis antigens, i.e. proteins that under normal conditions are specifically expressed in the testes and , sometimes in the placenta, and germline-specific antigens. In the context of the present invention, the tumor-associated antigen is preferably associated with the cell surface of a cancer cell and is preferably not or only rarely expressed in normal tissues. Preferably, the tumor-associated antigen or aberrant expression of the tumor-associated antigen identifies cancer cells. In the context of the present invention, the tumor-associated antigen that is expressed by a cancer cell in a subject, eg, a patient suffering from a cancer disease, is preferably a self protein in said subject. In preferred embodiments, the tumor-associated antigen in the context of the present invention is expressed under normal conditions specifically in a non-essential tissue or organ, that is, tissues or organs that when damaged by the immune system do not lead to disease. death of the subject, or in organs or structures of the body that are not or only difficultly accessible by the immune system. In one embodiment, the amino acid sequence of the tumor-associated antigen is identical between the tumor-associated antigen that is expressed in normal tissues and the tumor-associated antigen that is expressed in cancerous tissues. Preferably, a tumor associated antigen is presented in the context of MHC molecules by a cancer cell in which it is expressed. Examples of differentiation antigens that ideally meet the criteria for tumor-associated antigens contemplated by the present invention as target structures in tumor immunotherapy, in particular, in tumor vaccination are cell surface proteins of the claudin family, such as CLDN6 and CLDN18.2. These differentiation antigens are expressed on tumors of various origins and are particularly suitable as target structures in connection with antibody-mediated cancer immunotherapy due to their selective expression (no expression in normal tissue relevant for toxicity) and localization in the plasma membrane. Other examples of antigens that may be useful in the present invention are p53, ART-4, BAGE, beta-catenin / m, Bcr-abL CAMEL, CAP-1, CASP-8, CDC27 / m, CDK4 / m, CEA, CLAUDIN-12, c-MYC, CT, Cyp-B, DAM, ELF2M, ETV6-AML1, G250, GAGE, GnT-V, Gap 100, HAGE, HER-2 / neu, HPV-E7, HPV-E6, HAST -2, hTERT (or hTRT), LAGE, LDLR / FUT, MAGE-A, preferably MAGE-A1, MAGE-A2, MAGE-A3, MAGE-A4, MAGE-A5, MAGE-A6, MAGE-A7, MAGE- A8, MAGE-A9, MAGE-A10, MAGE-A11 or MAGE-A12, MAGE-B, MAGE-C, MART-1 / Melan-A, MC1R, Myosin / m, MUC1, MUM-1, MUM-2, MUM-3, NA88-A, NF1, NY-ESO-1, NY-BR-1, p190 BCR-abL minor, Pm1 / RARa, PRAME, proteinase 3, PSA, PSM, RAGE, RU1 or RU2, SAGE, SART -1 or SART-3, SCGB3A2, SCP1, SCP2, SCP3, SSX, SURVIVINA, TEL / AML1, TPI / m, TRP-1, TRP-2, TRP-2 / I T2, TPTE and WT, preferably WT-1 . By "antigen" is meant any structure that can cause the formation of antibodies and / or the activation of a cellular immune response. Examples of antigens are polypeptides, proteins, cells, cell extracts, carbohydrate / polysaccharides, polysaccharide conjugates, lipids, and glycolipids. These antigens may be tumor antigens or viral, bacterial, fungal and protozoal antigens or allergens. The term "antigen" also includes antigens derivatized as a secondary substance that becomes antigenic, and sensitizing, only through transformation (for example, intermediate in the molecule, by completion with body protein), and conjugated antigens that, by the artificial incorporation of atomic groups (for example, isocyanates, diazonium salts), present a new constitutive specificity. The antigen may be present in the vaccine disclosed herein in the form of a hapten coupled to a suitable carrier. Suitable carriers are known to those of skill in the art and include, for example, human serum albumin (HSA), polyethylene glycols (PEG). The hapten can be coupled to the carrier by processes well known in the prior art, for example, in the case of a polypeptide carrier via an amide bond to a Lys residue. The term "immunogenicity" refers to the ability of a particular substance, in particular RNA (preferably ssRNA, such as mRNA), to elicit an immune response in the body of a subject such as a human. In other words, immunogenicity is the ability to induce an immune response. "Induce an immune response" can mean that there was no immune response before inducing an immune response, but it can also mean that there was a certain level of immune response before inducing an immune response and after inducing an immune response that immune response is improved. Thus, "inducing an immune response" includes "enhancing an immune response." Preferably, after inducing an immune response in a subject, said subject is protected from developing a disease such as cancer or an infectious disease or the disease condition is ameliorated by inducing an immune response. The term "immunotherapy" refers to a treatment that preferably involves a specific immune reaction and / or an immune effector function(s). The term "immunization" or "vaccination" describes the process of treating a subject for therapeutic or prophylactic reasons. The terms "subject", "patient" or "individual" refer to vertebrates. For example, vertebrates in the context of the present invention are mammals, birds (eg poultry), reptiles, amphibians, bony fish and cartilaginous fish, in particular domesticated animals of any of the foregoing as well as captive animals such such as zoo animals, and preferably are mammals. Mammals in the context of the present invention include, but are not limited to, humans, non-human primates, domesticated mammals such as dogs, cats, sheep, cattle, goats, pigs, horses, etc., laboratory mammals such as mice, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, etc. as well as captive mammals such as zoo mammals. The term "subject" as used herein also includes humans. Terms such as "transfer", "transfect" or "introduce into cells" are used interchangeably herein and refer to the introduction of nucleic acids, in particular exogenous or heterologous nucleic acids, in particular ssRNA into a cell. According to the present invention, the cell can be part of an organ, a tissue and / or an organism. The pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein are generally applied in "pharmaceutically acceptable amounts" and in "pharmaceutically acceptable preparations". The term "pharmaceutically acceptable" refers to the non-toxicity of a material that does not interact with the action of the active agent(s) of the pharmaceutical composition. In accordance with the present invention, administration of a nucleic acid (such as ssRNA) is accomplished as the naked nucleic acid or in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. Preferably, the administration of nucleic acids is in the form of naked nucleic acids. Preferably, the RNA is administered in combination with stabilizing substances such as RNase inhibitors. The present invention also envisions the repeated introduction of nucleic acids into cells to allow sustained expression over extended periods of time. Cells can be transfected with any excipients (particularly carriers) with which the ssRNA can associate, for example, by complexing with the ssRNA or by forming vesicles in which the ssRNA is enclosed or encapsulated, resulting in a increased stability of ssRNA compared to naked ssRNA. Excipients (in particular carriers) useful according to the invention include, for example, lipid-containing vehicles such as cationic lipids, liposomes, in particular cationic liposomes, and micelles and nanoparticles. Cationic lipids can form complexes with negatively charged nucleic acids. Any cationic lipid can be used according to the invention. Furthermore, the cells can be taken from a subject, the cells can be transfected with ssRNA or a pharmaceutical composition of the invention, and the transfected cells can be inserted into the subject. Preferably, introduction of ssRNA encoding a peptide or polypeptide into a cell, in particular a cell present in vivo, results in expression of said peptide or polypeptide in the cell. In particular embodiments, targeting of nucleic acids to particular cells is preferred. In such embodiments, a carrier that is applied for delivery of the nucleic acid to a cell (eg, a retrovirus or a liposome) displays a target molecule. For example, a molecule such as an antibody that is specific for a surface membrane protein on the target cell or a ligand for a receptor on the target cell may be incorporated into or may bind to the nucleic acid carrier. In the event that the nucleic acid is administered via liposomes, proteins that bind to a surface membrane protein that is associated with endocytosis may be incorporated into the liposome formulation to allow targeting and / or uptake. Such proteins encompass capsid proteins or fragments thereof that are specific for a particular cell type, antibodies against proteins that are internalized, proteins that target an intracellular location, and so on. The term "excipient" when used herein is intended to indicate all substances in a pharmaceutical composition that are not active agents (for example, that are therapeutically inactive ingredients that do not exhibit any therapeutic effect in the amount / concentration used), such as , for example, salts, carriers, binders, lubricants, thickeners, surface active agents, dispersing agents, preservatives, emulsifiers, buffering agents, wetting agents, flavoring agents, colorants, stabilizing agents (such as RNase inhibitors) or antioxidants, all which are preferably pharmaceutically acceptable. "Pharmaceutically acceptable salts" comprise, for example, acid addition salts which may, for example, be formed using a pharmaceutically acceptable acid such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, succinic acid, acetic acid, benzoic acid , citric acid, tartaric acid, carbonic acid or phosphoric acid. Furthermore, suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts may include alkali metal salts (eg sodium or potassium salts); alkaline earth metal salts (eg calcium or magnesium salts); ammonium (NH4+) ; and salts formed with suitable organic ligands (eg, quaternary ammonium and amine cations formed using counteranions such as halide, hydroxide, carboxylate, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, alkylsulfonate, and arylsulfonate). Illustrative examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, acetate, adipate, alginate, arginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bicarbonate, bisulfate, bitartrate, borate, bromide, butyrate, calcium edetate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate , camsylate, carbonate, chloride, citrate, clavulanate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dihydrochloride, dodecylsulfate, edetate, edisilate, estolate, esylate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, galactate, galacturonate, gluceptate, glucoheptonate, gluconate, glutamate, glycerophosphate, glycolylarsanilate, hemisulfate , heptanoate, hexanoate, hexylresorcinate, hydrabamine, hydrobromide, hydrochloride, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate, hydroxynaphthoate, iodide, isobutyrate, isothionate, lactate, lactobionate, laurate, lauryl sulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, mandelate, mesylate, methanesulfonate, methylsulfate, mucate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, napsylate, nicotinate, nitrate, N-methylgluc ammonium salt amine, oleate, oxalate, pamoate (embonate), palmitate, pantothenate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylpropionate, phosphate / diphosphate, phthalate, picrate, pivalate, polygalacturonate, propionate, salicylate, stearate, sulfate, suberate, succinate, tannate, tartrate , theoclate, tosylate, triethiodide, undecanoate, valerate, and the like (see, eg, SM Berge et al., Pharmaceutical Salts, J. Pharm. Sci., 66, pp. 1 - 19 (1977)). Salts that are not pharmaceutically acceptable may be used to prepare pharmaceutically acceptable salts and are included in the invention. Compositions according to the present invention may comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. As used herein, "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier" includes any and all physiologically compatible solvents, dispersion media, coatings, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like. The "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier" may be in the form of a solid, semi-solid, liquid, or combinations thereof. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions, sterile nonaqueous solutions or dispersions, and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersions. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active agents is known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the active agent, its use in the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention is contemplated. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable carriers for an injectable formulation include water, isotonic buffered saline (eg, Ringer's or Ringer's lactate), ethanol, polyols (eg, glycerol), polyalkylene glycols (eg, propylene glycol and liquid polyethylene glycol), hydrogenated naphthalenes and, in particular, biocompatible lactide polymers (eg, lactide / glycolide copolymers or polyoxyethylene / polyoxypropylene copolymers). Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable antioxidants include: (1) water-soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, cysteine ​​hydrochloride, sodium bisulfate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite, and the like; (2) oil-soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), lecithin, propyl gallate, alpha-tocopherol, and the like; and (3) metal chelating agents, such as citric acid, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), sorbitol, tartaric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like. Suitable buffering agents for use in the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention include acetic acid in a salt, citric acid in a salt, boric acid in a salt, and phosphoric acid in a salt. Suitable preservatives for use in the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention include various antibacterial and antifungal agents, such as benzalkonium chloride, chlorobutanol, paraben, sorbic acid, and thimerosal. Prevention of the presence of microorganisms can also be ensured by sterilization procedures (eg sterilization filtration, in particular sterilization microfiltration). The pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein can be administered to an individual by any route, preferably parenterally. The terms "parenteral administration" and "parenterally administered" as used herein mean modes of administration other than enteral administration ("enteral administration" and "enterally administered" as used herein mean that the drug administered is absorbed by the stomach and / or the intestine). Parenteral administration is usually by injection and / or infusion and includes, without limitation, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarterial, intrathecal, intracapsular, intraosseous, intraorbital, intracardiac, intradermal, intraperitoneal, transtracheal, subcutaneous, subcuticular, intraarticular, subcapsular, intracerebral, intracerebroventricular, subarachnoid, intraspinal, intrasternal epidural, and topical. The ssRNA or pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can be administered by a variety of methods known in the art. As one skilled in the art will appreciate, the route and / or mode of administration will vary depending on the desired results. The active agents (ie, the ssRNA of the invention and optionally one or more additional / supplemental active compounds) may be prepared with carriers that will protect the compounds against rapid release, such as a controlled release formulation, including implants, transdermal patches and microencapsulated delivery systems. Biodegradable and biocompatible polymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid. Methods for the preparation of such formulations are generally known to those skilled in the art. See, for example, Sustained and Controlled Release Drug Deliver and Systems, J. R. Robinson, ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1978. To administer the active agent (ie, the ssRNA of the invention and optionally one or more additional / supplemental active compounds) by certain routes of administration, it may be necessary to coat the active agent with, or co-administer the compound with, a material to prevent their inactivation and / or increase the efficiency of the active agent (in particular the ssRNA of the invention) to be translated. For example, the active agent can be administered to an individual in an appropriate vehicle, for example, lipid-containing vehicles (particularly cationic lipids), liposomes (such as water-in-oil-in-water CGF emulsions as well as liposomes (Strejan et al. al., J. Neuroimmunol 7: 27 (1984) ), in particular cationic liposomes), micelles, nanoparticles in which the ssRNA is embedded or encapsulated, or a diluent. Pharmaceutically acceptable diluents include buffered saline and aqueous solutions. Pharmaceutical compositions typically must be sterile and stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage. The composition can be formulated as a solution, microemulsion, liposome, or other ordered structure suitable for high drug concentration. The carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyethylene glycol, and the like), suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils, such as olive oil , and injectable organic esters, such as ethyl oleate. Proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating material such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion, and by the use of surfactants. In many cases it will be preferable to include isotonic agents, eg sugars, polyols such as mannitol, sorbitol or sodium chloride in the pharmaceutical composition. Prolonged absorption of injectable compositions can be achieved by including in the composition an agent that delays absorption, for example, monostearate salts and gelatin. Generally, dispersions are prepared by incorporating the active agent into a sterile vehicle containing a basic dispersion medium and the other required ingredients listed above. In the case of sterile powders for the preparation of sterile injectable solutions, the preferred methods of preparation are vacuum drying and freeze-drying (lyophilization) which produce a powder of the active agent plus any desired additional ingredients from a previously formulated solution. sterilized filtered from it. Dosage regimens are adjusted to provide the optimal response desired (eg, a therapeutic response). For example, a single bolus may be administered, several divided doses may be administered over time, or the dose may be proportionally reduced or increased as indicated by the exigencies of the therapeutic situation. It is especially advantageous to formulate pharmaceutical compositions in dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. Unit dosage form, as used herein, refers to physically discrete units suitable such as unit doses for the individuals to be treated; each unit contains a predetermined amount of active agent calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect in association with the required pharmaceutical carrier. The specification of the unit dosage forms of the invention is dictated and directly dependent on (a) the unique characteristics of the active agent and the particular therapeutic effect it is intended to achieve, and (b) the limitations inherent in the technique of the preparation. of such compounds as an active agent for the treatment of sensitivities in individuals. The amount of active agent (in particular, the amount of the ssRNA) that can be combined with a carrier material to produce a pharmaceutical composition (such as a single dosage form) will vary depending on the individual being treated and the particular mode of administration. . The amount of active agent that can be combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form will generally be that amount of the composition that produces a therapeutic effect. Generally 100% (for pharmaceutical formulations / compositions), the amount of active agent (in particular, the amount of the ssRNA of the present invention, optionally together with one or more additional / supplemental active compounds, if present in the formulations / pharmaceutical compositions) will range from about 0.01% to about 99%, preferably from about 0.1% to about 70%, more preferably from about 1% to about 30%, wherein the balance preferably consists of one or plus pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. The amount of active agent, eg, a ssRNA of the invention, in unit dosage form and / or when administered to an individual or used in therapy, can range from about 0.001 mg to about 1,000 mg (per example, from about 0.01 mg to about 500 mg, from about 0.1 mg to about 100 mg, such as from about 1 mg to about 50 mg) per unit, administration or therapy. In certain embodiments, a suitable amount of said active agent can be calculated using the individual's body mass or surface area, including amounts between about 0.1 mg / kg and 10 mg / kg (eg, between about 0. 2 mg / kg and 5 mg / kg), or between about 0.1 mg / m2 and about 400 mg / m2 (such as between about 0.3 mg / m2 and about 350 mg / m2 or between about 1 mg / m2 and about 200 mg / m2). Regardless of the route of administration selected, the active agents (ie, the ssRNA and optionally one or more additional / supplemental active compounds), which may be used in a suitable hydrated form, and / or the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention, are formulated into pharmaceutically acceptable dosage forms by conventional methods known to those skilled in the art (see, eg, Remington, "The Science and Practice of Pharmacy" edited by Allen, Loyd V., Jr., twelfth edition. Pharmaceutical Sciences, September 2012; Ansel et al., "Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Deliver and Systems", Seventh Edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Publishers, 1999). The actual dosage levels of the active agents in the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be varied to obtain an amount of the active agent that is effective to achieve the desired therapeutic response for a particular patient, composition, and mode of administration, without being toxic to the patient. The dosage level selected will depend on a variety of pharmacokinetic factors including the activity of the particular compositions of the present invention employed, the route of administration, the time of administration, the rate of excretion of the particular active agent being employed, the duration of treatment, other drugs, compounds and / or materials used in combination with the particular compositions employed, the age, sex, weight, condition, general state of health and prior medical history of the patient being treated, and similar well-known factors in medical techniques. A physician or veterinarian of ordinary skill in the art can readily determine and prescribe the effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition required. For example, the physician or veterinarian could start doses of the active agents employed in the pharmaceutical composition at levels lower than those required to achieve the desired therapeutic effect and gradually increase the dosage until the desired effect is achieved. In general, a suitable daily dose of a pharmaceutical composition of the invention will be that amount of the active agent that is the lowest dose effective to produce a therapeutic effect. Such an effective dose will generally depend on the factors described above. Administration is preferred to be parenteral, such as intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal or subcutaneous, preferably administered proximal to the target site. Administration can also be intratumoral. If desired, the effective daily dose of a pharmaceutical composition may be administered as two, three, four, five, six or more sub-doses administered separately at appropriate intervals throughout the day, optionally in unit dosage forms. While it is possible for an active agent (particularly mRNA) of the present invention to be administered alone, it is preferable to administer the active agent as a pharmaceutical formulation / composition. In one embodiment, the ssRNA or pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may be administered by infusion, preferably slow continuous infusion over a prolonged period, such as greater than 24 hours, in order to reduce toxic side effects. Administration can also be by continuous infusion over a period of 2 to 24 hours, such as 2 to 12 hours. Such a regimen may be repeated one or more times as needed, for example after 6 months or 12 months. The pharmaceutical composition of the invention may be formulated for parenteral administration by injection, for example by bolus injection or continuous infusion. Formulations for injection may be presented in unit dosage form (eg, in ampoules, in multidose containers) and with an added preservative. The pharmaceutical composition of the invention may take such forms as suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing or dispersing agents. Alternatively, the agent may be in powder form for reconstitution with a suitable vehicle (eg, sterile pyrogen-free water) before use. Typically, pharmaceutical compositions for intravenous administration are solutions in sterile isotonic aqueous buffer. Where necessary, the pharmaceutical composition may also include a solubilizing agent and a local anesthetic such as lidocaine to relieve pain at the injection site. Generally, the ingredients are supplied separately mixed together in unit dosage form, for example, as a dry or concentrated lyophilized powder free of water in a hermetically sealed container such as an ampoule or sachet indicating the amount of active agent. When the pharmaceutical composition is to be administered by infusion, it may be dispensed from an infusion bottle containing sterile pharmaceutical grade water or saline. When the composition is administered by injection, an ampoule of sterile water for injection or saline may be provided so that the ingredients can be mixed prior to administration. The pharmaceutical compositions can be administered with medical devices known in the art. For example, in a preferred embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition of the invention can be administered with a needleless hypodermic injection device, such as the devices described in US 5,399,163; US 5,383,851; US 5,312,335; US 5,064,413; US 4,941,880; US 4,790,824; or US 4,596,556. Examples of well-known implants and modules useful in the present invention include those described in: US 4,487,603, which describes an implantable microinfusion pump for dispensing medication at a controlled rate; US 4,486,194, which describes a therapeutic device for administering drugs through the skin; US 4,447,233, which describes a medication infusion pump for delivering medication at a precise infusion rate; US 4,447,224, which describes a variable flow implantable infusion set for continuous drug delivery; US 4,439,196, which describes an osmotic drug delivery system having multi-chamber compartments; and US 4,475,196, which describes an osmotic drug delivery system. Many other such implants, delivery systems, and modules are known to those of skill in the art. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions or ssRNA of the invention may be formulated to ensure adequate distribution in vivo. For example, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) ​​excludes many highly hydrophilic compounds. To ensure that the ssRNA or pharmaceutical compositions of the invention cross the BBB (if desired), they can be formulated, for example, in liposomes. For methods of making liposomes, see, eg, US 4,522,811; US 5,374,548; and US 5,399,331. Liposomes may comprise one or more moieties that are selectively transported to specific cells or organs and thus enhance targeted drug delivery (see, eg, V.V. Ranade (1989) J. Clin. Pharmacol. 29:685). Examples of targeting moieties include folate or biotin (see, eg, Low et al. US 5,416,016); mannosides (Umezawa et al., (1988) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 153:1038); antibodies (P.G. Bloeman et al., (1995) FEBS Lett. 357:140; M. Owais et al., (1995) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 39: 180) ; and surfactant protein A receptor (Briscoe et al. (1995) Am. J. Physiol. 1233:134). The ssRNA disclosed herein can be formulated in liposomes. In a more preferred embodiment, the liposomes include a targeting moiety. In a more preferred embodiment, the ssRNA in the liposomes is administered by bolus injection to a site proximate the desired area. Said composition based on liposomes must be fluid to the extent that it can easily come out of the syringe, must be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and must be preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. A "therapeutically effective dose" for treatment can be measured by objective responses that may be complete or partial. A complete response (CR) is defined as no clinical, radiological, or other evidence of a condition, disorder, or disease. A partial response (PR) results in a disease reduction of more than 50%. The mean time to progression is a measure that characterizes the durability of the objective response. A "therapeutically effective dose" for treatment may also be measured by its ability to stabilize the progression of a condition, disorder, or disease, for example, using appropriate animal model systems and / or in vitro assays known to those of skill. A therapeutically effective amount of an active agent refers to that amount that achieves a desired reaction or effect alone or in conjunction with additional doses. In the case of treating a particular disease or condition, the desired reaction preferably refers to inhibition of the course of the disease. This comprises slowing the progress of the disease and, in particular, stopping or reversing the progress of the disease. The desired reaction in a treatment of a disease or condition may also be a delay of the onset or a prevention of the onset of said disease or condition. Thus, a therapeutically effective amount of an active agent can cure, heal, alleviate, mitigate, alter, remedy, ameliorate, cure or affect the condition, disorder or disease or the symptoms of the condition, disorder or disease or the predisposition to condition, disorder, or disease in an individual. One skilled in the art would be able to determine such amounts based on such factors as the disease, disorder, or condition to be treated, the severity of the disease, disorder, or condition, parameters of the individual to be treated (including age), physiological condition, size and weight), the duration of treatment, the type of accompanying therapy (if any), the specific route of administration, and the like. Consequently, the administered doses of the active agents described in this document may depend on several of said parameters. In the event that a reaction in an individual / patient is insufficient with an initial dose, higher doses (or effectively higher doses achieved by a different, more localized route of administration) may be used. The pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein may take the form of a vaccine preparation comprising ssRNA of the invention and at least one antigen such as an antigen as discussed above or a fragment thereof (in particular an immunogenic fragment thereof). , or a nucleic acid, in particular RNA, encoding said antigen or fragment. The pharmaceutical composition of the invention may also, if desired, be presented in a package, kit, or dispenser device that may contain one or more unit dosage forms containing the active agent (i.e., the ssRNA and optionally one or more active compounds). additional / supplementary) . The package may comprise, for example, a metal or plastic foil, such as a blister pack. The package, kit, or dispenser device may be accompanied by instructions for administration. The one or more additional / supplemental active compounds may comprise an immunomodulatory agent such as anti-CTL-A4 or anti-PDI or anti-PDLI reagents or anti-T cell regulators such as an anti-CD25 antibody or cyclophosphamide. The pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein may be administered together with complementary immune-enhancing substances such as one or more adjuvants and may comprise one or more immune-enhancing substances to further enhance their efficacy, preferably to achieve a synergistic effect of immunostimulation. . The term "adjuvant" refers to compounds that prolong, enhance, or accelerate an immune response. In this regard, various mechanisms are possible, depending on the various types of adjuvants. For example, compounds that allow maturation of DCs, eg, lipopolysaccharides or CD40 ligand, form a first class of suitable adjuvants. Generally, any agent that influences the immune system in the form of a "danger signal" (LPS, GP96, dsRNA, etc.) or cytokines, such as GM-CSF, can be used as an adjuvant to enhance an immune response and / or or influence in a controlled manner. Optionally, CpG oligodeoxynucleotides can also be used in this context, although their side effects occurring under certain circumstances should be considered, as explained above. In case the ssRNA (preferably mRNA) of the invention in one embodiment may encode an immunostimulatory agent and said immunostimulatory agent encoded by said ssRNA acts as the primary immunostimulant, however, only a relatively small amount of CpG-DNA is needed ( compared to immunostimulation with CpG DNA alone). Particularly preferred adjuvants are cytokines, such as monokines, lymphokines, interleukins, or chemokines, for example, IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL- 8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12, IFN-a, IFN-y, GM-CSF, LT-a or growth factors, eg hGH. Lipopeptides, such as Pam3Cys, are also suitable for use as adjuvants in the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. Treatment may be provided at home, in a doctor's office, in a clinic, in a hospital outpatient department, or in a hospital. Treatment usually begins under medical supervision so that medical staff can closely observe the effects of treatment and make any necessary adjustments. The duration of treatment depends on the patient's age and condition, as well as how the patient responds to treatment. A person who is at increased risk of developing a condition, disorder, or disease may receive prophylactic treatment to inhibit or delay symptoms of the condition, disorder, or disease. The term "treatment" is known to those skilled in the art and includes the application or administration of an active agent (for example, a pharmaceutical composition containing said active agent) or a procedure to an individual / patient or the application or administration of an active agent (for example, a pharmaceutical composition containing said active agent) or procedure to a cell, cell culture, cell line, sample, tissue or organ isolated from a subject, who has a condition, disorder or disease, a symptom of the condition, disorder or disease or predisposition to a condition, disorder or disease, for the purpose of curing, curing, curing, alleviating, altering, remedying, ameliorating, curing, affecting or preventing the condition, disorder or disease, the symptoms of the condition, disorder, or disease or predisposition to the condition, disorder, or disease (for example, to prevent or eliminate a disease, including reducing the size of a tumor or ity of tumors in a subject; stop or delay a disease in a subject; inhibit or delay the development of a new disease in a subject; decrease the frequency or severity of symptoms and / or recurrences in a subject who currently has or has previously had a disease; and / or prolong, ie, increase the useful life of the subject). In particular, the term "treatment of a disease" includes curing, shortening the duration, ameliorating, preventing, slowing or inhibiting the progression or worsening of, or preventing or delaying the onset of or symptoms of a disease. Thus, the term "treatment" may include prophylactic treatment of a condition, disorder, or disease, or the symptom of a condition, disorder, or disease. An active agent, when used in treatment, includes the ssRNA of the invention as well as the one or more additional / supplemental active compounds described herein and includes, but is not limited to, other therapeutically active compounds which may be small molecules. , peptides, peptidomimetics, polypeptides / proteins, antibodies, other polynucleotides such as DNA or dsRNA, cells, viruses, ribozymes, and antisense oligonucleotides. The present invention is illustrated by the following examples which illustrate preferred embodiments of the invention are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention as defined in the claims. Examples not covered by the appended claims are presented for comparison purposes only. examples abbreviations EtOH: ethanol h: hour(s) hPa: hectopascal min:minute(s) mM: millimolar (10`3 mol / l) MPa: mega pascal nt: nucleotide(s) sec: second (s) v / v: % by volume Experimental procedures Cellulose purification of TIV RNA Unless otherwise stated, cellulose powder consisting of medium-sized fibers (Sigma-Aldrich, cat. #C6288) and 1x STE buffer (10 mM TRIS, pH 7.0, 50 mM NaCl, 20 EDTA) were used. mM) for purification procedures. All experiments were performed at room temperature. "Negative" purification procedure The "negative" purification procedure is based on the incubation of TIV RNA with cellulose in 1x STE buffer containing 16% EtOH. This condition allows selective binding of dsRNA to cellulose while ssRNA remains in the soluble fraction. The cellulose was first suspended in 1x STE buffer containing 16% (v / v) EtOH at a concentration of 0.2 g cellulose / ml and incubated for 10 min with vigorous shaking. After centrifugation for 5 min at 4,000 x g, the cellulose was resuspended in 1x STE buffer containing 16% (v / v) EtOH at a concentration of 0.2 g cellulose / ml (washed cellulose). For extraction experiments, 500 pl of washed cellulose suspension was transferred to a 1.5 ml tube and centrifuged for 5 min at 14,000 x g. After removal of the supernatant, 50 μg of the TIV RNA in 100 μl of 1x STE buffer containing 16% (v / v) EtOH was added to the cellulose and incubated for 15 min with vigorous shaking. After centrifugation for 5 min at 14,000 x g, the supernatant was removed and the nucleic acids precipitated. The cellulose was then incubated for 15 min with 100 µl of 1x STE buffer containing no EtOH under vigorous shaking to release bound nucleic acids. After centrifugation for 5 min at 14,000 x g, the supernatant was removed and the eluted nucleic acids were precipitated. For cellulose purification using microfuge spin columns (NucleoSpin filters, Macherey-Nagel, cat. #740606), 600 μl of previously washed cellulose suspension (0.12 g cellulose) was transferred to a spin column and centrifuged for 60 seconds at 14,000 x g. The outflow was discarded and 500 μl of 1x STE buffer containing 16% (v / v) EtOH was added to the spin column and incubated for 5 min with vigorous shaking to resuspend the cellulose. After centrifugation for 60 seconds at 14,000 x g, the outflow was discarded and TIV RNA (50-500 jg) in 300-500 pl of 1x STE buffer containing 16% (v / v) EtOH was added to the column. centrifugation and incubated for 20 min under vigorous shaking to resuspend the cellulose. The spin column was then centrifuged for 60 seconds at 14,000 x g and the outflow was collected for nucleic acid precipitation. When multiple cycles of cellulose purification were performed, the outflow was transferred directly to a fresh cellulose spin column and the procedure repeated. Finally, by the addition of 300-500 μl of 1x STE buffer, the cellulose-bound nucleic acids were released during incubation for 20 min with vigorous shaking and spin column centrifugation for 60 sec at 14,000 x g. Scale-up of the purification process was performed in 50 ml tubes using 1.5 g of cellulose and 5 mg of the TIV RNA in 15 ml of 1x STE buffer containing 16% (v / v) EtOH. RNA was added to dry cellulose and incubated with magnetic stirring for 30 min. Unbound nucleic acids were recovered by filtration using a vacuum-powered disposable filter device (Steriflip-HV, 0.45 pm pore size, PVDF, Merck Chemicals GmbH / Millipore, cat. # SE1M003M00). When indicated, the filtrate was used for a second purification cycle by adding 1.5 g of fresh cellulose and repeating the process. Finally, the nucleic acids in the filtrate were precipitated by adding an equal volume of isopropanol. "Positive" purification procedure The principle of the "positive" purification procedure is to first bind all of the RNA to the cellulose by incubating the TIV RNA with cellulose in 1x STE buffer containing 40% EtOH. In a second step, the ssRNA is selectively released by incubation in 1x STE buffer containing 16% EtOH, while under these conditions the dsRNA remains bound to the cellulose fibers. Before use, the cellulose was suspended in 1x STE buffer containing 40% (v / v) EtOH at a concentration of 0.2 g cellulose / ml and incubated for 10 min with vigorous shaking. After centrifugation for 5 min at 4,000 x g, the cellulose was resuspended in 1x STE buffer containing 40% (v / v) EtOH at a concentration of 0.2 g cellulose / ml (washed cellulose). For cellulose purification using microcentrifuge spin columns (NucleoSpin filters, Macherey-Nagel, cat. #740606), 600 μl of washed cellulose suspension (0.12 g cellulose) was transferred to a spin column and centrifuged. for 60 seconds at 14,000 x g. The outflow was discarded and 500 μl of 1x STE buffer containing 40% (v / v) EtOH was added to the spin column and incubated for 5 min with vigorous shaking to resuspend the cellulose. After centrifugation at 14,000 x g for 60 seconds, the outflow was discarded and TIV RNA (50-500 pg) in 300-500 μl of 1x STE buffer containing 40% (v / v) EtOH was added to the column. centrifugation and incubated for 20 min. under vigorous stirring to resuspend the cellulose. Then, the spin column was centrifuged at 14,000 x g for 60 seconds and the outflow was collected for nucleic acid precipitation. By addition of 300-500 μl of 1x STE buffer containing 16% (v / v) EtOH, ssRNA was released from the cellulose during incubation for 20 min with vigorous shaking and spin column centrifugation for 60 sec. at 14,000 x g. When multiple cycles of cellulose purification were performed, the outflow was transferred directly to a fresh cellulose spin column and the procedure repeated. Finally, by the addition of 300-500 μl of 1x STE buffer, the cellulose-bound nucleic acids were released during incubation for 20 min with vigorous shaking and spin column centrifugation for 60 sec at 14,000 x g. For FPLC using cellulose as stationary phase, a suspension of cellulose (0.2 g / ml) in 1x STE buffer containing 40% (v / v) EtOH was first prepared and stirred for 30 min. 20 ml of this suspension (4 g cellulose) was used to pack an XK 16 / 20 column (GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Cat # 28-9889-37). The column bed had a final height of approximately 5 cm. Chromatography was performed using an AKTA Avant 25 system (GE Healthcare Life Sciences) and monitoring UV absorbance (260nm). 1x STE buffer containing 40% (v / v) EtOH (buffer B) was used as binding buffer and 1x STE buffer (buffer A) was used as elution buffer. The column was equilibrated for 15 min with 100% buffer B at a flow rate of 2 ml / min. After injection of 500 pg of RNA (sample volume: 500 µl), the flow rate was reduced to 1 ml / min for 40 min. ssRNA was eluted using 40% buffer B (1% (v / v) EtOH) for 40 min at a flow rate of 2 ml / min. Finally, by changing the buffer composition to 0% buffer B (0% EtOH), dsRNA was eluted from the column. Chromatographic peaks were collected and nucleic acids precipitated for further analysis. Isopropanol Nucleic Acid Precipitation The RNA obtained from the cellulose purifications was precipitated by adding 0.1 volumes of 3M sodium acetate (pH 4.0) and 1 volume of isopropanol. After vortexing, samples were incubated for 1 h at -20 °C followed by centrifugation for 10 min at 14,000 x g. The RNA pellet was washed with 200 µl of ice-cold 70% (v / v) EtOH, air-dried, and dissolved in an appropriate volume of nuclease-free H2O. RNA concentrations were measured spectrophotometrically using the Nanodrop system (Eppendorf). Point Transfer Analysis To determine the amount of dsRNA and RNA-DNA hybrid contaminants, serial dilutions of RNA samples with different concentrations were prepared and plated (0.5 μl) and increasing amounts of the RNA (generally 40 ng, 200 ng, and 1,000 ng) on a nylon transfer membrane (Nytran SuPerCharge (SPC) Transfer Nylon Membrane (GE Healthcare Life Sciences, cat. #10416216)). The membrane was then blocked for 1 hour in Tb S-T buffer (20 mM TRIS pH 7.4, 137 mM NaCl, 0.1% (v / v) TWEEN-20) containing 5% skimmed milk powder ( p / v). For dsRNA detection, the membrane was incubated for 1 h with J2 dsRNA-specific mouse mAb (English & Scientific Consulting, Szirak, Hungary) diluted 1:10,000 in TBS-T buffer containing skimmed milk. 1% (w / v) powder. Where indicated, RNA-DNA hybrid-specific mouse IgG2a S 9.6 mAb (KeraFAST, cat. #ENH001) was diluted at a ratio of 1:10,000 to detect RNA-DNA hybrid contaminants. After washing with TBS-T, the membrane was incubated for 1 hour with HRP-conjugated donkey anti-mouse IgG (Jackson ImmunoResearch, cat. # 715-035-150) diluted 1:10,000 in TBS-T buffer. T containing 1% w / v skimmed milk powder, washed with TBS-T and developed with Amersham ECL Prime Western Blot Detection Reagent (Fisher Scientific, cat. # RPN2232) and ChemiDoc MP Imaging System (BIO-RAD). Where indicated, hybridization signal intensities were quantified by densitometry using Image Lab 5.1 software (BIO-RAD). Agarose gel electrophoresis To control the integrity of the purified RNAs and verify the amounts loaded on the dot blots, agarose gel electrophoresis was used. Equal amounts of RNA (eg, 2 jl) from the 40 ng / jl serial dilution of RNA prepared for dot blot were analyzed. The aRn samples were denatured according to Masek et al. (Anal. Biochem. 336 (2005), 46-50) by mixing 2 jl of the RNA (80 ng) with 6 jl of formamide and incubating for 5 min at 65 °C before loading on a 1.4% agarose gel. (w / v) containing 0.005% (v / v) GelRed™ nucleic acid gel stain (Biotium Inc., cat. #41003). Electrophoresis was performed at 100 V for 20 min using TAE (40 mM TRIS acetate, 1 mM EDTA) as running buffer followed by imaging of the gel using the Gel Doc™ EZ Imager system (BIO-RAD). Example 1 - Extraction of dsRNA from TIV RNA using cellulose To test the feasibility of applying cellulose to remove dsRNA contaminants from TIV RNA, a simple extraction experiment was first performed. 50 µg of a N1-methylpseudouridine-modified TIV RNA (m 1^) 2,500 nt in length, which was previously purified by lithium chloride (LiCl) precipitation from the TIV reaction, was incubated with 0.1 g of cellulose in the presence of 1x STE buffer containing 16% (v / v) EtOH. After centrifugation, unbound RNA was precipitated in the supernatant. Cellulose-bound RNA was recovered by resuspension of the cellulose in 1x STE containing no EtOH, centrifugation, and precipitation of the supernatant. The dsRNA content of the RNA of both fractions, as well as of the starting aRn material, was analyzed by dot blot using the dsRNA-specific antibody J2. The integrity of the RNAs was controlled by agarose gel electrophoresis. Dot blot analysis shows that, compared to untreated input TIV RNA, the content of dsRNA in the unbound RNA fraction after incubation with cellulose is strongly reduced (FIG. 1). This is due to the selective binding of contaminating dsRNA to the cellulose material in the presence of 16% (v / v) EtOH allowing separation of dsRNA from ssRNA by cellulose sedimentation. After separation, dsRNA contaminants can be released from the cellulose using a buffer that does not contain EtOH. This is confirmed by demonstrating significant amounts of J2-reactive RNA in the bound RNA fraction (FIG. 1). Furthermore, RNA electrophoresis demonstrates that the integrity of the RNA is preserved during this cellulose purification procedure. This example demonstrates the successful use of cellulose to remove dsRNA contaminants from TIV RNA. Example 2 - Impact of different EtOH concentrations on the efficiency of dsRNA removal from TIV RNA by cellulose In a next step, the purification method described above (see Example 1) was adapted to use microcentrifuge spin columns to separate unbound RNA from cellulose. The advantage of this technique is the complete removal of liquid and thus unbound RNA from the cellulose by centrifugation. In addition, it was tested whether increasing the EtOH concentration during TIV RNA incubation with cellulose to 18% (v / v) or 20% (v / v) will increase the efficiency of dsRNA removal. First, 50 jg of the 1,500 nt long D2-capped pseudouridine (^)-modified TIV RNA, which was previously purified from the TIV reaction by magnetic beads, was incubated in a microcentrifuge spin column. with 0.1 g of cellulose in the presence of 1x STE buffer containing 16% (v / v), 18% (v / v), or 20% (v / v) EtOH. After centrifugation, unbound RNA was collected by column centrifugation and precipitated. Cellulose-bound RNA was recovered by adding 1x STE containing no EtOH to the column, resuspension of the cellulose by vigorous shaking, and finally centrifugation and precipitation. The dsRNA content of the RNA of both fractions, as well as of the starting RNA material, was analyzed by dot blot using the dsRNA-specific antibody J2. A second membrane was loaded with the same amounts of the different RNA fractions and hybridized with the RNA-DNA hybrid-specific antibody S 9.6 to test whether these TIV RNA contaminants can also be removed by cellulose purification. Compared to unpurified TIV RNA, the content of dsRNA in all unbound RNA fractions (outflow) is strongly reduced after incubation with cellulose (FIG. 2). However, the amount of RNA / DNA hybrids in these fractions is only slightly decreased, showing that RNA / DNA hybrids do not bind efficiently to cellulose under the conditions tested and therefore cannot be removed from the cellulose. TIV RNA using cellulose. Increasing the EtOH concentration from 16% (v / v) to 18% (v / v) or 20% (v / v) does not significantly increase the efficiency of dsRNA removal. The high amounts of J2-reactive RNA in the bound RNA fractions indicate dsRNA enrichment (FIG. 2), confirming the separation of contaminants from dsRNA and ssRNA by this method. This result further shows the successful adaptation of the "negative" cellulose purification procedure to a microcentrifuge spin column format. Example 3 - Comparison of Cellulose Purification with RNase III Treatment and HPLC Purification To test whether multiple cycles of cellulose purification according to the method described above (see Example 2) using microcentrifuge spin columns improve the efficiency of dsRNA removal, we purified 1x, 2x or 3x as described above using buffer 1x STE containing 16% (v / v) EtOH 100 µg TIV RNA modified with m 1^ 2,500 nt long, which was purified by lithium chloride (LiCl) precipitation from the TIV reaction. Furthermore, cellulose-purified RNAs were compared with TIV RNA that was treated with E. coli RNase III (0.2 U / 100 jg RNA) for 30 min at 37 °C or purified by HPLC according to the protocol described by Weissman et al. (cited above). The dsRNA content of all RNAs was analyzed by dot blot using the dsRNA-specific antibody J2 and quantified by densitometric analysis of hybridization signals. RNA integrity was monitored by agarose gel electrophoresis. Increasing the number of cellulose purification cycles increases the amount of dsRNA removed from the TIV RNA (FIG. 3). While one purification cycle removes approximately 90% of dsRNA contaminants, this amount increases to 95% and 97% when 2 and 3 purification cycles are performed, respectively. Interestingly, one cycle of cellulose purification removes almost the same amount of dsRNA as treatment of TIV RNA with RNase III. Furthermore, performing 3 cycles of cellulose purification comes very close to the efficiency of HPLC purification. Thus, the efficiency of cellulose purification ranges from that of RNase III treatment to HPLC purification. Example 4 - Comparison of the performance of different brands of cellulose in the removal of dsRNA from TIV RNA To test whether the removal of dsRNA contaminants is restricted to a specific brand of cellulose used in the experiment described above (Sigma-Aldrich, cat. # C6288) or whether cellulose from other vendors can also be used, the performance of two other types of Macherey-Nagel cellulose (MN 100, MN 2100). First, 100 jg of the 1,500 nt long m 1^-modified TIV RNA, which was previously purified by lithium chloride (LiCl) precipitation from the TIV reaction, was incubated in a microfuge spin column with 0.15 g of the different types of cellulose in the presence of 1x STE buffer containing 16% (v / v) EtOH. After centrifugation, unbound RNA was collected by centrifuging the column and precipitating the RNA in the outflow. Cellulose-bound RNA was recovered by adding 1x STE to the column, followed by resuspension of the cellulose by vigorous shaking and finally centrifugation and precipitation. The dsRNA content of all RNA samples was analyzed by dot blot using the dsRNA-specific antibody J2 and quantified by densitometric analysis of hybridization signals. RNA integrity was monitored by agarose gel electrophoresis. Regardless of the cellulose used for purification, the dsRNA content in all unbound RNA fractions is greatly reduced compared to the unpurified input RNA (FIG. 4). High amounts of J2-reactive RNA in the bound RNA fractions indicate dsRNA enrichment, confirming separation of dsRNA and ssRNA contaminants by all cellulose types tested. Example 5: Scalability of the cellulose purification method An important point was to test whether the cellulose purification method is scalable. Therefore, an experiment was performed to remove dsRNA contaminants from 5 mg of 1,900 nt long D1-capped TIV RNA, which was previously purified from the TIV reaction by magnetic beads. RNA was incubated with 1.5 g cellulose (Sigma, cat. # C6288) in 15 ml 1x STE buffer containing 16% (v / v) EtOH. Unbound RNA was separated from the cellulose by a vacuum-powered filter device (0.45 µM pore size) and precipitated. With another 5 mg of the same RNA, 2 cycles of purification were carried out. The dsRNA content of both purified RNAs was analyzed by dot blot using the dsRNA-specific antibody J2 and quantified by densitometric analysis of hybridization signal intensities. RNA integrity was monitored by agarose gel electrophoresis. The result of dot blot analysis shows that after 1 cycle of purification with 1.5 g of cellulose, 72% of dsRNA contaminants are removed from 5 mg of TIV RNA. The purification efficiency can be further increased to 83% by a second purification cycle with 1.5 g of fresh cellulose. As expected, the RNA recovery rate decreases from 67% after 1 cycle of purification to 53% after the second cycle, which is still acceptable and comparable to the approximately 50% recovery rate achieved by the purification protocol. HPLC purification described by Weismann et al., (cited above). This result clearly demonstrates that the cellulose purification method of the present invention can be scaled to remove dsRNA contaminants from several mg of TIV RNA in a single batch purification. Example 6 - Purification of TIV RNA with different length using a "positive" purification procedure In a next step, we tested whether it is feasible to first bind all RNA components of a TIV RNA preparation to cellulose in the presence of high EtOH concentrations before selectively releasing the ssRNA fraction by lowering the EtOH concentration to 16% (v / v) . In this condition, the dsRNA contaminants must remain bound to the cellulose material and thus must be separated from the ssRNA ("positive" purification). This procedure would be advantageous over "negative" purification as it would also allow removal of non-nucleic acid contaminants (eg, proteins, free nucleotides), which do not bind to cellulose in the presence of EtOH. Therefore, experiments were performed in which 400 µg of three TIV RNAs with different lengths (1,300 nt, 2,500 nt, and >10,000 nt) and capped structures (D1, D2, uncapped) were completely bound at 0.12 g of cellulose in a microcentrifuge spin column using 1x STE buffer containing 40% (v / v) EtOH. The ssRNAs were eluted with 1x STE buffer containing 16% (v / v) EtOH and transferred to a second spin column containing 1.2 mg of fresh cellulose. After incubation under vigorous shaking and after centrifugation, the RNAs in the outflow were precipitated and analyzed for dsRNA contaminants by dot blot using the dsRNA-specific antibody J2. RNA integrity was monitored by agarose gel electrophoresis. Regardless of RNA length, the dsRNA content of all TIV RNAs is significantly reduced to a barely detectable level after cellulose purification (Fig. 6), demonstrating the feasibility of the "positive" purification procedure described above. . Unexpectedly, also TIV RNA >10,000 nt in length could be successfully purified from dsRNA contaminants (FIG. 6A). This shows that purification is not restricted to shorter RNAs (such as 130-2500 nt) and suggests that RNA length is not a limiting factor for successful purification. However, compared to the recovery rate of 1,300 nt and 2,500 nt length RNA (45-55% recovery), the recovery rate of long TIV RNA is lower (35% recovery). Although the integrity of TIV RNA >10,000 nt in length is less than that of both shorter TIV RNAs, it is not negatively affected by the cellulose purification method according to the present invention. Since the RNAs used for these experiments had different 5'-capped structures (10,000 nt: Dl-capped, 1,300 nt: D2-capped, 2,500 nt: uncapped), these examples demonstrate that this structural feature is not a factor. critical for successful purification of TIV RNA by cellulose. Example 7 - Purification of TIV RNA using buffers with different ionic strength The stability of double-stranded nucleic acids is influenced by the ionic strength of the environment. While high salt concentrations promote the formation of double-stranded structures, their dissociation into single-stranded nucleic acids is increased at low salt concentrations. To analyze the impact of the ionic strength of the buffer on the efficiency of dsRNA removal by cellulose, an m1^-modified TIV RNA of 1,300 nt length, which was previously purified by lithium chloride (LiCl) precipitation from the reaction of TIV was incubated in a 1.5 ml tube with 0.1 g cellulose in 500 μl 1x STE buffer containing 40% (v / v) EtOH and different concentrations of NaCl (0-150 mM). After centrifugation, the supernatant was removed and the cellulose was resuspended in 500 μl of the corresponding 1x STE buffers containing 16% (v / v) EtOH to release the ssRNA. After centrifugation, the supernatant was collected and RNA was recovered by precipitation. In a final step, the cellulose was resuspended in 500 μl of the corresponding 1x STE buffers containing no EtOH, centrifuged, and RNA recovered by precipitation from the supernatant. The dsRNA content of the RNA of both fractions (16% EtOH eluate, 0% EtOH eluate) as well as of the starting RNA material (TIV RNA) was analyzed by dot blot using the dsRNA-specific antibody J2 and it was quantified by densitometric analysis of the hybridization signals. The integrity of the RNAs was controlled by agarose gel electrophoresis. The efficiency of dsRNA removal by cellulose is influenced by the concentration of NaCl in the STE buffer. In the presence of 25 mM or 50 mM NaCl, 94-98% of the dsRNA contaminants are removed from the 16% EtOH eluate (FIG. 7 A, B). Increasing the NaCl concentration to 75 mM (FIG. 7A) or decreasing it to 10 mM (FIG. 7B) reduces the purification efficiency. NaCl concentrations above 125 mM lead to a significant decrease in purification efficiency (FIG. 7A). This result demonstrates that the NaCl concentration of the STE buffer used can influence the purification efficiency, which is highest in a range between 25 and 50 mM NaCl. The strong reactivity of all 0% EtOH eluates, except the 150 mM NaCl sample (FIG. 7A), with the J2 antibody reflects the enrichment of dsRNA contaminants in these samples. Example 8 - Cellulose purification of TIV RNA by FPLC Since separation of ssRNA from dsRNA contaminants by cellulose using a "positive" purification procedure is feasible (see Examples 6 and 7), we attempted to adapt the purification protocol for FPLC. 4 g of cellulose was used as the stationary phase to pack an XK 16 / 20 column. After equilibration with 1x STE buffer containing 40% (v / v) EtOH, 500 μg of m1^-modified TIV RNA of 1,300 nt length, which was previously purified by lithium chloride (LiCl) precipitation from the TIV reaction, on the column. Bound ssRNA and dsRNA were eluted by reducing the EtOH concentration of the buffer to 16% (v / v) and 0% (v / v), respectively, and fractions were collected. RNA was recovered by precipitation and the double-stranded RNA content of the RNA from both fractions (Fl: 16% EtOH eluate, F2: 0% EtOH eluate) as well as the starting RNA material (input RNA) was analyzed by dot blot using the dsRNA-specific antibody J2. The integrity of the RNAs was controlled by agarose gel electrophoresis. The elution profile (absorbance at 260 nm) of the chromatogram shows that a high percentage of charged TIV RNA binds to the cellulose material in the presence of 40% (v / v) EtOH. Only small amounts of RNA remain unbound and elute from the column under these conditions (FIG. 8A). As the EtOH concentration is decreased to 16% (v / v), most of the RNA is eluted indicated by a single sharp peak in UV absorbance. This peak was collected (F1 fraction) and contains the purified ssRNA. Compared to the unpurified input RNA, approximately 88% dsRNA content was removed from this fraction (FIG. 8B). After reducing the EtOH concentration of the buffer to 0% (v / v), only minor amounts of RNA elute from the column (fraction F2). Dot blot analysis revealed that dsRNA is enriched in this RNA fraction (FIG. 8B). This confirms the separation of ssRNA from dsRNA and demonstrates the successful use of cellulose as a stationary phase for FPLC purification of TIV RNA to remove contaminants from dsRNA. Example 9 - Purification of TIV RNA using different concentrations of EtOH for elution of ssRNA To optimize the protocol of the "positive" cellulose purification procedure, the impact of different concentrations of EtOH on the efficiency of dsRNA removal and RNA recovery was tested. 200 µg of 1,500 nt long D1-capped TIV RNA, which was previously purified from the TIV reaction by magnetic beads, was incubated with 0.1 g of washed cellulose in 500 µl of 1x STE buffer containing 40% (v / v) EtOH in a microfuge spin column. Cellulose-bound ssRNA was eluted with 1x STE buffer containing 6, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 or 24% (v / v) EtOH and recovered from the eluate by precipitation. The dsRNA content of the RNA obtained from the different eluates as well as the starting RNA material (input RNA) was analyzed by dot blot using the dsRNA-specific antibody J2 and quantified by densitometric analysis of the hybridization signals. The integrity of the RNAs was confirmed by agarose gel electrophoresis. The optimal range of EtOH concentrations for elution of ssRNA during a "positive" purification procedure is 14-16% (v / v) (FIG. 9 A, B). At these EtOH concentrations, 83-84% of the dsRNA remained bound to the cellulose and 58-64% of the ssRNA was recovered from the corresponding eluates. Increasing EtOH to 18% (v / v) or 20% (v / v) further improves the efficiency of dsRNA removal (85% or 90%, respectively) but significantly reduces the rate of RNA recovery (47 % or 36%, respectively). In contrast, lowering the EtOH concentration to 12% (v / v) worsens the purification efficiency (63% of dsRNA removed) without significantly improving RNA recovery. This result demonstrates that dsRNA removal efficiency and RNA recovery rate from eluates are inversely correlated. In addition, the relative purity of the ssRNA relative to dsRNA contaminants can be controlled by the concentration of EtOH used for elution. However, higher EtOH concentrations lead to more efficient dsRNA removal at the cost of less ssRNA recovery. Therefore, by adjusting the EtOH concentration for ssRNA elution, the rate of dsRNA contaminants / aRn recovery can be adjusted to meet the TIV RNA purity / cost requirements for different applications. Example 1.- Determination of the binding capacity of RNA to cellulose To scale up the "positive" cellulose purification procedure, it is important to know the RNA binding capacity to cellulose to minimize RNA loss caused by overload. To determine RNA binding capacity, a fixed amount of washed cellulose (100 mg, Sigma, C6288) was incubated with 25 µg, 50 µg, 100 µg, 250 µg, 500 µg, 750 µg, 1,000 µg, or 1,500 µg. jg of 1,500 nt long D1-capped TIV RNA, which was previously purified from the TIV reaction by magnetic beads, in buffer in 500 jl of 1x STE buffer containing 40% (v / v) EtOH in a microcentrifuge spin column. After centrifugation, ssRNA was eluted with 500 μl of 1x STE buffer containing 16% (v / v) EtOH. Finally, the RNA that was still bound to the cellulose was released by incubation with H2O (0% (v / v) EtOH). Both the RNA in the outflow (40% (v / v) EtOH) and the 16% (v / v) eluate as well as 0% (v / v) were recovered by precipitation and the amount of recovered RNA was determined by spectrophotometry. In addition, the dsRNA content of the RNA obtained from the 16% (v / v) EtOH eluates as well as the starting RNA material (input RNA) was analyzed by dot blot using the dsRNA-specific antibody J2 to monitor the efficiency of dsRNA removal in individual samples. The integrity of these RNAs was checked by agarose gel electrophoresis. The maximum RNA binding capacity of the tested cellulose (Sigma, C6288) varies between 100 µg and 250 µg RNA per 100 mg cellulose, corresponding to 1-2.5 mg RNA per 1 g cellulose. This is reflected in the fact that the RNA recovery rate (FIG. 10A) and the yield of RNA (FIG. 10B) recovered from the 40% (v / v) EtOH outlet stream, which represents the fraction of RNA not bound, it increases steadily when 250 µg or more of the RNA is used for purification with 100 mg of cellulose. However, the amount of the bound RNA in the 16% (v / v) EtOH and 0% (v / v) EtOH eluates does not increase accordingly when 250 µg or more of the RNA is used for purification, which consequently leading to a lower rate of RNA recovery from both fractions (FIG. 10A, B). The maximum rate of RNA recovery from the 16% (v / v) EtOH eluate is achieved when 100 μg of RNA was used for purification with 100 mg of cellulose (68% RNA recovery). In addition, at this ratio of RNA: cellulose, the highest purification efficiency of 88% removal of dsRNA is reached (FIG. 10 C, D). Interestingly, the relative amount of dsRNA removed from TIV RNA does not decrease significantly when the cellulose-RNA binding capacity is exceeded. Example 1.- Impact of cellulose purification of TIV RNA on its translation capacity and immunogenicity As stated above, TIV RNA contains dsRNA contaminants due to aberrant T7 RNA polymerase activity. However, dsRNA induces inflammatory cytokines (such as interferon) by activating different cellular sensors, including RIG-I, MDA5, and TLR3, and also inhibits translation directly by activating protein kinase R (PKR) and oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS). To test whether TIV RNA subjected to a method of the present invention induces fewer inflammatory cytokines and / or can be translated more efficiently compared to TIV RNA that has not been subjected to a method of the present invention, TIV RNA encoding murine erythropoietin (EPO) was left unpurified or purified by a 2-step procedure using 2 spin columns each filled with a cellulose material (0.12 g cellulose (Sigma, C6288)). First, the TIV RNA was subjected to a positive purification procedure as described above using the first spin column (i.e., incubating the TIV RNA with the cellulose material on the first spin column and in the presence of STE buffer). 1x containing 40% (v / v) EtOH for binding of dsRNAc and ssRNA to cellulose material; apply force to first spin column; discard flow through; elute ssRNA from first spin column by adding 1x STE buffer containing 16% (v / v) EtOH and applying centrifugal force to the first spin column). Then, the thus obtained ssRNA-containing eluate was subjected to a negative purification procedure as described above using the second spin column (i.e., incubating the ssRNA-containing eluate with the cellulose material in the second spin column; apply centrifugal force to the second spin column; and collect the outflow). The outflow obtained from the second spin column was then precipitated with isopropanol / sodium acetate and redissolved in H2O. After formulation with TransIT (Mirus Bio), TIV RNAs were injected intraperitoneally into mice (n=4) at a dose of 3 μg RNA / animal. Blood was drawn at 2, 6 and 24 h after injection and plasma samples were collected. Control mice were injected with TransIT only. Murine interferon alpha (IFN-a) and murine EPO levels were measured using specific ELISA assays (Murine interferon alpha-specific ELISA (eBioscience); Murine EPO-specific ELISA DuoSet ELISA development kit (R&D)). As shown in Fig. 11A, TIV RNA subjected to a method of the present invention induced significantly less IFN-α compared to unpurified TIV RNA. Thus, this example demonstrates that the method of the present invention effectively removes double-stranded contaminant molecules from TIV RNA. Residual IFN-α induced by cellulose-purified TIV RNA is most likely due to activation of TLR7 by uridine-containing ssRNA. Furthermore, Fig.11B shows that a TIV RNA preparation encoding EPO that has been subjected to a method of the present invention, thus lacking the protein synthesis inhibitory dsRNA, is translated very efficiently, which which results in high plasma EPO levels even 24 h after administration of the purified TIV RNA according to the present invention. In contrast, a TIV RNA preparation encoding EPO that had not been subjected to a method of the present invention but was left unpurified was less efficiently translated due to inhibition of protein synthesis by direct and mediated effects. IFN-a from dsRNA.

Claims

1. A method for providing single-stranded RNA (smcRNA), comprising: (i) producing an RNA preparation comprising smcRNA by in vitro transcription; (ii) contacting the RNA preparation with a cellulose material under conditions that permit the binding of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) to the cellulose material and prevent the binding of smcRNA to the cellulose material; and (iii) separating the smcRNA from the cellulose material under conditions that permit the binding of dsRNA to the cellulose material and prevent the binding of smcRNA to the cellulose material, wherein in step (ii) the RNA preparation is provided as a liquid comprising smcRNA and a first buffer and / or the cellulose material is provided as a suspension in a first buffer, wherein the first buffer comprises water,ethanol and a salt in a concentration that permits the binding of dsRNA to the cellulose material and does not permit the binding of scRNA to the cellulose material; and the concentration of ethanol in the first buffer is 14 to 20% (v / v) and the concentration of the salt in the first buffer is 15 to 70 mM.

2. A method for providing single-stranded RNA (scRNA), comprising: (i) producing an RNA preparation comprising scRNA by in vitro transcription; (ii) contacting the RNA preparation with a cellulose material under conditions that permit the binding of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and scRNA to the cellulose material; and (iii) separating the scRNA from the cellulose material under conditions that allow the binding of dsRNA to the cellulose material and do not allow the binding of scRNA to the cellulose material, wherein step (iii) comprises: (1) mixing the cellulose material to which dsRNA and scRNA bind with a first buffer by beating and / or shaking, wherein the first buffer comprises water,ethanol and a salt in a concentration that permits the binding of dsRNA to the cellulose material and does not permit the binding of scRNA to the cellulose material; and (2) separating the liquid phase comprising scRNA from the cellulose material; and the concentration of ethanol in the first buffer is 14 to 20% (v / v) and the concentration of the salt in the first buffer is 15 to 70 mM.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein step (ii) comprises mixing the RNA preparation comprising scRNA with the cellulose material by whisking and / or stirring, preferably for at least 5 min, more preferably for at least 10 min.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein (a) the salt comprising the first buffer is sodium chloride; and / or (b) the concentration of ethanol in the first buffer is 14 to 16% (v / v); and / or (c) the salt concentration in the first buffer is from 20 to 60 mM; and / or (d) the first buffer further comprises a buffering substance,preferably tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (TRIS), and / or a chelating agent, preferably EDTA; and / or (e) in step (iii) (a) the mixture of the RNA preparation, the cellulose material, and the first buffer is provided in a tube, and step (iii) comprises (1) applying gravity or centrifugal force to the tube so that the liquid and solid phases separate; and (2) collecting the supernatant comprising scRNA or removing the cellulose material; or (p) the mixture of the RNA preparation, the cellulose material, and the first buffer is provided in a centrifuge column or filter device, and step (iii) comprises (1') applying gravity, centrifugal force, pressure, or vacuum to the centrifuge column or filter device so that the liquid and solid phases separate; and (2') collecting the outflow comprising scRNA.

5. The method of any one of claims 1, 3, and 4,wherein steps (ii) and (iii) are repeated once or twice or more times, wherein the scRNA preparation obtained after step (iii) of one cycle of steps (ii) and (iii) is used as the RNA preparation in step (ii) of the next cycle, and fresh cellulose material is used in step (ii) of each cycle of steps (ii) and (iii).

6. The method of claim 2, wherein step (ii) comprises (1) mixing the RNA preparation comprising scRNA with the cellulose material by whisking and / or stirring, preferably for at least 5 min, more preferably for at least 10 min; and (2) separating the cellulose material to which the dsRNA and scRNA are bound from the remainder.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein in step (ii) the RNA preparation is provided as a liquid comprising scRNA and a second buffer and / or the cellulose material is provided as a suspension in a second buffer, wherein the second buffer comprises water, ethanol and a salt,preferably sodium chloride, at a concentration that permits the binding of dsRNA and smcRNA to the cellulose material.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein (a) the ethanol concentration in the second buffer is at least 35% (v / v), preferably 38 to 42% (v / v); and / or (b) the salt concentration in the second buffer is 15 to 70 mM, preferably 20 to 60 mM; and / or (c) the second buffer further comprises a buffering substance, preferably tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (TRIS), and / or a chelating agent,preferably EDTA; and / or (d) in step (ii)(2) (a) the mixture of the RNA preparation and the cellulose material obtained in step (ii)(1) is provided in a tube and step (ii)(2) comprises (2a) applying gravity or centrifugal force to the tube so that the liquid and solid phases separate; and (2b) removing the supernatant or collecting the cellulose material to which dsRNA and smcRNA are bound; or () the mixture of the RNA preparation and the cellulose material obtained in step (ii)(1) is provided in a centrifuge column or filter device and step (ii)(2) comprises (2a') applying gravity, centrifugal force, pressure,or emptying the centrifuge column or filter device so as to separate the liquid and solid phases; and (2b') discarding the outflow; and / or (e) step (ii) further comprises (3) adding an aliquot of the second buffer to the cellulose material to which the dsRNA and scRNA are bound; (4) incubating the resulting mixture by beating and / or shaking, preferably for at least 5 min, more preferably for at least 10 min; and (5) separating the cellulose material to which the dsRNA and scRNA are bound from the liquid phase; and optionally (6) repeating steps (3) to (5) one or two or more times.

9. The method of any one of claims 2 and 6 to 8, wherein (a) in step (iii) (1) the cellulose material to which the dsRNA and scRNA are bound is mixed with the first buffer by beating and / or shaking for at least 5 min,preferably for at least 10 min; and / or (b) the salt comprising the first buffer is sodium chloride; and / or (c) the ethanol concentration in the first buffer is 14 to 16% (v / v); and / or (d) the salt concentration in the first buffer is 20 to 60 mM; and / or (e) the first buffer further comprises a buffer substance, preferably tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (TRIS), and / or a chelating agent, preferably EDTA; and / or (f) in step (iii) (a) the mixture of the cellulose material and the first buffer is provided in a tube and step (iii) (2) comprises (2a) applying gravity or centrifugal force to the tube so as to separate the liquid and solid phases; and (2b) collecting the supernatant comprising scRNA or removing the cellulose material; or (p) the mixture of the cellulose material and the first buffer are provided in a centrifuge column or filter device and step (iii) (2) comprises (2a') applying gravity, centrifugal force, pressure,or empty to the centrifuge column or filter device; and (2b') collecting the output stream comprising scRNA; and / or (g) steps (ii) and (iii) are repeated one or two or more times, wherein the scRNA preparation obtained after step (iii) of one cycle of steps (ii) and (iii) is used as the RNA preparation in step (ii) of the next cycle, and fresh cellulose material is used in step (ii) of each cycle of steps (ii) and (iii).

10. The method of claim 2, wherein in step (ii) the cellulose material is provided in a column, step (ii) comprises loading the RNA preparation onto the column under conditions that permit the binding of dsRNA and scRNA to the cellulose material, and step (iii) comprises eluting the scRNA from the cellulose material under conditions that permit the binding of dsRNA to the cellulose material and do not permit the binding of scRNA to the cellulose material.

11. The method of claim 10,wherein in step (ii) the RNA preparation is provided and loaded into the column as a liquid comprising scRNA and a second buffer, wherein the second buffer comprises water, ethanol, and a salt, preferably sodium chloride, in a concentration that permits the binding of scRNA and scRNA to the cellulose material.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein (a) the ethanol concentration in the second buffer is at least 35% (v / v), preferably 38 to 42% (v / v); and / or (b) the salt concentration in the second buffer is 15 to 70 mM, preferably 20 to 60 mM; and / or (c) the second buffer further comprises a buffering substance, preferably tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (TRIS), and / or a chelating agent, preferably EDTA; and / or (d) step (iii) is carried out using the first buffer as the eluent, wherein the first buffer is preferably the first buffer defined in claim 9(b), claim 9(c),claim 9(d), and / or claim 9(e).

13. The method of any of claims 1 to 12, wherein (a) the RNA preparation is produced using an RNA polymerase selected from the group consisting of RNA polymerases T3, T7 and SP6; and / or (b) prior to step (ii) the RNA preparation is subjected to at least one pre-purification treatment, wherein at least one pre-purification treatment preferably comprises one or more of the following: nucleic acid precipitation; binding nucleic acids to magnetic beads; ultrafiltration; and DNA degradation; and / or (c) the scRNA is mRNA or an inhibitory RNA, such as antisense RNA, siRNA or miRNA; and / or (d) the scRNA has a length of at least 2,700 nt, preferably at least 3,000 nt, more preferably at least 3,500 nt, more preferably at least 4,500 nt; and / or (e) the cellulose material comprises cellulose fibers,preferably cellulose fibers of a grade suitable for use as a partition chromatography reagent; and / or (f) prior to contact with the RNA preparation in step (ii), the cellulose material is provided as a washed cellulose material.

14. The method of claim 13(f), wherein the washing of the cellulose material includes (I) mixing the cellulose material with a washing solution by whisking and / or stirring, preferably for at least 5 min; and (II) removing the liquid or collecting the cellulose material; and optionally (III) repeating steps (I) and (II) one or two or more times.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein (A) if step (ii) is carried out under conditions that permit the binding of dsRNA to the washed cellulose material and do not permit the binding of scRNA to the washed cellulose material, the washing solution has the composition of the first buffer defined in claim 1, claim 4(a),claim 4(b), claim 4(c) and / or claim 4(d), or (B) if step (ii) is carried out under conditions that allow the binding of dsRNA and scRNA to the washed cellulose material, the washing solution has the composition of the second buffer defined in claim 7, claim 8(a), claim 8(b) and / or claim 8(c).

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