Compositions comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene for use in heat transfer applications

Abstract

This invention relates to compositions comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene (i.e., CFO-1112) and an additional component. The compositions described herein may be useful, for example, in heat transfer applications.

Description

Compositions comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene for use in heat transfer applications. Technical field This application provides compositions comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene (i.e., CFO-1112) and an additional component that is trans-1,2-dichloroethylene. The compositions described herein may be useful, for example, in heat transfer applications (e.g., refrigeration and / or heating applications). Background Many current commercial refrigerants use hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) or hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). HCFCs contribute to ozone depletion, and their eventual phase-out is planned under the Montreal Protocol. HFCs, while not contributing to ozone depletion, can contribute to global warming, and their use has been subject to scrutiny by environmental regulators. Therefore, there is a need for refrigerants characterized by a low ozone depletion potential (ODP) and a low global warming impact. This application addresses this and other needs. WO2012 / 157761 discloses a working medium containing 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene, used in a thermal cycle system. US 7442321 describes azeotropic compositions comprising 1,1,1-trifluoro-3-chloropropene (HCFO-1233zd) and trans-1,2-dichloroethylene (TDCE) and uses thereof, including their use in refrigerant compositions, refrigeration systems, foaming agent compositions, solvents, and aerosol propellants. Summary This application provides, among other things, a composition comprising: i) 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene (CFO-1112); and ii) trans-1, 2-dichloroethylene. The present application further provides methods for producing cooling, comprising evaporating a composition provided herein in the vicinity of a body to be cooled and subsequently condensing said composition. The present application further provides methods for producing heating, comprising condensing a composition provided herein in the vicinity of a body to be heated and subsequently evaporating said composition. This application further provides a heat transfer system or apparatus (e.g. a refrigeration, air conditioning or heat pump apparatus) comprising a composition provided herein. This application further provides processes for replacing an existing refrigerant in a heat transfer apparatus (e.g., a refrigeration apparatus or a cooling system), comprising substantially replacing said existing refrigerant with a composition provided herein. Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by a person skilled in the art to which the present invention pertains. Methods and materials for use in the present invention are described herein; other suitable methods and materials known in the art may also be used. The materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and are not intended to be limiting. All publications, patent applications, patents, sequences, database entries, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, this specification, including the definitions, shall prevail. Detailed description This disclosure provides compositions (e.g., heat transfer and / or refrigerant compositions) comprising 2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene (i.e., CFO-1112) and an additional component as described herein. The compositions provided herein may be useful, for example, in refrigerant and / or heat transfer applications that previously used chlorofluorocarbon compounds ("CFCs"). Definitions and abbreviations As used herein, the terms and expressions "comprises," "comprising," "includes," "having," "having," or any variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a process, method, article, or apparatus comprising a list of elements is not necessarily limited to those elements alone, but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent in that process, method, article, or apparatus. Furthermore, unless expressly stated otherwise, "or" refers to an inclusive "or" and not an exclusive "or." For example, a condition A or B is satisfied by any one of the following: A is true (or present) and B is false (or not present), A is false (or not present) and B is true (or present), and A and B are both true (or present). As used herein, the expression "essentially consisting of" is used to define a composition or method that includes materials, steps, features, components, or elements, in addition to those explicitly disclosed, provided that these additional materials, steps, features, components, or elements do not materially affect one or more basic and novel features of the claimed invention, particularly the mode of action for achieving the desired result of any of the processes of the present invention. The expression "essentially consisting of" or "essentially consisting of" occupies a middle ground between "comprising" and "consisting of." Likewise, the use of "a" or "an" is employed to describe elements and components described herein. This is done simply for convenience and to give a general sense of the scope of the invention. This description should be read as including one or at least one, and the singular also includes the plural unless it is obvious that it means otherwise. As used herein, the term "approximately" is intended to account for variations due to experimental error (e.g., plus or minus approximately 10% of the stated value). All measurements reported herein are understood to be modified by the term "approximately," whether the term is explicitly used or not, unless explicitly stated otherwise. When a quantity, concentration, or other value or parameter is provided as a range, preferred range, or list of upper and / or lower preferred values, it is understood that all ranges formed from any pair of any preferred value or upper range limit and any preferred value or lower range limit are specifically disclosed, regardless of whether the ranges are disclosed separately. Where a range of numerical values ​​is cited herein, unless otherwise stated, the range is intended to include the endpoints and all whole numbers and fractions within the range. Global warming potential (GWP) is an index used to estimate the relative contribution to global warming from the atmospheric emission of one kilogram of a particular greenhouse gas compared to the emission of one kilogram of carbon dioxide. GWP can be calculated for different time horizons, reflecting the effect of atmospheric lifetime for a given gas. Typically, the referenced value is the GWP for a 100-year time horizon. As used herein, the term "ozone depletion potential" (ODP) is defined in "The Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion, 2002, A report of the World Meteorological Association's Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project", section 1.4.4, pages 1.28 to 1.31 (see the first paragraph of this section). ODP represents the degree of stratospheric ozone depletion expected from a compound, mass for mass, relative to fluorotrichloromethane (CFC-11). "Cooling capacity" (sometimes called "cooling rate") is a term used to define the enthalpy change of a refrigerant or working fluid in an evaporator per unit mass of refrigerant or working fluid circulating. Volumetric cooling capacity refers to the amount of heat removed by the refrigerant or working fluid in the evaporator per unit volume of refrigerant vapor leaving the evaporator. Cooling capacity is a measure of the ability of a refrigerant, working fluid, or heat transfer composition to produce cooling. Therefore, the higher the volumetric cooling capacity of the working fluid, the greater the cooling rate that can be achieved in the evaporator at the maximum volumetric flow rate achievable with a given compressor. Cooling rate refers to the heat removed by the refrigerant in the evaporator per unit of time. Similarly, "volumetric heating capacity" is an expression used to define the amount of heat supplied by the refrigerant or working fluid in the condenser per unit volume of refrigerant or working fluid vapor entering the compressor. The higher the volumetric heating capacity of the refrigerant or working fluid, the greater the heating rate that occurs in the condenser at the maximum volumetric flow rate achievable with a given compressor. The coefficient of performance (COP) is the amount of heat removed in the evaporator divided by the energy required to run the compressor. The higher the COP, the greater the energy efficiency. The COP is directly related to the energy efficiency ratio (EER), which is the efficiency rating for refrigeration or air conditioning equipment at a specific set of indoor and outdoor temperatures. As used herein, a heat transfer medium comprises a composition used to transport heat from a heat source to a heat sink. For example, heat from a body to be cooled to a cooling evaporator or from a cooling condenser to a cooling tower or other configuration where the heat can be rejected to the environment. As used herein, a working fluid or coolant comprises a compound or mixture of compounds (e.g., a composition provided herein) that acts by transferring heat in a cycle in which the working fluid undergoes a phase change from liquid to gas and back to liquid in a repetitive cycle. Subcooling is the reduction of a liquid's temperature below its saturation point at a given pressure. The saturation point is the temperature at which a vapor composition completely condenses into a liquid (also known as the bubble point). Subcooling continues to cool the liquid to a lower temperature at a given pressure. By cooling a liquid below its saturation temperature, the net cooling capacity can be increased. Subcooling thus improves the cooling capacity and energy efficiency of a system. The amount of subcooling is the amount of cooling below the saturation temperature (in degrees), or how far below its saturation temperature a liquid composition is cooled. The term "superheating" defines how far above the vapor saturation temperature of a vapor composition is heated. The vapor saturation temperature is the temperature at which, if a vapor composition is cooled, the first drop of liquid forms; this is also known as the "dew point." Chemical products, abbreviations and acronyms HFC: hydrofluorocarbon HCFC: hydrochlorofluorocarbon HCFO: hydrochlorofluoroolefin PFC: perfluorocarbon CFO-1112: 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene (mixture of isomers) CFO-1112 (E) or CFO-1112E: E-1, 2-dichloro-1, 2-difluoroethylene CFO-1112 (Z) or CFO-1112Z: Z-1, 2-dichloro-1, 2-difluoroethylene R-245fa or HFC-245a: 1, 1, 1, 3, 3-pentafluoropropane R-1336mzz or HFO-1336mzz: 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluorobut-2-ene (mixture of isomers) R-1336mzzZ or HFO-1336mzz (Z) or (Z) -1336mzz: (Z) -1, 1, 1, 4, 4, 4-hexafluorobut-2-ene R-1336mzzE or HFO-1336mzz (E) or (E) -1336mzz: (E) -1, 1, 1, 4, 4, 4-hexafluorobut-2-ene R-1233zd: 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (mixture of isomers) R-1233zdE: (E)-1-chloro-3, 3, 3-trifluoropropene R-1224yd: 1-chloro-2, 3, 3, 3-tetrafluoropropene R-1224ydZ: (Z)-1-chloro-2, 3, 3, 3-tetrafluoropropene R-1234ze: 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (mixture of isomers) R-1234zeZ: (Z)-1, 3, 3, 3-tetrafluoropropene R-1336yf: 2,3,3,4,4,4-hexafluorobut-1-ene (mixture of isomers) R-1336ze: 1,3,3,4,4,4-hexafluorobut-1-ene (mixture of isomers) R-1336zeE: (E)-1,3,3,4,4,4-hexafluorobut-1-ene R-1234ze: 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene (mixture of isomers) R-1234zeE: (E)-1,3,3,3-Tetrafluoroprop-1-ene R-32: difluoromethane R-125: pentafluoroethane R-134a: 1, 1, 1, 2-tetrafluoroethane R-1234yf: 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (mixture of isomers) t-DCE: trans-1,2-dichloroethylene R-152a: 1,1-difluoroethane R-134: 1, 1, 1, 2-tetrafluoroethane R-1123: 1, 1, 2-trifluoroethylene Compositions The present application provides a composition, comprising: i) 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene (CFO-1112); and ii) trans-1, 2-dichloroethylene. In some embodiments, 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene is (E)-1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene. In some embodiments, 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene is (Z)-1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene. In some embodiments, 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene comprises a mixture of (E)-1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and (Z)-1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene. In some embodiments, 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene comprises approximately 60% to approximately 70% of E-1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and approximately 30% to approximately 40% of Z-1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene. In some embodiments, 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene comprises approximately 60% E-1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and approximately 40% Z-1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene. In some embodiments, 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene comprises approximately 70% E-1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and approximately 30% Z-1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene. In some embodiments, the composition provided herein comprises from approximately 1 to approximately 99 percent by weight of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene, for example, from approximately 1 to approximately 90, from approximately 1 to approximately 80, from approximately 1 to approximately 50, from approximately 1 to approximately 25, from approximately 1 to approximately 10, from approximately 10 to approximately 99, from approximately 10 to approximately 90, from approximately 10 to approximately 80, from approximately 10 to approximately 50, from approximately 10 to approximately 25, from approximately 25 to approximately 99, from approximately 25 to approximately 90, from approximately 25 to approximately 80, from approximately 25 to approximately 50, from approximately 50 to approximately 99,from approximately 50 to approximately 90, from approximately 50 to approximately 80, from approximately 80 to approximately 99, from approximately 80 to approximately 90, or from approximately 90 to approximately 99 percent by weight of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene. In some realizations, the composition comprises: from approximately 1 to approximately 99 percent by weight of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene; or from approximately 95 to approximately 99 percent by weight of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene; or from approximately 90 to approximately 99 percent by weight of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene; or from approximately 85 to approximately 99 percent by weight of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene; or from approximately 70 to approximately 99 percent by weight of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene; or from approximately 60 to approximately 99 percent by weight of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene; or from approximately 50 to approximately 99 percent by weight of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene; or from approximately 1 to approximately 40 percent by weight of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene; or from approximately 1 to approximately 25 percent by weight of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene;or from approximately 1 to approximately 20 percent by weight of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene; or from approximately 1 to approximately 15 percent by weight of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene; or from approximately 1 to approximately 10 percent by weight of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene. In some embodiments, the composition provided herein comprises 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and trans-1,2-dichloroethylene. In some embodiments, the composition comprises from 1 to 99 percent by weight of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, for example, from 1 to 90, from 1 to 80, from 1 to 50, from 1 to 25, from 1 to 10, from 10 to 99, from 10 to 90, from 10 to 80, from 10 to 50, from 10 to 25, from 25 to 99, from 25 to 90, from 25 to 80, from 25 to 50, from 50 to 99, from 50 to 90, from 50 to 80, from 80 to 99, from 80 to 90 or from 90 to 99 percent by weight of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene. In some embodiments, the composition comprises from 1 to 99 wt percent of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and from 99 to 1 wt percent of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene. In some embodiments, the composition comprises from 55 to 90 wt percent of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and from 45 to 10 wt percent of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene. In some embodiments, the composition comprises from 1 to 25 wt percent of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and from 99 to 75 wt percent of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene. In some embodiments, the composition comprises 75 to 99 percent by weight of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and 25 to 1 percent by weight of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene. In some embodiments, the composition comprises 1 to 10 wt percent of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and 99 to 90 wt percent of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene. In some embodiments, the composition comprises 90 to 99 wt percent of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and 10 to 1 wt percent of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene. In some embodiments, the composition comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and trans-1,2-dichloroethylene exhibits a temperature glide of approximately 5 K or lower, for example, approximately 4 K or lower, approximately 3 K or lower, approximately 2 K or lower, or approximately 1 K or lower. In some embodiments, the composition comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and trans-1,2-dichloroethylene exhibits a temperature glide of less than approximately 5 K. In some embodiments, the composition comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and trans-1,2-dichloroethylene exhibits a temperature glide of approximately 3 K or less. In some embodiments, the composition provided herein consists essentially of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and trans-1,2-dichloroethylene. Methods of use The compositions provided herein can act as a working fluid used to transfer heat from a heat source to a heat sink. Such heat transfer compositions can also be useful as a refrigerant in a cycle where the fluid undergoes a phase change; that is, from liquid to gas and vice versa. Examples of heat transfer systems include, but are not limited to, air conditioners, freezers, refrigerators, heat pumps, water chillers, flooded evaporator chillers, direct expansion chillers, cold rooms, high-temperature heat pumps, mobile refrigerators, mobile air conditioning units, immersion cooling systems, data center cooling systems, and combinations thereof.Accordingly, this application provides a heat transfer system (e.g., a heat transfer apparatus) as described herein, comprising a composition provided herein. In some embodiments, the composition provided herein is useful as a working fluid (e.g., a working fluid for cooling or heating applications) in the heat transfer apparatus. In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein are useful in an apparatus or system comprising a high-temperature heat pump. In some embodiments, the high-temperature heat pump comprises a centrifugal compressor. In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein are useful in an apparatus or system comprising a chiller.In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein are useful in an apparatus or system comprising a centrifugal chiller. In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein are useful in a high-temperature centrifugal heat pump. Mechanical vapor-compression refrigeration, air conditioning, and heat pump systems include an evaporator, a compressor, a condenser, and an expansion device. A refrigeration cycle reuses refrigerant in multiple stages, producing a cooling effect in one stage and a heating effect in a different stage. The cycle can be described as follows: Liquid refrigerant enters an evaporator through an expansion device, where it boils, extracting heat from the surrounding environment. At a low temperature, it condenses into a gas, producing cooling. Often, air or a heat transfer fluid flows over or around the evaporator to transfer the cooling effect from the evaporating refrigerant to a body to be cooled. The low-pressure gas then enters a compressor, where it is compressed to increase its pressure and temperature.The higher-pressure (compressed) gaseous refrigerant enters the condenser, where it condenses and releases its heat to the environment. The refrigerant then returns to the expansion device, where it expands from the higher pressure in the condenser to the lower pressure in the evaporator, thus repeating the cycle. A body to be cooled or heated can be defined as any space, location, object, or body that is to be cooled or heated. Examples include spaces (open or enclosed) that require air conditioning, refrigeration, or heating, such as a room, apartment, or building (including apartment buildings, university dormitories, townhouses, or other attached houses), hospitals, office buildings, supermarkets, classrooms in schools or universities, or administrative buildings, and passenger compartments in cars or trucks. Additionally, a body to be cooled can include electronic devices such as computer equipment, central processing units (CPUs), data centers, server banks, and personal computers, among others. "In the vicinity of" means that the evaporator of the system containing the refrigerant composition is located within or adjacent to the body to be cooled, such that the air moving over the evaporator would enter or surround the body to be cooled. In the process for producing heating, "In the vicinity of" means that the condenser of the system containing the refrigerant composition is located within or adjacent to the body to be heated, such that the air moving over the evaporator would enter or surround the body to be heated. In some embodiments, for heat transfer, "In the vicinity of" may mean that the body to be cooled is immersed directly in the heat transfer composition or that tubes containing heat transfer compositions are positioned within and outside electronic equipment, for example.Example refrigeration systems include, but are not limited to, equipment such as commercial, industrial, or residential refrigerators and freezers, ice machines, self-contained coolers and freezers, vending machines, flooded evaporator coolers, direct expansion coolers, water chillers, screw chillers, scroll chillers, centrifugal chillers, walk-in freezers and freezers, and combination systems. In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein may be used in supermarket refrigeration systems. Additionally, stationary applications may utilize a secondary circuit system that uses a primary refrigerant to produce cooling at one location, which is then transferred to a remote location via a secondary heat transfer fluid. In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein are useful in mobile heat transfer systems, including refrigeration, air conditioning, or heat pump systems or appliances. In some embodiments, the compositions are useful in stationary heat transfer systems, including refrigeration, air conditioning, or heat pump systems or appliances. As used herein, mobile refrigeration, air conditioning, or heat pump systems refer to any refrigeration, air conditioning, or heat pump apparatus incorporated into a road, rail, sea, or air transport unit. Mobile air conditioning or heat pump systems may be used in automobiles, trucks, railcars, or other transport systems. Mobile refrigeration may include transport refrigeration in trucks, aircraft, or railcars. In addition, apparatus intended to provide refrigeration to a system independent of any moving vehicle, known as "intermodal" systems, are included in the present inventions. Such intermodal systems include "containers" (combined sea / land transport) as well as "swap boxes" (combined road and rail transport).As used herein, stationary air conditioning or heat pump systems are systems that are fixed in one location during operation. A stationary air conditioning or heat pump system may be installed within or attached to buildings of any type. These stationary applications may include, but are not limited to, stationary air conditioning and heat pumps, chillers, heat pumps (including residential and high-temperature heat pumps), residential, commercial, or industrial air conditioning systems, including window units, ductless units, ducted units, packaged terminals, and those located outside but connected to the building, such as rooftop systems. In some embodiments, a method is provided for using the present compositions as a heat transfer fluid. The method comprises transporting said composition from a heat source to a heat sink. Stationary heat transfer can refer to systems for cooling electronic devices, such as immersion cooling systems, submersion cooling systems, phase-change cooling systems, data center cooling systems, or simply liquid cooling systems. Immersion cooling systems can be used to cool electronic devices such as data center servers, insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs), telecommunications infrastructure, military electronics, televisions (TVs), mobile phones, monitors, drones, car batteries, electric vehicle (EV) propulsion systems, avionics, power supplies, and displays. Immersion cooling systems are heat transfer devices that do not use a compressor.The object to be cooled is at least partially submerged (in direct contact with) the heat transfer fluid contained in a vessel. In some embodiments, the heat transfer fluid may evaporate and condense within the vessel. In other embodiments, no phase transition may be involved. Stationary heat transfer can refer to systems for cooling electronic devices, such as heat pipe systems, including constant conductance heat pipes and thermosiphon heat pipes. Heat pipes can be used to cool televisions, mobile phones, computer displays such as computer monitors, laptops, and tablet-type portable devices, as well as car batteries, electric vehicle (EV) propulsion systems, avionics, power supplies, and displays. Generally, heat pipes are compressor-less heat transfer devices. They are simply devices with two regions: one region where the heat transfer fluid evaporates due to heat absorption, and a second region where that heat is expelled due to condensation of the heat transfer fluid.In some embodiments, a method for producing cooling is provided, comprising evaporating any of the present compounds or compositions in the vicinity of a body to be cooled, and subsequently condensing said composition. In some embodiments, a method for producing heating is provided comprising condensing any of the present compositions in the vicinity of a body to be heated and subsequently evaporating said compositions. In some embodiments, the composition is for use in heat transfer, where the working fluid is a heat transfer component. In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention are for use in refrigeration or air conditioning. In some embodiments, the refrigerant or air conditioning composition further comprises one or more compounds selected from 1,1,1-trifluoroethane (HFC-143a), 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane (HFC-227ea), 3,3,3-trifluoropropene (HFO-1243zf), (E)-1,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (E-HFO-1234ye), (Z)-1,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (Z-HFO-1234ye), (E)-1,1,1,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-2-pentene (E-HFO-1438mzz), (Z)-1,1,1,4,4,5, 5,5-octafluoro-2-pentene (Z-HFO-1438mzz), (E)-1,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)but-1-ene (E-HFO-1438ezy), (Z)-1,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl) but-1-ene (Z-HFO-1438ezy), 1, 1, 1, 3, 3-pentafluoropropane (HFC-245fa), 1-methoxyheptafluoropropane (HFE-7000), 1, 1, 1, 3, 3-pentafluorobutane (HFC-365mfc), 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4-nonafluoro-4-methoxybutane (HFE-7100), 2-bromo-1, 1,1-trifluoro-2-propene, E-1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene, Z-1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene, perfluoroethyl perfluoroisopropyl ketone (F-ethyl isopropyl ketone), E-HFO-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropene (E-HFO-1225ye), Z-HFO-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropene (Z-HFO-1225ye), CF3I, carbon dioxide, nitrogen and argon. In some embodiments, the compositions of the present invention may be useful for reducing or eliminating the flammability of the flammable refrigerants provided herein (e.g., difluoromethane, 1,1-difluoroethane, R-1234yf, R-1234zeE, 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene, (E)-1,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (E-HFO-1234ye) and (Z)-1,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (Z-HFO-1234ye)). In some embodiments, the present application provided herein is a method for reducing the flammability of a flammable refrigerant comprising adding a composition as described herein to a flammable refrigerant. The compositions provided herein may be useful as a replacement for a currently used ("existing") refrigerant, including, but not limited to, R-123 (or HFC-123, 2,2-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane), R-11 (or CFC-11, trichlorofluoromethane), R-12 (or CFC-12, dichlorodifluoromethane), R-22 (chlorodifluoromethane), R-114 (or CFC-114, 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane), R-236fa (or HFC-236fa, 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane), R-236ea (or HFC-236ea, 1,1,1,2,3, 3-hexafluoropropane), R-124 (or HCFC-124, 2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane), R-245fa, R-134a, R-410A, R-407C, R-404A, among others. As used herein, the expression "existing refrigerant" shall be understood to mean the refrigerant for which the heat transfer system was designed to operate, or the refrigerant residing in the heat transfer system. Replacement refrigerants are often most useful if they can be used in the original refrigeration equipment designed for a different refrigerant, for example, with minimal or no system modifications. In many applications, some embodiments of the disclosed compositions are useful as refrigerants and provide cooling performance (i.e., cooling capacity) at least comparable to that of the refrigerant for which a replacement is sought. In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant provided herein (i.e., the composition provided herein) exhibits a cooling capacity that is within approximately ±15% of the cooling capacity of the existing refrigerant. In some embodiments, the existing refrigerant is selected from R-123, R-245fa, R-236fa, R-124, R-134a, R-22, and R-401A. In some embodiments, the existing refrigerant is R-123 and the replacement refrigerant is selected from a composition provided herein, comprising: 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1336mzzZ and trans-1,2-dichloroethylene. In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant exhibits a cooling capacity that is within approximately ±15% of the cooling capacity of R-123. In some embodiments, the method comprises replacing the R-245fa in a high-temperature heat pump with the replacement refrigerant composition provided herein. In some embodiments, the high-temperature heat pump is a centrifugal high-temperature heat pump. In some embodiments, the high-temperature heat pump comprises a condenser that operates at a temperature above approximately 50 °C. In some embodiments, the high-temperature heat pump comprises a condenser that operates at a temperature above approximately 100 °C. In some embodiments, the high-temperature heat pump comprises a condenser that operates at a temperature above approximately 120 °C. In some embodiments, the high-temperature heat pump comprises a condenser that operates at a temperature above approximately 150 °C. In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant comprises 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1234zeE. In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant comprises approximately 80 to approximately 85 wt% 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and approximately 20 to approximately 15 wt% R-1234zeE. In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant comprises approximately 81 wt% 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and approximately 19 wt% R-1234zeE. In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant exhibits a cooling capacity that is within approximately ±15% of the cooling capacity of R-245fa. In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant exhibits a coefficient of performance for heating (COP) that is within approximately ±5% of the COP of R-245fa.In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant exhibits a COP that is within approximately ±3% of the COP of R-245fa. In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant comprises 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-245fa. In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant comprises approximately 80 to 85 wt% 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and approximately 20 to 15 wt% R-245fa. In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant comprises approximately 85 wt% 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and approximately 15 wt% R-245fa. In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant exhibits a cooling capacity within approximately ±15% of the cooling capacity of R-245fa. In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant exhibits a heating coefficient of performance (COP) within approximately ±5% of the COP of R-245fa.In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant has a COP that is within approximately ±3% of the COP of R-245fa. In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant has a COP approximately equal to the COP of R-245fa. In some embodiments, this application provides a method for improving the energy efficiency of a heat transfer system or apparatus comprising an existing refrigerant, by substantially replacing the existing refrigerant with a replacement refrigerant composition provided herein, thereby improving the efficiency of the heat transfer system. In some embodiments, the heat transfer system is a chiller system or chiller apparatus provided herein. In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant composition comprises 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene. In some embodiments, the method comprises substantially replacing an existing refrigerant, which is R-123, with a replacement refrigerant composition provided herein, thereby improving the efficiency of the heat transfer system. In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant composition comprises 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene. In some embodiments, the method comprises substantially replacing an existing refrigerant, R-1233zdE, with a replacement refrigerant composition provided herein, thereby improving the efficiency of the heat transfer system. In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant composition comprises 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene. In some embodiments, the method comprises substantially replacing an existing refrigerant, R-1224ydZ, with a replacement refrigerant composition provided herein, thereby improving the efficiency of the heat transfer system. In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant composition comprises 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene. In some embodiments, a method is provided for operating a heat transfer system or for transferring heat that is designed to operate with an existing refrigerant by charging an empty system with a composition of the present invention, or by substantially replacing said existing refrigerant with a composition of the present invention. As used herein, the expression "substantially replace" shall be understood to mean allowing the existing refrigerant to drain from the system, or pumping the existing refrigerant from the system and then charging the system with a composition of the present invention. The system may be thoroughly flushed with one or more quantities of the replacement refrigerant before charging. It is understood that, in some embodiments, a small amount of the existing refrigerant may remain in the system after the system has been charged with the composition of the present invention. In another embodiment, a method is provided for recharging a heat transfer system containing an existing refrigerant and a lubricant. This method comprises substantially removing the existing refrigerant from the heat transfer system while retaining a substantial portion of the lubricant in the system and introducing one of the present compositions into the heat transfer system. In some embodiments, the lubricant in the system is partially replaced. In some embodiments, the compositions of the present invention can be used to top up a refrigerant charge in a chiller. For example, if a chiller using HCFC-123 experiences reduced performance due to a refrigerant leak, the compositions disclosed herein can be added to restore performance to specifications. In some embodiments, a heat exchange system is provided that contains any of the compositions disclosed herein, wherein said system is selected from the group consisting of air conditioners, freezers, refrigerators, heat pumps, water chillers, flooded evaporator chillers, direct expansion chillers, cold rooms, heat pumps, mobile refrigerators, mobile air conditioning units, and systems having combinations thereof. Additionally, the compositions provided herein may be useful in secondary circuit systems where these compositions serve as the primary refrigerant, thereby providing cooling to a secondary heat transfer fluid that cools a remote location. The compositions of the present invention may exhibit some temperature slip in the heat exchangers. Therefore, the systems may operate more efficiently if the heat exchangers operate in countercurrent mode or in crosscurrent mode with a countercurrent tendency. The countercurrent tendency means that the closer the heat exchanger is to countercurrent mode, the more efficient the heat transfer will be. Therefore, air conditioning heat exchangers, particularly evaporators, are designed to provide some degree of countercurrent tendency. Therefore, this document provides an air conditioning or heat pump system in which said system includes one or more heat exchangers (evaporators, condensers or both) that operate in countercurrent mode or crosscurrent mode with a countercurrent tendency. In some embodiments, a refrigeration system is provided herein in which said system includes one or more heat exchangers (evaporators, condensers or both) that operate in countercurrent mode or crosscurrent mode with a countercurrent tendency. In some embodiments, the refrigeration, air conditioning, or heat pump system is a stationary refrigeration, air conditioning, or heat pump system. In some embodiments, the refrigeration, air conditioning, or heat pump system is a mobile refrigeration, air conditioning, or heat pump system. Additionally, in some embodiments, the disclosed compositions can act as primary refrigerants in secondary circuit systems that provide cooling to remote locations by using a secondary heat transfer fluid, which may comprise water, an aqueous salt solution (e.g., calcium chloride), a glycol, carbon dioxide, or a fluorinated hydrocarbon fluid (i.e., an HFC, HCFC, hydrofluoroolefin ("HFO"), hydrochlorofluoroolefin ("HCFO"), chlorofluoroolefin ("CFO"), or perfluorocarbon ("PFC"). In this case, the secondary heat transfer fluid is the body to be cooled, as it is adjacent to the evaporator and is cooled before being transferred to a second, remote body to be cooled. In other embodiments, the described compositions can act as a secondary heat transfer fluid, thereby transferring or providing cooling (or heating) to the remote location. In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein comprise one or more non-cooling components (also referred to herein as additives) selected from the group consisting of lubricants, colorants (including UV colorants), solubilizing agents, compatibilizers, stabilizers, tracers, perfluoropolyethers, anti-wear agents, extreme pressure agents, corrosion and oxidation inhibitors, metal surface energy reducers, metal surface deactivators, free radical scavengers, foam regulators, viscosity index improvers, pour point depressants, detergents, viscosity adjusters, and mixtures thereof. In fact, many of these optional non-cooling components fall into one or more of these categories and may have qualities that lend themselves to achieving one or more performance characteristics. In some embodiments, one or more non-refrigerant components are present in small quantities relative to the overall composition. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more additives in the disclosed compositions ranges from less than approximately 0.1 percent by weight to approximately 5 percent by weight of the total composition. In some embodiments of the present invention, the additives are present in the disclosed compositions in an amount between approximately 0.1 percent by weight and approximately 5 percent by weight of the total composition, or in an amount between approximately 0.1 percent by weight and approximately 3.5 percent by weight. The one or more additive components selected for the disclosed composition are chosen based on the utility and / or the components of the individual equipment or system requirements. In one embodiment, the lubricant is selected from the group consisting of mineral oils, alkylbenzene, polyol esters, polyalkylene glycols, polyvinyl ethers, polycarbonates, perfluoropolyethers, silicones, silicate esters, phosphate esters, paraffins, naphthenes, polyalphaolefins, and combinations thereof. The lubricants as disclosed in this document may be commercially available lubricants. For example, the lubricant may be paraffinic mineral oil, marketed by BVA Oils as BVM 100 N, or naphthenic mineral oils marketed by Crompton Co.with the trademarks Suniso® 1GS, Suniso® 3GS and Suniso® 5GS, naphthenic mineral oil marketed by Pennzoil under the registered trademark Sontex® 372LT, naphthenic mineral oil marketed by Calumet Lubricants under the registered trademark Calumet® RO-30, linear alkylbenzenes marketed by Shrieve Chemicals under the trademarks Zerol® 75, Zerol® 150 and Zerol® 500 and branched alkylbenzene marketed by Nippon Oil as HAB 22, polyol esters (POE) marketed under the registered trademark Castrol® 100 by Castrol, UK, polyalkylene glycols (PAG) such as RL-488A from Dow (Dow Chemical, Midland, Michigan) and mixtures thereof, i.e., mixtures of any of the lubricants disclosed in this paragraph. Notwithstanding the weight ratios for the compositions disclosed herein, it is understood that in some heat transfer systems, even when using the composition, additional lubricant may be acquired from one or more components of the equipment in said heat transfer system. For example, in some refrigeration, air conditioning, and heat pump systems, lubricants may be charged into the compressor and / or the compressor oil sump. Such lubricant would be in addition to any lubricating additives present in the refrigerant in such a system. During use, the refrigerant composition in the compressor may pick up some lubricant from the equipment, thus changing the refrigerant-lubricant ratio from the initial ratio. The non-refrigerant component used with the compositions of the present invention may include at least one colorant. The colorant may be at least an ultraviolet (UV) dye.As used herein, "ultraviolet" dye is defined as a fluorescent or phosphorescent UV composition that absorbs light in the ultraviolet or near-ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The fluorescence produced by the fluorescent UV dye can be detected by illumination with UV light that emits at least some radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 nanometers to approximately 775 nanometers. UV dye is a useful component for detecting leaks in a composition because it allows the dye's fluorescence to be observed at or near a leak point in a device (e.g., a refrigeration unit, air conditioner, or heat pump). UV emission, such as dye fluorescence, can be observed under ultraviolet light. Therefore, if a composition containing such a UV dye leaks from a point in a device, the fluorescence can be detected at or near the leak point. In some embodiments, the UV dye may be a fluorescent dye. In some embodiments, the fluorescent dye is selected from the group consisting of naphthalimides, perylenes, coumarins, anthracnes, phenanthracenes, xanthenes, thioxanthenes, naphthoxanthenes, fluoresceins, and derivatives thereof, and combinations thereof, i.e., mixtures of any of the foregoing dyes or their derivatives disclosed in this paragraph. Another non-refrigerant component that may be used with the compositions of the present invention may include at least one solubilizing agent selected to improve the solubility of one or more colorants in the disclosed compositions. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of the colorant to the solubilizing agent varies from approximately 99:1 to approximately 1:1. The solubilizing agents include at least one compound selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbons, hydrocarbon ethers, polyoxyalkylene glycol ethers (e.g., dipropylene glycol dimethyl ether), amides, nitriles, ketones, chlorocarbons (such as methylene chloride, trichloroethylene, chloroform, or mixtures thereof), esters, lactones, aromatic ethers, fluoroethers, and 1,1,1-trifluoroalkanes, and mixtures thereof, i.e., mixtures of any of the solubilizing agents disclosed in this paragraph. In some embodiments, the non-coolant component comprises at least one compatibilizer to improve the compatibility of one or more lubricants with the disclosed compositions. The compatibilizer may be selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbons, hydrocarbon ethers, polyoxyalkylene glycol ethers (e.g., dipropylene glycol dimethyl ether), amides, nitriles, ketones, chlorocarbons (such as methylene chloride, trichloroethylene, chloroform, or mixtures thereof), esters, lactones, aromatic ethers, fluoroethers, 1,1,1-trifluoroalkanes, and mixtures thereof, i.e., mixtures of any of the compatibilizers disclosed in this paragraph.The solubilizing and / or compatibilizing agent may be selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbon ethers consisting of ethers containing only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, such as dimethyl ether (DME) and mixtures thereof, i.e., mixtures of any of the hydrocarbon ethers disclosed in this paragraph. The compatibilizer may be a cyclic, aliphatic, and / or aromatic hydrocarbon compatibilizer containing 3 to 15 carbon atoms. The compatibilizer may be at least one hydrocarbon, which may be selected from the group consisting of at least propanes, including propylene and propane, butanes, including n-butane and isobutene, pentanes, including n-pentane, isopentane, neopentane, and cyclopentane, hexanes, octanes, nonanes, and decanes, among others. Commercially available hydrocarbon compatibilizers include, but are not limited to, those of Exxon Chemical (USA). U.S.) marketed under the registered trademarks Isopar® H, a mixture of undecane (C11) and dodecane (C12) (a high-purity C11 to C12 isoparaffin), Aromatic 150 (a C9 to C11 aromatic) (Aromatic 200 (a C9 to C15 aromatic) and Naphtha 140 (a mixture of C5 to C11 paraffins, naphthenes and aromatic hydrocarbons) and mixtures thereof, i.e., mixtures of any of the hydrocarbons disclosed in this paragraph. Alternatively, the compatibilizer may be at least a polymeric compatibilizer. The polymeric compatibilizer may be a random copolymer of fluorinated and non-fluorinated acrylates, wherein the polymer comprises repeating units of at least one monomer represented by the formulas CH2=C (R1) CO2R2, CH2=C (R3) C6H4R4 and CH2=C (R5) C6H4XR6, wherein X is oxygen or sulfur; R1, R3 and R5 are independently selected from the group consisting of H and C1-C4 alkyl radicals; and R2, R4 and R6 are independently selected from the group consisting of carbon-chain-based radicals containing C and F, and may further contain H, Cl, ether, oxygen, or sulfur in the form of thioether, sulfoxide or sulfone groups and mixtures thereof. Examples of such polymer compatibilizers include those marketed by EI du Pont de Nemours and Company, (Wilmington, DE, 19898, USA) under the registered trademark Zonyl® PHS.Zonyl® PHS is a random copolymer manufactured by polymerization of 40 wt% CH2=C(CH3)CO2CH2CH2(CF2CF2)mF (also called Zonyl® fluoromethacrylate, or ZFM) where m is from 1 to 12, mainly from 2 to 8, and 60 wt% lauryl methacrylate (CH2=C(CH3)CO2(CH2)11CH3, also called LMA). In some embodiments, the compatibilizer component contains from approximately 0.01 to 30 percent by weight (based on the total amount of compatibilizer) of an additive that reduces the surface energy of metallic copper, aluminum, steel, or other metals and metal alloys found in heat exchangers in a manner that reduces lubricant adhesion to the metal. Examples of metal surface energy reducing additives include those marketed by DuPont under the registered trademarks Zonyl® FSA, Zonyl® FSP, and Zonyl® FSJ. Another non-cooling component that can be used with the compositions of the present invention may be a metal surface deactivator. The metal surface deactivator is selected from the group consisting of bis(benzylidene) areoxalyl hydrazide (CAS No. 6629-10-3), N,N'-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamoyl)hydrazine (CAS No. 32687-78-8), 2,2'-oxamidobis-ethyl-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate) (CAS No. 70331-94-1), N,N'-(disalicyclidene)-1,2-diaminopropane (CAS No. 94-91-7) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (CAS No. 60-00-4) and their salts, and mixtures thereof. that is, mixtures of any of the metal surface deactivators disclosed in this paragraph. The non-refrigerant component used with the compositions of the present invention may, alternatively, be a stabilizer selected from the group consisting of hindered phenols, thiophosphates, butylated triphenylphosphorothionates, organophosphates, or phosphites, arylalkyl ethers, terpenes, terpenoids, epoxides, fluorinated epoxides, oxethanes, ascorbic acid, thiols, lactones, thioethers, amines, nitromethane, alkylsilanes, benzophenone derivatives, aryl sulfides, divinyl terephthalic acid, diphenyl terephthalic acid, hydrazones such as acetaldehyde dimethylhydrazone, ionic liquids and mixtures thereof, i.e., mixtures of any of the stabilizers disclosed in this paragraph. Terpene or terpenoid stabilizers may include farnesene, d-limonene, α-pinene, β-pinene, α-terpinene, or mixtures thereof. Phosphite stabilizers may include diphenyl phosphite. The stabilizer may be selected from the group consisting of tocopherol; hydroquinone; t-butylhydroquinone; monothiophosphates; and dithiophosphates, marketed by Ciba Specialty Chemicals, Basel, Switzerland, hereinafter referred to as "Ciba", under the brand name Irgalube® 63; dialkylthiophosphate esters, marketed by Ciba under the registered trademarks Irgalube® 353 and Irgalube® 350, respectively; butylated triphenylphosphorothionates, marketed by Ciba under the registered trademark Irgalube® 232; amine phosphates, marketed by Ciba under the registered trademark Irgalube® 349 (Ciba); hindered phosphites, marketed by Ciba as Irgafos® 168 and Tris-(di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite, marketed by Ciba under the registered trademark Irgafos® OPH; (Di-n-octyl phosphite); and iso-decyldiphenyl phosphite, marketed by Ciba under the registered trademark Irgafos® DDPP;Trialkyl phosphates, such as trimethyl phosphate, triethyl phosphate, tributyl phosphate, trioctyl phosphate, and tri(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate; triaryl phosphates, including triphenyl phosphate, tricresyl phosphate, and trixylenyl phosphate; and mixed alkylaryl phosphates, including isopropylphenyl phosphate (IPPP) and bis(t-butylphenyl)phenyl phosphate (TBPP); butylated triphenyl phosphates, such as those marketed under the trademark Syn-O-Ad®, including Syn-O-Ad® 8784; butylated triphenyl tert-phosphates, such as those marketed under the trademark Durad® 620; isopropyl triphenyl phosphates, such as those marketed under the trademarks Durad® 220 and Durad® 110; anisole; 1,4-dimethoxybenzene; 1,4-diethoxybenzene; 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene; myrcene, alloocimene, limonene (in particular d-limonene); retinal; pinene (or ß); menthol; geraniol; farnesol; phytol; vitamin A; terpinene (or ß); delta-3-carene; terpinolene; phellandrene;fenchene; dipentene; carotenoids, such as lycopene, beta-carotene and xanthophylls, such as zeaxanthin; retinoids, such as hepaxanthin and isotretinoin; bornane; 1,2-propylene oxide; 1,2-butylene oxide; n-butylglycidyl ether; trifluoromethyloxirane; 1,1-bis(trifluoromethyl)oxirane; 3-ethyl-3-hydroxymethyl-oxethane, such as OXT-101 (Toagosei Co., Ltd); 3-ethyl-3-((phenoxy)methyl)-oxethane, such as OXT-211 (Toagosei Co., Ltd); 3-ethyl-3-((2-ethylhexyloxy)methyl)-oxethane, such as OXT-212 (Toagosei Co., Ltd); ascorbic acid; methanethiol (methyl mercaptan); ethanethiol (ethyl mercaptan); coenzyme A; dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA); pomelo mercaptan ((R)-2-(4-methylcyclohex-3-enyl)propane-2-thiol)); cysteine ​​((R)-2-amino-3-sulfanylpropanoic acid); lipoamide (1,2-dithiolane-3-pentanamide); 5, 7-bis (1, 1-dimethylethyl) -3-[2, 3 (o 3, 4) -dimethylphenyl]-2 (3H) -benzofuranone, marketed by Ciba under the registered trademark Irganox® HP-136;encylphenyl sulfide; diphenyl sulfide; diisopropylamine; dioctadecyl 3,3'-thiodipropionate, marketed by Ciba under the registered trademark Irganox® PS 802 (Ciba); didoctadecyl 3,3'-thiopropionate, marketed by Ciba under the registered trademark Irganox® PS 800; di-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl) sebacate, marketed by Ciba under the registered trademark Tinuvin® 770; poly-(N-hydroxyethyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-hydroxypiperidylsuccinate, marketed by Ciba under the registered trademark Tinuvin® 622LD (Ciba); methyl tallow bisamine; tallow bisamine; phenol-alpha-naphthylamine; bis(dimethylamino)methylsilane (DMAMS); tris(trimethylsilyl)silane (TTMSS); vinyltriethoxysilane; vinyltrimethoxysilane; 2,5-difluorobenzophenone; 2',5'-dihydroxyacetophenone; 2-aminobenzophenone; 2-chlorobenzophenone; benzylphenyl sulfide; diphenyl sulfide; dibenzyl disulfide; ionic liquids; and mixtures and combinations thereof. The additive used with the compositions of the present invention may alternatively be an ionic liquid stabilizer. The ionic liquid stabilizer may be selected from the group consisting of organic salts that are liquid at room temperature (approximately 25 °C), those salts containing cations selected from the group consisting of pyridinium, pyridazinium, pyrimidinium, pyrazinium, imidazolium, pyrazolium, thiazolium, oxazolium, and triazolium, and mixtures thereof; and anions selected from the group consisting of [BF4]-, [PF6]-, [SbF6]-, [CF3SO3]-, [HCF2CF2SO3]-, [CF3HFCCF2SO3]-, [HCClFCF2SO3]-, [(CF3SO2)2N]-, [(CF3CF2SO2)2N]-, [(CF3SO2)3C]-, [CF3CO2]- and F-, and mixtures thereof.In some embodiments, the ionic liquid stabilizers are selected from the group consisting of emim BF4 (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate); bmim BF4 (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetraborate); emim PF6 (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate); and bmim PF6 (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate), all of which are marketed by Fluka (Sigma-Aldrich). In some embodiments, the stabilizer may be a hindered phenol, which includes any substituted phenolic compound, including phenols comprising one or more substituted or cyclic aliphatic substituent groups, linear or branched chain, such as, alkylated monophenols including 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol; 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol; 2,4-dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol; tocopherol; and the like, hydroquinone and alkylated hydroquinones, including tert-butylhydroquinone, other hydroquinone derivatives; and the like, hydroxylated thiodiphenyl ethers, including 4,4'-thiobis(2-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); 4,4'-thiobis(3-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); 2,2'-thiobis(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); and similar alkylidene-bisphenols including: 4,4'-methylenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol); 4,4'-bis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol); derivatives of 2,2'- or 4,4-biphenoldiols; 2,2'-methylenebis(4-ethyl-6-tert-butylphenol); 2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol);4, 4-butylidenebis (3-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol) ; 4,4-isopropylidenebis (2,6-di-tert-butylphenol) ; 2, 2'-methylenebis (4-methyl-6-nonylphenol); 2,2'-isobutylidenebis(4,6-dimethylphenol); 2,2'-methylenebis (4-methyl-6-cyclohexylphenol), 2,2- or 4,4-biphenyldiols, including 2,2'-methylenebis (4-ethyl-6-tert-butylphenol); butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT or 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol), bisphenols comprising heteroatoms including 2,6-di-tert-alpha-dimethylamino-p-cresol, 4,4'-thiobis(6-tert-butyl-mcresol); and the like; acylaminophenols; 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4(N,N'-dimethylaminomethylphenol); sulfides including; bis(3-methyl-4-hydroxy-5-tert-butylbenzyl) sulfide; bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl) sulfide and mixtures thereof, i.e., mixtures of any of the phenols disclosed in this paragraph. The non-refrigerant component used with the compositions of the present invention may alternatively be a tracer. The tracer may consist of two or more tracer compounds from the same or different classes of compounds. In some embodiments, the tracer is present in the compositions at a total concentration of approximately 50 parts per million by weight (ppm) to approximately 1000 ppm, based on the weight of the total composition. In other embodiments, the tracer is present at a total concentration of approximately 50 ppm to approximately 500 ppm. Alternatively, the tracer is present at a total concentration of approximately 100 ppm to approximately 300 ppm. The tracer may be selected from the group consisting of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), hydrochlorocarbons (HCCs), deuterated hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, fluoroethers, brominated compounds, iodinated compounds, alcohols, aldehydes and ketones, nitrous oxide, and combinations thereof. Alternatively, the tracer may be selected from the group consisting of chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22), trifluoromethane (HFC-23), chloromethane (HCC-40), and chloropentafluoroethane (CFC-115). fluoroethane (HFC-161), 2-chloro-1, 1, 1, 2-tetrafluoroethane (HCFC-124), 1, 1, 2, 2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134) , 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3-heptafluoropropane (HFC-227ca) , 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3-hexafluoropropane (HFC-236cb) , 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 3-hexafluoropropane (HFC-236ea) , 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3-hexafluoropropane (HFC-236fa), 1, 1, 1, 2, 2-pentafluoropropane (HFC-245cb), 1, 1, 1, 2,3-pentafluoropropano (HFC-245eb) , 1, 1, 2, 2-tetrafluoropropano (HFC-254eb) , 1, 1, 1, 2-tetrafluoropropano (HFC-254eb) , 1, 1, 1-trifluoropropano (HFC-263fb) , 2, 2-difluoropropano (HFC-272ca) , 2-fluoropropano (HFC-281ea) , 1-fluoropropano (HFC-281fa) , 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4-nonafluorobutano (HFC-329p) , 1, 1, 1-trifluoro-2-metilpropano (HFC-329mmz) , 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4-octafluorobutano (HFC-338mf) , 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4-octafluorobutano (HFC-338pcc) , 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3-heptafluorobutano (HFC-347s) , hexafluoroetano (perfluoroetano, PFC-116) , perfluorociclopropano (PFC-C216) , perfluoropropano (PFC-218) , perfluorociclobutano ( PFC-C318) , perfluorobutano (PFC-31-10mc) , perfluoro-2-metilpropano (CF3FC (CF) 3) 2) , perfluoro-1, 3-dimetilciclobutano (PFC-C51-12mycm) , trans-perfluoro-2, 3-dimetilciclobutano (PFC-C51-12mym, trans) , cis-perfluoro-2, 3-dimetilciclobutano (PFC-C51-12mym, cis) , perfluorometilciclopentano, perfluorometilciclohexano,perfluorodimethylcyclohexane (ortho, meta, or para), perfluoroethylcyclohexane, perfluoroindane, perfluorotrimethylcyclohexane and isomers thereof, perfluoroisopropylcyclohexane, cis-perfluorodecalin, trans-perfluorodecalin, cis- or trans-perfluoromethyldecalin, and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the tracer is a mixture containing two or more hydrofluorocarbons or a hydrofluorocarbon in combination with one or more perfluorocarbons. The tracer can be added to the compositions of the present invention in predetermined quantities to allow the detection of any dilution, contamination, or other alteration of the composition. The additive that can be used with the compositions of the present invention may, alternatively, be a perfluoropolyether as described in detail in document US 2007-0284555, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. It will be acknowledged that some of the aforementioned additives suitable for the non-refrigerant component have been identified as potential refrigerants. However, according to the present invention, when these additives are used, they are not present in an amount that could affect the basic and novel characteristics of the refrigerant mixtures of the present invention. In some embodiments, the refrigerant compositions disclosed herein may be prepared by any method convenient for combining the desired quantities of the individual components as is conventional in the art. A preferred method is to weigh the quantities of the desired components and then combine the components in a suitable container. Stirring may be used, if desired. Examples The present disclosure is further defined in the following Examples. It should be understood that these Examples, although indicating preferred embodiments, are provided for illustrative purposes only. Based on the foregoing analysis and these Examples, a person skilled in the art can determine the essential features of the invention and, without departing from its spirit and scope, can make various changes and modifications to adapt it to various uses and conditions. Example 1. Comparison of cooling and heating performance data of CFO-1112 and R-123 combinations The cooling and heating performance of mixtures containing CFO-1112 was determined and compared to the cooling and heating performance of mixtures containing R-123. Measurements included: evaporator (Evap) and condenser (Cond) pressure, compressor discharge temperature (Tdischarge), average temperature glide for the evaporator and condenser (Tavg glide), and mass flow rate for a compressor displacement of 0.1 m3 / min. The relative energy efficiency (COP) and volumetric capacity (Ccap) were also determined for mixtures containing CFO-1112 relative to R-123. The results are shown in Tables 1A-1B below. Only the CFO-1112 / t-DCE compositions conform to the claims. The data was based on the following conditions: Evaporator temperature 10 °C Condenser temperature 46.1 °C Subcooling amount 8.3 K Overheating amount 11.1K Compressor efficiency 70% Table 1A. continuation continuation Table 1B. continuation continuation continuation The results in Tables 1A-1B show that the CFO-1112 blends analyzed in this example are good alternatives to R-123 with similar cooling and heating capacities and energy efficiencies (COP). Blends with low temperature glide (<~1K) are particularly suitable for use in centrifugal chillers. Blends with high glide are suitable for use in counterflow or crossflow counterflow heat exchangers. Compressor discharge temperatures for both the blends and the pure fluids were also similar to those of R-123. Example 2. Reference Example Comparison of cooling and heating performance data of CFO-1112 combinations with R-245fa The cooling and heating performance of mixtures containing CFO-1112 was determined and compared to that of mixtures containing R-245fa. Measurements included evaporator (Evap) and condenser (Cond) pressure, compressor discharge temperature (Tdischarge), average temperature glide for the evaporator and condenser (Tavg glide), and mass flow rate for a compressor displacement of 0.1 m3 / min. The relative energy efficiency (COP) and volumetric capacity (Ccap) were also determined for mixtures containing CFO-1112 relative to R-245fa. The results are shown in Tables 2A-2B below. The data was based on the following conditions: Evaporator temperature 10 °C Condenser temperature 46.1 °C Subcooling amount 8.3 K Overheating amount 11.1K Compressor efficiency 70% Table 2A. continuation continuation continuation continuation Table 2B. The results in Tables 2A-2B show that the CFO-1112 blends analyzed in this example are good alternatives to R-245fa with similar cooling and heating capacities and energy efficiencies (COP). Blends with low temperature glide (<~1K) are particularly suitable for use in centrifugal chillers. Blends with high glide are suitable for use in counterflow or crossflow heat exchangers. Compressor discharge temperatures for both the blends and the pure fluids were also similar to those of R-245fa. Example 3. Reference Example Comparison of cooling and heating performance data of CFO-1112 with R-236fa combinations The cooling and heating performance of mixtures containing CFO-1112 was determined and compared to that of mixtures containing R-236fa. Measurements included evaporator (Evap) and condenser (Cond) pressure, compressor discharge temperature (Tdischarge), average temperature glide for the evaporator and condenser (Tavg glide), and mass flow rate for a compressor displacement of 0.1 m3 / min. The relative energy efficiency (COP) and volumetric capacity (Ccap) were also determined for mixtures containing CFO-1112 relative to R-236fa. The results are shown in Tables 3A–3B below. The data was based on the following conditions: Evaporator temperature 10 °C Condenser temperature 46.1 °C Subcooling amount 8.3 K Overheating amount 11.1K Compressor efficiency 70% Table 3A. Table 3B. nin in The results in Tables 3A-3B show that the CFO-1112 blends analyzed in this example are good alternatives to R-236fa with similar cooling and heating capacities and energy efficiencies (COP). Blends with low temperature glide (<~1K) are particularly suitable for use in centrifugal chillers. Blends with high glide are suitable for use in counterflow or crossflow counterflow heat exchangers. Compressor discharge temperatures for both the blends and the pure fluids were also similar to those of R-236fa. Example 4. Reference Example Comparison of cooling and heating performance data of CFO-1112 and R-124 combinations The cooling and heating performance of mixtures containing CFO-1112 was determined and compared to that of mixtures containing R-124. Measurements included evaporator (Evap) and condenser (Cond) pressure, compressor discharge temperature (Tdischarge), average temperature glide for the evaporator and condenser (Tavg glide), and mass flow rate for a compressor displacement of 0.1 m3 / min. The relative energy efficiency (COP) and volumetric capacity (Ccap) were also determined for mixtures containing CFO-1112 relative to R-124. The results are shown in Tables 4A–4B below. The data was based on the following conditions: Evaporator temperature 10 °C Condenser temperature 46.1 °C Subcooling amount 8.3 K Overheating amount 11.1K Compressor efficiency 70% Table 4A. Table 4B. continuation The results in Tables 4A-4B show that the CFO-1112 blends analyzed in this example are good alternatives to R-124 with similar cooling and heating capacities and energy efficiencies (COP). Blends with low temperature glide (<~1K) are particularly suitable for use in centrifugal chillers. Blends with high glide are suitable for use in counterflow or crossflow counterflow heat exchangers. Compressor discharge temperatures for both the blends and the pure fluids were also similar to those of R-124. Example 5. Reference Example Comparison of cooling and heating performance data of CFO-1112 with R-134a combinations The cooling and heating performance of mixtures containing CFO-1112 was determined and compared to that of mixtures containing R-134a. Measurements included evaporator (Evap) and condenser (Cond) pressure, compressor discharge temperature (Tdischarge), average temperature glide for the evaporator and condenser (Tavg glide), and mass flow rate for a compressor displacement of 0.1 m3 / min. The relative energy efficiency (COP) and volumetric capacity (Ccap) were also determined for mixtures containing CFO-1112 relative to R-134a. The results are shown in Tables 5A–5B below. The data was based on the following conditions: Evaporator temperature 10 °C Condenser temperature 46.1 °C Subcooling amount 8.3 K Superheating amount 11.1 K Compressor efficiency 70% Table 5A. continuation Table 5B. continuation The results in Tables 5A-5B show that the CFO-1112 blends analyzed in this example are good alternatives to R-134a with similar cooling and heating capacities and energy efficiencies (COP). Blends with low temperature glide (<~1K) are particularly suitable for use in centrifugal chillers. Blends with high glide are suitable for use in counterflow or crossflow counterflow heat exchangers. Compressor discharge temperatures for both the blends and the pure fluids were also similar to those of R-134a. Example 6. Reference Example Comparison of cooling and heating performance data of CFO-1112 and R-22 combinations The cooling and heating performance of mixtures containing CFO-1112 was determined and compared to that of mixtures containing R-22. Measurements included evaporator (Evap) and condenser (Cond) pressure, compressor discharge temperature (Tdischarge), average temperature glide for the evaporator and condenser (Tavg glide), and mass flow rate for a compressor displacement of 0.1 m3 / min. The relative energy efficiency (COP) and volumetric capacity (Ccap) were also determined for mixtures containing CFO-1112 relative to R-22. The results are shown in Tables 6A–6B below. The data was based on the following conditions: Evaporator temperature 10 °C Condenser temperature 46.1 °C Subcooling amount 8.3 K Superheating amount 11.1 K Compressor efficiency 70% Table 6A. Table 6B. The results in Tables 6A-6B show that the CFO-1112 blends analyzed in this example are good alternatives to R-22 with similar cooling and heating capacities and energy efficiencies (COP). Blends with low temperature glide (<~1K) are particularly suitable for use in centrifugal chillers. Blends with high glide are suitable for use in counterflow or crossflow counterflow heat exchangers. Compressor discharge temperatures for both the blends and the pure fluids were also similar to those of R-22. Example 7. Reference Example Comparison of cooling and heating performance data of CFO-1112 combinations with R-410A The cooling and heating performance of mixtures containing CFO-1112 was determined and compared to that of mixtures containing R-410A. Measurements included evaporator (Evap) and condenser (Cond) pressure, compressor discharge temperature (Tdischarge), average temperature glide for the evaporator and condenser (Tavg glide), and mass flow rate for a compressor displacement of 0.1 m3 / min. The relative energy efficiency (COP) and volumetric capacity (Ccap) were also determined for mixtures containing CFO-1112 relative to R-410A. The results are shown in Table 10 below. The data was based on the following conditions: Evaporator temperature 10 °C Condenser temperature 46.1 °C Subcooling amount 8.3 K Overheating amount 11.1K Compressor efficiency 70% Table 7A. Table 7B. continuation The results in Tables 7A-8B showed that the CFO-1112 blends analyzed in this example are good alternatives to R-410A with similar cooling and heating capacities and energy efficiencies (COP). Blends with low temperature glide (<~1K) are particularly suitable for use in centrifugal chillers. Blends with high glide are suitable for use in counterflow or crossflow counterflow heat exchangers. Compressor discharge temperatures for both the blends and the pure fluids were also similar to those of R-410A. Example 8. Reference Example Replacement of HFC-245a in high-temperature heat pumps HFC-245fa has been widely used as a working fluid for high-temperature heat pumps. Low-GWP blends containing CFO-1112 can be formulated to replace HFC-245fa in existing or new high-temperature heat pumps. Table 8 compares the performance of HFC-245fa with the performance of an R-1234ze-E / CFO-1112 blend containing 81 wt% CFO-1112 (Blend 8A) and with the performance of an R-134 / CFO-1112 blend containing 85 wt% CFO-1112 (Blend 8B) for a set of representative high-temperature heat pump operating conditions. The volumetric heating capacity with Combination 8A matches that of HFC-245fa, while the energy efficiency of the heat pump (expressed in terms of the Coefficient of Performance for heating) with Combination 8A exceeds that of HFC-245fa by 3.1%. The volumetric heating capacity with Combination 8B matches that of HFC-245fa, while the energy efficiency of the heat pump (expressed in terms of the Coefficient of Performance for heating) with Combination 8B exceeds that of HFC-245fa by 4%. Table 8. continuation Example 9. Reference Example Replacing HCFC-123 in a chiller This example demonstrates the chiller performance with CFO-1112 compared to other refrigerants suggested for use in chillers as a replacement for HCFC-123 (R-123). In Tables 9A-9B, suction pressure (P) is the pressure at the compressor inlet; discharge pressure (P) is the pressure at the compressor outlet; tip speed is the impeller speed at its tip, if a centrifugal compressor is used in the chiller; COP is the coefficient of performance (a measure of energy efficiency); and Cap is the volumetric capacity. The performance for CFO-1112, R-1336mzzZ, R-1233zdE, R-245fa, R-1336mzzE, and R-1224ydZ, all compared to HCFC-123, is determined for the following conditions: Evaporator temperature 5 °C Condenser temperature 40 °C Subcooling amount 0.00 °C Overheating amount 6K Compressor efficiency 80% Table 9A. Table 9B. The data demonstrate that replacing HCFC-123 with CFO-1112 is feasible and even a better option than the other refrigerants suggested previously. Its capacity is higher than that of HCFC-123, but closer to that of the other refrigerants. The COP for CFO-1112 is higher than that of HCFC-123, and it is the only refrigerant in the table that shows this improved energy efficiency. If a centrifugal compressor were used for the chiller, the impeller speed would be within 10% and would require only minor modifications. Therefore, CFO-1112 provides a more efficient refrigerant for use in chillers compared to 1233zdE or 1224ydZ. Example 10. Reference Example Replacement of HFC-245fa in high-temperature centrifugal heat pumps HFC-245fa has been widely used as a working fluid for high-temperature heat pumps. Low-GWP blends containing CFO-1112 can be formulated to replace HFC-245fa in existing or new high-temperature heat pumps. Table 10 compares the performance of HFC-245fa with the performance of an R-1234zeE / CFO-1112 blend containing 81 wt% CFO-1112 (Blend 10A) and with the performance of an R-134 / CFO-1112 blend containing 85 wt% CFO-1112 (Blend 10B) for a set of representative high-temperature heat pump operating conditions. The volumetric heating capacity with Combination 10A matches that of HFC-245fa, while the energy efficiency of the heat pump (expressed in terms of the Coefficient of Performance for heating) with Combination 10A exceeds that of HFC-245fa by 3.1%. The volumetric heating capacity with Combination 10B matches that of HFC-245fa, while the energy efficiency of the heat pump (expressed in terms of the Coefficient of Performance for heating) with Combination 10B exceeds that of HFC-245fa by 4%. The impeller tip speed required to satisfy compressor operation with Combination 10A and Combination 10B is only 1.77% and 3.56% higher than with HFC-245fa, respectively. Table 10. continuation It should be understood that, although the invention has been described together with a detailed description thereof, the foregoing description is intended to illustrate, and not limit, the scope of the invention, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications are included within the scope of the following claims. Those skilled in the art or fields to which the present invention relates should appreciate that any of the features described herein with respect to any particular aspect and / or embodiment of the present invention may be combined with one or more of any of the other features of any other aspects and / or embodiments of the present invention described herein, with appropriate modifications to ensure compatibility of the combinations.These combinations are considered to be part of the present invention covered by this disclosure.

Claims

1. A composition comprising: i) 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene (CFO1112); and ii) trans-1,2-dichloroethylene.

2. The composition according to claim 1, comprising from 55 to 90 wt% of CFO-1112 and from 45 to 10 wt% of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, or from 1 to 25 wt% of CFO-1112 and from 99 to 75 wt% of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene.

3. A method for producing cooling, comprising evaporating a composition of claim 1 or 2 in the vicinity of a body to be cooled and subsequently condensing said composition, or a method for producing heating, comprising condensing a composition of claim 1 or 2 in the vicinity of a body to be heated and subsequently evaporating said composition. 4.A refrigeration, air conditioning, or heat pump comprising the composition of claim 1 or 2, preferably a centrifugal chiller, a screw or spiral chiller, or comprising a high-temperature heat pump, preferably comprising a centrifugal compressor.

5. A process for replacing an existing refrigerant in a refrigeration apparatus or refrigeration system, comprising substantially replacing said existing refrigerant with a composition of claim 1 or 2, wherein the existing refrigerant is R-123, wherein the replacement refrigerant composition preferably has a cooling capacity that is within approximately ±15% of the cooling capacity of the existing refrigerant. 6.A heat transfer method comprising transporting the composition of any one of claim 1 or 2 from a heat source to a heat sink, preferably wherein the heat transfer is carried out in a heat pipe, or wherein the heat transfer is carried out in a constant conductance heat pipe or a thermosiphon, or wherein the heat transfer is carried out in an immersion cooler.

7. Use of the composition of claim 1 or 2 in a heat pipe or in an immersion cooler.

8. The composition of claim 1 or 2, further comprising a lubricant.

9. The composition of claim 1 or 2, further comprising a lubricant selected from the group consisting of mineral oil, alkylbenzene, polyol esters, polyalkylene glycols, polyvinyl ethers, polycarbonates, perfluoropolyethers, silicones, silicate esters, phosphate esters, paraffins, naphthenes, polyalphaolefins, and combinations thereof.

10. The composition of any one of claims 1, 2, 8 or 9, further comprising a stabilizer.

11. The composition of any one of claims 1, 2 or 8 to 10, further comprising a stabilizer selected from the group consisting of hindered phenols, thiophosphates, butylated triphenyl thiophosphates or phosphites, arylalkyl ethers, terpenes, terpenoids, epoxides, fluorinated epoxides, oxethanes, ascorbic acid, thiols, lactones, thioethers, amines, nitromethane, alkylsilanes, benzophenone derivatives, aryl sulfides, divinyl terephthalic acid, diphenyl terephthalic acid, hydrazones such as acetaldehyde dimethylhydrazone, ionic liquids and mixtures thereof.

12. The composition of any of claims 1, 2 or 8 to 11, further comprising a stabilizer selected from the group consisting of d-limonene, β-pinene, BHT and nitromethane.