A cathode composition

Abstract

A cathode composition for a battery has the general formula: Li1+aMn1-bTi1-cO2; wherein the values of a, b and c are greater than 0. A method of making the cathode composition is also disclosed, where

Description

16 03 26 TECHNICAL FIELD 5 The present invention relates to a cathode composition. More specifically, the present invention relates to a cathode composition for a battery. The present invention further relates to a method of making the cathode composition for a battery. The present invention further relates to a cathode comprising the cathode composition and an electrochemical cell comprising the cathode. 10 BACKGROUND Lithium-rich cathode compositions for batteries are widely known. Typically, lithium-rich cathodes require a layered structure, which can lead to problems with defects, trapped 15 lithium ions and collapse of the layers during cycling of the battery. In addition, lithium-rich cathode compositions are usually prepared via high temperature synthesis, which is energy-intensive, expensive and can result in difficulties in controlling the reactions that take place to form the composition. More recently, lithium-rich disordered rock salt (DRS) structures have been investigated as cathode materials. However, it is currently 20 a challenge to improve the cycling stability and battery performance in lithium-rich DRS structures with known compositions and methods. The present invention has been devised to mitigate or overcome at least some of the above-mentioned problems. 25 SUMMARY The invention is defined in the appended claims. 16 03 26 In accordance with a first aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a cathode composition for a battery of the general formula: Lii+aMni-bTii-cO2; wherein the values of a, b and c are greater than 0. 5 The present disclosure thereby provides stable and electrochemically-active titanium-based cathode compositions for batteries. In these compositions, the cathode is based only on manganese and titanium in the DRS structure, whereby titanium acts as a stabilising structural agent. The present inventors have shown for the first time that such compositions increase cycling stability and battery performance, and not only can the 10 above cathode compositions be produced, but also that they can be produced in a straightforward manner and cycled. The sum of the values of 1+a, 1-b and 1-c may be equal to 2. 15 The compositions themselves are cheaper to produce and more practical than any previously reported cathode composition. In addition, the present inventors have demonstrated electrochemical activity in these compositions for the first time. Advantageously, titanium acts as a stabilising structural agent in the DRS structure, which enables the stability of the cathode to be significantly improved in comparison to 20 known lithium-based cathode compositions. The composition may be in the form of a single phase having a rock salt crystal structure such that an x-ray diffraction pattern of the composition using a Cu Ka radiation source has an absence of peaks below a 20 value of 35. 25 Conventional ordered or layered lithium and manganese-rich compositions (Lh+xTmi.xCk where Tm is predominately Mn) have lithium ions sitting in both the alkali and transition metal sites. In addition to the above, x-ray diffraction patterns of these conventional compositions will have a peak at a 20 value of 18. However, in the present disclosure 30 the x-ray diffraction pattern of the cathode composition has an absence of a peak at a 20 value of 18. In other words, the single phase crystal structure of the present 16 03 26 disclosure is absent of any spinel or layered structures, and is considered purely as a single phase rock salt crystal structure. The single phase crystal structure does not exhibit either a R3(bar)m and / or a C2 / m space group. 5 In particular, the compositions are provided as a single phase rock salt crystal structure (i.e. face centred cubic lattice with the Fm3(bar)m space group), which may be a disordered rock salt crystal structure. The composition may be Lii.2Mn(lIl)o.4Ti(lV)o.402. 10 The composition may be Lii.iMn(lIl)o.?Ti(lV)o.202. The composition may be Lii.o7Mn(lIl)o.8Ti(IV)o.i302. 15 The composition may be Lii.27Mn(lll)o.2Ti(IV)o.5302. The manganese component of the composition may comprise a plurality of oxidation states. 20 The manganese component of the composition may comprise Mn(lll) and Mn(IV), and the composition may have the general formula: Lii+aMn(lll)i-biMn(IV)i-b2Tii-cO2 Where 1 - b = (1 - b1) + (1 - b2). 25 The cathode composition may have the formula: Li4_xMn(JH)xMn(JV)2_2x_ TiyO2 3 3 3 3 7 The value of x may be greater than approximately 0.05 and less than approximately 30 0.95. The value of x may be greater than approximately 0.1 and less than approximately 0.8. 16 03 26 The value of x may be greater than approximately 0.45 and less than approximately 5 0.75. The value of y may be less than approximately 0.3. The value of y may be greater than approximately 0.05 and less than approximately 10 0.15. The composition may be Lii.2Mn(lll)o.4Mn(IV)o.2Ti(IV)o.202. The composition may be Lii.2Mn(lll)o.6Mn(IV)o.i3Ti(IV)o.i302. 15 The composition may be Lii.iMn(lIl)o.?Mn(lV)o.iTi(lV)o.i02. The composition may be Lii.2Mn(lll)o.4Mn(IV)o.3Ti(IV)o.i02. 20 The composition may be Lii.2Mn(lll)o.4Mn(IV)o.iTi(IV)o.302. In accordance with a second aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method of making the cathode composition according to the first aspect, the method comprising: providing a lithium manganese titanium oxide precursor; high-energy milling 25 the precursor with a plurality of milling balls at a milling speed for a milling time period to form the cathode composition; wherein the precursor has oxidation states that are equal to the oxidation states of the respective elements in the cathode composition. Contrary to known high temperature synthesis methods, the present method of making 30 the cathode compositions does not require high temperatures. In addition, the present method provides more control over the oxidation states of the transition metals in the 16 03 26 compositions, since the precursors can be selected according to the required oxidation states and applying the method to the precursors results in a cathode composition based on the oxidation states of the precursors without any risk of oxidation during the milling process. 5 The milling speed may be at least approximately 400 rpm. The milling speed may be between approximately 400 rpm and approximately 1000 rpm. 10 Preferably, the milling speed is between approximately 400 rpm and approximately 700 rpm. The milling speed may be approximately 700 rpm. 15 The milling time period may be between approximately 10 hours and approximately 180 hours. The milling time period may be between approximately 40 hours and approximately 100 hours. 20 The milling time period may be between approximately 40 hours and approximately 80 hours. The milling time period may be between approximately 40 hours and approximately 60 25 hours. The milling time period may comprise intermittent periods of 20 minute milling and 20 minute resting. 30 The ratio of precursor powder to milling balls by weight may be between 1:4 and 1:20. 16 03 26 The lithium manganese titanium oxide precursor may comprise a mixture of the following components: lithium manganese (III) oxide, LiMnO2, and / or a mixture of lithium oxide, U2O and 5 manganese (III) oxide, Mn2O3 lithium manganese (IV) oxide, Li2MnO3 and / or or a mixture of lithium oxide, U2O and manganese (IV) oxide, MnO2, and titanium oxide, TiO2. The components of the precursor may be provided in stochiometric amounts according 10 to the final cathode composition. In particular, the components of the precursor may be provided in amounts such that the relative proportions of the different cation species in the precursor is the same as the relative proportions of the different cation species in the final cathode composition. 15 The lithium manganese titanium oxide precursor may comprise lithium oxide, U2O, manganese (III) oxide, Mn2O3, manganese (IV) oxide, MnO2, and titanium oxide, TiO2. In this case, the components may be provided in the following molar proportions: 20 Lithium oxide, U2O: ---3 6 Manganese oxide, M^Os: Manganese oxide, MnO2: - - y - y Titanium oxide, TiO2: y 25 The lithium manganese titanium oxide precursor may comprise lithium oxide, U2O, lithium manganese oxide, LiMnO2, manganese (IV) oxide, MnO2, and titanium oxide, TiO2. In this case, the components may be provided in the following molar proportions: 16 03 26 7 Lithium oxide, U2O:--- 3 3 lithium manganese oxide, LiMnO2: x Manganese oxide, MnO2: - - y - y Titanium oxide, TiO2: y 5 The lithium manganese magnesium oxide precursor may comprise lithium manganese oxide, LiMnO2, lithium manganese oxide, Li2MnOa, lithium oxide UO2 and titanium oxide TiO2. 10 In this case, the components may be provided in the following molar proportions: Lithium manganese oxide, LiMnO2: x 2 2x Lithium manganese oxide, Li2MnOa: ^~~~y Lithium oxide UO2: y 15 Titanium oxide, TiO2: y The plurality of milling balls may comprise tungsten carbide. The high-energy milling may be performed within a ball mill jar comprising tungsten carbide. 20 The plurality of milling balls may comprise zirconium oxide. The high-energy milling may be performed within a ball mill jar comprising zirconium oxide. Each of the plurality of milling balls may have a diameter of approximately 0.5 mm to approximately 1 cm. 25 In accordance with a third aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a cathode comprising the cathode composition according to the first aspect. 16 03 26 In accordance with a fourth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided an electrochemical cell comprising a cathode according to the third aspect, an electrolyte and an anode. 5 Within the scope of this application, it is expressly intended that the various aspects, embodiments, examples and alternatives set out in the preceding paragraphs, in the claims and / or in the following description and drawings, and in particular the individual features thereof, may be taken independently or in any combination. That is, all embodiments and / or features of any embodiment can be combined in any way and / or 10 combination, unless such features are incompatible. The applicant reserves the right to change any originally filed claim or file any new claim accordingly, including the right to amend any originally filed claim to depend from and / or incorporate any feature of any other claim although not originally claimed in that manner. 15 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1 shows X-ray diffraction patterns of the cathode compositions Lii.2Mn(lll)o.4Mn(IV)o.2Ti(IV)o.202, Lii.2Mn(lll)o.4Ti(IV)o.402, Lii.2Mn(lll)o.6Mn(IV)o.i3Ti(IV)o.i302, and Lii.iMn(lll)o.7Ti(IV)o.202 in Examples 1,2, 3 and 20 4, respectively; and Figure 2 shows voltage as a function of capacity for the cathode compositions Lii.2Mn(lll)o.4Mn(IV)o.2Ti(IV)o.202, Lii.2Mn(lll)o.4Ti(IV)o.402, Lii.2Mn(lll)o.6Mn(IV)o.i3Ti(IV)o.i302, and Lii.iMn(lll)o.7Ti(IV)o.202 in Examples 1,2, 3 and 25 4, respectively. DETAILED DESCRIPTION The present disclosure relates to a cathode composition for a battery of the general 30 formula: Lii+aMni-bTii-cO2; wherein the values of a, b and c are greater than 0. 16 03 26 The composition has a disordered rock salt structure, i.e. it comprises regions of rock salt having different cations, wherein the regions are disordered. In this way the rock salt effectively forms a composite rock salt material. 5 The inventors have determined that the cathode composition can be made using a ball milling technique. Starting materials are selected according to the desired cathode material, as will be explained in more detail below. The starting materials are then subjected to ball milling for a milling time period. The ball milling process typically takes place at room temperature, or at low temperatures such that the oxidation state of the 10 metal cations is not altered during the process. Milling parameters can be selected as appropriate. After the ball milling process is complete, the resulting material is the disordered rock salt cathode composition. The ball milling process advantageously allows the oxidation state of the metals to be 15 maintained into the final cathode composition. In this way, the oxidation state, and hence the final cathode composition, can be carefully controlled. The manganese component of the composition may comprise a plurality of oxidation states, such as Mn(lll) (i.e. a 3+ oxidation state) and Mn(IV) (i.e. a 4+ oxidation state). 20 In this case, the formula of the composition is given by: Lii+aMn(lll)i-biMn(IV)i-b2Tii-cO2 where 1 - b = (1 - b1) + (1 - b2). 25 The parameters a, b and c may be inter-related. In particular, the cathode composition may have the formula: LU xMn(III)xMn(IV)2 2% TivO2 3“3              3~~~y 30 In this case: 1 X a =--- 3 3 b1 = 1 — x 16 03 26 c = y 5 In the above composition, which comprises both Mn(lll) and Mn(IV), the starting material is a lithium manganese titanium oxide. The lithium manganese titanium oxide precursor may comprise a mixture of powdered 10 oxide materials. The materials include oxides of lithium, manganese 3+, manganese 4+ and titanium, i.e. all the cation species that must be present in the final cathode material. In particular the precursor may comprise the following components: lithium manganese (III) oxide, LiMnO2, and / or a mixture of lithium oxide, U2O and 15 manganese (III) oxide, Mn2O3 lithium manganese (IV) oxide, Li2MnO3 and / or or a mixture of lithium oxide, Li2O and manganese (IV) oxide, MnO2, and titanium oxide, TiO2. 20 The proportions of the starting materials are chosen to provide stochiometric amounts of the cations that correspond to the stochiometric amounts in the final material. For example, where the lithium manganese titanium oxide precursor comprises lithium oxide, Li2O, manganese (III) oxide, Mn2O3, manganese (IV) oxide, MnO2, and titanium oxide, TiO2, the components may be provided in the following molar proportions: 25 Lithium oxide, Li2O: ---3 6 Manganese oxide, M^Os: 2 2x Manganese oxide, MnO2: - - — y Titanium oxide, TiO2: y 16 03 26 Where the lithium manganese titanium oxide precursor comprises lithium oxide, Li2O, lithium manganese oxide, LiMnO2, manganese (IV) oxide, MnO2, and titanium oxide, 5 TiO2, the components may be provided in the following molar proportions: Lithium oxide, U2O: TBC lithium manganese oxide, LiMnO2: TBC 2 2x Manganese oxide, MnO2: --y 10 Titanium oxide, TiO2: y Where the lithium manganese magnesium oxide precursor comprises lithium manganese oxide, LiMnO2, lithium manganese oxide, Li2MnOa, and magnesium oxide, MgO, the components may be provided in the following molar proportions: 15 Lithium manganese oxide, LiMnO2: x - 2 2x lithium manganese oxide, Li2MnOa: -- y Magnesium oxide, MgO: y 20 Where the lithium manganese magnesium oxide precursor comprises lithium oxide, U2O, lithium manganese oxide, Li2MnOa, manganese (IV) oxide, MnO2, and magnesium oxide, MgO, the components may be provided in the following molar proportions: Lithium oxide, U2O: --- 2 4 2 2x 25 Lithium manganese oxide, Li2MnOs: --y Manganese oxide, Mn2Oa: Magnesium oxide, MgO: y The ball milling process parameters may be any suitable parameters. In particular: 16 03 26 The ball milling time period is a time that is sufficient to produce the cathode composition, which may be for example at least 10 hours. 5 The material of the balls and / or the container may be any suitable material such as for example tungsten carbide or zirconium oxide. A ratio of balls to precursor may be any suitable ratio to provide sufficient milling to produce the cathode composition. For example the ratio of precursor to milling balls by 10 weight may be between 1:4 and 1:20, though other suitable ratios may be used. The milling speed may be any suitable milling speed that is sufficient to produce the cathode composition, which may be for example at least approximately 400 rpm. 15 The composition can be incorporated into a cathode in any suitable form. Aspects of the present disclosure include a method of making the cathode composition for a battery, a cathode comprising the cathode composition, and an electrochemical cell comprising the cathode. 20 The present disclosure will now be illustrated with reference to the following examples. EXAMPLE 1 25 Lii.2Mn(lll)o.4Ti(IV)o.402 A lithium manganese titanium oxide (LiMnTiO2) precursor was prepared. The precursor was made up of a mixture of Li2TiOa and LiMnO2. The ratio of Li2TiOa to LiMnO2 was 0.6 to 0.4. The precursor comprised 2.934g (14.67 wt%) U2O, 9.219g (46.10 wt%) LiMnO2, 30 and 7.843g (39.22 wt%) TiO2. The precursor was provided in a 20 ml ball mill jar made of tungsten carbide. 80 tungsten carbide milling balls each having a diameter of 5 mm were also provided in the ball mill jar. High-energy milling was used to mill the precursor at a milling speed of 700 rpm for a milling time period of 20 hours to form a cathode composition of the formula: Lii.2Mn(lll)o.4Ti(IV)o.402. The milling time period included intermittent periods of 20 minute milling and 20 minute resting, repeated 30 times. This 5 results in formation of 20g of Lii 2Mn(lIl)o.4Ti(lV)o.402 powder inside the ball mill jar. The composition has a disordered rock salt crystal structure. The oxidation states of the elements in the precursor are as follows: Element in Precursor Oxidation State Li in Li2O +1 Mn in LiMnO2 +3 Ti in TiO2 +4 16 03 26 10 The oxidation states of Li, Mn and Ti in the cathode composition Lii.2Mn(lll)o.4Ti(IV)o.402 are equivalent to the oxidation states of the elements in the precursor as provided in the above table. The X-ray diffraction pattern 104 of the cathode composition Lii 2Mn(lIl)o.4Ti(lV)o.402 is 15 shown in Figure 1, demonstrating the crystalline structure of the composition. The XRD pattern is characteristic of a cation disordered rock salt structure. The pattern appears to show the broad major peaks consistent with a face centred cubic lattice with the Fm3(bar)m space group, as shown in Figure 1. There is no evidence for the presence of the layered precursors such as LiMnO2. 20 Figure 2 shows voltage as a function of capacity for the cathode composition Lii.2Mn(lll)o.4Ti(IV)o.402. This demonstrates that the composition can be cycled effectively. 25 EXAMPLE 2 Lii.iMn(lll)o.7Ti(IV)o.202 16 03 26 A lithium manganese titanium oxide (LiMnTiO2) precursor was prepared. The precursor 5 was made up of a mixture of Li2TiO3 and LiMnO2. The ratio of Li2TiO3 to LiMnO2 was 0.3 to 0.7. The precursor comprised 1.36g (6.8 wt%) U2O, 14.99g (74.95 wt%) LiMnO2, and 3.64g (18.2 wt%) Ti02was provided in a 20 ml ball mill jar made of tungsten carbide. 80 tungsten carbide milling balls each having a diameter of 5 mm were also provided in the ball mill jar. High-energy milling was used to mill the precursor at a milling speed of 700 10 rpm for a milling time period of 20 hours to form a cathode composition of the formula: Lii.1 Mn(lIl)o.7Ti(IV)o.202. The milling time period included intermittent periods of 20 minute milling and 20 minute resting, repeated 30 times. This results in formation of 20g of Lii.1 Mn(lIl)o.7Ti(IV)0.202 powder inside the ball mill jar. The composition has a disordered rock salt crystal structure. The oxidation states of the elements in the precursor are as 15 follows: Element in Precursor Oxidation State Li in Li2O +1 Mn in LiMnO2 +3 Ti in TiO2 +4 The oxidation states of Li, Mn and Ti in the cathode composition Lii.iMn(lll)o.7Ti(IV)o.202 are equivalent to the oxidation states of the elements in the 20 precursor as provided in the above table. The X-ray diffraction pattern 108 of the cathode composition Lii.1 Mn(lIl)o.7Ti(lV)o.202 is shown in Figure 1, demonstrating the crystalline structure of the composition. The XRD pattern is characteristic of a cation disordered rock salt structure. The pattern appears 25 to show the broad major peaks consistent with a face centred cubic lattice with the Fm3(bar)m space group, as shown in Figure 1. There is no evidence for the presence of the layered precursors such as LiMnO2. Figure 2 shows voltage as a function of capacity for the cathode composition Lii.iMn(lll)o.7Ti(IV)o.202. This demonstrates that the composition can be cycled effectively. 5 16 03 26 EXAMPLE 3 Lii.2Mn(lll)o.4Mn(IV)o.2Ti(IV)o.202 10 A lithium manganese titanium oxide (LiMnTiO2) precursor was prepared. The precursor was made up of a mixture of Li2TiOs, Li2MnOa and LiMnO2. The ratio of Li2TiOa to Li2MnOato LiMnO2 was 0.3 to 0.3 to 0.4. The precursor comprised 2.878g (14.39 wt%) Li2O, 9.063g (45.32 wt%) LiMnO2, 4.196g (20.98 wt%) MnO2, and 3.855g (19.8 wt%) 15 TiO2 was provided in a 20 ml ball mill jar made of tungsten carbide. 80 tungsten carbide milling balls each having a diameter of 5 mm were also provided in the ball mill jar. High-energy milling was used to mill the precursor at a milling speed of 700 rpm for a milling time period of 20 hours to form a cathode composition of the formula: Lii.2Mn(lll)o.4Mn(IV)o.2Ti(IV)o.202. The milling time period included intermittent periods of 20 20 minute milling and 20 minute resting, repeated 30 times. This results in formation of 20g of Lii.2Mn(lll)o.4Mn(IV)o.2Ti(IV)o.202 powder inside the ball mill jar. The composition has a disordered rock salt crystal structure. The oxidation states of the elements in the precursor are as follows: Element in Precursor Oxidation State Li in Li2O +1 Mn in LiMnO2 +3 Mn in MnO2 +4 Ti in TiO2 +4 25 16 03 26 The oxidation states of Li, Mn and Ti in the cathode composition Lii.2Mn(lll)o.4Mn(IV)o.2Ti(IV)o.202 are equivalent to the oxidation states of the elements in the precursor as provided in the above table. 5 The X-ray diffraction pattern 102 of the cathode composition Lii.2Mn(lll)o.4Mn(IV)o.2Ti(IV)o.202 is shown in Figure 1, demonstrating the crystalline structure of the composition. The XRD pattern is characteristic of a cation disordered rock salt structure. The pattern appears to show the broad major peaks consistent with a face centred cubic lattice with the Fm3(bar)m space group, as shown in Figure 1. 10 There is no evidence for the presence of the layered precursors such as LiMnO2. Figure 2 shows voltage as a function of capacity for the cathode composition Lii.2Mn(lll)o.4Mn(IV)o.2Ti(IV)o.202. This demonstrates that the composition can be cycled effectively. 15 EXAMPLE 4 Lii.i3Mn(lll)o.6Mn(IV)o.i3Ti(IV)o.i302 20 A lithium manganese titanium oxide (LiMnTiO2) precursor was prepared. The precursor was made up of a mixture of Li2TiOs, Li2MnOs and LiMnO2. The ratio of Li2TiOs to Li2MnO3to LiMnO2 was 0.2 to 0.2 to 0.6. The precursor comprised 1.84g (wt%) Li2O, 13.07g (wt%) LiMnO2, 2.62g (wt%) MnO2, and 2.41g (wt%) TiO2 was provided in a 20 25 ml ball mill jar made of tungsten carbide. 80 tungsten carbide milling balls each having a diameter of 5 mm were also provided in the ball mill jar. High-energy milling was used to mill the precursor at a milling speed of 700 rpm for a milling time period of 20 hours to form a cathode composition of the formula: Lii.i3Mn(lll)o.eMn(lV)o.i3Ti(lV)o.i302. The milling time period included intermittent periods of 20 minute milling and 20 minute 30 resting, repeated 30 times. This results in formation of 20g of Lii.i3Mn(lll)o.6Mn(IV)o.i3Ti(IV)o.i302 powder inside the ball mill jar. The composition has a disordered rock salt crystal structure. The oxidation states of the elements in the precursor are as follows: Element in Precursor Oxidation State Li in U2O +1 Mn in LiMnO2 +3 Mn in MnO2 +4 Ti in TiO2 +4 16 03 26 5 The oxidation states of Li, Mn and Ti in the cathode composition Lii.i3Mn(lll)o.6Mn(IV)o.i3Ti(IV)o.i302 are equivalent to the oxidation states of the elements in the precursor as provided in the above table. The X-ray diffraction pattern 106 of the cathode composition 10 Lii.i3Mn(lll)o.6Mn(IV)o.i3Ti(IV)o.i302 is shown in Figure 1, demonstrating the crystalline structure of the composition. The XRD pattern is characteristic of a cation disordered rock salt structure. The pattern appears to show the broad major peaks consistent with a face centred cubic lattice with the Fm3(bar)m space group, as shown in Figure 1. There is no evidence for the presence of the layered precursors such as LiMnO2. 15 Figure 2 shows voltage as a function of capacity for the cathode composition Lii.i3Mn(lll)o.6Mn(IV)o.i3Ti(IV)o.i302. This demonstrates that the composition can be cycled effectively. 20

Claims

16 03 261. A cathode composition for a battery of the general formula:5 LU_xMn(JII)xMn(IV)2_2x_ TiyO23 3 3 3 7wherein the value of x is greater than 0.05 and less than 0.95, and wherein the value of y is greater than 0 and less than 0.3.10 2. The cathode composition according to claim 1, wherein the composition has theform of a single phase having a rock salt crystal structure that has an x-ray diffraction pattern of the composition using a Cu Ka radiation source having an absence of peaks below a 20 value of 35.15 3. The cathode composition according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein thecomposition has the form of a single phase having a rock salt crystal structure exhibiting the Fm3(bar)m space group.

4. The cathode composition according to any preceding claim, wherein the value 20 of x is greater than 0.45 and less than 0.75.

5. The cathode composition according to claim 4, wherein the value of y is greater than 0.025 and less than 0.3.25 6. The cathode composition according to claim 4, wherein the value of y is greaterthan 0.005 and less than 0.05.

7. The cathode composition according to any of claims 1 to 5, wherein the composition is Lii.iMn(lIl)o.7Ti(IV)o.202.16 03 268. A method of making the cathode composition of any of claims 1 to 7, the method comprising:providing a lithium manganese titanium oxide precursor;high-energy milling the precursor with a plurality of milling balls at a milling speed 5 for a milling time period to form the cathode composition;wherein the precursor has oxidation states that are equal to the oxidation states of the respective elements in the cathode composition.

9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the milling speed is at least 400 rpm.1010. The method according to claim 8 or claim 9, wherein the milling speed is between 400 rpm and 1000 rpm.

11. The method according to any of claims 8 to 10, wherein the milling speed is 15 between 400 rpm and 700 rpm.

12. The method according to any of claims 8 to 11, wherein the milling time period is between 10 hours and 180 hours.20 13. The method according to any of claims 8 to 12, wherein the milling time periodis between 40 hours and 100 hours.

14. The method according to any of claims 8 to 13, wherein the milling time period is between 40 hours and 80 hours.2515. The method according to any of claims 8 to 14, wherein the milling time period is between 40 hours and 60 hours.

16. The method according to any of claims 8 to 15, wherein the ratio of precursor 30 powder to milling balls by weight is between 1:4 and 1:20.16 03 2617. The method according to any of claims 8 to 16, wherein the lithium manganese titanium oxide precursor comprises a mixture of the following components:lithium manganese (III) oxide, LiMnO2, and / or a mixture of lithium oxide, U2O and manganese (III) oxide, Mn2O35 lithium manganese (IV) oxide, Li2MnO3 and / or or a mixture of lithium oxide, U2Oand manganese (IV) oxide, MnO2, andtitanium oxide, TiO2.

18. The method according to any of claims 8 to 16, wherein the lithium manganese 10 titanium oxide precursor comprises lithium oxide, U2O, manganese oxide, Mn2O3, manganese oxide, MnO2, and titanium oxide, TiO2, in the following molar proportions:Lithium oxide, Li2O: --3 6Manganese oxide, M^Os:2 2x15 Manganese oxide, MnO2:Titanium oxide, TiO2: y19. The method according to any of claims 8 to 18, wherein the plurality of milling balls comprises tungsten carbide and / or zirconium oxide, and wherein the high-energy 20 milling is performed within a ball mill jar comprising tungsten carbide and / or zirconium oxide.

20. A cathode comprising the cathode composition according to any of claims 1 to 7.2521. An electrochemical cell comprising a cathode according to claim 20, an electrolyte and an anode.

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