Method, apparatus and computer program

Abstract

Apparatus to determine the location of a user equipment (UE) in a 5G network. A network entity, e.g. a location management function (LMF), determines one or more parameters for performing channel char

Description

A communication system can be seen as a facility that enables communication sessions between two or more entities such as user terminals, base stations and / or other nodes by providing carriers between the various entities involved in the communications path. A communication system can be provided for example by means of a communication network and one or more compatible communication devices. The communication sessions may comprise, for example, communication of data for carrying communications such as voice, video, electronic mail (email), text message, multimedia and / or content data and so on. Nonlimiting examples of services provided comprise two-way or multi-way calls, data communication or multimedia services and access to a data network system, such as the Internet. In a wireless communication system at least a part of a communication session between at least two stations occurs over a wireless link. Examples of wireless systems comprise public land mobile networks (PLMN), satellite based communication systems and different wireless local networks, for example wireless local area networks (WLAN). Some wireless systems can be divided into cells, and are therefore often referred to as cellular systems. A user can access the communication system by means of an appropriate communication device or terminal. A communication device of a user may be referred to as user equipment (UE) or user device. A communication device is provided with an appropriate signal receiving and transmitting apparatus for enabling communications, for example enabling access to a communication network or communications directly with other users. The communication device may access a carrier provided by a station, for example a base station of a cell, and transmit and / or receive communications on the carrier. The communication system and associated devices typically operate in accordance with a given standard or specification which sets out what the various entities associated with the system are permitted to do and how that should be achieved. Communication protocols and / or parameters which shall be used for the connection are also typically defined. One example of a communications system is UTRAN (3G radio). Other examples of communication systems are the long-term evolution (LTE) of the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) radio-access technology and so-called 5G or New Radio (NR) networks. NR is being standardized by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). Yet another example of a communication system is a 6G system. SUMMARY According to an aspect, there is provided an apparatus for a network entity, the apparatus comprising means for: determining one or more parameters for performing channel charting; and sending, to a user equipment or access node, the determined one or more parameters. The one or more parameters may comprise one or more of: a type and / or level of channel state information to be used for channel charting; a similarity metric; a dimensionality reduction technique; a mapping function; or at least one set of one or more channel charting parameters mapped to an environment type. The means may be further for: receiving, from the user equipment or access node, a request for parameters for performing channel charting, wherein sending the determined one or more parameters may be based on the request for parameters. The means may be further for: receiving, from the user equipment or the access node, capability information indicating the user equipment’s or the access node’s capability with respect to channel charting, wherein the one or more parameters may be determined based on the received capability information. The means may be further for: sending, to the user equipment or the access node, a request for the capability information, wherein receiving the capability information may be based on the request. The means may be further for: receiving, from the user equipment or the access node, channel state information data, wherein the one or more parameters may be determined based on the received channel state information data. The means may be further for: sending, to the user equipment or the access node, training data for training a machine learning model configured for performing the channel charting. The means may be further for: receiving, from the user equipment or the access node, a channel chart created by the user equipment or the access node based on the sent one or more parameters; receiving, from the user equipment or the access node, channel state information associated with the user equipment; and determining location information associated with the user equipment based on the received channel chart and the received channel state information associated with the user equipment. Determining the location information associated with the user equipment may comprise mapping, based on the channel state information associated with the user equipment, the channel chart to a position of the user equipment. The means may be further for: receiving, from the user equipment or the access node, information indicating the location information associated with the user equipment. According to an aspect there is provided an apparatus for a user equipment or an access node, the apparatus comprising means for: receiving, from a network entity, one or more parameters for performing channel charting; obtaining one or more channel state information measurements; and based on the received one or more parameters and the one or more channel state information measurements, performing channel charting to generate a channel chart. The one or more parameters may comprise one or more of: a type and / or level of channel state information to be used for channel charting; a similarity metric; a dimensionality reduction technique; a mapping function; or at least one set of one or more channel charting parameters mapped to an environment type. The means may be further for: sending, to the network entity, a request for parameters for performing channel charting, wherein receiving the one or more parameters may be based on the request for parameters. The means may be further for: sending, to the network entity, capability information indicating the user equipment’s or the access node’s capability with respect to channel charting, wherein the one or more parameters may be based on the capability information. The means may be further for: receiving, from the network entity, a request for the capability information, wherein sending the capability information may be based on the request. The means may be further for: sending, to the network entity, channel state information data, wherein the one or more parameters may be based on the sent channel state information data. Performing the channel charting may comprise utilizing a machine learning model to generate the channel chart. The means may be further for: receiving, from the network entity, training data for training the machine learning model. The means may be further for: sending, to the network entity, the channel chart; and receiving, from the network entity, location information associated with the user equipment. The means may be further for: obtaining channel state information associated with the user equipment; and determining location information associated with the user equipment based on the channel chart and the obtained channel state information associated with the user equipment. Determining the location information associated with the user equipment may comprise mapping, based on the channel state information associated with the user equipment, the channel chart to a position of the user equipment. The means may be further for: sending, to the network entity, the determined location information associated with the user equipment. According to an aspect there is provided an apparatus for a network entity, the apparatus comprising means for: determining one or more parameters for performing channel charting; receiving, from one or more user equipments and / or one or more access nodes, channel state information data; and based on the one or more parameters and the channel state information data, performing channel charting to generate a channel chart. The one or more parameters may comprise one or more of: a type and / or level of channel state information to be used for channel charting; a similarity metric; a dimensionality reduction technique; a mapping function; or at least one set of one or more channel charting parameters mapped to an environment type. The means may be further for: receiving channel state information associated with the user equipment for which a positioning session is established; and determining location information associated with the user equipment based on the channel chart and the received channel state information associated with the user equipment for which the positioning session is established. Determining the location information associated with the user equipment may comprise mapping, based on the channel state information associated with the user equipment, the channel chart to a position of the user equipment. The means may be further for: sending, to the user equipment, information indicating the determined location information associated with the user equipment. The means may be further for: sending, to at least one of the one or more user equipments or at least one of the one or more access nodes, the generated channel chart; and receiving, from the at least one of the one or more user equipments or the at least one of the one or more access nodes, location information associated with the user equipment. According to an aspect there is provided an apparatus for a user equipment or access node, the apparatus comprising means for: receiving, from a network entity, a channel chart for determining location information associated with a user equipment; obtaining one or more channel state information measurements; and based on the channel chart and the one or more channel state information measurements, determining the location information associated with the user equipment. Determining the location information associated with the user equipment may comprise mapping, based on the channel state information associated with the user equipment, the channel chart to a position of the user equipment. The means may be further for: sending, to the network entity, the determined location information associated with the user equipment. According to an aspect, there is provided an apparatus for a network entity, the apparatus comprising at least one processor and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to: determine one or more parameters for performing channel charting; and send, to a user equipment or access node, the determined one or more parameters. The one or more parameters may comprise one or more of: a type and / or level of channel state information to be used for channel charting; a similarity metric; a dimensionality reduction technique; a mapping function; or at least one set of one or more channel charting parameters mapped to an environment type. The at least one processor may be further configured to cause the apparatus to: receive, from the user equipment or access node, a request for parameters for performing channel charting; and send the determined one or more parameters based on the request for parameters. The at least one processor may be further configured to cause the apparatus to: receive, from the user equipment or the access node, capability information indicating the user equipment’s or the access node’s capability with respect to channel charting; and determine the one or more parameters based on the received capability information. The at least one processor may be further configured to cause the apparatus to: send, to the user equipment or the access node, a request for the capability information; and receive the capability information based on the request. The at least one processor may be further configured to cause the apparatus to: receive, from the user equipment or the access node, channel state information data; and determine the one or more parameters based on the received channel state information data. The at least one processor may be further configured to cause the apparatus to: send, to the user equipment or the access node, training data for training a machine learning model configured for performing the channel charting. The at least one processor may be further configured to cause the apparatus to: receive, from the user equipment or the access node, a channel chart created by the user equipment or the access node based on the sent one or more parameters; receive, from the user equipment or the access node, channel state information associated with the user equipment; and determine location information associated with the user equipment based on the received channel chart and the received channel state information associated with the user equipment. The at least one processor may be further configured to cause the apparatus to map, based on the channel state information associated with the user equipment, the channel chart to a position of the user equipment. The at least one processor may be further configured to cause the apparatus to: receive, from the user equipment or the access node, information indicating the location information associated with the user equipment. According to an aspect, there is provided an apparatus for a user equipment or an access node, the apparatus comprising at least one processor and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to: receive, from a network entity, one or more parameters for performing channel charting; obtain one or more channel state information measurements; and based on the received one or more parameters and the one or more channel state information measurements, perform channel charting to generate a channel chart. The one or more parameters may comprise one or more of: a type and / or level of channel state information to be used for channel charting; a similarity metric; a dimensionality reduction technique; a mapping function; or at least one set of one or more channel charting parameters mapped to an environment type. The at least one processor may be further configured to cause the apparatus to: send, to the network entity, a request for parameters for performing channel charting; and receive the one or more parameters based on the request for parameters. The at least one processor may be further configured to cause the apparatus to: send, to the network entity, capability information indicating the user equipment’s or the access node’s capability with respect to channel charting, wherein the one or more parameters may be based on the capability information. The at least one processor may be further configured to cause the apparatus to: receive, from the network entity, a request for the capability information; and send the capability information based on the request. The at least one processor may be further configured to cause the apparatus to: send, to the network entity, channel state information data, wherein the one or more parameters may be based on the sent channel state information data. The at least one processor may be further configured to cause the apparatus to utilize a machine learning model to generate the channel chart. The at least one processor may be further configured to cause the apparatus to: receive, from the network entity, training data for training the machine learning model. The at least one processor may be further configured to cause the apparatus to: send, to the network entity, the channel chart; and receive, from the network entity, location information associated with the user equipment. The at least one processor may be further configured to cause the apparatus to: obtain channel state information associated with the user equipment; and determine location information associated with the user equipment based on the channel chart and the obtained channel state information associated with the user equipment. The at least one processor may be further configured to cause the apparatus to map, based on the channel state information associated with the user equipment, the channel chart to a position of the user equipment. The at least one processor may be further configured to cause the apparatus to: send, to the network entity, the determined location information associated with the user equipment. According to an aspect, there is provided an apparatus for a network entity, the apparatus comprising at least one processor and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to: determine one or more parameters for performing channel charting; receive, from one or more user equipments and / or one or more access nodes, channel state information data; and based on the one or more parameters and the channel state information data, perform channel charting to generate a channel chart. The one or more parameters may comprise one or more of: a type and / or level of channel state information to be used for channel charting; a similarity metric; a dimensionality reduction technique; a mapping function; or at least one set of one or more channel charting parameters mapped to an environment type. The at least one processor may be further configured to cause the apparatus to: receive channel state information associated with the user equipment for which a positioning session is established; and determine location information associated with the user equipment based on the channel chart and the received channel state information associated with the user equipment for which the positioning session is established. The at least one processor may be further configured to cause the apparatus to map, based on the channel state information associated with the user equipment, the channel chart to a position of the user equipment. The at least one processor may be further configured to cause the apparatus to: send, to the user equipment, information indicating the determined location information associated with the user equipment. The at least one processor may be further configured to cause the apparatus to: send, to at least one of the one or more user equipments or at least one of the one or more access nodes, the generated channel chart; and receive, from the at least one of the one or more user equipments or the at least one of the one or more access nodes, location information associated with the user equipment. According to an aspect, there is provided an apparatus for a user equipment or an access node, the apparatus comprising at least one processor and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to: receive, from a network entity, a channel chart for determining location information associated with a user equipment; obtain one or more channel state information measurements; and based on the channel chart and the one or more channel state information measurements, determine the location information associated with the user equipment. The at least one processor may be further configured to cause the apparatus to map, based on the channel state information associated with the user equipment, the channel chart to a position of the user equipment. The at least one processor may be further configured to cause the apparatus to: send, to the network entity, the determined location information associated with the user equipment. According to an aspect, there is provided a method comprising: determining one or more parameters for performing channel charting; and sending, to a user equipment or access node, the determined one or more parameters. The one or more parameters may comprise one or more of: a type and / or level of channel state information to be used for channel charting; a similarity metric; a dimensionality reduction technique; a mapping function; or at least one set of one or more channel charting parameters mapped to an environment type. The method may further comprise: receiving, from the user equipment or access node, a request for parameters for performing channel charting, wherein sending the determined one or more parameters may be based on the request for parameters. The method may further comprise: receiving, from the user equipment or the access node, capability information indicating the user equipment’s or the access node’s capability with respect to channel charting, wherein the one or more parameters may be determined based on the received capability information. The method may further comprise: sending, to the user equipment or the access node, a request for the capability information, wherein receiving the capability information may be based on the request. The method may further comprise: receiving, from the user equipment or the access node, channel state information data, wherein the one or more parameters may be determined based on the received channel state information data. The method may further comprise: sending, to the user equipment or the access node, training data for training a machine learning model configured for performing the channel charting. The method may further comprise: receiving, from the user equipment or the access node, a channel chart created by the user equipment or the access node based on the sent one or more parameters; receiving, from the user equipment or the access node, channel state information associated with the user equipment; and determining location information associated with the user equipment based on the received channel chart and the received channel state information associated with the user equipment. Determining the location information associated with the user equipment may comprise mapping, based on the channel state information associated with the user equipment, the channel chart to a position of the user equipment. The method may further comprise: receiving, from the user equipment or the access node, information indicating the location information associated with the user equipment. According to an aspect there is provided a method comprising: receiving, from a network entity, one or more parameters for performing channel charting; obtaining one or more channel state information measurements; and based on the received one or more parameters and the one or more channel state information measurements, performing channel charting to generate a channel chart. The one or more parameters may comprise one or more of: a type and / or level of channel state information to be used for channel charting; a similarity metric; a dimensionality reduction technique; a mapping function; or at least one set of one or more channel charting parameters mapped to an environment type. The method may further comprise: sending, to the network entity, a request for parameters for performing channel charting, wherein receiving the one or more parameters may be based on the request for parameters. The method may further comprise: sending, to the network entity, capability information indicating the user equipment’s or the access node’s capability with respect to channel charting, wherein the one or more parameters may be based on the capability information. The method may further comprise: receiving, from the network entity, a request for the capability information, wherein sending the capability information may be based on the request. The method may further comprise: sending, to the network entity, channel state information data, wherein the one or more parameters may be based on the sent channel state information data. Performing the channel charting may comprise utilizing a machine learning model to generate the channel chart. The method may further comprise: receiving, from the network entity, training data for training the machine learning model. The method may further comprise: sending, to the network entity, the channel chart; and receiving, from the network entity, location information associated with the user equipment. The method may further comprise: obtaining channel state information associated with the user equipment; and determining location information associated with the user equipment based on the channel chart and the obtained channel state information associated with the user equipment. Determining the location information associated with the user equipment may comprise mapping, based on the channel state information associated with the user equipment, the channel chart to a position of the user equipment. The method may further comprise: sending, to the network entity, the determined location information associated with the user equipment. According to an aspect there is provided a method comprising: determining one or more parameters for performing channel charting; receiving, from one or more user equipments and / or one or more access nodes, channel state information data; and based on the one or more parameters and the channel state information data, performing channel charting to generate a channel chart. The one or more parameters may comprise one or more of: a type and / or level of channel state information to be used for channel charting; a similarity metric; a dimensionality reduction technique; a mapping function; or at least one set of one or more channel charting parameters mapped to an environment type. The method may further comprise: receiving channel state information associated with the user equipment for which a positioning session is established; and determining location information associated with the user equipment based on the channel chart and the received channel state information associated with the user equipment for which the positioning session is established. Determining the location information associated with the user equipment may comprise mapping, based on the channel state information associated with the user equipment, the channel chart to a position of the user equipment. The method may further comprise: sending, to the user equipment, information indicating the determined location information associated with the user equipment. The method may further comprise: sending, to at least one of the one or more user equipments or at least one of the one or more access nodes, the generated channel chart; and receiving, from the at least one of the one or more user equipments or the at least one of the one or more access nodes, location information associated with the user equipment. According to an aspect there is provided a method comprising: receiving, from a network entity, a channel chart for determining location information associated with a user equipment; obtaining one or more channel state information measurements; and based on the channel chart and the one or more channel state information measurements, determining the location information associated with the user equipment. Determining the location information associated with the user equipment may comprise mapping, based on the channel state information associated with the user equipment, the channel chart to a position of the user equipment. The method may further comprise: sending, to the network entity, the determined location information associated with the user equipment. According to an aspect, there is provided a computer readable medium comprising instructions which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform at least the following: determining one or more parameters for performing channel charting; and sending, to a user equipment or access node, the determined one or more parameters. The one or more parameters may comprise one or more of: a type and / or level of channel state information to be used for channel charting; a similarity metric; a dimensionality reduction technique; a mapping function; or at least one set of one or more channel charting parameters mapped to an environment type. The instructions, when executed by the apparatus, may cause the apparatus to further perform: receiving, from the user equipment or access node, a request for parameters for performing channel charting, wherein sending the determined one or more parameters may be based on the request for parameters. The instructions, when executed by the apparatus, may cause the apparatus to further perform: receiving, from the user equipment or the access node, capability information indicating the user equipment’s or the access node’s capability with respect to channel charting, wherein the one or more parameters may be determined based on the received capability information. The instructions, when executed by the apparatus, may cause the apparatus to further perform: sending, to the user equipment or the access node, a request for the capability information, wherein receiving the capability information may be based on the request. The instructions, when executed by the apparatus, may cause the apparatus to further perform: receiving, from the user equipment or the access node, channel state information data, wherein the one or more parameters may be determined based on the received channel state information data. The instructions, when executed by the apparatus, may cause the apparatus to further perform: sending, to the user equipment or the access node, training data for training a machine learning model configured for performing the channel charting. The instructions, when executed by the apparatus, may cause the apparatus to further perform: receiving, from the user equipment or the access node, a channel chart created by the user equipment or the access node based on the sent one or more parameters; receiving, from the user equipment or the access node, channel state information associated with the user equipment; and determining location information associated with the user equipment based on the received channel chart and the received channel state information associated with the user equipment. Determining the location information associated with the user equipment may comprise mapping, based on the channel state information associated with the user equipment, the channel chart to a position of the user equipment. The instructions, when executed by the apparatus, may cause the apparatus to further perform: receiving, from the user equipment or the access node, information indicating the location information associated with the user equipment. According to an aspect, there is provided a computer readable medium comprising instructions which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform at least the following: receiving, from a network entity, one or more parameters for performing channel charting; obtaining one or more channel state information measurements; and based on the received one or more parameters and the one or more channel state information measurements, performing channel charting to generate a channel chart. The one or more parameters may comprise one or more of: a type and / or level of channel state information to be used for channel charting; a similarity metric; a dimensionality reduction technique; a mapping function; or at least one set of one or more channel charting parameters mapped to an environment type. The instructions, when executed by the apparatus, may cause the apparatus to further perform: sending, to the network entity, a request for parameters for performing channel charting, wherein receiving the one or more parameters may be based on the request for parameters. The instructions, when executed by the apparatus, may cause the apparatus to further perform: sending, to the network entity, capability information indicating the user equipment’s or the access node’s capability with respect to channel charting, wherein the one or more parameters may be based on the capability information. The instructions, when executed by the apparatus, may cause the apparatus to further perform: receiving, from the network entity, a request for the capability information, wherein sending the capability information may be based on the request. The instructions, when executed by the apparatus, may cause the apparatus to further perform: sending, to the network entity, channel state information data, wherein the one or more parameters may be based on the sent channel state information data. Performing the channel charting may comprise utilizing a machine learning model to generate the channel chart. The instructions, when executed by the apparatus, may cause the apparatus to further perform: receiving, from the network entity, training data for training the machine learning model. The instructions, when executed by the apparatus, may cause the apparatus to further perform: sending, to the network entity, the channel chart; and receiving, from the network entity, location information associated with the user equipment. The instructions, when executed by the apparatus, may cause the apparatus to further perform: obtaining channel state information associated with the user equipment; and determining location information associated with the user equipment based on the channel chart and the obtained channel state information associated with the user equipment. Determining the location information associated with the user equipment may comprise mapping, based on the channel state information associated with the user equipment, the channel chart to a position of the user equipment. The instructions, when executed by the apparatus, may cause the apparatus to further perform: sending, to the network entity, the determined location information associated with the user equipment. According to an aspect, there is provided a computer readable medium comprising instructions which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform at least the following: determining one or more parameters for performing channel charting; receiving, from one or more user equipments and / or one or more access nodes, channel state information data; and based on the one or more parameters and the channel state information data, performing channel charting to generate a channel chart. The one or more parameters may comprise one or more of: a type and / or level of channel state information to be used for channel charting; a similarity metric; a dimensionality reduction technique; a mapping function; or at least one set of one or more channel charting parameters mapped to an environment type. The instructions, when executed by the apparatus, may cause the apparatus to further perform: receiving channel state information associated with the user equipment for which a positioning session is established; and determining location information associated with the user equipment based on the channel chart and the received channel state information associated with the user equipment for which the positioning session is established. Determining the location information associated with the user equipment may comprise mapping, based on the channel state information associated with the user equipment, the channel chart to a position of the user equipment. The instructions, when executed by the apparatus, may cause the apparatus to further perform: sending, to the user equipment, information indicating the determined location information associated with the user equipment. The instructions, when executed by the apparatus, may cause the apparatus to further perform: sending, to at least one of the one or more user equipments or at least one of the one or more access nodes, the generated channel chart; and receiving, from the at least one of the one or more user equipments or the at least one of the one or more access nodes, location information associated with the user equipment. According to an aspect, there is provided a computer readable medium comprising instructions which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform at least the following: receiving, from a network entity, a channel chart for determining location information associated with a user equipment; obtaining one or more channel state information measurements; and based on the channel chart and the one or more channel state information measurements, determining the location information associated with the user equipment. Determining the location information associated with the user equipment may comprise mapping, based on the channel state information associated with the user equipment, the channel chart to a position of the user equipment. The instructions, when executed by the apparatus, may cause the apparatus to further perform: sending, to the network entity, the determined location information associated with the user equipment. According to an aspect, there is provided a non-transitory computer readable medium comprising program instructions that, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform at least the method according to any of the preceding aspects. In the above, many different embodiments have been described. It should be appreciated that further embodiments may be provided by the combination of any two or more of the embodiments described above. DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES Embodiments will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying Figures in which: Figure 1 shows a representation of a network system according to some example embodiments; Figure 2 shows a representation of a control apparatus according to some example embodiments; Figure 3 shows a representation of an apparatus according to some example embodiments; Figure 4 shows methods according to some examples; and Figures 5 and 6 show signalling exchanges according to some examples. DETAILED DESCRIPTION A non-exhaustive list of some abbreviations used throughout the present disclosure is provided below for reference: Al artificial intelligence gNB LOS next Generation Node B (5G base station) line-of-sight LMF Location Management Function LPP LTE Positioning Protocol ML machine learning NLOS non-line-of-sight NRPPa New Radio Positioning Protocol A PCA Principal Component Analysis RRC Radio Resource Control SL Sidelink UE user equipment In the following certain embodiments are explained with reference to mobile communication devices capable of communication via a wireless cellular system and mobile communication systems serving such mobile communication devices. Before explaining in detail the exemplifying embodiments, certain general principles of a wireless communication system, access systems thereof, and mobile communication devices are briefly explained with reference to Figures 1, 2 and 3 to assist in understanding the technology underlying the described examples. Figure 1 shows a schematic representation of a 5G system (5GS). The 5GS may be comprised by a terminal or user equipment (UE), a 5G radio access network (5GRAN) or next generation radio access network (NG-RAN), a 5G core network (5GC), one or more application function (AF) and one or more data networks (DN). The 5G-RAN may comprise one or more gNodeB (GNB) or one or more gNodeB (GNB) distributed unit functions connected to one or more gNodeB (GNB) centralized unit functions. The 5GC may comprise the following entities: Network Slice Selection Function (NSSF); Network Exposure Function; Network Repository Function (NRF); Policy Control Function (PCF); Unified Data Management (UDM); Application Function (AF); Authentication Server Function (AUSF); an Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF); and Session Management Function (SMF). Figure 1 also shows the various interfaces (N1, N2 etc.) that may be implemented between the various elements of the system. Figure 2 illustrates an example of a control apparatus 200 for controlling a function of the 5GRAN or the 5GC as illustrated on Figure 1. The control apparatus may comprise at least one random access memory (RAM) 211a, at least on read only memory (ROM) 211b, at least one processor 212, 213 and an input / output interface 214. The at least one processor 212, 213 may be coupled to the RAM 211a and the ROM 211b. The at least one processor 212, 213 may be configured to execute an appropriate software code 215. The software code 215 may for example allow to perform one or more steps to perform one or more of the present aspects. The software code 215 may be stored in the ROM 211b. The control apparatus 200 may be interconnected with another control apparatus 200 controlling another function of the 5GRAN or the 5GC. In some embodiments, each function of the 5GRAN or the 5GC comprises a control apparatus 200. In alternative embodiments, two or more functions of the 5GRAN or the 5GC may share a control apparatus. Figure 3 illustrates an example of a terminal 300, such as the terminal illustrated on Figure 1. The terminal 300 may be provided by any device capable of sending and receiving radio signals. Non-limiting examples comprise a user equipment, a mobile station (MS) or mobile device such as a mobile phone or what is known as a ’smart phone’, a computer provided with a wireless interface card or other wireless interface facility (e.g., USB dongle), a personal data assistant (PDA) or a tablet provided with wireless communication capabilities, a machine-type communications (MTC) device, an Internet of things (loT) type communication device or any combinations of these or the like. The terminal 300 may provide, for example, communication of data for carrying communications. The communications may be one or more of voice, electronic mail (email), text message, multimedia, data, machine data and so on. The terminal 300 may receive signals over an air or radio interface 307 via appropriate apparatus for receiving and may transmit signals via appropriate apparatus for transmitting radio signals. In Figure 3 transceiver apparatus is designated schematically by block 306. The transceiver apparatus 306 may be provided for example by means of a radio part and associated antenna arrangement. The antenna arrangement may be arranged internally or externally to the mobile device. The terminal 300 may be provided with at least one processor 301, at least one memory ROM 302a, at least one RAM 302b and other possible components 303 for use in software and hardware aided execution of tasks it is designed to perform, including control of access to and communications with access systems and other communication devices. The at least one processor 301 is coupled to the RAM 302b and the ROM 302a. The at least one processor 301 may be configured to execute an appropriate software code 308. The software code 308 may for example allow to perform one or more of the present aspects. The software code 308 may be stored in the ROM 302a. The processor, storage and other relevant control apparatus can be provided on an appropriate circuit board and / or in chipsets. This feature is denoted by reference 304. The device may optionally have a user interface such as key pad 305, touch sensitive screen or pad, combinations thereof or the like. Optionally one or more of a display, a speaker and a microphone may be provided depending on the type of the device. In some situations it may be necessary or beneficial to determine the position / location of a UE (which may be referred to herein as “UE positioning”). In some examples, UE positioning may be implemented using AI / ML based methods. An AI / ML model for UE positioning may be implemented at the UE-side or network-side (for example, at a network function such as a location management function (LMF), or at an access node). The AI / ML model may use assistance information, which may for example be provided by the UE and / or a network entity (such as an access node or network function, e.g. LMF). AI / ML based UE positioning methods may be broadly categorised into two types of method as follows: “Direct” AI / ML positioning methods, where the AI / ML model provides an output indicating the UE’s location as determined by the model (e.g., fingerprinting based on channel observation used as the input of the AI / ML model); and AI / ML assisted UE positioning methods, where the AI / ML model outputs information, such as new measurements information or information enhancing existing measurements (e.g., LOS / NLOS identification, timing and / or angle of measurement etc.). Various different types of AI / ML model may be used for implementing the different positioning methods. For example, a supervised ML model may be used. The ML model may be particularly suitable for regression tasks (e.g., to estimate UE location directly, as in direct AI / ML positioning) or to estimate a positioning-related intermediate feature (e.g., ToA, as in AI / ML assisted positioning). To train supervised ML models, ground truth information (e.g., of UE locations) may be necessary. As used herein, the ground truth information of UE locations may be referred to as “labelled” data. In some implementations, an unsupervised ML may be used. Such a model may be suitable for classification / clustering tasks. For UE positioning, an unsupervised ML model may be used to classify channel measurements (e.g., as LOS and NLOS) to determine their usage for positioning measurements, as opposed to estimating the UE position directly. Unsupervised ML may not require labelled data since its goal is to cluster a given set of measurements into different classes based on certain distance metrics between them. In some implementations, reinforcement learning (RL) may be used. RL may be suitable for decision making tasks, namely “action selection”. For UE positioning, such tasks may be related to resource selection, and selection of anchors for positioning, in particular considering mobile and dynamic scenarios. RL based methods may not require labelled data. An alternative to the above approaches is to use “channel charting” techniques. Channel charting may be understood as a process of mapping channel state information (CSI) data into a low-dimensional map that is a representation of the relative characteristics between CSI samples, thus preserving local characteristics of the channel. In some examples the relative characteristics between the CSI samples in the channel chart may be representative of UE location information and may be mapped to the actual UE locations in the physical domain. As explained above, in order to train supervised ML models for positioning, labelled data may be necessary. In research applications, models are typically trained and even evaluated in simulations, where it is easy to obtain ground truth information, i.e., labelled data. However, in reality, it may be very difficult to obtain positioning-related labelled data. For example, dedicated measurement campaigns may be necessary to obtain labelled data. This may be costly, and may require a human expert, where location information may need to be obtained by other means than using RAT-based techniques such as via GNSS, or LIDAR / LASER sensor measurements. While such data collection campaign can be conducted “offline” (e.g., in dedicated time and location), obtaining labelled data for “online” training in this manner may be very difficult given many constraints with respect to time, location, user / network privacy in real-life networks. Also, the campaign may need to be rerun in case the environment or some other key element in the positioning service changes. Therefore, it may be beneficial to support ML solutions for positioning that does not need (or having a minimal need of) labelled data in cellular networks. As such, channel charting approach seems an attractive alternative for positioning purposes. However, there is a need to improve mechanisms in cellular networks to support the application of channel charting across the entities involved in positioning. Some examples of the present disclosure may address these issues. Reference is made to Figure 4, which shows methods according to some examples. At 400 a method comprises determining one or more parameters for performing channel charting. At 402 the method comprises sending, to a user equipment or access node, the determined one or more parameters. In some examples, the method of steps 400-402 may be performed at or by a network entity, such as but not limited to a server UE or LMF. At 404 a method comprises receiving, from a network entity, one or more parameters for performing channel charting. At 406 the method comprises obtaining one or more channel state information measurements. At 408, the method comprises, based on the received one or more parameters and the one or more channel state information measurements, performing channel charting to generate a channel chart. In some examples the method of steps 404-408 may be performed at or by a user equipment or access node. At 410 a method comprises determining one or more parameters for performing channel charting. At 412 the method comprises receiving, from one or more user equipments and / or one or more access nodes, channel state information data. At 414 the method comprises, based on the one or more parameters and the channel state information data, performing channel charting to generate a channel chart. In some examples the method of steps 410-414 may be performed at or by a network entity, such as but not limited to a server UE or LMF. At 416, a method comprises receiving, from a network entity, a channel chart for determining location information associated with a user equipment. At 418 the method comprises obtaining one or more channel state information measurements. At 420, the method comprises, based on the channel chart and the one or more channel state information measurements, determining the location information associated with the user equipment. In some examples the method of steps 416-420 may be performed at or by a user equipment or access node. In some examples a network or network entity (for example a positioning managing entity, such as a server UE or LMF) may provide assistance to support entities (e.g., UE or access node) performing channel charting for positioning purposes. In some examples, channel charting for positioning may comprise the following steps: 1. Determining a type / level of CSI. CSI may contain information ranging from instantaneous or short-term information (e.g., the impulse response of the channel) to more statistical or long-term characteristics (e.g., average gain of the channel). The type / level of CSI may be determined according to the implementation; 2. Determining a (dis)similarity metric between CSIs (e.g., path loss, fading, angular information, multi path components, etc.) to extract from the determined CSI type / level(s); 3. Determining and applying a dimensionality reduction technique (e.g., PCA, autoencoder, triplet, etc.) to the extracted values to generate a channel chart; and 4. Determining and applying a mapping from the generated channel chart to actual UE positions: e.g., using a transformation matrix, digital time warping, etc. In some implementations it may be important to determine which information and / or technique to utilize in each step. For example, in a static environment dominated with LOS links with sparse cluttering objects, it may be sufficient to consider path loss as a (dis)similarity metric for channel charting, which may avoid signalling high amounts of unnecessary information. Whereas, in highly mobile environments with dense cluttering objects, considering fast fading or MPC information may be necessary to exploit the (dis)similarity between the channels. By adjusting the type / level of CSI, a trade-off between complexity and performance may be realized, where for example the granularity overtime and / or space domain could be adjusted. Similarly, while a transformation matrix may be used to map the channel chart into actual UE locations in a static environment, it may be more beneficial to use a digital time warping method to track UE location in mobile settings. For example, determining the similarity may include manipulating the time characteristics of different CSI data to make it comparable to other data sets. Digital time warping can be used to allow matching CSI from different near and distant access nodes, or between LOS and NLOS. In some examples, an optimal choice of parameters utilized for channel charting-based positioning may depend on the setting (e.g., area / location, time, UE characteristics, etc.). In some examples, the network may determine the choice of parameters for channel chartingbased positioning, which may in some examples be based on past history / analytics of positioning requests. In some examples, a network entity (e.g., LMF) may act as coordinator for positioning in the network. The coordinator may determine the parameters to use for channel charting in a target environment, since the coordinator may have more useful data pertaining to a certain positioning environment (e.g., positioning-related measurements such as LOS / NLOS, ToA, channel classes, etc.). The coordinator may then signal these parameters to the entity (e.g., UE or access node) where a ML model may be utilized for channel charting. The entity may then perform channel charting using the received parameters and either perform the mapping from channel charting to UE location information itself, or report the channel charting to the network, which performs the mapping. Reference is made to Figure 5, which shows a signalling exchange according to some examples. In the example of Figure 5, the channel chart is generated at a UE or access node based on information received from a network entity, and is either used by the UE / access node for UE positioning or is sent to the network entity for the network entity to perform the UE positioning. The network entity may for example comprise a LMF or server UE, or another core network entity providing similar functionality, such as but not limited to a network data analytics function (NWDAF), as well as a RAN entity, e.g., a gNB (including the case LMF being co-located with a gNB). At 500, a network entity (e.g. LMF) may send, to UE / access node a request for CSI data. At 502, based on the request, the UE / access node may send the CSI data to the network entity. The CSI data may for example be DL CSI data from the UE or UL CSI data from the access node. At 504, based on the CSI data, the network entity may determine parameters for channel charting in a target environment. The parameters may for example comprise one or more of: a CSI type and / or level for performing channel charting, a similarity metric (such as but not limited to path loss, fading, angular information, multi path components, etc.), a dimensionality reduction technique, a mapping function, or at least one set of one or more channel charting parameters mapped to an environment type. The at least one set of one or more channel charting parameters mapped to an environment type may indicate a first set of parameter values to be used in a first type of environment and a second set of parameter values to be used in a second type of environment. For example, for a high-speed environment (a first environment type) the network entity may determine a first set of parameter values {X1, Y1, Z1} to be used for channel charting, and for a high-cluttered environment (a second environment type) the network entity may determine a second set of parameter values {X2, Y2, Z2}. It should be understood that the specific manner of how to determine the parameters may be dependent on the network implementation. For example, as shown in Figure 5, the network may request and collect CSI data from UE and / or access node. The CSI data may for example indicate one or more of: suitable CSI type / level, e.g., granularity of measurements; suitable CSI distance metric(s), e.g., path loss, for a given environment (valid for certain area, time, etc.); suitable dimensionality reduction technique, e.g., PCA, autoencoder, etc. for the target environment; or suitable mapping function, e.g., transformation matrix, digital time warping, from the channel chart to location information for a given environment. However, it should be understood that in some examples, different mechanisms than that shown in Figure 5 may be used to determine the parameters. At 506, the UE / access node (that is, the entity that would like to perform channel charting for positioning), may request assistance data for channel charting from the network entity. The assistance data may for example comprise information indicating one or more of: CSI type / level for performing channel charting, CSI (dis)similarity metrics, dimensionality reduction method (and optionally its parameters), mapping function from the channel chart to actual UE location, target positioning environment (e.g., cell, area ID, PLMN, etc.). At 508, based on receiving the request at 500, the network entity may obtain channel charting-related capability information (e.g., supported CSI measurements, metrics, methods, functions, etc.) from the UE / access node and determine / refine the parameters based on the obtained capability information. For example, the network entity may send a request to the UE / access node requesting the channel charting-related capabilities, and in response the UE / access node may send information indicating its channel-charting related capability. At 510, the network entity may provide channel charting assistance data to the UE / access node. The assistance data may include the parameters (determined at 504 and optionally determined / refined at 508) for the target positioning environment. At 512, the network entity may provide training data for the UE / access node to train or retrain its ML model to be utilized for channel charting purposes. At 514, the UE / access node may collect CSI data and then create a channel chart using its trained ML model and the parameters provided by the network and the collected CSI data. For example, the UE may obtain and use its own DL / SL CSI measurements and / or data provided from network (including the access node and / or the network entity). The access node may obtain and use its own UL CSI measurements, or DL / SL CSI measurements reported by UEs, and / or data provided from the network entity. At 516, a UE positioning session may be established. For example, the UE may generate a UE positioning request and send it to the network entity (via an access node), and the UE positioning session may be established based on the request. At 518, the UE / access node may obtain new CSI based on the UE positioning request. At 520, the UE / access node may then, based on the newly obtained CSI, map the channel chart to the physical domain for determining location information associated with position of the user equipment . The location information for in some examples comprise one or more of: UE position / location information (which may be absolute or relative, or relate to range information (e.g., angle and / or distance) to a fixed point); velocity information of the UE (which may be absolute or relative); or UE location-related feature, e.g., LOS / NLOS). In some examples, having determined the location information associated with the UE, the UE / access node may send the determined location information associated with the UE to the network entity. Alternatively, at 522, the UE / access node may report the channel chart it created and the newly obtained CSIs to the network entity (e.g., LMF), which then at 524 performs the mapping from channel chart to the physical domain for determining the location information associated with the UE. In some examples, having determined the location information associated with the UE, the network entity may send information indicating the determined location information associated with the UE to the UE / access node. Reference is made to Figure 6, which shows a signalling exchange according to some examples. In the example of Figure 6, the channel chart is generated at a network entity, and then is either used at the network entity for UE positioning or is sent to a UE and / or access node for subsequent use in UE positioning. The network entity may for example comprise a LMF or server UE, or another core network entity providing similar functionality, such as but not limited to a network data analytics function (NWDAF), as well as a RAN entity, e.g., a gNB (including the case LMF being co-located with a gNB). At 600, a network entity (e.g. LMF) may send, to UE / access node a request for CSI data. At 602, based on the request, the UE / access node may send the CSI data to the network entity. The CSI data may for example be DL CSI data from the UE or UL CSI data from the access node. At 604, based on the CSI data, the network entity may generate a channel chart for use in UE positioning. For example, the network entity may determine the parameters (for example as described previously in relation to Figure 5), and generate the channel chart based on the CSI data and the determined parameters. In some examples the network entity may receive CSI data from multiple UEs and / or access node(s) and generate the channel chart based on the received information. At 606, a UE positioning session may be established. For example, the UE may generate a UE positioning request and send it to the network entity (via an access node), and the UE positioning session may be established based on the request. At 608, the UE / access node may obtain new CSI based on the UE positioning request. At 610, the UE / access node may report the newly obtained CSI. At 612 the network entity may, based on the CSI received at 610, map the channel chart to the physical domain for determining the location information associated with the UE associated with the positioning session. The location information may be as described previously in relation to Figure 5. In some examples, having determined the location information associated with the UE, the network entity may send the determined location information associated with the UE to the UE / access node. Alternatively, at 614, the network entity may send the channel chart it created to the UE / access node. At 616, based on the newly obtained CSIs and the received channel chart, the UE / access node may then perform the mapping from channel chart to location information associated with the UE. In some examples, having determined the location information associated with the UE, the UE / access node may send the determined location information associated with the UE to the network entity. In some examples, a UE or server UE may exchange with other UEs (and similarly, an access node may exchange with other access nodes) one or more of the following information: o assistance data for channel charting o collected CSI measurements o data for (re)training ML model o the channel chart it created. In some examples the order of the steps may vary. For example, the network entity may proactively collect and store capability information (e.g. steps 508 and 510) prior to determining the parameters (e.g. step 504). In some examples, communication between the network entity and UE may take place using LTE positioning protocol (LPP) or NR positioning protocol A (NRPPa) + RRC protocols. In some examples, communication between access node and network entity may take place using NRPPa protocol. Thus, some examples may provide mechanisms for performing channel charting-based UE positioning. The channel charting may be performed at a UE, access node (e.g. gNB), or a network entity (e.g., a server UE or LMF, or other application function such as NWDAF). Some examples provide mechanisms whereby parameters (e.g. CSI type and / or level for performing channel charting, similarity metric, dimensionality reduction method, mapping function) for performing the channel charting are determined by the network entity, and either used by the network entity to perform channel charting or are signalled from the network entity to the UE / access node for the UE / access node to use when performing channel charting. In this way, the channel charting-based UE positioning may be enhanced, as the parameters may be configured and adapted according to the target environment. In some examples there is provided an apparatus for a network entity, the apparatus comprising means for: determining one or more parameters for performing channel charting; and sending, to a user equipment or access node, the determined one or more parameters. In some examples there is provided an apparatus for a network entity, the apparatus comprising at least one processor and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to: determine one or more parameters for performing channel charting; and send, to a user equipment or access node, the determined one or more parameters. In some examples there is provided an apparatus for a user equipment or an access node, the apparatus comprising means for: receiving, from a network entity, one or more parameters for performing channel charting; obtaining one or more channel state information measurements; and based on the received one or more parameters and the one or more channel state information measurements, performing channel charting to generate a channel chart. In some examples there is provided an apparatus for a user equipment or an access node, the apparatus comprising at least one processor and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to: receive, from a network entity, one or more parameters for performing channel charting; obtain one or more channel state information measurements; and based on the received one or more parameters and the one or more channel state information measurements, perform channel charting to generate a channel chart. In some examples there is provided an apparatus for a network entity, the apparatus comprising means for: determining one or more parameters for performing channel charting; receiving, from one or more user equipments and / or one or more access nodes, channel state information data; and based on the one or more parameters and the channel state information data, performing channel charting to generate a channel chart. In some examples there is provided an apparatus for a network entity, the apparatus comprising at least one processor and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to: determine one or more parameters for performing channel charting; receive, from one or more user equipments and / or one or more access nodes, channel state information data; and based on the one or more parameters and the channel state information data, perform channel charting to generate a channel chart. In some examples there is provided an apparatus for a user equipment or access node, the apparatus comprising means for: receiving, from a network entity, a channel chart for determining location information associated with a user equipment; obtaining one or more channel state information measurements; and based on the channel chart and the one or more channel state information measurements, determining the location information associated with the user equipment. In some examples there is provided an apparatus for a user equipment or an access node, the apparatus comprising at least one processor and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to: receive, from a network entity, a channel chart for determining location information associated with a user equipment; obtain one or more channel state information measurements; and based on the channel chart and the one or more channel state information measurements, determine the location information associated with the user equipment. It is understood that references in the above to various network functions (e.g., to an LMF, an NWDAF, etc.) may comprise apparatus that perform at least some of the functionality associated with those network functions. Further, an apparatus comprising a network function may comprise a virtual network function instance of that network function. It should be understood that the apparatuses may comprise or be coupled to other units or modules etc., such as radio parts or radio heads, used in or for transmission and / or reception. Although the apparatuses have been described as one entity, different modules and memory may be implemented in one or more physical or logical entities. It is noted that whilst some embodiments have been described in relation to 5G networks, similar principles can be applied in relation to other networks and communication systems. Therefore, although certain embodiments were described above by way of example with reference to certain example architectures for wireless networks, technologies and standards, embodiments may be applied to any other suitable forms of communication systems than those illustrated and described herein. It is also noted herein that while the above describes example embodiments, there are several variations and modifications which may be made to the disclosed solution without departing from the scope of the present invention. As used herein, “at least one of the following: ” and “at least one of ” and similar wording, where the list of two or more elements are joined by “and” or “or”, mean at least any one of the elements, or at least any two or more of the elements, or at least all the elements. In general, the various embodiments may be implemented in hardware or special purpose circuitry, software, logic or any combination thereof. Some aspects of the disclosure may be implemented in hardware, while other aspects may be implemented in firmware or software which may be executed by a controller, microprocessor or other computing device, although the disclosure is not limited thereto. While various aspects of the disclosure may be illustrated and described as block diagrams, flow charts, or using some other pictorial representation, it is well understood that these blocks, apparatus, systems, techniques or methods described herein may be implemented in, as non-limiting examples, hardware, software, firmware, special purpose circuits or logic, general purpose hardware or controller or other computing devices, or some combination thereof. As used in this application, the term “circuitry” may refer to one or more or all of the following: (a) hardware-only circuit implementations (such as implementations in only analog and / or digital circuitry) and (b) combinations of hardware circuits and software, such as (as applicable): (i) a combination of analog and / or digital hardware circuit(s) with software / firmware and (ii) any portions of hardware processor(s) with software (including digital signal processor(s)), software, and memory(ies) that work together to cause an apparatus, such as a mobile phone or server, to perform various functions) and (c) hardware circuit(s) and or processor(s), such as a microprocessor(s) or a portion of a microprocessor(s), that requires software (e.g., firmware) for operation, but the software may not be present when it is not needed for operation.” This definition of circuitry applies to all uses of this term in this application, including in any claims. As a further example, as used in this application, the term circuitry also covers an implementation of merely a hardware circuit or processor (or multiple processors) or portion of a hardware circuit or processor and its (or their) accompanying software and / or firmware. The term circuitry also covers, for example and if applicable to the particular claim element, a baseband integrated circuit or processor integrated circuit for a mobile device or a similar integrated circuit in server, a cellular network device, or other computing or network device. The embodiments of this disclosure may be implemented by computer software executable by a data processor of the mobile device, such as in the processor entity, or by hardware, or by a combination of software and hardware. Computer software or program, also called program product, including software routines, applets and / or macros, may be stored in any apparatus-readable data storage medium and they comprise program instructions to perform particular tasks. A computer program product may comprise one or more computerexecutable components which, when the program is run, are configured to carry out embodiments. The one or more computer-executable components may be at least one software code or portions of it. Further in this regard it should be noted that any blocks of the logic flow as in the Figures may represent program steps, or interconnected logic circuits, blocks and functions, or a combination of program steps and logic circuits, blocks and functions. The software may be stored on such physical media as memory chips, or memory blocks implemented within the processor, magnetic media such as hard disk or floppy disks, and optical media such as for example DVD and the data variants thereof, CD. The physical media is a non-transitory media. The term “non-transitory,” as used herein, is a limitation of the medium itself (i.e., tangible, not a signal) as opposed to a limitation on data storage persistency (e.g., RAM vs. ROM). The memory may be of any type suitable to the local technical environment and may be implemented using any suitable data storage technology, such as semiconductor based memory devices, magnetic memory devices and systems, optical memory devices and systems, fixed memory and removable memory. The data processors may be of any type suitable to the local technical environment, and may comprise one or more of general purpose computers, special purpose computers, microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs), application specific integrated circuits (ASIC), FPGA, gate level circuits and processors based on multi core processor architecture, as non-limiting examples. Embodiments of the disclosure may be practiced in various components such as integrated circuit modules. The design of integrated circuits is by and large a highly automated process. Complex and powerful software tools are available for converting a logic level design into a semiconductor circuit design ready to be etched and formed on a semiconductor substrate. 5 The scope of protection sought for various embodiments of the disclosure is set out by the independent claims. The embodiments and features, if any, described in this specification that do not fall under the scope of the independent claims are to be interpreted as examples useful for understanding various embodiments of the disclosure. 10 The foregoing description has provided by way of non-limiting examples a full and informative description of the exemplary embodiment of this disclosure. However, various modifications and adaptations may become apparent to those skilled in the relevant arts in view of the foregoing description, when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and the 15 appended claims. However, all such and similar modifications of the teachings of this disclosure will still fall within the scope of this invention as defined in the appended claims. Indeed, there is a further embodiment comprising a combination of one or more embodiments with any of the other embodiments previously discussed.

Claims

1. An apparatus for a network entity, the apparatus comprising means for: determining one or more parameters for performing channel charting; and sending, to a user equipment or access node, the determined one or more parameters.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more parameters comprise one or more of:a type and / or level of channel state information to be used for channel charting;a similarity metric;a dimensionality reduction technique;a mapping function; orat least one set of one or more channel charting parameters mapped to an environment type.

3. The apparatus of claim 1 or 2, wherein the means is further for:receiving, from the user equipment or access node, a request for parameters for performing channel charting,wherein sending the determined one or more parameters is based on the request for parameters.

4. The apparatus of any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the means is further for: receiving, from the user equipment or the access node, capability information indicating the user equipment’s or the access node’s capability with respect to channel charting,wherein the one or more parameters are determined based on the received capability information.

5. The apparatus of any preceding claim, wherein the means is further for: receiving, from the user equipment or the access node, channel state information data, wherein the one or more parameters are determined based on the received channelstate information data.

6. The apparatus of any preceding claim, wherein the means is further for: receiving, from the user equipment or the access node, a channel chart created by the user equipment or the access node based on the sent one or more parameters;receiving, from the user equipment or the access node, channel state information associated with the user equipment; anddetermining location information associated with the user equipment based on the received channel chart and the received channel state information associated with the user equipment.

7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein determining the location information associated with the user equipment comprises mapping, based on the channel state information associated with the user equipment, the channel chart to a position of the user equipment.

8. An apparatus for a user equipment or an access node, the apparatus comprising means for:receiving, from a network entity, one or more parameters for performing channel charting;obtaining one or more channel state information measurements; andbased on the received one or more parameters and the one or more channel state information measurements, performing channel charting to generate a channel chart.

9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the one or more parameters comprise one or more of:a type and / or level of channel state information to be used for channel charting;a similarity metric;a dimensionality reduction technique;a mapping function; orat least one set of one or more channel charting parameters mapped to an environment type.

10. The apparatus of claim 8 or 9, wherein the means is further for:sending, to the network entity, a request for parameters for performing channel charting,wherein receiving the one or more parameters is based on the request for parameters.

11. The apparatus of any of claims 8 to 10, wherein the means is further for:sending, to the network entity, capability information indicating the user equipment’s or the access node’s capability with respect to channel charting,wherein the one or more parameters are based on the capability information.

12. The apparatus of any of claims 8 to 11, wherein the means is further for: sending, to the network entity, channel state information data, wherein the one or more parameters are based on the sent channel state information data.

13. The apparatus of any preceding claim, wherein the means is further for: sending, to the network entity, the channel chart; and receiving, from the network entity, location information associated with the user equipment.

14. The apparatus of any of claims 8 to 12, wherein the means is further for: obtaining channel state information associated with the user equipment; and determining location information associated with the user equipment based on the channel chart and the obtained channel state information associated with the user equipment.

15. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein determining the location information associated with the user equipment comprises mapping, based on the channel state information associated with the user equipment, the channel chart to a position of the user equipment.

16. The apparatus of any of claims 14 or 15, wherein the means is further for: sending, to the network entity, the determined location information associated with the user equipment.

17. An apparatus for a network entity, the apparatus comprising means for: determining one or more parameters for performing channel charting; receiving, from one or more user equipments and / or one or more access nodes, channel state information data; andbased on the one or more parameters and the channel state information data, performing channel charting to generate a channel chart.

18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the one or more parameters comprise one or more of:a type and / or level of channel state information to be used for channel charting;a similarity metric;a dimensionality reduction technique;a mapping function; orat least one set of one or more channel charting parameters mapped to an environment type.

19. The apparatus of claim 17 or 18, wherein the means is further for:receiving channel state information associated with the user equipment for which a positioning session is established; anddetermining location information associated with the user equipment based on the channel chart and the received channel state information associated with the user equipment for which the positioning session is established.

20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein determining the location information associated with the user equipment comprises mapping, based on the channel state information associated with the user equipment, the channel chart to a position of the user equipment.

21. The apparatus of claim 19 or 20, wherein the means is further for:sending, to the user equipment, information indicating the determined location information associated with the user equipment.

22. The apparatus of claim 17 or 18, wherein the means is further for:sending, to at least one of the one or more user equipments or at least one of the one or more access nodes, the generated channel chart; andreceiving, from the at least one of the one or more user equipments or the at least one of the one or more access nodes, location information associated with the user equipment.

23. An apparatus for a user equipment or access node, the apparatus comprising means for:receiving, from a network entity, a channel chart for determining location information associated with a user equipment;obtaining one or more channel state information measurements; andbased on the channel chart and the one or more channel state information measurements, determining the location information associated with the user equipment.

24. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein determining the location information associated with the user equipment comprises mapping, based on the channel state information associated with the user equipment, the channel chart to a position of the user equipment.

25. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the means is further for:sending, to the network entity, the determined location information associated with the user equipment.Application No: GB2314017.139Examiner:Mr Jonathan RichardsClaims searched: 1-16Date of search: 26 February 2024Patents Act 1977: Search Report under Section 17Documents considered to be relevant:Category Relevant to claims Identity of document and passage or figure of particular relevance X 1-16 US 2021 / 0159993 Al (STUDER et al.) See abstract, figures, paragraph [0005], paragraphs [0017-0028], paragraphs [0054-0066], paragraph [0083], paragraphs [0145-0150], paragraphs [0168-0169], paragraph [0195] and paragraph [0231], X 1-2 &8-9 Ferrand et al. "Wireless Channel Charting: Theory, Practice and Applications", published June 2023, IEEE Communications Magazine. Available from: https: / / arxiv.org / abs / 2304.08095 [Accessed 26 / 2 / 24], See whole document. X 1-2 &8-9 Deng et al. "Multipoint Channel Charting for Wireless Networks", published 2018, IEEE. Available from: https: / / ieeexplore.ieee.org / stamp / stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=8645281 [Accessed 26 / 2 / 24], See whole document.Categories:X Document indicating lack of novelty or inventive step A Document indicating technological background and / or state of the art. Y Document indicating lack of inventive step if p Document published on or after the declared priority date but combined with one or more other documents of same category. before the filing date of this invention. & Member of the same patent family E Patent document published on or after, but with priority date earlier than, the filing date of this application.Field of Search:International Classification:Subclass Subgroup Valid From H04W 0064 / 00 01 / 01 / 2009 H04B 0017 / 309 01 / 01 / 2015 H04W 0024 / 10 01 / 01 / 2009

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