Ocean wave energy conversion apparatus and method

Abstract

There is provided an ocean wave energy conversion apparatus (10, 60) for converting ocean wave energy into electrical power. The apparatus (10, 60) includes a plurality of modules (30C, 30E). The modu

Description

[0001] OCEAN WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION APPARATUS AND METHOD

[0002] TECHNICAL FIELD

[0003] The present disclosure relates to ocean wave energy conversion apparatus for converting energy of ocean waves to generate electrical power. Moreover, the disclosure relates to a method for (namely, a method of) configuring the ocean wave energy conversion apparatus, and also to a method for (namely, a method of) optimizing operation the ocean wave energy conversion apparatus. Furthermore, the disclosure relates to a method for using the ocean wave conversion apparatus to generate electrical power. Additionally, the disclosure relates to computer program products comprising a non- transitory computer-readable storage medium having computer-readable instructions stored thereon, the computer-readable instructions being executable by a computerized device comprising processing hardware to execute at least one of the aforementioned methods, for example when the aforesaid ocean wave conversion apparatus includes a computerised control system for controlling its operation when in use.

[0004] BACKGROUND

[0005] Wave energy converters are known in the art and utilize a variety of wave energy conversion mechanisms. However, unlike offshore wind turbines, ocean wave energy converters have not hitherto been deployed in large numbers for providing electrical power to electrical supply networks. Contemporary challenges include:

[0006] (i) implementing aforesaid ocean wave energy converters in a cost- effective manner;

[0007] (ii) ensuring that aforesaid ocean wave energy converters convert ocean wave energy efficiently to electrical power; and (Hi) constructing the aforesaid ocean wave energy converters to survive severe weather conditions which are occasionally encountered offshore.

[0008] The challenges have associated constraints which may be mutually opposing, for example a robust design of ocean wave converter is potentially more costly to manufacture and deploy in comparison to a less-robust structure, resulting in a relatively higher cost of the electrical power that is generated when the apparatus is in operation.

[0009] A robust and efficient wave energy converter apparatus is described in a published international PCT patent application W02011 / 162615A2 (PCT / N020 111000175, "Ocean Wave Energy System", applicant Havkraft AS, inventor Geir Solheim) which is hereby incorporated by reference. The wave energy converter apparatus described is implemented as an ocean wave energy apparatus for generating power from ocean waves, wherein the apparatus includes a platform supporting an array of hollow columns whose respective lower ends are in fluidic communication with ocean waves and whose respective upper ends are in air communication with a turbine arrangement such that wave motion occurring at lower ends of the array of hollow columns is operable to cause air movement within the hollow columns for propelling the turbine arrangement to generate power output. The apparatus further includes one or more position-adjustable and / or angle-adjustable submerged structures near the lower ends of the columns for forming ocean wave propagating in operation towards the lower ends of the hollow columns to couple the waves in a controllable manner into the hollow columns (namely, to provide better matching of the ocean waves to the hollow columns).

[0010] In the aforesaid published PCT application W02011 / 162615A2, there is provided a comprehensive overview of wave energy theory which is hereby incorporated by reference. Ocean waves are surface waves that propagate substantially at an interface surface between two fluids, namely ocean water and air. The surface waves propagate substantially within a plane of the interface and are susceptible to being refracted, reflected, transmitted and absorbed at any objects intersecting substantially with the plane of the interface, or slightly below the plane (namely within circa a couple of ocean wave wavelengths below the plane). For the surface waves to be absorbed effectively, the objects must be wave impedance matched to an impedance of the surface waves. When the objects are of a physical size comparable to a wavelength of the surface waves, designing the objects to provide an effective wave impedance match is a complex task, especially when the surface waves in practice have a dynamically varying wavelength depending upon ocean weather conditions. In addition, the objects need to be designed to withstand severe storm conditions and also be substantially free of cavitation effects when large amounts of wave energy are being absorbed by the objects. The aforesaid PCT application W02011 / 162615A2 describes a wave energy converter apparatus which is capable of providing efficient absorption of ocean waves. Although there are many similarities between electromagnetic wave propagation and ocean wave propagation, there are major differences on account of ocean waves having mass and being subject to fluid flow effects (for example, being subject to effects of turbulence).

[0011] It will be appreciated that ocean waves are disturbances that propagate through the surface layer of the ocean, caused by the movement of wind over the water surface. These waves are able to travel great distances across the ocean and are also susceptible to being influenced by various factors such as wind speed, wind duration, water depth, and ocean currents. Moreover, ocean waves are characterized by their amplitude (height), wavelength (distance between two wave crests), and period (time it takes for a wave to complete one cycle). These parameters may vary widely depending on the conditions that generated the waves and the characteristics of the ocean environment through which the waves are traveling. Furthermore, objects that interact with the surface waves should be designed with physical properties that match the impedance of the ocean water, in order to maximize the transfer of energy between the waves and the object.

[0012] The surface waves propagate substantially within a plane of the interface and are susceptible to being refracted, reflected, transmitted and absorbed at any objects intersecting substantially with the plane of the interface, or slightly below the plane (namely within circa a couple of ocean wave wavelengths below the plane). For the surface waves to be absorbed effectively, the objects must be wave impedance matched to an impedance of the surface waves.

[0013] It will be appreciated that ocean waves are formed by an interaction of wind at an interface between ocean water and air at a surface of an ocean. As wind blows over the water, the wind creates friction, which causes the water to move in a circular motion beneath the surface. Such a circular motion of water generates a small disturbance at the surface, which then grows and propagates as a wave. Moreover, the size and shape of the wave are determined by a plurality of factors, including a strength and duration of the wind, a distance over which the wind has blown (known as a "fetch" of the wind), and a depth and shape of an ocean floor beneath the aforesaid surface. In regions of deep water, the wave near the surface moves in a circular motion, with water particles moving in a closed loop; in contradistinction, in regions of shallow water, the motion becomes elliptical, with the water particles moving in a back-and-forth motion. When converting wave energy into electrical power, such variations in types of motion must be taken into consideration when designing apparatus. As waves propagate through the ocean, they may travel thousands of kilometres (km), and their energy may thereby be transferred over vast distances.

[0014] In all ocean wave conversion apparatus, there is a fundamental problem that ocean waves move relatively slowly with great force, whereas electric generators require moving parts that intersect magnetic fields with a relatively high velocity to generate electrical power in an efficient manner. Interfacing the ocean waves to the generators represents a mechanical energy matching problem that has proved costly and complex to address in the known technical art; for example, some known ocean wave conversion apparatus use hydraulic transfer of power to drive electrical generators. Using hollow columns having their lower ends submerged in an ocean environment and their upper ends furnished with a turbine and generator arrangement is technically highly advantageous, because only simple structures are engaged with the ocean waves resulting in a high degree of operational robustness, and the turbine and generator arrangement are above a surface of the ocean environment and protected from direct exposure to ocean waves, for example protected from effects of corrosion and cavitation. However, despite benefits of using hollow columns as aforementioned, ocean wave conversion apparatus have not hitherto been deployed in large numbers for electrical power generation purposes; such a lack of deployment arises from high costs and challenges of deploying large apparatus as described in published PCT patent applications WO2011 / 162615A2 "Ocean Wave Energy System"') and WO2023 / 275666A1 ("Energy Converter for Ocean Waves and Method for Using thereof’).

[0015] Contemporary ocean wave energy apparatus are required to cope with normal wave conditions where a relatively steady production of electrical power is feasible by converting ocean wave energy to electrical power. However, occasionally, severe weather conditions are encountered that potential threaten the contemporary ocean wave energy apparatus. To mitigate risks, it is desirable that to improve a design of contemporary ocean wave energy apparatus so that they are better able to survive severe weather conditions.

[0016] There is therefore a need for an implementation of an ocean wave energy conversion apparatus that is easier to deploy in practice, is sufficient robust to withstand storm conditions and is more efficient in its use of construction materials.

[0017] SUMMARY

[0018] The present disclosure seeks to provide an improved ocean wave energy conversion apparatus, and an improved method for configuring and using the improved ocean wave energy conversion apparatus.

[0019] A further aim of the present disclosure is to at least partially overcome at least some of the problems of the prior art, as aforementioned. In a first aspect, there is provided an ocean wave energy conversion apparatus for converting ocean wave energy into electrical power, wherein the apparatus includes a plurality of modules, wherein the modules when coupled together form polygonal perimeter edges of the apparatus whereat ocean waves are received when the apparatus is in use, wherein the modules are configured, when coupled together, to form a structural frame of the apparatus, wherein the modules include a plurality of columns that are configured to be at their lower apertures in fluidic communication with an ocean environment in which the ocean waves propagate, and configured to be at their upper ends in fluidic communication with a power conversion arrangement that is configured to convert air flow occurring in use in the columns to electrical power, wherein the power conversion arrangement includes one or more turbines that generate Coriolis forces when rotating in operation, and wherein the columns are configured to mutually share at least one of: one or more non-hollow dividing walls therebetween, one or more non-hollow lateral side walls therebetween.

[0020] The apparatus is of advantage in that mutual sharing of the non-hollow walls enables the apparatus to be manufactured more efficiently, with less weight to the apparatus. Moreover, the generated Coriolis forces may be used to stabilize movement of the structural frame to assist the apparatus to survive severe weather conditions.

[0021] Optionally, the ocean wave energy conversion apparatus is implemented such that at least one of the non-hollow dividing walls therebetween, the non- hollow lateral side walls shared therebetween, is manufactured from at least one of: composite materials, sheet metal, concrete, glass, but not limited thereto. More optionally, the ocean wave energy conversion apparatus is implemented such that at least one of the one or more non-hollow dividing walls therebetween, one or more non-hollow lateral side walls therebetween, is a substantially flat sheet manufactured from at least one of: composite materials, sheet metal, concrete, glass, but not limited thereto. Yet more optionally, the ocean wave energy conversion apparatus is implemented such that the substantially flat sheet is manufactured from at least one of: SS304 stainless steel, SS316 stainless steel, Hastelloy-N, Carbon fibre composite material, fibreglass composite material.

[0022] Optionally, the ocean wave energy conversion apparatus is implemented such that the columns of the modules are configured to have a rectangular crosssection in a direction that is orthogonal to their elongate axes.

[0023] Optionally, the ocean wave energy conversion apparatus is implemented such that, when in use, elongate axes of the columns are disposed at an oblique angle (0) to a surface of the ocean environment. More optionally, the ocean wave energy conversion apparatus is implemented such that the oblique angle (0) is in a range of 30° to 80°, more optionally in a range of 45° to 55°.

[0024] Optionally, the ocean wave energy conversion apparatus is implemented such that, for a given module in use, the columns are configured to be of progressively larger cross-sectional area as a function of increasing depth in the ocean environment.

[0025] Optionally, the ocean wave energy conversion apparatus is implemented such that each conversion module includes in a range of 2 to 5 columns, for example 3 columns as shown in FIG. 9.

[0026] Optionally, the ocean wave energy conversion apparatus is implemented such that the columns of the modules are at least in part manufactured by welding flat metal sheet components together.

[0027] Optionally, the ocean wave energy conversion apparatus is implemented such that the apparatus includes one or more propeller propulsion arrangements in their corner modules, wherein the one or more propeller propulsion arrangements are configured in use to implement at least one of: orientating (p) the apparatus relative to a prevailing wave direction in the ocean environment, moving the apparatus from a one location to another location within the ocean environment, or moving the apparatus from between a deployment location, a harbour location, or wharf location.

[0028] Optionally, the ocean wave energy conversion apparatus is implemented such that at least one of the modules includes one or more ballast tanks for dynamically adjusting a buoyancy of the apparatus, to adjust in use a floating height of the apparatus in the ocean environment, for at least one of: optimizing electrical power output from the apparatus, protecting the apparatus from severe weather conditions arising in the ocean environment.

[0029] Optionally, the ocean wave energy conversion apparatus is implemented such that the apparatus includes an anchoring arrangement for securing the apparatus to a seabed of the ocean environment at a location whereat the apparatus is deployed in use.

[0030] Optionally, the ocean wave energy conversion apparatus is implemented such that the apparatus includes an energy storage arrangement comprising at least one of: a supercapacitor, a battery energy storage system.

[0031] Optionally, the ocean wave energy conversion apparatus is implemented such that the apparatus includes a self-cleaning arrangement comprising at least one of: a heating column arrangement, a metal salts injection arrangement, wherein the self-cleaning arrangement, when in operation, reduces or eliminates an overgrowth of marine organisms on the apparatus. More optionally, the self-cleaning arrangement is configured to remove an overgrowth of marine organisms within one or more modules.

[0032] Optionally, the ocean wave energy conversion apparatus is implemented such that the apparatus includes a computer control arrangement for controlling operating parameters of the apparatus when in use, wherein the computer control arrangement is configured to adjust one or more of: a buoyancy of the apparatus in the ocean environment, an orientation angle (p) of the apparatus in the ocean environment, an electric power output provided by one or more of the columns of the apparatus, an amount of electrical energy stored within an energy storage arrangement of the apparatus, and a selection of a self-cleaning procedure to be executed by the self-cleaning arrangement. More optionally, the ocean wave energy conversion apparatus is implemented such that the computer control arrangement is configured to monitor operation of components parts of the apparatus, to generate a mathematical model describing the component parts, and to detect temporal changes in parameters describing the mathematical model that are indicative of imminent failure or ageing of the component parts. More optionally, the ocean wave energy conversion apparatus is implemented such that the computer control arrangement is configured to use an algorithm including a cost function to optimize operation of the apparatus when in use, wherein the algorithm includes using a variational Eigensolver to minimize the cost function to optimize operation of the apparatus, wherein minimizing the cost function corresponds to a maximum efficiency of operation of the apparatus.

[0033] Optionally, the ocean wave energy conversion apparatus is implemented such that one or more of the modules are mutually coupled or coupled to an adjoining module via a hydraulic coupling arrangement, wherein the hydraulic coupling arrangement is configured to pump a hydraulic fluid in response to relative movement between the one or more of the modules or their adjoining module, and wherein the apparatus includes a hydraulic turbine and associated generator arrangement coupled to the hydraulic coupling arrangement to generate electrical power from the relative movement.

[0034] Optionally, the ocean wave energy conversion apparatus is implemented such that the apparatus includes a communication arrangement that provides at least one of: remote monitoring of the apparatus, remote control of the apparatus.

[0035] Optionally, the ocean wave energy conversion apparatus is implemented such that, in use, the apparatus is devoid of any components in a central region of the apparatus bounded by perimeter edges of the apparatus.

[0036] Optionally, the ocean wave energy conversion apparatus is implemented such that the apparatus in constructed in a modular manner, wherein at least one the modules are individually removable and replaceable for modifying or maintaining the apparatus.

[0037] Optionally, the apparatus further includes a fin system at a lower region thereof that provides an anisotropic water flow therethrough that automatically causes the ocean wave energy conversion apparatus to turn in its planar orientation to face a prevailing direction of wave propagation occurring within the ocean environment.

[0038] Optionally, the apparatus further includes a single point mooring system (SPM) that is configured to allow an orientation angle of the apparatus to be changed when in operation relative to a prevailing direction of propagation of ocean waves received at the apparatus.

[0039] Optionally, the apparatus is configured to function in a survival mode when exposed in use to adverse weather conditions, wherein the survival mode includes filling one or more of the columns of the modules with water for increasing a stability and mass of the apparatus in harsh ocean weather conditions. Moreover, the apparatus is optionally configured to sway from facing the dominant direction with a broad end of the apparatus in operation to facing the dominating wave direction with the narrow side of the apparatus in harsh conditions. Such a reconfiguration of the apparatus beneficially reduces the absorption width of apparatus exposed to ocean waves of the ocean environment during the adverse weather conditions, in comparison to an absorption width of the apparatus when the apparatus is functioning in a normal mode for generating electrical power in non-adverse weather conditions. Optionally, the reduction in absorption width in the adverse weather conditions is at least 10% relative to non-adverse weather conditions, more optionally the reduction is at least 25%, yet more optionally the reduction is at least 50%, and yet more optionally the reduction is at least 75%.

[0040] It will be appreciated that the inventor has worked for many years perfecting the embodiments described in the present disclosure. Devising the invention has involved the inventor in considerable diligent experimental work. In a second aspect, there is provided a module for use in the apparatus of the first aspect.

[0041] In a third aspect, there is provided a method for assembling and deploying the apparatus of the first aspect, wherein the method includes:

[0042] (i) constructing one or more modules at one or more first locations;

[0043] (ii) transporting the one or more modules from the one or more first locations to a second location;

[0044] (iii) assembling the one or more modules at the second location to provide the apparatus; and

[0045] (iv) moving the assembled apparatus from the second location to a third location whereat the apparatus is to be deployed.

[0046] Optionally, the method includes deploying the assembled apparatus at the third location coupled to at least one of: an oil rig, a gas rig, a drilling rig

[0047] In a fourth aspect, there is provided a method for operating an ocean wave conversion apparatus of the first aspect, wherein the method includes:

[0048] (i) monitoring characteristics of waves propagating in an ocean environment in which the apparatus is located;

[0049] (ii) orientating the apparatus to an orientation angle (p) depending on at least one of: a prevailing wave direction, an amplitude of the waves;

[0050] (iii) adjusting a buoyancy of the apparatus in response to at least one of: an amplitude of the waves, a wavelength or frequency of the waves, an electrical power output generated by the apparatus arising from converting energy of the ocean waves to electrical power, an amount of electrical energy stored within an energy storage arrangement of the apparatus.; and

[0051] (iv) adjusting relative electrical power outputs of columns of the one or more modules to maximize an aggregate electrical power output from the apparatus. In a fifth aspect, embodiments of the present disclosure provide a computer program product comprising a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having computer-readable instructions stored thereon, the computer-readable instructions being executable by a computerized device comprising processing hardware to execute the method pursuant to the aforementioned fourth aspect.

[0052] In a sixth aspect, there is provided an ocean wave energy conversion apparatus for converting ocean wave energy into electrical power and for providing stabilization to a rig in an ocean environment, wherein the apparatus includes a plurality of modules, wherein the modules when coupled together form polygonal perimeter edges of the apparatus whereat ocean waves are received when the apparatus is in use, wherein the modules are configured, when coupled together, to form a structural frame of the apparatus, wherein the modules include a plurality of columns that are configured to be at their lower apertures in fluidic communication with an ocean environment in which the ocean waves propagate, and configured to be at their upper ends in fluidic communication with a power conversion arrangement that is configured to convert air flow occurring in use in the columns to electrical power, wherein the power conversion arrangement includes one or more turbines that generate Coriolis forces when rotating in operation to provide the stabilization to the rig.

[0053] Optionally, the rig includes at least one of:-a drilling rig, and production rig, a gas rig, an oil rig.

[0054] Additional aspects, advantages, features and objects of the present disclosure would be made apparent from the drawings and the detailed description of the illustrative embodiments construed in conjunction with the appended claims that follow.

[0055] It will be appreciated that features of the present disclosure are susceptible to being combined in various combinations without departing from the scope of the present disclosure as defined by the appended claims.

[0056] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0057] The summary above, as well as the following detailed description of illustrative embodiments, is better understood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings. For the purpose of illustrating the present disclosure, exemplary constructions of the disclosure are shown in the drawings. However, the present disclosure is not limited to specific methods and apparatus disclosed herein. Moreover, those in the art will understand that the drawings are not to scale. Wherever possible, like elements have been indicated by identical numbers.

[0058] Embodiments of the present disclosure will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the following diagrams wherein:

[0059] FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a first implementation of an ocean wave energy conversion apparatus pursuant to the present disclosure, in a plan view and also in a side view;

[0060] FIG. 2 is schematic illustration of a frameless module for use in the ocean wave energy conversion apparatus of FIG. 1;

[0061] FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of a second implementation of an ocean wave energy conversion apparatus pursuant to the present disclosure, in a plan view and also in a side view;

[0062] FIG. 4A is a schematic illustration of a frameless module for use in the ocean wave energy conversion apparatus of FIG. 3;

[0063] FIGs. 4B, 4B and 4C are schematic illustrations of frameless modules of the ocean wave energy conversion apparatus of FIG. 3;

[0064] FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of operational component parts of the frameless modules of FIGs. 2 and 4A; FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of steps of a method of using the ocean wave energy conversion apparatus of FIG. 1;

[0065] FIG. 7 is an illustration of a fin system for use in the apparatus of FIG. 1 to 4D;

[0066] FIG. 8 is an illustration of an array of the apparatus of FIG. 1 to 4D disposed in an ocean environment; and

[0067] FIG. 9 is a side-view "cut-away" illustration of the apparatus of FIGs. 1 to 4D provided with a three-tier configuration of resonant air columns having mutually-shared side walls to the columns.

[0068] In the accompanying drawings, an underlined number is used to represent an item over which the underlined number is positioned or an item to which the underlined number is adjacent. When a number is non-underlined and accompanied by an associated arrow, the non-underlined number is used to identify a general item at which the arrow is pointing.

[0069] DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

[0070] The following detailed description illustrates embodiments of the present disclosure and ways in which they can be implemented. Although some modes of carrying out the present disclosure have been disclosed, those skilled in the art would recognize that other embodiments for carrying out or practising the present disclosure are also possible.

[0071] In overview, according to a first aspect, there is provided an ocean wave energy conversion apparatus for converting ocean wave energy into electrical power, wherein the apparatus includes a plurality of modules, wherein the modules when coupled together form polygonal perimeter edges of the apparatus whereat ocean waves are received when the apparatus is in use, wherein the modules are configured, when coupled together, to form a structural frame of the apparatus, wherein the modules include a plurality of columns that are configured to be at their lower apertures in fluidic communication with an ocean environment in which the ocean waves propagate, and configured to be at their upper ends in fluidic communication with a power conversion arrangement that is configured to convert air flow occurring in use in the columns to electrical power, and wherein the columns are configured to mutually share at least one of: one or more non-hollow dividing walls therebetween, one or more non-hollow lateral side walls therebetween.

[0072] Optionally, the apparatus is configured for the power conversion arrangement to include one or more turbines that generate Coriolis forces when rotating in operation. The Coriolis forces are beneficially configured to generate an aggregate Coriolis force acting on the structural frame to stabilize movement of the structural frame when the apparatus is in operation.

[0073] In overview, according to a second aspect, there is provided a module for use in the apparatus of the first aspect.

[0074] In overview, according to a third aspect, there is provided a method for assembling and deploying the apparatus of the first aspect, wherein the method includes:

[0075] (i) constructing one or more modules at one or more first locations;

[0076] (ii) transporting the one or more modules from the one or more first locations to a second location;

[0077] (iii) assembling the one or more modules at the second location to provide the apparatus; and

[0078] (iv) moving the assembled apparatus from the second location to a third location whereat the apparatus is to be deployed.

[0079] Optionally, the method includes, at the third location, coupling the apparatus to an ocean rig, wherein the ocean rig includes at least one of: an oil rig, a gas rig, a drilling rig. The apparatus is configurable to provide the electrical power to the ocean rig.

[0080] In overview, according to a fourth aspect, there is provided a method for operating an ocean wave conversion apparatus of the first aspect, wherein the method includes:

[0081] (i) monitoring characteristics of waves propagating in an ocean environment in which the apparatus is located;

[0082] (ii) orientating the apparatus to an orientation angle (p) depending on at least one of: a prevailing wave direction, an amplitude of the waves;

[0083] (iii) adjusting a buoyancy of the apparatus in response to at least one of: an amplitude of the waves, a wavelength or frequency of the waves, an electrical power output generated by the apparatus arising from converting energy of the ocean waves to electrical power; and

[0084] (iv) adjusting relative electrical power outputs of columns of the one or more modules to maximize an aggregate electrical power output from the apparatus.

[0085] In overview, according to a fifth aspect, there is provided a computer program product comprising a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having computer-readable instructions stored thereon, the computer- readable instructions being executable by a computerized device comprising processing hardware to execute the method pursuant to the aforementioned fourth aspect.

[0086] Apparatus described in the aforementioned patent applications WO2011 / 162615A2 and WO2023 / 275666A1 is beneficially configured as an H-WEC that is an advanced OWC (Oscillating Water Column) system designed to harness energy from ocean waves while also reducing the impact of wave- induced motions on a platform. The system includes closed chambers that are configured to capture the energy of waves and convert it into pressurized air and vacuums using water pistons. Corresponding airflows generated by the OWC system may be controlled using a breaking mechanism, which allows for precise control over the damping of waves in a controlled manner.

[0087] The H-WEC system includes impulse turbines that are attached to generators, which convert the mechanical energy of the turbines into electrical energy. A breaking function of the generators is controlled by a control system that allows for the airflows to be optimized for either providing maximum stabilization of the platform or maximum energy production from the system. Even when optimized for providing maximum stabilization, the system still produces energy on the generators.

[0088] The H-WEC system is configured to be attachable to floating platforms, thereby providing two main benefits. Firstly, the damping of waves increases operability throughout the year, adding significant value to the platform owner. Secondly, the damping of waves contributes to the production of clean energy for use on board the platform. The system provides a unique solution that combines the benefits of wave energy production and wave damping, resulting in increased operational efficiency and reduced environmental impact.

[0089] Ocean waves are formed by an interaction of wind flowing over a water-air interface at an ocean surface. As wind blows over the ocean surface, it creates friction, which causes the water substantially at the ocean surface to move in a circular motion beneath the ocean surface. This motion of water generates a small disturbance at the surface, which then grows and propagates in the form of a wave.

[0090] The size and shape of the wave are determined by several factors, including the strength and duration of the wind, the distance over which the wind has blown (known as the "fetch" of the wind), and a depth and shape of an ocean floor below the ocean surface. In deep water, the wave moves in a circular motion, with water particles of the wave moving in a closed loop; conversely, in shallow water. The wave moves in an elliptical manner, with the water particles moving in a back-and-forth motion. Moreover, as waves move through the ocean, they are able to travel for thousands of miles without dissipating their energy; in other words, their energy can be transferred over vast distances.

[0091] The H-WEC system is beneficially implemented as a two-step survival-mode system, namely as a Havkraft N-Class system, wherein a stability and survivability of the system Havkraft N-Class system is enhanced for coping during harsh weather conditions. Advantageously, the H-WEC system is configured so that, when in operation and challenged by severe weather conditions, the system implemented a method comprising a first step that involves filling the chambers in the Oscillating Water Column (OWC) with water, thereby securing the water inside the chambers to provide weight and stability. The method includes a second step that involves releasing the mooring on one side of a power plant of the system, thereby reducing the absorption width to ensure survival of the system during extreme weather events. Implementations described in the present disclosure invention are capable of improving the resilience and performance of the Havkraft N-Class system in adverse marine environments, for example in storm or hurricane conditions, including a mitigation of an effect of large waves and rapid wave periods on operation of the system.

[0092] In a first step, advantageously, OWC chambers of the Havkraft N-Class system are filled with water as the initial stage of the survival-mode system. Production of electrical power during this initial phase is halted to ensure optimal OWC chamber filling and water stability therein. Beneficially, an airtight valve is used to secure the OWC chambers, thereby preventing water leakage and maintaining the desired weight distribution within the system. Advantageously, the water-filled chambers enhance the stability and robustness of the Havkraft N-Class system during harsh weather conditions, wherein he water-filled chambers act as a ballast system.

[0093] In a second step, advantageously, there is implemented mooring release and absorption width reduction (AWR). The survival-mode system includes a functionality of releasing the mooring on one side of the power plant of the system. By releasing the mooring on a specific side of the system, the absorption width of the power plant is reduced from its production mode width (e.g. 50 metres absorption width) to a narrower width (e.g. 6 metres absorption width). This reduction in absorption width allows the system to withstand extreme weather conditions more effectively by reducing, for example minimizing, the forces exerted by ocean waves on the power plant of the system.

[0094] When the system (namely apparatus) is in operation, it is beneficial to "lock" the columns by filling a majority of their internal volume of columns with water to improve stability of the system. Moreover, it is found beneficial the sway the system when in use to decrease an ocean-wave capture width provided by the from a broad side of the system to a short side of the system. After the system has encountered severe weather conditions, the system is configured to use at least one of an operable turbine of the system and stored energy to boot up the system to an operable state. In an event that the system suffers excessive mechanical damage during storm conditions, the system is configured to emit a distress signal using at least one of: distress signals sent via wireless communication, distress signals sent via satellite communication, distress signals sent via one or more electrical power cables linking the apparatus 10, 60 to the seashore; beneficially, optionally, the system is configured to communicate its operational state to a remote monitoring site from where the apparatus 10, 60 may be remotely controlled and be further monitored.

[0095] A first such benefit is that the system is provided with enhanced stability, wherein filling the OWC chambers with water provides additional weight and stability to the Havkraft N-Class system, thereby ensuring its resilience during severe weather events such as storms and high waves.

[0096] A second such benefit is an improved survivability of the system, wherein the two-step survival-mode of operation of the system increases the survivability of the power plant by reducing the absorption width during adverse conditions. This reduction on absorption width ensures that the system is able to withstand large waves, even with rapid wave periods exceeds 10 seconds.

[0097] A third such benefit is system is subjected to reduced structural stress during severe ocean weather conditions. Thus, by reducing the absorption width to just one side of the power plant of the system, the system is able to mitigate forces exerted on a structure of the system during extreme weather events. This reduced stress minimizes the structural stress and avoids potential damage caused by prolonged exposure to harsh marine conditions.

[0098] A fourth such benefit is that the system is capable of providing adaptability, wherein the system is capable of functioning as a two-step survival-mode system, wherein the Havkraft N-Class system is configured to switch between production mode and survival mode as required, thereby optimizing energy generation during favorable conditions while ensuring the system's integrity and longevity during extreme weather events.

[0099] A fifth such benefit is that the system is capable of providing cost-effective resilience when in operation, wherein the survival-mode manner of operation of the system offers an efficient and cost-effective solution for improving the survivability of the Havkraft N-Class system, as it utilizes existing components and mechanisms within the power plant design.

[0100] It should be noted that the above description is an illustrative embodiment of the invention, and various modifications and alternatives may be employed without departing from the scope of the claims. The invention provides advantages of not only improving system survivability itself, but also increasing market access for the system to be deployed in more locations globally. By increasing the market access, better profits may be made from energy production from the system, thereby assisting the renewables green energy sector to reduce emission of Carbon Dioxide to atmosphere, thereby mitigating effects of anthropogenically-forced climate change. Referring to FIG. 1, there is shown an illustration of a first implementation of an ocean wave energy conversion apparatus indicated generally by 10, in top view and also in side-view. The apparatus 10 has a substantially polygonal perimeter, for example a triangular perimeter as shown in FIG. 1, wherein corner modules 30C form corners of the perimeter, and edge modules 30E lie on side edges of the perimeter. A platform module 30P forms a rear perimeter side of the triangular perimeter. The corner modules 30C and the edge modules 30E are configured to include columns 90A, 90B for converting ocean wave energy into electrical power. Importantly, optionally, the modules 30C, 30E are mounted mutually adjacently as illustrated, and mutually share one or more non-hollow lateral walls 122, 124, wherein nonhollow dividing walls 120 between adjacent columns 90A, 90B of a given module 30C, 30E are also beneficially mutually shared. Such sharing of one or more of the walls 120, 122, 124 greatly reduces an amount of material and correspondingly cost for building the apparatus 10; moreover, such sharing also reduces a weight of the apparatus 10 that makes it easier to ensure buoyancy of the apparatus 10.

[0101] Although a polygonal implementation having a triangular perimeter is beneficial for configuring the apparatus 10 as illustrated in FIG. 1, it will be appreciated that other geometrical configurations for the apparatus 10 are feasible, for example a rectangular implementation with a rectangular perimeter, a hexagonal implementation with a hexagonal perimeter, a pentagonal implementation with a hexagonal perimeter, an octagonal implementation with an octagonal perimeter and so forth may alternatively be used.

[0102] In order to reduce a material requirement for constructing the apparatus 10, the apparatus 10 is devoid of a separate structural frame; the ocean wave energy conversion modules 30C, 30E of the apparatus 10 synergistically both function as a structural frame and as energy conversion devices. The perimeters of the apparatus 10 beneficially include one or more ocean wave conversion edge modules 30E that are connected in spatial series to form perimeter sides of the apparatus 10. Corner modules 30C are included between perimeter sides, as illustrated. In use, the apparatus 10 is tethered to a seabed by using anchoring ropes, anchoring chains, anchoring cables or similar. Moreover, in use, the apparatus 10 exhibits buoyancy that enables the apparatus 10 to float on a surface of an ocean environment 40 surrounding the apparatus 10; ocean waves 50 propagate substantially on the surface of the ocean environment 40 and impinge onto apertures 110A, HOB of the ocean wave conversion modules 30C, 30E. The ocean wave conversion modules 30C, 30E are configured to convert momentum of water of the ocean waves into electrical power; the electrical power is, for example, coupled from the apparatus 10 to land via an electrical power connection cable (not shown); alternatively or additionally, the electrical power is connected to one or more nearby floating structures, for example aquaculture facilities wherein the apparatus 10 provides power for pumps for filtering and removing fish waste from aquaculture nets, fish aeration, fish food dispensers, fish medication dispensers and so forth. Optionally, one of more of the corner modules 30C is implemented as one or more passive corner units, respectively, namely devoid of ocean wave energy conversion functionality therein.

[0103] When in operation, an orientation angle p of the apparatus 10 may be adjusted to improve a match of the ocean wave conversion modules 30C, 30E to waves 50 that impinge on the apparatus 10 from a prevailing wave propagation direction. For example, a given corner module 30C may be orientated towards the prevailing wave direction when large wave amplitudes are encountered, for example in storm conditions, so that energies of ocean waves 50 are progressively absorbed along perimeter edges associated with the given corner module 30C, rather than impinging in a direction that is orthogonal onto a given perimeter edge of the apparatus 10.

[0104] The apparatus 10 optionally includes one or more ballast tanks (not shown in FIG. 1) whose ratio of water-to-air content may be adjusted depending on amplitudes and frequencies of the waves 50. By lowering or raising the ocean wave energy conversion modules 30C, 30E relative to the surface of the ocean environment 40, a wave absorption matching of the ocean wave energy conversion modules 30C, 30E to impinging waves 50 may be tuned to achieve an optimal electrical power generation performance from the apparatus 10.

[0105] Beneficially, the apparatus 10 is constructed in a modular manner that is efficient for mass production, and also for providing a benefit of easier deployment and easier maintenance. Optionally, the edge modules 30E are beneficially substantially mutually similar to allow for standardized mass production. Likewise, optionally, the corner modules 30C are beneficially substantially mutually similar to allows for standardized mass production. The modules 30C, 30E are optionally manufactured from one or more of:

[0106] (i) composite material components that are manufactured from Carbon fibre, fibreglass in a resin matrix,

[0107] (ii) plastics material components, for example 3-D plastics material printed components;

[0108] (iii) metal plate components that are welded and / or mechanically fastened together;

[0109] (iv) organic material such as wood, wood composites or similar; but not limited thereto.

[0110] Optionally, the metal plate components and / or the plastics material components and / or the composite material components (note" "and / or" means "at least one of") are beneficially laser-cut from stock sheet and then attached together using a jig to hold the components in position as they are being joined together; optionally, for metal plate components are welded together oxyacetylene welding, laser welding and / or arc welding may be used to weld the metal components together. The metal plate for use in manufacturing the metal plate components is optionally in a range of 3 mm to 30 mm thick, more optionally substantially 12 mm thick. The stock metal plate may be steel, galvanized steel, stainless steel or similar. Optionally, the stainless steel is beneficially SS304, SS316 or even Hastelloy-N grade stainless steel.

[0111] Optionally, composite materials may be used for manufacturing the composite materials component parts of the modules 30C, 30E, for example Carbon fibre composite material, fibreglass composite material as aforementioned.

[0112] Optionally, marine-grade concrete may be used in producing parts of at least one of: the modules 30C, 30E.

[0113] As aforementioned, the modules 30C, 30E may be beneficially mass produced in a factory environment, for example where manufacture may be more easily quality controlled in an environment that is more comfortable for manufacturing personnel. The modules 30C, 30E may be transported by railway, road, tug or barge to substantially a location of deployment of the apparatus 10, for example a harbour or wharf facility, then assembled together to construct the apparatus 10, wherein the apparatus 10 is then finally towed to a final position of deployment by using a tug or barge. When towed to the final position of deployment, the apparatus 10 is then anchored to a seabed, for example by using one or more anchoring chains, ropes or similar coupled to anchors or weights to maintain the apparatus 10 in its final position of deployment.

[0114] Optionally, a plurality of the apparatus 10 may be deployed at a given ocean region or location to provide a greater aggregate electrical power output. For example, a row of the plurality of the apparatus 10 may be deployed offshore and configured to be parallel to a coastline. Optionally, electrical power connections, for example via undersea cable, may be made in a daisy-chain manner from one apparatus 10 to another apparatus 10 along the row, such that only a single electrical power cable is required to couple an aggregate electrical power output generated by the row of apparatus 10 to the coastline. As aforementioned, the apparatus 10 may alternatively or additionally be used to provide power to an offshore floating facility, for example to floating offshore aquaculture facilities. As aforementioned, the apparatus 10 is of advantage in that the modules 30C, 30E operate not only as functional energy conversion devices, but also synergistically function to provide the apparatus 10 with a structural frame. Such an arrangement enables the apparatus 10 to be upgraded to include more modules 30C, 30E without needing to modify a structural frame, that would be an issue when known types of ocean wave energy conversion apparatus is used.

[0115] Conveniently, the platform module 30P is used to house a computer control arrangement for controlling operation of the modules 30C, 30E and also the orientation angle p of the apparatus 10 relative to a prevailing direction of propagation of the ocean waves 50. Alternatively or additionally, one or more of the corner modules 30C are used to house a computer control arrangement for controlling operation of the modules 30C, 30E and also the orientation angle p of the apparatus 10 relative to a prevailing direction of propagation of the ocean waves 50. Optionally, when in operation, the apparatus 10 may be conveniently angularly orientated by way of propeller propulsion arrangements (not shown) included in the corner modules 30C that may turn the apparatus 10 in a circular motion to adjust the orientation angle p; the propeller propulsion arrangements may be powered from electrical power generated by the apparatus 10. Optionally, the propeller propulsion arrangements may be used to move the apparatus 10 from a harbour or wharf location to the final deployment position, without a need to use tugs or barges.

[0116] It will be appreciated that a buoyancy of the modules 30C, 30E may be adjusted in operation to adjust dynamically a floating height of the apparatus 10 relative to the surface of the ocean environment 40; such adjustment is used to optimize an electrical output of the apparatus 10 as a function of characteristics of the ocean waves 50; such characteristics include an ocean wave wavelength, an ocean wave amplitude (swell), an ocean wave frequency (for example, for temporally intermittent ocean waves), ocean wave frequency spectrum when the ocean waves 50 include a superposition of multiple types of ocean waves, and so forth. The computer control arrangement is coupled to sensors mounted on at least be of: one or more of the corner modules 30C, one or more of the edge modules 30E. Moreover, the computer control arrangement beneficially uses a neural network that has been trained to control the apparatus 10 in various ocean conditions (e.g. storm conditions, tranquil conditions, ocean roller conditions (i.e. high amplitude (e.g. 5 metre crest-to-base amplitude or more) low-frequency ocean waves), high-wind conditions (e.g. hurricanes), low-wind conditions). Optionally, the computer control arrangement beneficially uses Hidden Markov Models (HMM) to process the sensor signals to identify a wave condition of the ocean environment 40, because the sensor signals may potentially include stochastic noise (because the ocean environment 40 may often be entropic in its form of wave motion). Optionally, the HMM's are used in combination with a variational Eigensolver algorithm to find a minimum of a cost function that corresponds to most efficient power generation performance of the apparatus 10. Beneficially, operation of the apparatus 10 is implemented, based on computational results generated by the variational Eigensolver.

[0117] Optionally, the edge modules 30E may be coupled together and to the corner modules 30C, as appropriate, by using a coupling arrangement. Optionally, the coupling arrangement is resilient so that stresses experienced by one or more of the modules 30C, 30E along a given perimeter edge of the apparatus 10 are distributed along the modules 30C, 30E, thereby increasing a robustness of the apparatus 10 in extreme weather conditions, for example hurricane conditions; such resilience avoids concentrating stress at specific individual modules 30. The coupling arrangement may include one or more of: bolts, clamps, magnetic couplers, resilient spring couplers, hydraulically- actuated couplers, vacuum couplers, but not limited thereto. Alternatively, the modules 30C, 30E may be coupled non-detachably to one another to construct the apparatus 10, for example by welding the modules 30C, 30E together, for example in a harbour or wharf environment.

[0118] Examples of a physical size of the apparatus 10 that enable the apparatus 10 to function efficiently is provided in Table 1 : Table 1 :

[0119] Optionally, the dimensions LI to L4 are within ranges defined by Example 1 and Example 3 in Table 1. Thus, optionally, the dimension LI is in a range of 3.0 metres to 6.0 metres; optionally, the dimension L2 is in a range of 4.9 metres to 9.8 metres; optionally, the dimension L3 is in a range of 8.6 metres to 17.0 metres; optionally, the dimension L4 is in a range of 15.0 metres to 30.0 metres.

[0120] Referring next to FIG. 2, there are shown a side view and front view of an implementation of an ocean wave energy conversion module 30 for use in the apparatus 10. The module 30 includes a plurality of columns, for example columns 90A, 90B. Optionally, there are used in a range of 2 to 5 columns 90 in a given module 30. The modules 30 are deployed so that elongate axes of the columns 90 are at an oblique angle 6 relative to a plane of the surface of the ocean environment 40. The oblique angle 0 may be in a range 30° to 80°, more optionally in a range of 45° to 55° that is found to be more beneficial in practice. Optionally, the columns 90 are configured to be deployed at a mutually similar angle 0 relative to a mean of the surface of the ocean environment 40, for example as illustrated in FIG. 2 for 55°. When the modules 30 are deployed, their columns 90 have a progressively smaller size and cross-sectional area towards the surface of the ocean environment 40; for example, the column 90A is deployed nearer the ocean surface and has a smaller size and cross-sectional area relative to the column 90B. Apertures 11OA, HOB of the columns 90A, 90B, respectively, are deployed at an angle <|) relative to an orthogonal direction relative to the surface of the ocean environment 40. The angle <|) is optionally in a range of -30° to +30°, more optionally in a range of -10° to +10°.

[0121] Each column 90, for example the columns 90A, 90B, are provided at an upper region thereof with a power converter arrangement, for example 100A, 100B respectively. Each power converter arrangement 100 includes a bidirectional rectifying air turbine arrangement whose mechanical turbine shaft is coupled to an electrical generator. The turbine arrangement turns in a given direction irrespective of a direction of air flow through the turbine arrangement. In operation, the apertures 110 of the columns 90, for example the apertures 110A, HOB of the columns 90A, 90B, are submerged beneath the surface of the ocean environment 40, such that water surfaces are formed internally within the columns 90 that move an oscillatory up-and-down motion as a function of the waves 50 impinging on the apertures 110. The oscillatory up-and-down motion causes volumes of air above the surfaces formed in the columns 90 to be forced in a bidirectional oscillatory manner through the bi-directional rectifying air turbine arrangements of the columns 90 to generate electrical power.

[0122] Importantly, to arrange for the modules 30 to be as cost-effective in manufacture as possible, walls of mutually adjacent columns 90 are mutually shared, for example as aforementioned; for example at least one of:

[0123] (i) a dividing wall 120 is shared between the columns 90A, 90B; and

[0124] (ii) a lateral sidewall 122, 124 is shared between the columns 90A, 90B.

[0125] The shared walls 120, 122, 124 are optionally non-hollow metal plates, for example in a range of 3 mm to 30 mm thick and non-hollow. Alternatively or additionally, the shared walls 120, 122, 124 are non-hollow composite materials plates, for example in a range of 3 mm to 30 mm thick and nonhollow; such composite materials may include reinforced Carbon fibre, fibreglass in resin and so forth. Such a sharing configuration of walls 120, 122, 124 saves on plate materials used to construct the columns 90A, 90B, thereby reducing manufacturing complexity by having fewer components that need to be welded or otherwise attached together. Beneficially, the columns 90 have a rectangular cross-sectional construction, thereby avoiding a need to bend or form the sheets that are used to construct walls 120, 122, 124 of the columns. Beneficially, the columns 90 of a given module 30 have a mutually similar lateral width (in a direction that is substantially parallel to the surface of the ocean environment 40), but with a vertical width (in a direction that is substantially orthogonal to the surface of the ocean environment 40) that progressively increases as the apertures of the columns are deployed at progressively greater depths into the ocean environment 40.

[0126] As aforementioned, each module 30 is beneficially provided with one or more ballast tanks 130. The one or more ballast tanks 130 enable the modules 30 to be towed to a location where the apparatus 10 is to be assembled, for example to a harbour or wharf. Moreover, the one or more ballast tanks 130 are beneficial to provide the apparatus 10 with an adjustable buoyancy when in operation. Each ballast tank 130 is provided with a port 135 that is in liquid communication with the ocean environment 40. When in operation, each ballast tank 130 includes an air region and a sea water region. A pump 270 is used to pump air into the air region to dynamically adjust a size of the air region, and correspondingly a size of the sea water region, thereby adjusting a buoyancy provided by the ballast tank 130. Such an arrangement is of advantage in that the pump 270 may be well protected from corrosion from the ocean environment 40. Beneficially, at least one of the one or more ballast tanks 130 is deployed adjacent to the apertures 110. Optionally, two such ballast tanks 130 are deployed at both lateral sides of the apertures 110. Beneficially, the one or more ballast tanks 130 share non-hollow walls with the columns 90. Alternatively or additionally, one or more ballast tanks 130 are deployed behind the apertures 110 and their respective columns 90, wherein the one or more ballast tanks 130 are then better protected from the impinging ocean waves 50. The one or more ballast tanks 130 are implemented to be integral with their respective modules 30. Alternatively or additionally, the modules 30 may be provided with coupling arrangements (not shown) that enable temporary buoyancy tanks to be attached, for example in a manner that is useful when towing a given module 30 from its location of manufacture to its location of deployment. Optionally, the one or more ballast tanks 130 have a height that is substantially the same as that of columns 90 of their module 30; alternatively, the one or more ballast tanks 130 may have a length than is shorter than its associated columns 90. Optionally, such a ballast tank 130 may be implemented in a manner generally akin to a column 90, but is coupled to its pump 270 instead of to a power converter arrangement 100.

[0127] Referring to FIG. 2, example dimensions DI to D14 of the module 30 are provided in Table 2: Table 2:

[0128] Optionally, the dimensions DI to D14 are in a range between minimum values and maximum values as provided in Table 2.

[0129] In the aforesaid apparatus 10, a multi-chamber Oscillating Water Column (OWC) with individual turbines is more efficient to use in the modules 30C, 30E, 30P than a single chamber OWC, because better control of the air flow and water movement within the apparatus 10 is thereby achievable, allowing for a greater degree of optimization.

[0130] In a single chamber OWC, air flows and water movements occurring therein in use are not well controlled, which may potentially lead to operational inefficiencies. For example, if a single chamber of a single chamber OWC is too large, an air pressure occurring therein during operation will be too low to effectively drive a turbine, whereas, if the single chamber is too small, an air pressure occurring therein during operation will be too high and may potentially damage the turbine. Conversely, a multi-chamber OWC with individual turbines for each chamber allows for better control of air pressures and water movements within each chamber, which may improve an overall efficiency of the apparatus 10. The individual turbines may also be designed to match the specific conditions encountered for in operation each chamber, thereby potentially maximizing energy capture using the apparatus 10.

[0131] Furthermore, with a multi-chamber OWC, wave energy of impinging ocean waves received at the apparatus 10 may be better utilized, as water of impinging waves may be directed through multiple chambers, allowing for more consistent energy production even when wave conditions change. Overall, a multi-chamber OWC with individual turbines is more efficient than a single chamber OWC because it allows for better control of associated air flows and water movements within the apparatus 10, leading to more consistent and optimized energy production.

[0132] Referring to FIG. 3, there is shown an illustration of a second configuration of an ocean wave energy conversion apparatus indicated generally by 60. The apparatus 60 has a polygonal perimeter, for example a substantially triangular perimeter as shown in FIG. 3, although a rectangular perimeter, a hexagonal perimeter, a pentagonal perimeter, an octagonal perimeter and so forth may alternatively be used. In order to reduce a material requirement for constructing the apparatus 60, the apparatus 60 is devoid of a separate structural frame; ocean wave energy conversion modules 30C, 30E of the apparatus 60 synergistically both function as a structural frame and as energy conversion devices. The perimeters of the apparatus 60 beneficially include one or more ocean wave conversion edge modules 30E that are connected in series to form perimeter sides of the apparatus 60. Corner modules 30C are included between perimeter sides, as illustrated. In use, the apparatus 60 is tethered to a seabed by using anchoring ropes, anchoring chains or similar. Moreover, in use, the apparatus 60 exhibits buoyancy that enables the apparatus 60 to float on a surface of an ocean environment 40 surrounding the apparatus 60; ocean waves 50 propagate substantially on the surface of the ocean environment 40 and impinge onto apertures 110A, HOB of the ocean wave conversion modules 30C, 30E. The ocean wave conversion modules 30C, 30E are configured to convert momentum of water of the ocean waves into electrical power that is, for example, coupled from the apparatus 60 to land via a connection cable (not shown); alternatively or additionally, the electrical power is connected to one or more nearby floating structures, for example aquaculture facilities requiring power for pumps for filtering and removing fish waste from aquaculture nets, fish aeration, fish food dispensers, fish medication dispensers and so forth. Optionally, one of more of the corner modules 30C is implemented as one or more passive corner units, respectively, namely devoid of ocean wave energy conversion functionality therein.

[0133] In operation, an orientation angle p of the apparatus 60 may be adjusted to improve a match of the ocean wave conversion modules 30C, 30E to waves 50 that impinge on the apparatus 60 from a prevailing wave propagation direction. For example, a given corner module 30C may be orientated towards the prevailing wave direction when large wave amplitudes are encountered, for example in storm conditions, so that energies of ocean waves 50 are progressively absorbed along perimeter edges associated with the given corner module 30C, rather than impinging orthogonally onto a given perimeter edge of the apparatus 60.

[0134] The apparatus 60 includes one or more ballast tanks 130 whose ratio of water-to-air content may be varied depending on amplitudes and frequencies of the waves 50. By lowering or raising the ocean wave energy conversion modules 30C, 30E relative to the surface of the ocean environment 40, a wave absorption matching of the ocean wave energy conversion modules 30C, 30E to impinging waves 50 may be varied to achieve an optimal electrical power generation performance from the apparatus 60.

[0135] Beneficially, the apparatus 60 is constructed in a modular manner that is efficient for mass production, for benefit of easier deployment and also for easier maintenance. Optionally, the edge modules 30E are beneficially substantially mutually similar to allow for standardized mass production. Likewise, optionally, the corner modules 30C are beneficially substantially mutually similar to allows for standardized mass production. The modules 30C, 30E are beneficially manufactured from at least one of: (i) composite materials, for example Carbon fibre composites, fibreglass composites or similar; and

[0136] (ii) metal plate components that are welded together, but not limited thereto.

[0137] The components are beneficially laser-cut from stock sheet and then attached together; for example, the components may include metal and are welded together using a jig to hold the metal components in position as they are welded together; optionally, oxyacetylene welding, laser welding and / or arc welding may be used to weld the metal components together. Optionally, the components are beneficially formed via moulding, when non-metal composite materials are to be used. The stock composite or metal plate may be in a range of 3 mm to 30 mm thick, for optionally substantially 12 mm thick. The stock metal plate may optionally be steel, galvanized steel, stainless steel or similar. Optionally, the stainless steel is beneficially SS304, SS316 or even Hastelloy-N grade stainless steel. Alternatively or additionally as aforementioned, composite materials may optionally also be used for manufacturing the modules 30C, 30E, for example Carbon fibre composite material, fibreglass composite material. Optionally, marine-grade concrete is used in producing parts of at least one of the modules 30C, 30E. The modules 30C, 30E may be beneficially mass produced in a factory environment, for example where manufacture may be more easily quality controlled in an environment that is more comfortable for manufacturing personnel. The modules 30C, 30E may be transported by railway, road, tug or barge to substantially a location of deployment of the apparatus 60, for example a harbour or wharf facility, then assembled together to construct the apparatus 60, wherein the apparatus 60 is then finally towed to a final position of deployment by using a tug or barge. When towed to the final position of deployment, the apparatus 60 is then anchored to a seabed, for example by using one or more anchoring chains, ropes, cables, wires or similar coupled to anchors or weights to maintain the apparatus 60 in its final position of deployment. Optionally, a plurality of the apparatus 60 may be deployed at a given ocean region or location to provide a greater electrical power output. For example, a row of the plurality of the apparatus 60 may be deployed offshore and configured to be parallel to a coastline. Optionally, electrical power connections, for example via undersea cable, may be made in a daisy-chain manner from one apparatus 60 to another apparatus 60 along the row, such that only a single electrical power cable is required to couple an aggregate electrical power output of the row of apparatus 60 to the coastline. As aforementioned, the apparatus 60 may alternatively or additionally be used to provide power to an offshore floating facility, for example to floating offshore aquaculture facilities.

[0138] As aforementioned, the apparatus 60 is of advantage in that the modules 30C, 30E operate not only as functional devices, but also synergistically function to provide the apparatus 60 with a structural frame. Such an arrangement enables the apparatus 60 to be upgraded to include more modules 30C, 30E without requiring to modify a structural frame that would be required for known types of ocean wave energy conversion apparatus.

[0139] Conveniently, one or more of the corner modules 30C are used to house a computer control arrangement for controlling operation of the modules 30C, 30E and also the orientation angle p of the apparatus 60 relative to a prevailing direction of propagation of the ocean waves 50. Optionally, the apparatus 60 may be conveniently angularly orientated by way of propeller propulsion arrangements 70 included in the corner modules 30C that may turn the apparatus 60 in a circular motion to adjust the orientation angle p; the propeller propulsion arrangements 70 may be powered from electrical power generated by the apparatus 10. Optionally, the propeller propulsion arrangements 70 may be used to move the apparatus 60 from a harbour or wharf location to the final deployment position, without a need to use tugs or barges.

[0140] It will be appreciated that a buoyancy of the modules 30C, 30E may be adjusted in operation to adjust dynamically a floating height of the apparatus 60 relative to the surface of the ocean environment 40; such adjustment is used to optimize an electrical output of the apparatus 60 as a function of characteristics of the ocean waves 50; such characteristics include an ocean wave wavelength, an ocean wave amplitude (swell), an ocean wave frequency (for example, for temporally intermittent ocean waves), ocean wave frequency spectrum when the ocean waves 50 include a superposition of multiple types of ocean waves, and so forth. The computer control arrangement is coupled to sensors mounted on at least be of: one or more of the corner modules 30C, one or more of the edge modules 30E. Moreover, the computer control arrangement beneficially uses a neural network that has been trained to control the apparatus 60 in various ocean conditions (e.g. storm conditions, tranquil conditions, ocean roller conditions (i.e. high amplitude (e.g. 5 metre crest-to-base amplitude or more) low-frequency ocean waves), high-wind conditions (e.g. hurricanes), low-wind conditions). Optionally, the computer control arrangement uses Hidden Markov Models (HMM) to process the sensor signals to identify a wave condition of the ocean environment 40, because the sensor signals may potentially include stochastic noise (because the ocean environment 40 may often be entropic in its form of wave motion). Optionally, the HMM's are used in combination with a variational Eigensolver algorithm to find a minimum of a cost function that corresponds to most efficient power generation performance of the apparatus 60.

[0141] The edge modules 30E may be coupled together and to the corner modules 30C, as appropriate, by using a coupling arrangement. Optionally, the coupling arrangement is resilient so that stresses experienced by one or more modules 30C, 30E along a given perimeter edge of the apparatus 60 are distributed along a plurality of modules 30C, 30E that increases a robustness of the apparatus 60 in extreme weather conditions, for example hurricane conditions; such resilience avoids concentrating stress at specific individual edge modules 30E. The coupling arrangement may include one or more of: bolts, clamps, magnetic couplers, resilient spring couplers, hydraulicly- actuated couplers, vacuum couplers, but not limited thereto. Alternatively, the modules 30C, 30E may be coupled non-detachably to one another to construct the apparatus 60, for example by welding the modules 30C, 30E together, for example in a harbour or wharf environment.

[0142] Referring next to FIG. 5, there is shown a block diagram of functional parts of the apparatus 10, 60. The apparatus 10, 60 optionally includes a wave sensor 250 for monitoring aforesaid characteristics of the waves 50, and for generating a corresponding wave motion signal S; the wave sensor 250 optionally includes an optical sensor, for example a camera device, a laser interferometric measuring device, a liquid level sensor, a capacitive sensor, a conductivity sensor array, and so forth. As illustrated in FIG. 5 and as aforementioned, each column 90 is provided with its corresponding power converter arrangement 100, wherein each power converter arrangement 100 includes a bi-directional turbine 200 as aforementioned for converting air flow energy to rotational energy, a generator 210 for converting the rotational energy to electrical power; the generator 210 is coupled to an inverter 220 for conditioning the electrical power so that it may be aggregated with electrical power outputs from other columns 90 to contribute to an aggregate electrical power output from the apparatus 10, 60. The columns 90A, 90B and their associated power converter arrangement 100A, 100B, respectively, result in power outputs Pl, P2, respectively, being generated in operation. A control computer 260 provides a computer control arrangement that controls operation of the columns 90A, 90B; the control computer 260 receives the signal S and signals that are representative of the power outputs Pl, P2, and generates one or more of:

[0143] (i) a control signal KI that selectively energizes the pump 270 to adjust buoyancy of the one or more ballast tanks 130 to optimize an aggregate power output of the module 30,

[0144] (ii) a control signal K2 that selectively controls how much each inverter 220 provides as electrical power output (e.g. to avoid the turbine 200 from stalling); and (Hi) a control signal K3 that controls the orientation angle p of the apparatus 10, 60 so that it is optimally orientated to the prevailing wave 50 propagation direction.

[0145] The control computer 260 is beneficially configured to control an amount of electrical power, for example generated by the apparatus 10, 60 that is stored in an energy storage arrangement (not shown) of the apparatus 10, 60 for example for buffering the electrical power that is supplied by the apparatus to an ocean rig to which the apparatus 10, 60 is coupled at a given location. Optionally, the energy storage arrangement includes at least one of:

[0146] (i) one or more rechargeable batteries included on the apparatus 10, 60, for example one or more of: rechargeable Lithium batteries, flow batteries, Sodium batteries, solid-state batteries;

[0147] (ii) compressed gas energy storage, for example compressed air storage energy systems, for example using liquid air generation at cryogenic temperatures, wherein expansion of the liquid air to drive a turbine coupled to an electrical generator is used for energy recovery; and

[0148] (iii) thermal energy storage in a thermally-insulated thermal mass included on the apparatus 10, 60, wherein the thermal mass is used in combination with a Stirling energy driving an electrical generator for energy recovery purposes and associated ocean water cooling being used for cooling the Stirling engine.

[0149] The control computer 260 is optionally configured to lower the apparatus 10, 60 deeper into the ocean environment 40 when the waves 50 are of a relatively low amplitude and are of a higher frequency, for example 1 to 2 metres swell; by doing so, the column 90A more efficiently couples to the waves 50 of relatively low amplitude. Moreover, the control computer 260 is configured to raise the apparatus 10, 60 upwards partially away from the ocean environment 40 when the waves 50 are of a relatively high amplitude, for example in a range of 3 to 5 metres swell; by doing so, the column 90B more efficiently couples to the waves 50 of relatively high amplitude. Furthermore, the control computer 260 is configured to lower the apparatus 10, 60 deeper into the ocean environment 40 in very severe weather conditions, so that greater proportion of the apparatus 10, 60 lies within calmer regions of the ocean environment 40, remote from a wave energy field of the waves 50 propagating at the surface of the ocean environment 40; it will be appreciated that the wave energy field decreases exponentially with depth in the ocean environment 40, as a function of a wavelength of the waves 50, Additionally, in severe weather conditions, the control computer 260 can rotate an orientation angle p of the apparatus 10, 60 so that a given corner module 30C is directed towards the prevailing direction of propagation of the waves 50. Optionally, in severe weather conditions, the control computer 260 of the apparatus 10, 60 may be used to configured the apparatus 10, 60 into an emergency safe operating state, for example by applying brakes to turbines of the columns 90, suitably adjusting one of more ocean-disposed fins of the apparatus 10, 60 to control damping of general motion of the apparatus 10, 60, and suitably adjusting an amount of water in one or more ballast tanks of the apparatus 10, 60. Weather conditions may be determined by weather reports received at the apparatus 10, 60, for example communicated from Weather Authorities (for example, from Meteorological Office (UK) or similar) or determined using one or more motion, wind speed and precipitation sensors mounted on the apparatus 10, 60. When the severe weather conditions have ameliorated, the apparatus 10, 60 may switch back to its normal non-emergency manner of operation to produce output power as aforementioned.

[0150] Optionally, the apparatus 10, 60 is provided with one or more sacrificial electrodes (not shown), for example one or more Copper electrodes, that are deployed spatially remotely from the apparatus 10, 60, namely spaced apart from the apparatus 10, 60; in operation, an electrical bias is applied to the one or more electrodes relative to a potential of the apparatus 10, 60, wherein the bias is generated from electrical power generated by the apparatus 10, 60; in use, the electrodes are sacrificial ly plated to the apparatus 10, 60 to reduce corrosion occurring in metal plates used to manufacture the modules 30C, 30E. Next, a method for manufacturing the apparatus 10, 60 will be described with reference to FIG. 6. The method includes a sequence of steps 500 to 540. In a first step 500, the corner modules 30C and the edge modules 30E are manufactured at one or more first sites, for example in a factory facility, namely in an environment that is protected from rain, snow and cold, to provide personnel comfort and best quality of manufacture; optionally, the corner modules 30C and the edge modules 30E are manufactured at a same given site, alternatively at mutually different sites. In a second step 510, the corner modules 30C and the edge modules 30E are transported from the one or more first sites to a second site, for example a protected environment such as a harbour, a bay, a dock or a wharf, optionally near to where the apparatus 10, 60 is to be deployed. In a third step 520, the corner modules 20 and the edge modules 30E are coupled together in the protected environment to provide the apparatus 10, 60. In a fourth step 530, the apparatus 10, 60 is towed to a third site whereat the apparatus 10, 60 is to be deployed; optionally, the apparatus 10, 60 is self-propelling to the third site. The apparatus 10, 60 may, for example, be coupled or included in an ocean rig, for example to provide electrical power thereto, for example for an oil drilling rig, an oil production rig, an oil exploration rig. Thereafter, anchoring of the apparatus 10, 60 to the seabed at the third site is beneficially implemented; for example, the apparatus 10, 60 may be towed from one third deployment site to another; optionally, the apparatus 10, 60 propels itself from one third deployment site to another. Optionally, in a sixth step 550, the apparatus 10, 60 may be towed to the second site (or a fourth site) in an event that major repairs, upgrading, alteration or decommissioning is required at a later date; optionally, the apparatus 10, 60 propels itself from one third deployment site to the second site or the fourth site.

[0151] Importantly, as aforementioned, the apparatus 10, 60 is of advantage in that the edge modules 30E and the corner modules 30C are manufactured and thereby configured to be coupled together without a need for the apparatus 10, 60 to have a structural frame in addition for supporting the corner modules 30C and edge modules 30E. Avoiding a need for such a structural frame reduces a cost of manufacturing the apparatus 10, 60. Various upgrades or repairs to configurations of the apparatus 10, 60 may be provided without needing to modify a design of the corner modules 30C and the edge modules 30E. Moreover, if required, the apparatus 10, 60 may be reconfigured, for example converted from a triangular plan to a rectangular plan by replacing some of the modules 30C, 30E and reusing other of the modules 30C, 30E. Furthermore, the apparatus 10, 60 may be increased in size or reduced in size by adding one or more modules 30C, 30E or removing one or more modules 30C, 30E.

[0152] Conveniently, the apparatus 10, 60 may be configured to communicate its operational state to a remote monitoring site from where the apparatus 10, 60 may be remotely controlled and monitored. Such remote control avoids a need for personnel to travel to the apparatus 10, 60 in adverse weather conditions, for example in hurricane weather conditions. Such communication may be implemented using wireless communication, satellite communication, via electrical power cables linking the apparatus 10, 60 to the seashore, or otherwise.

[0153] Optionally, the computer control 260 may be configured to monitor operating performance and control characteristics of the modules 30C, 30E of the apparatus 10, 60 and to store an historical record of the performance and control characteristics. Temporal changes in the performance and control characteristics may be used to detect developing problems in one or more of the modules 30C, 30E requiring maintenance or replacement; for example, in an event that one or more of the ballast tanks 130 requires corresponding one or more pumps 270 to be energized more often is indicative of an air leak arising through corrosion or cavitation at an upper region of the one or more ballast tanks 130; an increase in vibration at one or more of the turbines 200 is indicative of damage to blades of the turbine arising through cavitation, fracture, marine plant growth or impact of turbine blades with foreign bodies thrust by the waves into the columns 90. Computer monitoring to detect failure or imminent failure of apparatus 10, 60 components assists to ensure more reliable "up-time" when the apparatus 10, 60 is in use, thereby increasing its commercial profitability. Beneficially, therefore, the computer control 260 generates a mathematical model of operation of functional components of the modules 30C, 30E and raises an alarm if there arises a sudden temporal deviation from the mathematic model, for example a fitted linear model, alternatively a gradual change temporal deviation that is indicative of component ageing characteristics, for example by monitoring an electrical operating performance of the apparatus 10, 60, wherein changes in electrical parameters (for example, impedance, conductivity and related harmonics, function transforms and so forth) may potentially identify an electrochemical deterioration of one or more component parts of the apparatus 10, 60.

[0154] Optionally, periodically, the computer control 260 may execute the selfcleaning procedure, for example by injecting poisons (for example, metal salt solutions) into the columns 90 to reduce a tendency for marine growth to occur inside the columns 90, for example seaweed or barnacle growth. Alternatively or additionally, the apparatus 10, 60 may include water heating equipment to heat sea water to boiling point, and then eject the boiling water into the columns 90 to kill seaweed and barnacle growth inside the columns 90; electrical power generated by the apparatus 10, 60 may be used to power the water heating equipment, wherein the boiling water is not otherwise detrimental or toxic to the ocean environment 40.

[0155] Optionally, coupling arrangements used to couple the modules 30C, 30E together include hydraulic pumps, so that relative movement of the modules 30E, 30E pumps hydraulic fluid that may be used to drive a hydraulic turbine coupled to a generator (not shown) to generate additional electrical power for the apparatus 10, 60 to output.

[0156] Optionally, the apparatus 10, 60 includes an energy storage arrangement, for example as aforementioned, for example implemented as one or more energy storage units (not shown), to serve as an emergency source of the electrical power, for example an energy source for one or more ocean rigs coupled and in a spatial proximity to the apparatus 10, 60; the apparatus 10, 60 is therefore configurable to function as an energy source for producing synthetic fuels (for example, Hydrogen via electrolysis of water; for example, Ammonia via electrolysis of water followed by combination with atmospheric- derived Nitrogen (for example using the Haber-Bosch process), wherein the synthetic fuels may be used in marine or aerial vehicles, for example in service boats, whether manned or unmanned, or both. Beneficially, the energy storage arrangement is at least one of: a supercapacitor, a battery storage system. Supercapacitors as the optionally short-term energy source of the apparatus 10, 60 are capable of providing a temporal smoothing to the output power provided by the apparatus 10, 60, thereby mitigating potential power surges, while battery systems (for example, optionally implemented using Lithium Iron Phosphate cells, additionally waterproofed) are capable of providing a steady output of produced energy.

[0157] Beneficially, a natural pitching frequency of the apparatus 10, 60 is substantially matched to a frequency of ocean waves 50 from the predominating wave direction in the ocean environment 40, for achieving an improved efficiency of operation of the apparatus 10, 60, for example for optimizing the aggregate electrical power output from the apparatus 10, 60. Such a natural pitching frequency of the apparatus 10, 60 is achieved by selectively adjusting individual buoyancies of at least one of: one or more of the corner modules 30C, one or more of the corner modules 30E, the platform module 30P and empty spaces included between the modules 30C, 30E, 30P.

[0158] In respect of the apparatus 10, 60, different configurations on the OWC may be used for the modules 30C, 30E, E30P, for example depending on whether the apparatus 10, 60 is designed for near-shore use (" nearshore-class"') or for off-shore use "offshore-class"). The apparatus 10, 60 is conveniently referred to as being a "H-WEC", implemented as a multi-chamber ocean wave converter (OWC). Beneficially, a point-absorber is coupled with a multichamber OWC of the apparatus 10, 60 to increase a power uptake of chambers 90 of the modules 30C, 30E, 30P. Such a manner of power boost is most beneficially to use in combination with ocean waves 50 having relatively long wave-periods, for example in a range of 10 to 60 seconds; it will be appreciated that small frequency-spectrum ocean waves that are captured by multiple chambers will not contribute significantly to the overall electric power generated by the apparatus 10, 60 that is specifically adapted for converting ocean waves 50 having long wave-periods.

[0159] It will be appreciated that embodiments of the present disclosure are implemented in the Applicant's apparatus, as follows:

[0160] The Havkraft N-class is an apparatus that is configured for near-shore operation, wherein the apparatus is ideally suited to operating with relatively shorter wave period. The apparatus is provided with multiple chambers (namely columns 90) disposed at an oblique angle relative to an ocean surface of the ocean environment 40, wherein the chambers are disposed at various mutually different depths to couple efficiently to ocean waves having different frequencies / wave periods. Such Havkraft N-class apparatus is beneficial for use near-shore, because the apparatus may extend as deep as the ocean waves 50 in the ocean environment 40, thereby being responsive to a broad spectrum of available wave periods.

[0161] The Havkraft O-class is an apparatus that is configured for off-shore operation, wherein the longest wave periods or ocean waves are so deep that it is not possible to capture them by using conventional OWC-techniques. The longer the waves, the more corresponding energy that is available. Beneficially, the apparatus 10, 60 may be implemented as a semisubmersible platform that is tuned to pitch against incoming ocean waves, dipping the chamber of the modules 30C, 30E, 30P down into the ocean environment 40 to create a longer water column. Optionally, the apparatus 10, 60 has power converting modules 30 on all edges thereof.

[0162] As aforementioned, the apparatus 10, 60 may be orientated in respect to a prevailing direction of ocean waves 50 propagating to intersect with the apparatus 10, 60. Beneficially, the apparatus 10, 60 includes a guidingarrangement to ensure that the apparatus 10, 60 is configured, when in use, to be facing a dominant wave-propagation direction of waves 50 in the ocean environment 40. In other words, when in operation, an orientation angle p of the apparatus 10, 60 may be adjusted to improve a match of the ocean wave conversion modules 30C, 30E to waves 50 that impinge on the apparatus 10, 60 from a prevailing wave propagation direction.

[0163] The guiding arrangement may conveniently be implemented as a passive and unactuated fin system, wherein the fin system is a structure that may be attached to an underside of a floating OWC (oscillating water column), for example to an underside of the apparatus 10, 60, to help guide the apparatus 10, 60 towards the dominant wave direction. This fin system is beneficially designed to be unactuated as aforementioned, meaning that the fin system does not actively change its position or orientation relative to a remainder of the apparatus 10, 60, but rather relies on the forces of the waves to steer the OWC in the desired prevailing wave propagation direction. Thus, beneficially, the apparatus 10, 60 includes the fin system for automatically turning and aligning the apparatus 10, 60 in respect of the prevailing wave propagation direction of ocean waves 50.

[0164] Next, the fin system will be described in greater detail with the reference to FIG. 7. In FIG. 7, The fin system is indicated generally by 300. The fin system 300 beneficially includes a series of vertical or angled fins 310 that extend downwards from the base of the apparatus 10, 60. These fins 310 are positioned in such a way that they provide a resistance to the water flow in a first direction, while offering minimal resistance in a second direction that is opposite to the first direction; for example, the fins 310 are configured to provide a form of a Tesla valve that allows water to flow easily in a forward direction but resists water to flow easily in a backward direction therethrough; the principle of operation of the Tesla valve is described in a granted US patent US 1, 329, 559 ("Valvular Conduit” , Nikola Tesla). In other words, the fins 310 are configured to implement a form of Tesla valve that results in an anisotropic water flow therethrough, when in use. As the ocean waves pass underneath the apparatus 10, 60, namely the OWC 320, the fins 310 generate a lift force that causes the OWC 320 to turn and to align itself with the incoming ocean waves 50.

[0165] The fin system 300 is passive because it does not require any external energy input for it to operate, namely the fin system 300 is unactuated, as aforementioned. It relies solely on the natural forces of the waves 50 to provide necessary steering forces to align the OWC 320 to the prevailing ocean wave propagation direction in the ocean environment 40.

[0166] Overall, such a passive and unactuated fin system 300 may be an effective way to guide the floating OWC power plant 320 towards the dominant wave propagation direction. Moreover, the fin system 300 offers a low- maintenance and cost-effective solution for wave energy conversion, while still providing a high level of performance and efficiency.

[0167] The columns 90 of the apparatus 10, 60, namely oscillating water columns (OWC), are shown as being implemented with angular shapes; the columns 90 have a shape that is an important factor in determining their corresponding OWC performance in converting wave energy into electrical power. The OWC is a device that comprises a partially submerged chamber, namely 90, with an opening 110 to the ocean environment 40, which allows waves 50 to enter and exit the chamber, namely columns 90. The waves 50 cause the water level inside the chamber, namely 90, to oscillate, and the resulting air pressure variations occurring above the water level drive a turbine that generates aforesaid electrical power.

[0168] The angular shape of the OWC chamber is designed to maximize pressure differences that occur when a wave cycle is experienced in operation by the OWC chamber; such maximization of pressure difference in turn increases the efficiency of the turbine when generating electrical power. The angles of the OWC walls determine one or more directions and intensities of pressure gradients occurring in use within the OWC chamber. An optimal angle of the OWC walls depends on various factors such as wave height, wave frequency, and wave propagation direction, and may vary depending on the specific design of the OWC (for example, materials used to manufacture the OWC chamber, for example, composite components, metal components, concrete components, but not limited thereto).

[0169] In general, a well-designed OWC with an optimal angular shape of its one or more chambers may significantly improve the energy conversion efficiency and power output of the apparatus 10, 60. Therefore, careful consideration of the angular shape is an important issue when designing an effective and efficient OWC.

[0170] The apparatus 10, 60 optionally includes a multi-chamber feature. It will be appreciated that a multi-chamber Oscillating Water Column (OWC) with individual turbines is more efficient than a single chamber OWC, because it allows for better control of the air flow and water movement within the OWC.

[0171] In a single chamber OWC, there occur air flows and water movements that are not well controlled and may be stochastically chaotic in nature, which may lead to inefficiencies in use. For example, if the chamber is too large, the air pressure will be too low to effectively drive the turbine; conversely, if the chamber is too small, the air pressure will be too high and may damage the turbine. Conversely, a multi-chamber OWC with individual turbines allows for better control of air pressures and water movements within each chamber, which may improve an overall conversion efficiency of the apparatus 10, 60. The individual turbines may also be designed to match the specific conditions of each chamber, thereby being able to maximize performance of energy capture individually for each chamber. Furthermore, with a multi-chamber OWC, the wave energy may be better utilized, as the water of ocean waves may be directed through multiple chambers, allowing for more consistent energy production even when wave conditions change. Overall, a multichamber OWC with individual turbines is more efficient than a single chamber OWC, because it allows for better control of air flows and water movements within the OWC, leading to more consistent and optimized energy production.

[0172] It will be appreciated that the apparatus 10, 60 must be securely moored when used in adverse weather conditions, for example in storm or hurricane conditions. The apparatus 10, 60 are beneficially tethered using a mooring system that may contribute to increasing power output from a floating oscillating water column (OWC) power plant, wherein the mooring system is beneficially designed to provide stability to the apparatus 10, 60 and maintain its position relative to the waves 50. Such reliable tethering is important, because the electrical power output of the OWC is directly related to the amplitude and frequency of the waves 50 that it encounters.

[0173] One effective mooring system for a floating OWC power plant, namely the apparatus 10, 60, is the single point mooring (SPM) system. The SPM comprises a single anchor point on a seafloor of the ocean environment 40, wherein the SPM is connected to the OWC power plant through a series of mooring lines and chains. The SPM system allows the OWC power plant to rotate freely around the anchor point, while maintaining a fixed position relative to the waves 50.

[0174] The mooring lines in the SPM system are beneficially designed to be elastic, allowing them to stretch and contract with the movement of the waves 50. Such elasticity reduces the load on the OWC power plant and ensures that it remains stable during high wave energy periods. Additionally, the mooring system is beneficially designed to allow the OWC power plant to move in response to changes in wave 50 direction and intensity, thereby potentially further enhancing power output from the apparatus 10, 60.

[0175] Referring to FIG. 8, it will be appreciated there may be provided a common mooring for an array of powerplants to provide an array system, implemented using the apparatus 10, 60. A common mooring-system for several powerplants potentially cut costs and increase strength on the array system. It is also beneficial to gather the power cables from the array of apparatus 10, 60 so that only one cable is routed out from the array. The array may be deployed in a similar capacity as a Large floating wind turbine, thus making this implementation as illustrated in FIG. 8 competitive relative to offshore wind turbine arrays. Co-Iocation is also a possibility with wind turbines to provide a mixed apparatus array system.

[0176] Overall, an effective mooring system for a floating OWC power plant is an important feature for maximizing a power output potential of the OWC power plant. A well-designed mooring system that provides stability and flexibility may significantly increase the power output of the OWC power plant, making it a more efficient and cost-effective source of renewable energy. Optionally, in a module 30 providing a converter with two chambers, a middle divider 350, namely a reflector plate that separates the two chambers 90A, 90B, can be moved up or down to trim the different chambers 90A, 90B to different wave periods, thus optimizing the apparatus 10, 60. This should ideally be done in a fixed manner when components parts of the apparatus 10, 60 are manufactured in a factory, but optionally may also be retrofitted if the apparatus 10, 60 is relocated within the ocean environment 40. Optionally, the middle divider 350 is configured to be dynamically trimmed for operation of the apparatus 10, 60 in various seasons.

[0177] The converters of the modules 30 are beneficially configured to be substantially a perfect damping system for the waves 50. In one optionally situation of use of the apparatus 10, 60, the modules 30 and their respective converters are spatially configured around an offshore closed fish farm cage. A contemporary problem that is encountered with offshore fish-farming in smaller closed cages is that the cages rock in response to the waves 50 impinging thereonto, making the fishes sea-sick. However, beneficially, the apparatus 10, 60 may be operated with its wave energy converters functioning as dampers, namely thereby functioning as an air-suspension system for the fish-cage and mitigating such sea-sick fishes. The damping is made, for example, by Coriolis forces provided by the turbines. Thus, optionally, operation of the apparatus 10, 60 may be configured for optimizing air-suspension rather than optimizing for maximum power production. Even when optimized for air-suspension, the apparatus 10, 60 is still produce a lot of energy, while also stabilizing the cage. The benefit is such a use of the apparatus 10, 60 is that fish-farmers can go further offshore with fish-farms, opening up new off-shore sites for fish-farming. Today, the waves 50 off-shore are a limiting factor, making fish-farmers either locate their cages into fjords or even on land.

[0178] Optionally, the aforesaid stabilizing effect provided by the apparatus 10, 60 may be also be used in combination with drilling rigs for oil and gas, and also production rigs for oil and gas. During such use, the apparatus 10, 60 produce electrical power for operating the rigs as well as stabilizing their motion within the ocean environment 40. Such stabilization is potentially capable of hugely increasing the productivity of such rigs. Such increased productively is industrially hugely important.

[0179] Optionally, one or more buoyancy air chambers are included in combination middle divider 350, for example disposed between mutually parallel plates. When actuating component parts of the apparatus 10, 60, there are conveniently located one or more hydraulic pumps beneath the apparatus 10, 60 where the one or more hydraulic pumps are well protected against damage from the ocean waves 50 of the ocean environment 40. Beneficially, the one or more ballast tanks 130 (namely "buoyancy air chambers"') may be located under the back-reflector plate (not in the middle) as an option, for example as illustrated in FIG. 9

[0180] Modifications to embodiments of the present disclosure described in the foregoing are possible without departing from the scope of the present disclosure as defined by the accompanying claims. Expressions such as "including", "comprising", "incorporating", "consisting of", "have", "is" used to describe and claim the present invention are intended to be construed in a non-exclusive manner, namely allowing for items, components or elements not explicitly described also to be present. Reference to the singular is also to be construed to relate to the plural; as an example, "at least one of’ indicates "one of’ in an example, and "a plurality of’ in another example; moreover, "two of’, and similarly "one or more" are to be construed in a likewise manner. Numerals included within parentheses in the accompanying claims are intended to assist understanding of the claims and should not be construed in any way to limit subject matter claimed by these claims.

[0181] The phrases "in an embodiment", "according to an embodiment" and the like generally mean the particular feature, structure, or characteristic following the phrase is included in at least one embodiment of the present disclosure, and may be included in more than one embodiment of the present disclosure. Importantly, such phrases do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment.

Claims

CLAIMS1. An ocean wave energy conversion apparatus (10, 60) for converting ocean wave (50) energy into electrical power, wherein the apparatus (10, 60) includes a plurality of modules (30C, 30E), wherein the modules (30C, 30E) when coupled together form polygonal perimeter edges of the apparatus (10, 60) whereat ocean waves (50) are received when the apparatus (10, 60) is in use, wherein the modules (30C, 30E) are configured, when coupled together, to form a structural frame of the apparatus (10, 60), wherein the modules (30C, 30E) include a plurality of columns (90) that are configured to be at their lower apertures (110) in fluidic communication with an ocean environment (40) in which the ocean waves (50) propagate, and configured to be at their upper ends in fluidic communication with a power conversion arrangement (100) that is configured to convert air flow occurring in use in the columns (90) to electrical power, wherein the power conversion arrangement (100) includes one or more turbines (100) that generate Coriolis forces when rotating in operation, and wherein the columns (90) are configured to mutually share at least one of: one or more non-hollow dividing walls (120) therebetween, one or more nonhollow lateral side walls (122, 124) therebetween.

2. An ocean wave energy conversion apparatus (10, 60) of claim 1, wherein at least one of the one or more non-hollow dividing walls (120) therebetween, one or more non-hollow lateral side walls (122, 124) shared therebetween, is manufactured from at least one of: composite materials, sheet metal.

3. An ocean wave energy conversion apparatus (10, 60) of claim 2, wherein at least one of the one or more non-hollow dividing walls (120) therebetween, one or more non-hollow lateral side walls (122, 124) shared therebetween, is a substantially flat sheet that is manufactured from at least one of: composite materials, sheet metal.

4. An ocean wave energy conversion apparatus (10, 60) of claim 3, wherein the substantially flat sheet is manufactured from at least one of: SS304 stainless steel, SS316 stainless steel, Hastelloy-N, Carbon fibre composite material, fibreglass composite material.

5. An ocean wave energy conversion apparatus (10, 60) of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the columns (90) of the modules (30C, 30E) are configured to have a rectangular cross-section in a direction that is orthogonal to their elongate axes.

6. An ocean wave energy conversion apparatus (10, 60) of any one of the preceding claims, wherein, when in use, elongate axes of the columns (90) are disposed at an oblique angle (6) to a surface of the ocean environment (40).

7. An ocean wave energy conversion apparatus (10, 60) of claim 6, wherein the oblique angle (0) is in a range of 30° to 80°, more optionally in a range of 45° to 55°.

8. An ocean wave energy conversion apparatus (10, 60) of any one of the preceding claims, wherein, for a given module (30C, 30E) in use, the columns (90) are configured to be of progressively larger cross-sectional area as a function of increasing depth in the ocean environment (40).

9. An ocean wave energy conversion apparatus (10, 60) of any one of the preceding claims, wherein one or more of the modules (30E) includes in a range of 2 to 5 columns (90), more optionally 3 columns (90).

10. An ocean wave energy conversion apparatus (10, 60) of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the columns (90) of the modules (30) are at least in part manufactured by welding flat metal sheet components together11. An ocean wave energy conversion apparatus (10, 60) of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the apparatus (10, 60) includes one or more propeller propulsion arrangements (70) in their corner modules (30C), wherein the one or more propeller propulsion arrangements (70) are configured in use to implement at least one of: orientating (p) the apparatus (10, 60) relative to a prevailing wave direction in the ocean environment (40), moving the apparatus (10, 60) from a one location to another location within the ocean environment (40), or moving the apparatus (10, 60) from between a deployment location, a harbour location, or wharf location.

12. An ocean wave energy conversion apparatus (10, 60) of any one of the preceding claims, wherein at least one of the modules (30C, 30E) includes one or more ballast tanks (130) for dynamically adjusting a buoyancy of the apparatus (10, 60), to adjust in use a floating height of the apparatus (10, 60) in the ocean environment (40), for at least one of: optimizing electrical power output from the apparatus (10, 60), protecting the apparatus (10, 60) from severe weather conditions arising in the ocean environment (40).

13. An ocean wave energy conversion apparatus (10, 60) of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the apparatus (10, 60) includes an anchoring arrangement for securing the apparatus (10, 60) to a seabed of the ocean environment (40) at a location whereat the apparatus (10, 60) is deployed in use.

14. An ocean wave energy conversion apparatus (10, 60) of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the apparatus (10, 60) includes an energy storage arrangement for storing electrical power generated by the apparatus (10, 60) when in use, wherein the energy storage includes at least one of: a supercapacitor arrangement, a battery energy storage system.

15. An ocean wave energy conversion apparatus (10, 60) of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the apparatus (10, 60) further includes a selfcleaning arrangement comprising at least one of: a heating column arrangement, a metal salts injection arrangement, wherein the self-cleaning arrangement, when in operation, is configured to reduce or eliminate an overgrowth of marine organisms within one or more of the modules (30C, 30E).

16. An ocean wave energy conversion apparatus (10, 60) of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the apparatus (10, 60) includes a computer control arrangement (260) for controlling operating parameters of the apparatus (10, 60) when in use, wherein the computer control arrangement (260) is configured to adjust one or more of: a buoyancy of the apparatus (10, 60) in the ocean environment (40), an orientation angle (p) of the apparatus (10, 60) in the ocean environment (40), an electric power output provided by one or more of the columns (90) of the apparatus (10, 60), an amount of electrical energy stored within an energy storage arrangement of the apparatus, a selection of one or more self-cleaning procedures to be executed by selfcleaning arrangement of the apparatus (10, 60).

17. An ocean wave energy conversion apparatus (10, 60) of claim 16, wherein the computer control arrangement (260) is configured to monitor operation of components parts of the apparatus (10, 60), to generate a mathematical model describing the component parts, and to detect temporal changes in parameters describing the mathematical model that are indicative of imminent failure or ageing of the component parts.

18. An ocean wave energy conversion apparatus (10, 60) of claim 16 or 17, wherein the computer control arrangement (260) is configured to use an algorithm including a cost function to optimize operation of the apparatus (10, 60) when in use, wherein the algorithm includes using a variational Eigensolver to minimize the cost function to optimize operation of the apparatus (10, 60), wherein minimizing the cost function corresponds to a maximum efficiency of operation of the apparatus (10, 60).

19. An ocean wave energy conversion apparatus (10, 60) of any one of the preceding claims, wherein one or more of the modules (30E) are mutually coupled or coupled to an adjoining module (30C) via a hydraulic coupling arrangement, wherein the hydraulic coupling arrangement is configured to pump a hydraulic fluid in response to relative movement between the one or more of the modules (30C, 30E), and wherein the apparatus (10, 60) includes a hydraulic turbine and associated generator arrangement coupled to the hydraulic coupling arrangement to generate electrical power from the relative movement.

20. An ocean wave energy conversion apparatus (10, 60) of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the apparatus (10, 60) includes a communication arrangement that provides at least one of: remote monitoring of the apparatus (10, 60), remote control of the apparatus (10, 60).

21. An ocean wave energy conversion apparatus (10, 60) of any one of the preceding claims, wherein, in use, the apparatus (60) is devoid of any components in a central region of the apparatus (10) bounded by perimeter edges of the apparatus (60).

22. An ocean wave energy conversion apparatus (10, 60) of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the apparatus (10, 60) in constructed in a modular manner, wherein one or more of the modules (30C, 30E) are individually removable and replaceable for modifying or maintaining the apparatus (10, 60).

23. An ocean wave energy conversion apparatus (10, 60) of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the apparatus (10, 60) further includes a fin system (300) at a lower region thereof that provides an anisotropic water flow therethrough that automatically causes the ocean wave energy conversion apparatus (10, 60) to turn in its planar orientation to face a prevailing direction of wave propagation occurring within the ocean environment (40).

24. An ocean wave energy conversion apparatus (10, 60) of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the apparatus (10, 60) further includes a single point mooring system (SPM) that is configured to allow an orientation angle of the apparatus (10, 60) to be changed when in operation relative to a prevailing direction of propagation of ocean waves (50) received at the apparatus (10, 60).

25. An ocean wave energy conversion apparatus (10, 60) of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the apparatus (10, 60) is configured to function in a survival mode when exposed in use to adverse weather conditions, wherein the survival mode includes filling one or more of the columns of the modules with water.

26. A module (30C, 30E) for use in the apparatus (10, 60) of any one of claims 1 to 25.

27. A method for assembling and deploying the apparatus (10, 60) of any one of claims 1 to 25, wherein the method includes:(i) constructing one or more modules (30C, 30E) at one or more first locations;(ii) transporting the one or more modules (30C, 30E) from the one or more first locations to a second location;(iii) assembling the one or more modules (30C, 30E) at the second location to provide the apparatus (10, 60); and(iv) moving the assembled apparatus (10, 60) from the second location to a third location whereat the apparatus (10, 60) is to be deployed.

28. A method of claim 27, wherein the method includes deploying the apparatus (10, 60) at the third location onto an ocean rig, wherein the ocean rig optionally includes at least one of: an oil rig, a gas rig, a drilling rig.

29. A method for operating an ocean wave conversion apparatus (10, 60) of any one of claims 1 to 25, wherein the method includes:(i) monitoring characteristics of waves (50) propagating in an ocean environment (40) in which the apparatus (10, 60) is located;(ii) orientating the apparatus (10, 60) to an orientation angle (p) depending on at least one of: a prevailing wave direction, an amplitude of the waves (50);(iii) adjusting a buoyancy of the apparatus (10, 60) in response to at least one of: an amplitude of the waves (50), a wavelength or frequency of the waves (50), an electrical power output generated by the apparatus (10, 60) arising from converting energy of the ocean waves (50) to electrical power, an amount of electrical energy stored within an energy storage arrangement of the apparatus; and(iv) adjusting relative electrical power outputs of columns (90) of the one or more modules (30C, 30E) to maximize an aggregate electrical power output from the apparatus (10, 60).

30. A computer program product comprising a non-transitory computer- readable storage medium having computer-readable instructions stored thereon, the computer-readable instructions being executable by a computerized device comprising processing hardware to execute the method of claim 27.

Images