Wireless initiation system and method

Abstract

A wireless initiation method for wirelessly initiating initiation devices of explosive charges used in blasting activities comprises the step of defining blast parameters. Blast holes and / or a blast s

Description

BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION This invention relates to an initiation system and method. More particularly, the present invention relates to a system and method for wirelessly initiating initiation devices of explosive charges used in blasting activities. Wired blast initiation systems are ubiquitous in the explosives industry and are typically associated with reliability and ability to ensure controlled blasting operations. These systems involve the use of physical wires to transmit electrical signals from a blasting machine to detonators, initiating explosive charges in a desired sequence. However, despite their widespread adoption, wired systems are not without significant limitations and challenges. One primary drawback of wired blast initiation systems is their vulnerability to physical damage. The wires used in such systems are often exposed to harsh environmental conditions, such as rough terrain, heavy equipment operations, flying rock debris resulting from sequential initiation of blasts, and adverse weather. These factors increase the risk of wire breakage, disconnection, or interference, potentially leading to incomplete or failed initiation of the explosive sequence. Another drawback relates to the labour-intensive nature of deploying and managing wired systems. The installation of extensive wiring networks can be time-consuming and may require substantial manpower. Additionally, the need for precise connections and troubleshooting of wiring issues can delay operations, impacting project timelines and overall efficiency. The use of wired systems also poses significant safety risks. The extensive wiring network can create trip hazards for personnel and is susceptible to unintended electrical signals caused by electromagnetic interference, static electricity, or human error. Such events could result in premature detonation, endangering workers and equipment. Furthermore, wired systems lack the flexibility and scalability demanded by modern blasting operations. Complex blasting patterns and large-scale projects require increasingly intricate wiring layouts, which can complicate planning and execution. In situations where operational changes are necessary, reconfiguring a wired system can be cumbersome and costly. It is accordingly an object of the invention to provide a wireless initiation system and method that will, at least partially, address the above disadvantages. It is also an object of the invention to provide a wireless initiation system and method which will be a useful alternative to existing systems and methods. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In accordance with a first aspect of the invention there is provided a wireless blast initiation method comprising the steps of: S1: Defining blast parameters; S2: Setting up blast holes in accordance with the blast parameters; S3: Providing each blast hole with a unique trigger unit preconfigured in accordance with the blast parameters; and S4: Utilising a controller unit preconfigured in accordance with the blast parameters to communicate wirelessly to each of the unique trigger units and to provide a firing instruction to each trigger unit, causing each trigger unit to fire in accordance with the blast parameters. Step S1 may comprise comprises at least some of the sub-steps of: S1.1: Determining dimensions of an array of blast holes required as part of the blast design, by determining: a required number of blast holes; a number of rows and columns of the array; a burden and spacing between rows and columns of the array; a charge required in each blast hole, S1.2: Numbering each blast hole forming part of the array; S1.3: Selecting a firing progression, blast pattern and direction; and S1.4: Selecting a blast delay or interval between blast sequences, blast holes and / or blast rows and / or blast columns. The blast progression or shape as aforementioned may be a linear and horizontal progression, a linear and vertical progression, a chevron-shaped progression, an inverted chevron-shaped progression, a half chevron-shaped progression, a box-shaped progression, an inward-shaped -3-progression, an outward-shaped progression, a diverging progression, a converging progression or the like. Step S2 may comprise at least some of the sub-steps of: S2.1: Drilling physical blast holes into a formation at a blast site or face in accordance with the blast parameters; S2.2: Charging the blast holes in accordance with the blast parameters; and S2.3: Physically marking each blast hole with a unique number or identifier. Step S2.2 may further comprise charging each blast hole in accordance with the blast parameters with an explosive, such as a rock-breaking or blasting cartridge, conventional high explosives or an explosive charge. The blasting cartridge or explosive charge may be associated with an initiation device having one or more lead wires extending therefrom. Step S2.2. may further comprise stemming or tamping the blast hole such that the one or more lead wires protrude beyond a ground surface of the formation or blast hole. Step S3 may typically be preceded by the sub-steps of: Si: Loading a controller unit dataset relating to the blast parameters onto the controller unit; Sii: Sequentially loading a unique trigger unit dataset onto each trigger unit and physically marking each trigger unit with a unique trigger unit number or identifier, such that each trigger unit becomes a unique trigger unit associated with a unique trigger unit dataset, a unique trigger unit number or identifier and a specific blast hole. The controller unit dataset as aforementioned may comprise data relating to a number of blast holes, dimensions of an array in which the blast holes are arranged, a unique number or identifier of each blast hole, a sequence according to which charges associated with the blast holes need to be fired based on a blast progression or shape, a blast direction and a delay between firing of charges and / or a unique passcode / identifier code. The unique passcode / identifier may be stored onto the controller unit by presenting a unique hardware key to a reader associated with the controller unit. The reader may be utilised to read the unique passcode / identifier code from the unique hardware key and to store the unique passcode / identifier code on the controller unit. Each unique trigger unit dataset typically comprises data relating to the unique trigger unit number or identifier, a unique passcode / identifier code, and / or a time delay. At least some of the blast parameters may be captured on a software application executing on a computer processor. The software application may utilise the blast parameters captured thereon to calculate the time delay associated with each unique trigger unit (considering the specific position of the trigger unit in the array). The unique passcode / identifier may be captured by the software application after the unique hardware key is presented to a reader associated with the computer processor. The reader may be utilised to read the unique passcode / identifier code from the unique hardware key. Further in accordance with the first aspect of the invention, step S3 may comprise providing a stand in or proximate the blast hole and supporting the unique trigger unit on the stand. Typically, the stand may comprise a post portion and a prong. The post portion may be configured to be anchored or planted in or proximate the respective hole. The prong may be shaped complimentarily with slots provided on the trigger unit, such that the trigger unit may be supported by the stand when the prong is received by the slots. Each trigger unit may comprise one or more contact arrangements. Step S3 may furthermore comprise the sub-step of connecting the one or more lead wires of the initiation device associated with each hole to the one or more contact arrangements. Each trigger unit may comprise a switch which may be switchable between an “on” and “off” configuration. Step S4 may be preceded by the steps: Sa: Switching the switches of each trigger unit to the on configuration; and Sb: Evacuating the blast area. In some cases, though not exclusively, the switches may be magnetic switches. Alternatively, conventional manual flip-type switches may be used. Step S4 may be undertaken wirelessly and from a discrete operating location. Furthermore, step S4 may comprise the sub-steps of: S4.1: Running a sequential two-way communication check to each unique trigger unit; S4.2: Arming the trigger units; and S4.3: Firing the blast. Each sequence of sub-step S4.1 may comprises the further sub-steps of: S4.1.1: Wirelessly sending to a unique trigger unit, from the controller unit, a prompt data packet; S4.1.2: Receiving on said unique trigger unit the prompt data packet; S4.1.3: Wirelessly sending to the controller unit from said unique trigger unit, a confirmation data packet; S4.1.4: Receiving on the controller unit said confirmation data packet from said unique trigger unit; and S4.1.5: Comparing the confirmation data packet with data stored on the controller unit. The prompt data packet may comprise a unique number or identifier associated with said unique trigger unit. The confirmation data packet, on the other hand, may comprise data relating to the unique number or identifier, a unique passcode / identifier code and / or a time delay. Sub-step S4.2 may comprise at least some of the sub-steps of: S4.2.1: Wirelessly sending an arming signal from the controller unit to all trigger units; S4.2.2: Receiving on all trigger units the arming signal; S4.2.3: Configuring each trigger unit into an armed configuration; and S4.2.4: Sending a wireless arming confirmation signal from each trigger unit to the controller unit. Before the abovementioned sub-step S4.2.3 and provided the specific trigger unit is configured in the “on” configuration, an LED indicator on said trigger unit may illuminate a flashing light. After sub-step 4.2.3 said LED indicator may illuminate a solid light. Sub-step S4.3 may comprise the further sub-steps of: S4.3.1: Receiving on the controller unit a firing input; S4.3.2: Initiating a countdown timer; S4.3.3: Upon conclusion of the countdown timer, wirelessly sending a firing signal from the controller unit to each trigger unit simultaneously; S4.3.4: Receiving the firing signal from the controller unit on each trigger unit substantially simultaneously; S4.3.5: Commencing a delay on each trigger unit according to the blast parameters; and S4.3.6: Upon completion of the delay by a particular trigger unit, providing an electrical current to an initiation device associated with said trigger unit to fire the initiation device. Before conclusion of the countdown timer, the firing input may be reversible or terminable upon receiving an abort prompt. In accordance with a second aspect of the invention there is provided a wireless blast initiation system comprising a controller unit comprising a processing module, a memory arrangement and a wireless communication module, the controller unit preconfigurable in accordance with predefined blast parameters; at least a first trigger unit comprising a wireless communication module and being preconfigurable in accordance with the predefined blast parameters, the configuration such that, in use, the controller unit communicates a firing instruction wirelessly to the trigger unit, causing the trigger unit to fire in accordance with the blast parameters. Typically, the system may comprise a plurality of trigger units. Each trigger unit may be preconfigurable in accordance with the predefined blast parameters. Furthermore, each trigger unit may operatively be associated with a specific blast hole. Each trigger unit may comprise an onboard trigger unit processing module and an onboard power source. The onboard trigger unit processing module may include an onboard crystal oscillator which may be provided and used for accurate timekeeping. The onboard power source may be a non-rechargeable battery. Typically, each trigger unit may furthermore comprise a near-field communication module, an electrical connection member for operatively connecting to one or more lead wires of an initiation device, an electrical switch for switching said trigger unit between the “on” and “off” configurations, an LED status indicator, a fixing arrangement for operatively fixing said trigger unit to a stand and / or an identification marker panel for receiving a unique identification label of said trigger unit in accordance with the predetermined blast parameters. The electrical connection member may be connected, directly or indirectly, to the onboard power source. The electrical switch may take the form of a sliding magnetic switch, a conventional flip-type switch, or the like. The fixing arrangement may typically be in the form of a fixing slot. The controller unit may comprise at least some of an on-board power source in the form of a rechargeable battery, a display unit, an input for capturing data or inputs on the controller unit, an emergency abort control, an antenna for wirelessly transmitting data between the controller unit and each trigger unit and / or a unique hardware key reader. The antenna may preferably operate in a frequency range of 860MHz to 920MHZ (both endvalues included). The system may furthermore comprise a unique hardware key. Yet furthermore, the system may comprise a processing module associated with software for generating the predetermined blast parameters. The processing module may comprise or be associated with an input module such as a keyboard, a unique hardware key reader and a nearfield communication module for transferring data pertaining to the predetermined blast parameters to the trigger units. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The invention will now be described in more detail, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: Figure 1 shows a schematic view of a wireless initiation system in accordance with one aspect of the invention; Figure 2 shows an exploded perspective view of a trigger unit and a support stand forming part of the system of Figure 1; Figure 3 shows a perspective view of the trigger unit and stand of Figure 2 in assembled form; Figure 4 shows a front view of the trigger unit and stand of Figure 2, again in assembled form; Figure 5 shows a perspective view of a controller unit forming part of the system of Figure 1; Figure 6 shows a partially sectioned front view of a trigger unit and stand of Figure 2 in use installed relative to a blast hole; and Figure 7 shows a schematic top view of an array of blast holes of a blast site where the system of Figure 1 is used; Figure 8 shows a schematic view of different shot shapes and directions according to which blast holes may be initiated using the system of Figure 1; and Figure 9 shows a schematic flow diagram depicting a method of using the system of Figure 1 when wirelessly initiating initiation devices associated with explosive charges at a blast location. DESCRIPTION OF THE ILLUSTRATED EMBODIMENTS Before any embodiments of the invention are explained in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and the arrangement of components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the following drawings. The invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or of being conducted in many ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. The use of "including," "comprising," or "having" and variations thereof herein is meant to encompass the items listed thereafter and equivalents thereof as well as additional items. Unless specified or limited otherwise, the terms "mounted", "connected", "engaged" and variations thereof are used broadly and encompass both direct and indirect mountings, connections, supports, and couplings and are thus intended to include direct connections between two members without any other members interposed therebetween and indirect connections between members in which one or more other members are interposed therebetween. Further, "connected" and "engaged" are not restricted to physical or mechanical connections or couplings. Additionally, the words "lower", "upper", "upward", "down" and "downward" designate directions in the drawings to which reference is made. The terminology includes the words specifically mentioned above, derivatives thereof, and words or similar import. It is noted that, as used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the," and any singular use of any word, include plural referents unless expressly and unequivocally limited to one referent. As used herein, the term “include” and its grammatical variants are intended to be non-limiting, such that recitation of items in a list is not to the exclusion of other like items that can be substituted or added to the listed items. For the purpose of this disclosure, including all parts thereof, the following definitions and explanations will apply: The term “trigger unit” shall be interpreted to include or be synonymous with “remote shot exploder”. The term “controller unit” shall be interpreted to include or be synonymous with “remote firing box”, “remote firing unit” or “remote firing apparatus”. Any reference to an explosive, an explosive charge, a blasting charge or cartridge, a charge, rock breaking cartridges or the like will be taken to be non-limiting in terms of the type or makeup, and will be interpreted to include high explosives, ANFOs, emulsions, boosters and the like. Any reference to an “initiation device” will be taken to include a reference to a detonator, an I ED (instantaneous electric detonator) or any other suitable device that is capable of initiating explosives, which include electronic detonators, detonators, shock tubes, detonator cords, ignitors and the like. The term “predefined blast parameters” will be taken to refer to a set of data relating to a blast, which includes details as more fully discussed below. Throughout this disclosure, when an object is said to contain or be preconfigured with the predefined blast parameters, it will be appreciated that the object has stored thereon, all or at least some of the data relating to the blast. Having stored thereon or being preconfigured with or in accordance with the predefined blast parameters therefore does not mean that the object is associated with the totality of data relating to the blast but may mean that a relevant portion of the data relating to the blast is associated therewith. Referring to the drawings, in which like numerals indicate like features, a non-limiting example of a wireless blast initiation system in accordance with the invention is generally indicated by reference numeral 10. The system 10 comprises a controller unit 12 which is a self-contained, mobile unit with an onboard processing module 14, memory arrangement 16 and wireless communication module 18. As discussed more fully below, in use, the controller unit 12 is preconfigured with or according to predefined blast parameters. The system 10 further comprises at least a first, but typically a number of trigger units 20. Each trigger unit 20 comprises a wireless communication module 22 which is configured for facilitating wireless two-way communication with the controller unit 12, as discussed more fully below. Each trigger unit 20 is, again, in use, preconfigured with the predefined blast parameters. As discussed more fully below, the system 10 is configured to allow the controller unit 12 to communicate a firing instruction wirelessly to each trigger unit 20 thereby causing the trigger unit to fire. All of this happens in accordance with the predefined blast parameters. It will further be appreciated that each trigger unit 20 is configured individually in accordance with the predefined blast parameters and more particularly, configured with a unique subset of the data relating to the predefined blast parameters, such that each trigger unit 20 of the system is configured into a unique trigger unit 20 which will, ultimately, be associated with a specific blast hole forming part of a blast site and operation. Each trigger unit 20 comprises an onboard trigger unit processing module (not shown) and an onboard power source (again, not shown). The onboard trigger unit processing module includes an onboard crystal oscillator which is provided to ensure accurate time calculations, calibrations and responses of the trigger unit 20 within the larger system 10. The onboard power source is typically a non-rechargeable battery or cell. The battery or cell is specifically non-rechargeable since the trigger unit is specifically configured as a single use component (due to its proximity, in use, to explosives charges, debris and other high-velocity fragments which may cause damage. The trigger unit 20 also typically comprise some of the following hardware components: A near-field communication module with which the data subset relating to the predefined blast parameters is transferred to the trigger unit 20. One or more electrical connection members or sockets 22 for operatively connecting to one or more lead wires 68 of an initiation device 70. The socket 22 is connected by means of an electrical circuit (directly or indirectly) to the onboard trigger unit processing module and the onboard power source, such that, upon receiving a firing instruction, the onboard processing module causes electrical current to flow from the onboard power source to the socket. An electrical switch 24 for switching the trigger unit between an “on” and “off” configuration. When in the “off’ configuration, the electrical circuit between the power the power source and the sockets 22 is broken. The switch 24 typically comprises a sliding magnetic switch which provides a visual indication of the configuration of the of the trigger unit. An LED status indicator light. Typically, though not exclusively, the status indicator light may be configured to illuminate as follows: o No illumination - trigger unit 20 in “off” configuration; o Flashing red - trigger unit 20 in “on” configuration; o Solid red - trigger unit 20 in “armed” configuration; o Solid orange - trigger unit 20 is ready to fire (10 sec countdown timer initiated); o Solid purple - trigger unit 20 is faulty or not fit for use. A fixing arrangement or slot 26 with which the trigger unit 20 is fixed to a stand 28. An identification marker panel 30 (which is typically a front-facing panel) for receiving a unique identification label of said trigger unit 20 in accordance with the predetermined blast parameters. The unique identifier label may simply be a number written onto the marker identification marker panel 30. The controller unit 12 also typically comprise some of the following hardware components: An on-board power source (not shown) in the form of a rechargeable battery. Display unit 32 which, in some cases, may be a touch-screen display unit. An input module 34 for capturing data or inputs on the controller unit (again, the input module 34 may in some cases be replaced by the touch screen display). Alternatively, as shown, the input module may take the form of a number of input buttons. An emergency abort control 36. An antenna 38 for wirelessly transmitting data between the controller unit 12 and each trigger unit 20. The antenna 38 typically operatives in the frequency range of 860MHz to 920MHZ. In some cases, the antenna 38 may be incorporated in a lid 42 of a casing 44 of the controller unit 12. A unique hardware key reader 40. The casing 44 may be weather sealed and the lid 42 may be lockable in a closed position to prevent tampering therewith. Further to this end, the casing 44 may comprise unique tamper proof hold down screws and warranty void breakable stickers. The system 10 further comprises a number of stands 28 equal to the number of trigger units 20. The stands 28 have anchor formations 46 for fixing the stands in the ground or soil within or proximate a blast hole 50, and a prong-shaped receiving formation 48 for receiving the slots 26 of the trigger unit 20. The system further comprises a unique hardware key 52 which is encoded with a unique key or identification code or number. The unique hardware key typically comprises a RFID tag. In some implementations, the system 10 further comprises an external processing module, typically in the form of a laptop 54, tablet, personal computer or other portable computer, which is associated with a software program for generating and predefining the predefined blast parameters. The external processing module is typically located in a back office away from a blast site 56 and is used to pre-program the various hardware components of the system 10 in accordance with the predefined blast parameters. The external processing module is associated with an input module 58 (such as a keyboard) for capturing data and inputs, a unique hardware key reader 60 (typically an RFID tag reader) and a further near-field communication module 62 for transferring data to the trigger units 20. A method of using the system 10 is generally indicated by reference numeral 100 in figure 9. Before the system 10 is used, blast parameters are designed and defined in known fashion. This process typically considers parameters and aspects such as the type of rock formation that will be blasted, the size and other parameters of the blast site 56, the dimensions, depth and number of blast holes 50 and the makeup and size (required number of rows i and columns j) of the array 64 in which the blastholes 50 will be arranged, the shape, the burden and spacing between rows i and columns j of the array 64, the charge required in each blast hole and further details (including type) of explosives that will be used, details pertaining to firing progression, blast pattern and direction (figure 8 shows different firing progressions and blast patterns), a blast delay or interval between blast sequences, blast holes and / or blast rows and / or blast columns, and the like. As shown in figure 8, the firing progressions and blast patterns may include at least some of the following: a linear and horizontal progression; a linear and vertical progression; a chevron-shaped progression; an inverted chevron-shaped progression; a half chevron-shaped progression; a box-shaped progression; an inward-shaped progression; an outward-shaped progression; a diverging progression; and a converging progression. The designing and defining of the blast parameters is shown generally by reference numeral 102. This step is typically undertaken at a back office. It will be appreciated that in some cases, the steps discussed hereinafter need not follow in the order as discussed. The steps are undertaken at the back office, the blast site 56 or at a blast location 66, which is spaced from the blast site 56. Some of the steps, although not disclosed or described as such, may occur simultaneously. Initial preparations of the blast site 56 comprise creating the array 64 of blast holes 50 in known fashion (shown at 106) in accordance with the predefined blast parameters, typically by drilling the holes at marked locations. Therefore, the holes 50 in the array 64 are spaced apart and drilled to depths as predefined. Next, the holes 50 are charged (shown at 108) and backfilled (shown at 110). The charging and backfilling of the holes 50 are done such that the lead wires 68 of the intuition devices 70 associated with the explosives with which the holes 50 are charged, extend out of the holes 50 and beyond the surface 72 of the rock formation in which the holes 50 are formed. Each hole 50 of the array 64 is marked with a unique number or identifier (typically in the format [i, j] which corresponds with the specific hole’s position in the array 64). This is shown at 112. Once the blast parameters are designed and / or defined (at step 102 above), certain details thereof are entered or captured onto the processing module or laptop 54 and same is processed by software on stored on the processing module or laptop 54. This process also includes using the unique hardware key reader 60 to read the unique hardware key 52, such that the unique key or identification code or number is saved as part of the parameters. As will become apparent from the following, this unique key or identification code or number plays a pivotal role in the inherent safety built into the system 10 and the use thereof in accordance with the method 100. The software determines the number of trigger units 20 that will be required to initiate the blast and generates a unique trigger unit dataset for each trigger unit 20 that will be used. The unique trigger unit data set comprises at least the unique trigger unit number or identifier associated with each trigger unit 20, the unique passcode / identifier code and a time delay associated with the specific trigger unit 20. The software also creates a controller unit data set, which includes data relating to the number of blast holes 50, dimensions of the array 64, the unique number or identifier of each blast hole 50, a sequence according to which charges associated with each blast hole need to be fired (this is calculated based on the selected blast progression or shape, blast direction and a delay between firing of charges) and the unique passcode / identifier code. The above process is shown generally by reference numeral 114. Simultaneously with the initial preparations of the blast site 56, or therebefore, the trigger units 20 and controller unit 12 are preconfigured in accordance with the blast parameters. This is shown at 116 and 118. Before preconfiguring the trigger units 20, all of the trigger units 20 are substantially similar. Preconfiguring of the trigger units 20 turns each trigger unit 20 into a unique trigger unit 20. The process of preconfiguring the trigger units 20 (shown at 116) comprises bringing a previously unconfigured trigger unit 20 in close proximity with the near-field communication module 62 and allowing a transfer of the unique trigger unit data set from the processing module or laptop 64 to the specific trigger unit 20. Once the transfer of data has successfully been completed, an indication of success is displayed by the processing module or laptop 64 and the specific unique identifier or number of the now unique trigger unit 20 is displayed. The operator indicates this unique identifier or number on the panel 30 by writing it onto the panel with a marker, or sticking a suitable sticker onto the panel, or the like. This process is repeated for each trigger unit 20. The process of preconfiguring the controller unit 12 (shown at 118) comprises loading the controller unit dataset onto the controller unit 12. After preconfiguring, the trigger units 20 are transported to the blast site 56. Here, each unique trigger unit 20 is installed proximate a specific blast hole 50. To do this, an operator pairs each unique trigger unit 20 with its associated blast hole 50 by matching the unique number or identifier of the blast hole with that of the trigger unit 20. Installation of the trigger units 20 entails installing a stand 28 in or proximate the blast hole 50 and supporting the unique trigger unit 20 on the stand 28, by sliding the slot 26 of the trigger unit onto the prong shaped formation 48 of the stand 28. The above is shown generally by reference numeral 120. The protruding lead wires 68 associated with the initiation device 70 of the specific hole 50 is now connected to the socket 22 of the specific unique trigger unit 20 (shown at 122). At least until all of the trigger units have been connected with the lead wires 68 of their associated initiation devices 70, the electrical switches 24 of the trigger units are retained in the “off’ positions. Therefore, the LED indicators of the trigger units 20 are not illuminated. Typically, at this point, the blast site 56 is evacuated from all personnel and equipment in preparation for the blast. The electrical switches are now switched to the “on” positions by sliding the magnetic switches upwards, and the LED indicators flash red, to indicate that the trigger units are on but not yet armed. This is shown generally by reference numeral 124. Once all of the trigger units 20 are switched on, the operator finally evacuates the blast site 56 (at 126) and retreats to the blast location 66 (which is spaced from the blast site by a distance which is considered sufficient from a safety point of view). At the blast site 66, the operator now activates the controller unit 12 (which at this point has already been preconfigured), by switching the controller unit 12 on. Part of this process entails presenting the unique hardware key 52 to the unique key reader 40. The controller unit 12 compares the data read from the unique hardware key 52 with data stored on the controller unit 12 as part of the predefined blast parameters. If the data doesn’t match, the controller unit 12 will not be activated successfully and the controller unit 12 will not initiate the blast. If the data matches, the controller unit 12 will by “unlocked” and will proceed with the next steps. The above is shown generally by reference numeral 128. Next, the operator runs a sequential two-way communication check (shown at 130) between the controller unit 12 and each trigger unit 20. Each sequence of this process comprises the following sub-steps: Sending from the controller unit 12 a prompt data packet wirelessly to a specific trigger unit (shown at 132). The prompt data packet comprises the unique number or identifier associated with said unique trigger unit. Receiving the prompt data packet wirelessly on the specific trigger unit (shown at 134). Sending or returning a confirmation data packet associated with said trigger unit 20 wirelessly from the specific trigger unit 20 to the controller unit 12 (shown at 136). Receiving the confirmation data packet from the specific trigger unit 20 on the controller unit 12 (shown at 138). Comparing the confirmation data packet with data stored on controller unit 12 (shown at 140). If the confirmation data packet matches the data stored on the controller unit 12, the controller unit validates the specific trigger unit (shown at 142). If the confirmation data packet does not match the data on the controller unit, the specific trigger unit will not be validated, and a system error will be indicated to prompt an operator to investigate. The rejection of the trigger unit is not shown in figure 9. The above steps are sequentially undertaken for each trigger unit 20 in the array 64. The controller unit 12 is configured to provide a visual indication of the validation of the trigger units 20, by providing a visual representation of the array 64 on the display unit 32 of the controller unit 12 with a visual indication of whether same has been validated (for example, a grey circle indicating trigger unit 20 which hasn’t yet been validated, a green circle indicating a validated trigger unit and a red circle showing a rejected trigger unit). The communication check (shown at 130) is performed to confirm that: each trigger unit 12 is switched on and ready to be armed; a clear line of communication exists between the controller unit 12 and each trigger unit 20; and each trigger 20 unit was correctly preconfigured. Once all of the trigger units have been validated, the system 10 may be armed. Arming of the system 10 commences when the operator presses an arming button on the controller unit 12, following which, the controller unit 12 wirelessly sends an arming signal to each trigger unit 20 (shown at 144). The arming signal is received by each trigger unit 20 (shown at 146) and the trigger units are configured into an armed configuration (shown at 148). This causes the status indicator lights of the trigger units to stop flashing and start illuminating a solid red light. This allows an operator to perform a visual confirmation that all trigger units 20 have been armed from afar (if any status indicator lights are still flashing at this stage, which would indicate that a particular trigger unit 20 was not successfully armed, this would be easily visible, and the operation may be aborted). Furthermore (optionally), each trigger unit 20 may communicate to the controller unit 12 that it was successfully armed, and this may be displayed on the controller unit 12 (shown at 150). Once all of the trigger units 12 are armed, the blast may be fired (shown generally at 152). This entails the following steps: The operator provides an initiation input to the controller unit 12 (shown at 154). - A countdown timer is initiated on the controller unit 12 and displayed on the display unit 32 (shown at 156). If for any reason the firing of the blast needs to be aborted, the emergency abort control button 36 may simply be pressed. If not aborted, at the conclusion of the countdown timer, a single fire signal is simultaneously sent to each trigger unit (shown at 158). The single fire signal is substantially simultaneously received on each trigger unit 20 (shown at 160). Each trigger unit 20 now initiates its own countdown timer based on the time delay programmed into the specific trigger unit 20 based on the predefined blast parameters (shown at 162). Each trigger unit 20 fires its initiation device at the conclusion of its respective countdown timer by providing an electrical current to the lead wires (shown at 164). It will be appreciated that the firing instruction is sent to all the trigger units 20 simultaneously, and therefore, each trigger units countdown timer or delay commences substantially at the same time. The accuracy of the countdown timers due is ensured due to the use of onboard crystal oscillators. After firing, each trigger unit 20, or at least the processor associated with each trigger unit 20 is destroyed to inhibit same from being re-used (which could potentially result in inaccuracies or reliability issues, since the trigger unit would previously have been located in close proximity to an explosive charge having been initiated. It is believed that the use of this system in accordance with the methods and procedures outlined herein has the potential to overcome many drawbacks associated with current wired initiation systems. For example, the system facilitates faster deployment by eliminating the need to lay and connect extensive wiring, reducing setup time significantly. The system will be effective in challenging or rugged terrains where laying wires may be difficult or time-consuming. Furthermore, due to the flexibility of the system, more precise and flexible placement of charges without being constrained by wiring routes may be achieved. Wire-related failures (such as those caused by physically damaged wire connections) may be avoided. Built-in safety protocols inhibits accidental or unauthorized initiation, whilst enabling precise control over blast timing. Complex blast patterns with multiple initiation points may be achieved. Scalability and simultaneous or sequential initiation across multiple locations are achievable. Due to the number of built in checks and safety protocols, the occurrence of human error is reduced. The system improves safety of operators by reducing the likelihood of accidental initiation, whilst allowing flexibility for operators to control blasts from safer distances without requiring physical connections. It will be appreciated that the above description only provides an example embodiment of the invention and that there may be many variations without departing from the spirit and / or the scope of the invention. It will be easily understood from the present description that the particular features of the present invention, as generally described and illustrated in the figures, can be arranged and designed according to a wide variety of different configurations. In this way, the description of the present invention and the related figures are not provided to limit the scope of the invention but simply represent selected embodiments. The skilled person will understand that the technical characteristics of a given embodiment can in fact be combined with characteristics of another embodiment, unless otherwise expressed or it is evident that these characteristics are incompatible. Also, the technical characteristics described one embodiment can be isolated from the other characteristics of this embodiment unless otherwise expressed.

Claims

1. A wireless blast initiation method comprising the steps of:S1: Defining blast parameters;S2: Setting up blast holes in accordance with the blast parameters;S3: Providing each blast hole with a unique trigger unit preconfigured in accordance with the blast parameters; andS4: Utilising a controller unit preconfigured in accordance with the blast parameters to communicate wirelessly to each of the unique trigger units and to provide a firing instruction to each trigger unit, causing each trigger unit to fire in accordance with the blast parameters.

2. The wireless blast initiation method according to claim 1, wherein step S1 comprises at least some of the sub-steps of:S1.1: Determining dimensions of an array of blast holes required as part of the blast design, by determining:a required number of blast holes;a number of rows and columns of the array;a burden and spacing between rows and columns of the array;a charge required in each blast hole,S1.2: Numbering each blast hole forming part of the array;S1.3: Selecting a firing progression, blast pattern and direction; andS1.4: Selecting a blast delay or interval between blast sequences, blast holes and / or blast rows and / or blast columns.

3. The wireless blast initiation method according to claim 2, wherein the blast progression or shape is one of:a linear and horizontal progression;a linear and vertical progression;a chevron-shaped progression;an inverted chevron-shaped progression;a half chevron-shaped progression;a box-shaped progression;an inward-shaped progression;an outward-shaped progression;a diverging progression; and a converging progression.

4. The wireless blast initiation method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein step S2 comprises at least some of the sub-steps of:S2.1: Drilling physical blast holes into a formation at a blast site or face in accordance with the blast parameters;S2.2: Charging the blast holes in accordance with the blast parameters; andS2.3: Physically marking each blast hole with a unique number or identifier.

5. The wireless blast initiation method according to claim 4, wherein step S2.2 comprises: charging each blast hole in accordance with the blast parameters with one of a rockbreaking or blasting cartridge, conventional high explosives and an explosive charge, the blasting cartridge or explosive charge associated with an initiation device having one or more lead wires extending therefrom; andstemming or tamping the blast hole such that the one or more lead wires protrude beyond a ground surface of the formation or blast hole.

6. The wireless blast initiation method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein step S3 is preceded by the sub-steps of:Si: Loading a controller unit dataset relating to the blast parameters onto the controller unit;Sii: Sequentially loading a unique trigger unit dataset onto each trigger unit and physically marking each trigger unit with a unique trigger unit number or identifier, such that each trigger unit becomes a unique trigger unit associated with a unique trigger unit dataset, a unique trigger unit number or identifier and a specific blast hole.

7. The wireless blast initiation method according to claim 6, wherein the controller unit dataset comprises data relating to:a number of blast holes;dimensions of an array in which the blast holes are arranged;a unique number or identifier of each blast hole;a sequence according to which charges associated with the blast holes need to be fired based on a blast progression or shape, a blast direction and a delay between firing of charges; anda unique passcode / identifier code.

8. The wireless blast initiation method according to claim 7, wherein the unique passcode / identifier is stored onto the controller unit by presenting a unique hardware key to a reader associated with the controller unit, utilising the reader to read the unique passcode / identifier code from the unique hardware key and storing the unique passcode / identifier code on the controller unit.

9. The wireless blast initiation method according to any one of claims 6 to 8, wherein each unique trigger unit dataset comprises data relating to:the unique trigger unit number or identifier;a unique passcode / identifier code; and a time delay.

10. The wireless blast initiation method according to claim 9, wherein:at least some of the blast parameters are captured on a software application executing on a computer processor;wherein the software application utilises the blast parameters captured thereon to calculate the time delay associated with each unique trigger unit; andwherein the unique passcode / identifier is captured by the software application after a unique hardware key is presented to a reader associated with the computer processor, after the reader is utilised to read the unique passcode / identifier code from the unique hardware key.

11. The wireless blast initiation method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein step S3 comprises providing a stand in or proximate the blast hole and supporting the unique trigger unit on the stand.

12. The wireless blast initiation method according to claim 11, wherein the stand comprises a post portion and a prong, wherein the post portion is configured to be anchored or planted in or proximate the respective hole, and wherein the prong is shaped complimentarily with slots provided on the trigger unit, such that the trigger unit is supported by the stand when the prong is received by the slots.

13. The wireless blast initiation method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein each trigger unit comprises one or more contact arrangements and wherein step S3 comprises the sub-step of connecting one or more lead wires of an initiation device associated with each hole to the one or more contact arrangements.

14. The wireless blast initiation method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein each trigger unit comprises a switch switchable between an on and off configuration and wherein step S4 is preceded by the steps:Sa: Switching the switches of each trigger unit to the on configuration; andSb: Evacuating a blast area.

15. The wireless blast initiation method according to claim 14, wherein the switches are magnetic switches.

16. The wireless blast initiation method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein step S4 is undertaken wirelessly and from a discrete operating location.

17. The wireless blast initiation method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein step S4 comprises the sub-steps of:S4.1: Running a sequential two-way communication check to each unique trigger unit;S4.2: Arming the trigger units; andS4.3: Firing the blast.

18. The wireless blast initiation method according to claim 17, wherein each sequence of substep S4.1 comprises the sub-steps of:S4.1.1: Wirelessly sending to a unique trigger unit, from the controller unit, a prompt data packet;S4.1.2: Receiving on said unique trigger unit the prompt data packet;S4.1.3: Wirelessly sending to the controller unit from said unique trigger unit, a confirmation data packet;S4.1.4: Receiving on the controller unit said confirmation data packet from said unique trigger unit; andS4.1.5: Comparing the confirmation data packet with data stored on the controller unit.

19. The wireless blast initiation method according to claim 18, wherein the prompt data packet comprises a unique number or identifier associated with said unique trigger unit.

20. The wireless blast initiation method according to claim 18 or 19, wherein the confirmation data packet comprises data relating to:the unique number or identifier;a unique passcode / identifier code; anda time delay.

21. The wireless blast initiation method according to any one of claims 17 to 20, wherein substep S4.2 comprises the sub-steps of:S4.2.1: Wirelessly sending an arming signal from the controller unit to all trigger units;S4.2.2: Receiving on all trigger units the arming signal;S4.2.3: Configuring each trigger unit into an armed configuration; andS4.2.4: Sending a wireless arming confirmation signal from each trigger unit to the controller unit.

22. The wireless blast initiation method according to claim 21, wherein, before sub-step S4.2.3 and provided specific trigger unit is configured in an on configuration, an LED indicator on said trigger unit illuminates a flashing light; and wherein, after sub-step 4.2.3 the LED indicator illuminates a solid light.

23. The wireless blast initiation method according to any one of claims 17 to 22, wherein substep S4.3 comprises the sub-steps of:S4.3.1: Receiving on the controller unit a firing input;S4.3.2: Initiating a countdown timer;S4.3.3: Upon conclusion of the countdown timer, wirelessly sending a firing signal from the controller unit to each trigger unit simultaneously;S4.3.4: Receiving the firing signal from the controller unit on each trigger unit substantially simultaneously;S4.3.5: Commencing a delay on each trigger unit according to the blast parameters; andS4.3.6: Upon completion of the delay by a particular trigger unit, providing an electrical current to an initiation device associated with said trigger unit to fire the initiation device.

24. The wireless blast initiation method according to claim 23, wherein, before conclusion of the countdown timer, the firing input is reversible upon receiving an abort prompt.

25. A wireless blast initiation system comprisinga controller unit comprising a processing module, a memory arrangement and a wireless communication module, the controller unit preconfigurable in accordance with predefined blast parameters;at least a first trigger unit comprising a wireless communication module and being preconfigurable in accordance with the predefined blast parameters, the configuration such that, in use, the controller unit communicates a firing instruction wirelessly to the trigger unit, causing the trigger unit to fire in accordance with the blast parameters.

26. The wireless blast initiation system according to claim 25, comprising a plurality of trigger units, each preconfigurable in accordance with the predefined blast parameters.

27. The wireless blast initiation system according to claim 25 or 26, wherein each trigger unit is operatively associated with a specific blast hole.

28. The wireless blast system according to any one of claims 25 to 27, wherein each trigger unit comprises:an onboard trigger unit processing module; andan onboard power source.

29. The wireless blast system according to claim 28, wherein the onboard trigger unit processing module includes an onboard crystal oscillator.

30. The wireless blast system according to claim 28 or 29, wherein the onboard power source is a non-rechargeable battery.

31. The wireless blast system according to any one of claims 28 to 30, wherein each trigger unit further comprises at least some of:a near-field communication module;an electrical connection member for operatively connecting to one or more lead wires of an initiation device, the electrical connection member being connected, directly or indirectly, to the onboard power source;an electrical switch for switching said trigger unit between an on and off configuration, the electrical switch preferably taking the form of a sliding magnetic switch;an LED status indicator;a fixing arrangement, preferably in the form of a fixing slot, for operatively fixing said trigger unit to a stand; and / oran identification marker panel for receiving a unique identification label of said trigger unit in accordance with the predetermined blast parameters.

32. The wireless blast system according to any one of claims 25 to 31, wherein the controller unit further comprises at least some of:an on-board power source in the form of a rechargeable battery;a display unit;an input for capturing data or inputs on the controller unit;an emergency abort control;an antenna for wirelessly transmitting data between the controller unit and each trigger unit, the antenna preferably operating in the frequency range of 860MHz and 920MHZ;a unique hardware key reader33. The wireless blast system according to any one of claims 25 to 32, further comprising a unique hardware key.

34. The wireless blast system according to any one of claims 25 to 33, further comprising a processing module associated with software for generating the predetermined blast parameters, the processing module further associated with:an input module;a unique hardware key reader;a near-field communication module for transferring data pertaining to the predetermined blast parameters to the trigger unit(s)

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