Methods and compositions for maintaining skeletal muscle mobility and / or mass, and / or for recovery of skeletal muscle strength

Abstract

A method for maintaining skeletal muscle mobility and / or mass, and / or for recovery of skeletal muscle strength in an individual in need thereof comprises administering β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) and at least one olive polyphenol to the individual. A nutritional composition for maintaining skeletal muscle mobility and / or mass, and / or for recovery of skeletal muscle strength in an individual comprises HMB, at least one olive polyphenol, and at least one of: at least one source of protein, at least one source of fat, at least one source of carbohydrate.

Description

Abstract A method for maintaining skeletal muscle activity and / or mass, and / or restoring skeletal muscle strength in a desired individual includes administering β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) and at least one olive polyphenol to the individual. A nutritional composition for maintaining skeletal muscle activity and / or mass, and / or restoring skeletal muscle strength in an individual includes HMB, at least one olive polyphenol, and at least one of the following: at least one protein source, at least one fat source, and at least one carbohydrate source.

Claims

ClaimsWhat is claimed is:1 . A method for maintaining skeletal muscle mobility and / or mass, and / or for recovery of skeletal muscle strength in an individual in need thereof, comprising administering |3- hydroxy-|3-methylbutyrate (HMB) and at least one olive polyphenol to the individual.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one olive polyphenol comprises hydroxytyrosol.

3. The method of any one of claims 1 or 2, wherein the individual has or is at risk of losing muscle mass.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein the reduced muscle mass or risk thereof is associated with aging, sarcopenia, hospitalization, immobilization, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), diabetes, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), burn injury, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), long term steroid use, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn’s disease, malnutrition, and / or an acute or chronic condition with a hypercatabolic state.

5. The method of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the individual is being treated with a glucocorticoid.

6. The method of any one of claims 1 or 2, wherein the individual has or is at risk of muscle catabolism.

7. The method of any one of claims 1 or 2, wherein the individual has or is at risk of losing muscle strength.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein the reduced muscle strength or risk thereof is associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, immobilization, sepsis, infection, surgery, cancer, COPD, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, dementia, aging, sarcopenia, malnutrition, and / or an acute or chronic condition with a systemic pro-inflammatory state.

9. The method of any one of claims 1-8, wherein the HMB is administered to the individual in an amount of about 0.01 to 10 g / day, about 0.1 to 10 g / day, or about 0.1 to 6 g / day.

10. The method of any one of claims 1-9, wherein the at least one olive polyphenol, or more specifically, hydroxytyrosol is administered to the individual in an amount of about 0.5 to 50 mg / day, about 1 to 20 mg / day, or about 5 to 15 mg / day.1 1. The method of any one of claims 1-10, wherein the individual is an adult subject.

12. The method of any one of claims 1-10, wherein the individual is a pediatric subject.

13. The method of any one of claims 1-12, wherein the HMB and the at least one olive polyphenol is administered to the individual in a nutritional composition.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein the nutritional composition is administered to the individual at least once per day, at least two times per day, or about 1 -4 times per day.

15. The method of claim 13 or 14, wherein the composition comprises about 0.01 to about10 wt %, about 0.1 to about 10 wt %, 0.1 to about 5 wt %, about 0.1 to about 3 wt %, about 0.1 to about 2 wt %, or about 0.1 to about 1 .5 wt % of HMB.

16. The method of any one of claims 13-15, wherein the HMB is selected from the group consisting of alkali metal HMB, alkaline earth metal HMB, HMB free acid, HMB lactone and combinations of two or more thereof, optionally wherein the HMB is selected from the group consisting of sodium HMB, potassium HMB, magnesium HMB, chromium HMB, calcium HMB and combinations of two or more thereof.

17. The method of any one of claims 13-16, wherein the composition comprises about 0.001 to about 1 wt %, about 0.005 to about 0.5 wt %, 0.005 to about 0.25 wt %, about 0.008 to about 0.1 wt %, about 0.01 to about 0.02 wt %, or about 0.008 to about 0.025 wt % of at least one olive polyphenol, optionally wherein the at least one olive polyphenol is hydroxytyrosol.

18. The method of any one of claims 13-17, wherein the nutritional composition comprises protein comprising whey protein concentrate, whey protein isolate, whey protein hydrolysate, acid casein, sodium caseinate, calcium caseinate, potassium caseinate, casein hydrolysate, milk protein concentrate, organic milk protein concentrate, milk protein isolate, milk protein hydrolysate, nonfat dry milk, condensed skim milk, soy protein concentrate, isolated soy protein, soy protein hydrolysate, pea protein concentrate, pea protein isolate, pea protein hydrolysate, collagen protein, collagen protein isolate, L-Carnitine, taurine, lutein, rice protein concentrate, rice protein isolate, rice protein hydrolysate, fava bean protein concentrate, fava bean protein isolate, fava bean protein hydrolysate, meat protein, potato protein, chickpea protein, canola protein,mung protein, guinea protein, amaranth protein, chia protein, hemp protein, flax seed protein, earthworm protein, insect protein, one or more amino acids and / or metabolites thereof, or a combination of two or more thereof.

19. The method of any one of any one of claims 13-18, wherein the nutritional composition comprises fat comprising coconut oil, fractionated coconut oil, soy oil, soy lecithin, corn oil, safflower oil, high oleic sunflower oil, palm olein, canola oil monoglycerides, lecithin, medium chain triglycerides, linoleic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, high gamma linolenic (GLA) safflower oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil, canola oil, marine oil, fish oil, algal oil, borage oil, cottonseed oil, fungal oil, interesterified oils, transesterified oils, structured lipid, or a combination of two or more thereof.

20. The method of any one of claims 13-19, wherein the nutritional composition comprises carbohydrate comprising fiber, human milk oligosaccharide (HMO), maltodextrin, corn maltodextrin, organic corn, corn syrup, sucralose, cellulose gel, cellulose gum, gellan gum, inositol, carrageenan, fructooligosaccharide, hydrolyzed starch, glucose polymer, corn syrup solid, rice-derived carbohydrate, sucrose, glucose, lactose, honey, sugar alcohol, isomaltulose, sucromalt, pullulan, potato starch, galactooligosaccharide, oat fiber, soy fiber, corn fiber, gum arable, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, guar gum, locust bean gum, konjac flour, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, tragacanth gum, karaya gum, gum acacia, chitosan, arabinoglactin, glucomannan, xanthan gum, alginate, pectin, low methoxy pectin, high methoxy pectin, cereal beta-glucan, psyllium, inulin, cornstarch, or a combination of two or more thereof.21 . The method of any one of claims 13-20, wherein the nutritional composition comprises from about 1 to about 30 wt % of protein, from about 0.1 to about 30 wt % fat, and from about 0.5 to about 70 wt % carbohydrate.

22. The method of any one of claims 13-20, wherein the nutritional composition comprises from about 10 to about 70 wt % protein and from about 10 to about 40 wt % carbohydrate.

23. The method of any one of claims 13-22, wherein the nutritional composition is in the form of a powder.

24. The method of any one of claims 13-22, wherein the nutritional composition is in the form of a liquid.

25. The method of any one of claims 1-24, wherein maintaining skeletal muscle mobility and / or mass and / or recovery of skeletal muscle strength involves mitigating muscle protein degradation, promoting muscle protein synthesis, or a combination thereof.

26. A nutritional composition for maintaining skeletal muscle mobility and / or mass, and / or for recovery of skeletal muscle strength in an individual in need thereof comprising HMB, at least one olive polyphenol, and at least one of: at least one source of protein, at least one source of fat, at least one source of carbohydrate.

27. The nutritional composition of claim 26, wherein the at least one olive polyphenol comprises hydroxytyrosol.

28. The nutritional composition of claim 26 or 27, wherein the composition comprises about 0.01 to about 10 wt %, about 0.1 to about 10 wt %, about 0.1 to about 5 wt %, about 0.1 to about 3 wt %, about 0.1 to about 2 wt %, or about 0.1 to about 1 .5 wt % of HMB.

29. The nutritional composition of any one of claims 26-28, wherein the HMB is selected from the group consisting of alkali metal HMB, alkaline earth metal HMB, HMB free acid, HMB lactone and combinations of two or more thereof, or the HMB is selected from the group consisting of sodium HMB, potassium HMB, magnesium HMB, chromium HMB, calcium HMB and combinations of two or more thereof.

30. The nutritional composition of any one of claims 26-29, wherein the composition comprises about 0.001 to about 1 wt %, about 0.005 to about 0.5 wt %, about 0.005 to about 0.25 wt %, about 0.008 to about 0.1 wt %, about 0.01 to about 0.02 wt %, or about 0.008 to about 0.025 wt % of at least one olive polyphenol, or more specifically, hydroxytyrosol.

31. The nutritional composition of any one of claims 26-30, wherein the nutritional composition comprises protein comprising whey protein concentrate, whey protein isolate, whey protein hydrolysate, acid casein, sodium caseinate, calcium caseinate, potassium caseinate, casein hydrolysate, milk protein concentrate, organic milk protein concentrate, milk protein isolate, milk protein hydrolysate, nonfat dry milk, condensed skim milk, soy protein concentrate, isolated soy protein, soy protein hydrolysate, pea protein concentrate, pea protein isolate, pea protein hydrolysate, collagen protein, collagen protein isolate, L-Carnitine, taurine, lutein, rice protein concentrate, rice protein isolate, rice protein hydrolysate, fava bean protein concentrate, fava bean protein isolate, fava bean protein hydrolysate, meat protein, potato protein, chickpea protein,canola protein, mung protein, guinea protein, amaranth protein, chia protein, hemp protein, flax seed protein, earthworm protein, insect protein, one or more amino acids and / or metabolites thereof, or a combination of two or more thereof.

32. The nutritional composition of any one of any one of claims 26-31 , wherein the nutritional composition comprises fat comprising coconut oil, fractionated coconut oil, soy oil, soy lecithin, corn oil, safflower oil, high oleic sunflower oil, palm olein, canola oil monoglycerides, lecithin, medium chain triglycerides, linoleic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, high gamma linolenic (GLA) safflower oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil, canola oil, marine oil, fish oil, algal oil, borage oil, cottonseed oil, fungal oil, interesterified oils, transesterified oils, structured lipid, or a combination of two or more thereof.

33. The nutritional composition of any one of claims 26-32, wherein the nutritional composition comprises carbohydrate comprising fiber, human milk oligosaccharide (HMO), maltodextrin, corn maltodextrin, organic corn, corn syrup, sucralose, cellulose gel, cellulose gum, gellan gum, inositol, carrageenan, fructooligosaccharide, hydrolyzed starch, glucose polymer, corn syrup solid, rice-derived carbohydrate, sucrose, glucose, lactose, honey, sugar alcohol, isomaltulose, sucromalt, pullulan, potato starch, galactooligosaccharide, oat fiber, soy fiber, corn fiber, gum arable, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, guar gum, locust bean gum, konjac flour, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, tragacanth gum, karaya gum, gum acacia, chitosan, arabinoglactin, glucomannan, xanthan gum, alginate, pectin, low methoxy pectin, high methoxy pectin, cereal beta-glucan, psyllium, inulin, cornstarch, or a combination of two or more thereof.

34. The nutritional composition of any one of claims 26-33, wherein the nutritional composition comprises from about 1 to about 30 wt % of protein, from about 0.1 to about 30 wt % fat, and from about 0.5 to about 70 wt % carbohydrate.

35. The nutritional composition of any one of claims 26-31 or 33, wherein the nutritional composition comprises from about 10 to about 70 wt % protein and from about 10 to about 40 wt % carbohydrate.

36. The nutritional composition of any one of claims 26-35, wherein the nutritional composition is in the form of a powder.

37. The nutritional composition of any one of claims 26-35, wherein the nutritional composition is in the form of a liquid.

38. A method for recovery of muscle mass in an individual in need thereof, comprising administering [3-hydroxy-|3-methylbutyrate (HMB) and at least one olive polyphenol to the individual.

39. The method of claim 38, wherein the individual is undergoing muscle atrophy.

40. The method of any one of claims 38 and 39, wherein the recovery of muscle mass involves mitigating muscle protein degradation, promoting muscle protein synthesis, or a combination thereof.41 . A method for preventing decline in muscle mobility or mass in an individual in need thereof, comprising administering p-hydroxy-p-methylbutyrate (HMB) and at least one olive polyphenol to the individual.

42. The method of claim 41 , wherein the individual is in a systemic pro-inflammatory state or catabolic state.

43. The method of any one of claims 41 and 42, wherein the preventing decline in muscle mobility or mass involves mitigating muscle protein degradation, promoting muscle protein synthesis, or a combination thereof.

44. A method for restoring muscle homeostasis during catabolic periods, preserving muscle during catabolic periods or conditions, enhancing muscle protein synthesis in conditions where protein synthesis is decreased (such as in muscle atrophy), enhancing muscle anabolism during a catabolic state, decreasing muscle protein breakdown during a catabolic state, enhancing faster recovery of muscle strength following a catabolic pro- inflammatory period, and / or reducing the recovery time for regaining muscle strength following a catabolic pro-inflammatory period, in an individual in need thereof, comprising administering p-hydroxy-p-methylbutyrate (HMB) and at least one olive polyphenol to the individual.

45. A method of promoting muscle regeneration in an individual in need thereof, comprising administering p-hydroxy-p-methylbutyrate (HMB) and at least one olive polyphenol to the individual.

46. The method of claim 45, wherein the individual in need thereof has suffered muscle damage as a result of physical activity.

47. The method of claim 45, wherein the individual in need thereof is recovering from immobilization, injury, or both.

48. The method of any one of claims 38 to 47, wherein the at least one olive polyphenol comprises or consists of hydroxytyrosol.

49. The method of any one of claims 38 to 48, wherein the individual has or is at risk of losing muscle mass.

50. The method of claim 49, wherein the reduced muscle mass or risk thereof is associated with aging, sarcopenia, hospitalization, immobilization, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), diabetes, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), burn injury, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), long term steroid use, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn’s disease, malnutrition, and / or an acute or chronic condition with a hypercatabolic state.51 . The method of any one of claims 38 to 50, wherein the individual suffers from diabetes.

52. The method of any one of claims 38 to 51 , wherein the individual has or is at risk of muscle catabolism.

53. The method of any one of claims 38 to 52, wherein the individual has or is at risk of losing muscle strength.

54. The method of claim 53, wherein the reduced muscle strength or risk thereof is associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, immobilization, sepsis, infection, surgery,cancer, COPD, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, dementia, aging, sarcopenia, malnutrition, and / or an acute or chronic condition with a systemic pro-inflammatory state.

55. The method of any one of claims 38 to 54, wherein the HMB is administered to the individual in an amount of about 0.01 to 10 g / day, about 0.1 to 10 g / day, or about 0.1 to 6 g / day.

56. The method of any one of claims 38 to 55, wherein the at least one olive polyphenol, optionally hydroxytyrosol, is administered to the individual in an amount of about 0.5 to 50 mg / day, about 1 to 20 mg / day, or about 5 to 15 mg / day.

57. The method of any one of claims 38 to 56, wherein the individual is an adult subject, optionally an adult subject of at least 40 years of age, an adult subject of at least 50 years of age, or an adult subject of at least 60 years of age.

58. The method of any one of claims 38 to 56, wherein the individual is a pediatric subject.

59. The method of any one of claims 38 to 58, wherein the HMB and the at least one olive polyphenol is administered to the individual in a nutritional composition.

60. The method of claim 59, wherein the nutritional composition is administered to the individual at least once per day, at least two times per day, or about 1 -4 times per day.61 . The method of claim 59 or 60, wherein the composition comprises about 0.01 to about 10 wt %, about 0.1 to about 10 wt %, about 0.1 to about 5 wt %, about 0.1 to about 3 wt %, about 0.1 to about 2 wt %, or about 0.1 to about 1 .5 wt % of HMB.

62. The method of any one of claims 59-61 , wherein the HMB is selected from the group consisting of alkali metal HMB, alkaline earth metal HMB, HMB free acid, HMB lactone and combinations of two or more thereof, optionally wherein the HMB is selected from the group consisting of sodium HMB, potassium HMB, magnesium HMB, chromium HMB, calcium HMB and combinations of two or more thereof.

63. The method of any one of claims 59-62, wherein the composition comprises about 0.001 to about 1 wt %, about 0.005 to about 0.5 wt %, about 0.005 to about 0.25 wt %, about 0.008 to about 0.1 wt %, about 0.01 to about 0.02 wt %, or about 0.008 to about 0.025 wt % of at least one olive polyphenol, optionally wherein the at least one olive polyphenol is hydroxytyrosol.

64. The method of any one of claims 59-63, wherein the nutritional composition comprises protein comprising whey protein concentrate, whey protein isolate, whey protein hydrolysate, acid casein, sodium caseinate, calcium caseinate, potassium caseinate, casein hydrolysate, milk protein concentrate, organic milk protein concentrate, milk protein isolate, milk protein hydrolysate, nonfat dry milk, condensed skim milk, soy protein concentrate, isolated soy protein, soy protein hydrolysate, pea protein concentrate, pea protein isolate, pea protein hydrolysate, collagen protein, collagen protein isolate, L-Carnitine, taurine, lutein, rice protein concentrate, rice protein isolate, rice protein hydrolysate, fava bean protein concentrate, fava bean protein isolate, fava bean protein hydrolysate, meat protein, potato protein, chickpea protein, canola protein, mung protein, guinea protein, amaranth protein, chia protein, hemp protein, flax seed protein, earthworm protein, insect protein, one or more amino acids and / or metabolites thereof, or a combination of two or more thereof.

65. The method of any one of any one of claims 59-64, wherein the nutritional composition comprises fat comprising coconut oil, fractionated coconut oil, soy oil, soy lecithin, corn oil, safflower oil, high oleic sunflower oil, palm olein, canola oil monoglycerides, lecithin, medium chain triglycerides, linoleic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, high gamma linolenic (GLA) safflower oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil, canola oil, marine oil, fish oil, algal oil, borage oil, cottonseed oil, fungal oil, interesterified oils, transesterified oils, structured lipid, or a combination of two or more thereof.

66. The method of any one of claims 59-65, wherein the nutritional composition comprises carbohydrate comprising fiber, human milk oligosaccharide (HMO), maltodextrin, corn maltodextrin, organic corn, corn syrup, sucralose, cellulose gel, cellulose gum, gellan gum, inositol, carrageenan, fructooligosaccharide, hydrolyzed starch, glucose polymer, corn syrup solid, rice-derived carbohydrate, sucrose, glucose, lactose, honey, sugar alcohol, isomaltulose, sucromalt, pullulan, potato starch, galactooligosaccharide, oat fiber, soy fiber, corn fiber, gum arable, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, guar gum, locust bean gum, konjac flour, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, tragacanth gum, karaya gum, gum acacia, chitosan, arabinoglactin, glucomannan, xanthan gum, alginate, pectin, low methoxy pectin, high methoxy pectin, cereal beta-glucan, psyllium, inulin, cornstarch, or a combination of two or more thereof.

67. The method of any one of claims 59-66, wherein the nutritional composition comprises from about 1 to about 30 wt % of protein, from about 0.1 to about 30 wt % fat, and from about 0.5 to about 70 wt % carbohydrate.

68. The method of any one of claims 59-66, wherein the nutritional composition comprises from about 10 to about 70 wt % protein and from about 10 to about 40 wt % carbohydrate.

69. The method of any one of claims 59-68, wherein the nutritional composition is in the form of a powder.

70. The method of any one of claims 59-68, wherein the nutritional composition is in the form of a liquid.

71. A nutritional composition comprising p-hydroxy-p-methylbutyrate (HMB) and at least one olive polyphenol for use in maintaining skeletal muscle mobility and / or mass, and / or for recovery of skeletal muscle strength in an individual.

72. The nutritional composition of claim 71 , wherein the maintaining skeletal muscle mobility and / or mass, and / or for recovery of skeletal muscle strength in an individual involves mitigating muscle protein degradation, promoting muscle protein synthesis, or a combination thereof.

73. A nutritional composition comprising p-hydroxy-p-methylbutyrate (HMB) and at least one olive polyphenol for use in recovery of muscle mass in an individual in need thereof.

74. The nutritional composition of claim 73, wherein the individual is undergoing muscle atrophy.

75. The nutritional composition of any one of claims 73 and 74, wherein the recovery of muscle mass involves mitigating muscle protein degradation, promoting muscle protein synthesis, or a combination thereof.

76. A nutritional composition comprising p-hydroxy-p-methylbutyrate (HMB) and at least one olive polyphenol for use in preventing decline in muscle mobility or mass in an individual in need thereof.

77. The nutritional composition of claim 76, wherein the individual is in a systemic pro- inflammatory state or catabolic state.

78. The nutritional composition of claim 76 or 77, wherein preventing decline in muscle mobility or mass in an individual in need thereof involves mitigating muscle protein degradation, promoting muscle protein synthesis, or a combination thereof.

79. A nutritional composition comprising p-hydroxy-p-methylbutyrate (HMB) and at least one olive polyphenol for use in restoring muscle homeostasis during catabolic periods, preserving muscle during catabolic periods or conditions, enhancing muscle protein synthesis in conditions where protein synthesis is decreased (such as in muscle atrophy), enhancing muscle anabolism during a catabolic state, decreasing muscle protein breakdown during a catabolic state, enhancing faster recovery of muscle strength following a catabolic pro-inflammatory period, and / or reducing the recovery time for regaining muscle strength following a catabolic pro-inflammatory period, in an individual in need thereof.

80. A nutritional composition comprising p-hydroxy-p-methylbutyrate (HMB) and at least one olive polyphenol for use in promoting muscle regeneration in an individual in need thereof.81 . The nutritional composition of claim 80, wherein the individual in need thereof has suffered muscle damage as a result of physical activity.

82. The nutritional composition of claim 80, wherein the individual in need thereof is recovering from immobilization, injury, or both.

83. The nutritional composition of any one of claims 71 to 82, wherein the at least one olive polyphenol comprises or consists of hydroxytyrosol.

84. The nutritional composition of any one of claims 71 to 83, wherein the individual has or is at risk of losing muscle mass.

85. The nutritional composition of claim 84, wherein the reduced muscle mass or risk thereof is associated with aging, sarcopenia, hospitalization, immobilization, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), diabetes, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), burn injury, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), long term steroid use, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn’s disease, malnutrition, and / or an acute or chronic condition with a hypercatabolic state.

86. The nutritional composition of any one of claims 71 to 85, wherein the individual suffers from diabetes.

87. The nutritional composition of any one of claims 71 to 86, wherein the individual has or is at risk of muscle catabolism.

88. The nutritional composition of any one of claims 71 to 87, wherein the individual has or is at risk of losing muscle strength.

89. The nutritional composition of claim 88, wherein the reduced muscle strength or risk thereof is associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, immobilization, sepsis, infection, surgery, cancer, COPD, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, dementia, aging, sarcopenia, malnutrition, and / or an acute or chronic condition with a systemic pro- inflammatory state.

90. The nutritional composition of any one of claims 71 to 89, wherein the HMB is administered to the individual in an amount of about 0.01 to 10 g / day, about 0.1 to 10 g / day, or about 0.1 to 6 g / day.91 . The nutritional composition of any one of claims 71 to 90, wherein the at least one olive polyphenol, optionally hydroxytyrosol, is administered to the individual in an amount of about 0.5 to 50 mg / day, about 1 to 20 mg / day, or about 5 to 15 mg / day.

92. The nutritional composition of any one of claims 71 to 91 , wherein the individual is an adult subject, optionally an adult subject of at least 40 years of age, an adult subject of at least 50 years of age, or an adult subject of at least 60 years of age.

93. The nutritional composition of any one of claims 71 to 91 , wherein the individual is a pediatric subject.

94. The nutritional composition of any one of claims 71 to 93, wherein nutritional composition comprises at least one of a protein, fat, and carbohydrate; optionallywherein the nutritional composition comprises at least one protein, at least one fat, and at least one carbohydrate.

95. The nutritional composition of any one of claims 71 to 94, wherein the nutritional composition is administered to the individual at least once per day, at least two times per day, or about 1-4 times per day.

96. The nutritional composition of any one of claims 71 to 95, wherein the composition comprises about 0.01 to about 10 wt %, about 0.1 to about 10 wt %, about 0.1 to about 5 wt %, about 0.1 to about 3 wt %, about 0.1 to about 2 wt %, or about 0.1 to about 1 .5 wt % of HMB.

97. The nutritional composition of any one of claims 71 to 96, wherein the HMB is selected from the group consisting of alkali metal HMB, alkaline earth metal HMB, HMB free acid, HMB lactone and combinations of two or more thereof, optionally wherein the HMB is selected from the group consisting of sodium HMB, potassium HMB, magnesium HMB, chromium HMB, calcium HMB and combinations of two or more thereof.

98. The nutritional composition of any one of claims 71 to 97, wherein the composition comprises about 0.001 to about 1 wt %, about 0.005 to about 0.5 wt %, about 0.005 to about 0.25 wt %, about 0.008 to about 0.1 wt %, about 0.01 to about 0.02 wt %, or about 0.008 to about 0.025 wt % of at least one olive polyphenol, optionally wherein the at least one olive polyphenol is hydroxytyrosol.

99. The nutritional composition of any one of claims 71 to 98, wherein the nutritional composition comprises protein comprising whey protein concentrate, whey proteinisolate, whey protein hydrolysate, acid casein, sodium caseinate, calcium caseinate, potassium caseinate, casein hydrolysate, milk protein concentrate, organic milk protein concentrate, milk protein isolate, milk protein hydrolysate, nonfat dry milk, condensed skim milk, soy protein concentrate, isolated soy protein, soy protein hydrolysate, pea protein concentrate, pea protein isolate, pea protein hydrolysate, collagen protein, collagen protein isolate, L-Carnitine, taurine, lutein, rice protein concentrate, rice protein isolate, rice protein hydrolysate, fava bean protein concentrate, fava bean protein isolate, fava bean protein hydrolysate, meat protein, potato protein, chickpea protein, canola protein, mung protein, guinea protein, amaranth protein, chia protein, hemp protein, flax seed protein, earthworm protein, insect protein, one or more amino acids and / or metabolites thereof, or a combination of two or more thereof.

100. The nutritional composition of any one of claims 71 to 99, wherein the nutritional composition comprises fat comprising coconut oil, fractionated coconut oil, soy oil, soy lecithin, corn oil, safflower oil, high oleic sunflower oil, palm olein, canola oil monoglycerides, lecithin, medium chain triglycerides, linoleic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, high gamma linolenic (GLA) safflower oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil, canola oil, marine oil, fish oil, algal oil, borage oil, cottonseed oil, fungal oil, interesterified oils, transesterified oils, structured lipid, or a combination of two or more thereof.

101. The nutritional composition of any one of claims 71 to 100, wherein the nutritional composition comprises carbohydrate comprising fiber, human milk oligosaccharide (HMO), maltodextrin, corn maltodextrin, organic corn, corn syrup, sucralose, cellulose gel, cellulose gum, gellan gum, inositol, carrageenan, fructooligosaccharide, hydrolyzed starch, glucose polymer, corn syrup solid, rice-derived carbohydrate, sucrose, glucose,lactose, honey, sugar alcohol, isomaltulose, sucromalt, pullulan, potato starch, galactooligosaccharide, oat fiber, soy fiber, corn fiber, gum arable, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, guar gum, locust bean gum, konjac flour, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, tragacanth gum, karaya gum, gum acacia, chitosan, arabinoglactin, glucomannan, xanthan gum, alginate, pectin, low methoxy pectin, high methoxy pectin, cereal beta-glucan, psyllium, inulin, cornstarch, or a combination of two or more thereof.

102. The nutritional composition of any one of claims 71 to 101 , wherein the nutritional composition comprises from about 1 to about 30 wt % of protein, from about 0.1 to about 30 wt % fat, and from about 0.5 to about 70 wt % carbohydrate.

103. The nutritional composition of any one of claims 71 to 101 , wherein the nutritional composition comprises from about 10 to about 70 wt % protein and from about 10 to about 40 wt % carbohydrate.

104. The nutritional composition of any one of claims 71 to 103, wherein the nutritional composition is in the form of a powder.

105. The nutritional composition of any one of claims 71 to 103, wherein the nutritional composition is in the form of a liquid.

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