BIOENERGY PRODUCTION THROUGH CATALYTIC PYROLYSIS OF TORREFACTED PALM SHELL AND BITUMINOUS COAL BASED ON FLY ASH

Abstract

This invention discloses the production of premium bioenergy through catalytic pyrolysis using torrefacted palm kernel shells (TPKS) and bituminous coal with fly ash as a catalyst. TPKS torrefacted at 300°C is mixed with bituminous coal at a mass ratio of 80:20 to 40:60, then 5–15% (wt) of fly ash is added. The mixture is pyrolyzed by microwaves for 10 minutes, followed by electrical heating of the reactor to 500°C for 30 minutes in a nitrogen atmosphere to ensure complete pyrolysis. Fly ash rich in metal oxides (CaO, MgO, AlO₂, SiO₂) serves as a catalyst for deoxygenation, cracking, and desulfurization, producing bio-oil with a maximum HHV of 24.94 MJ / kg and 89.5% carbon and sulfur-free biochar. The 10% fly ash dosage is proven to be optimal.This technique overcomes the low efficiency and pollutant emissions of conventional pyrolysis, maximizing energy yield, product stability, and valorization of agro-industrial and power generation waste, thus supporting the sustainable energy transition.