Shared neoantigens

Abstract

Disclosed herein in one aspect is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a plurality of neoantigenic peptides and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, each neoantigenic peptide comprising a tumor-specific neoepitope capable of binding to an HLA protein in a subject, each tumor-specific neoepitope comprising a tumor-specific mutation present in a tumor, wherein (a) the composition comprises neoantigenic peptides comprising tumor-specific mutations present in at least 1% of subjects in a population of subjects suffering from cancer; (b) the composition comprises neoantigenic peptides comprising tumor-specific neoepitopes which bind to HLA proteins present in at least 5% of subjects in the population; and (c) the composition comprises at least one neoantigenic peptide capable of eliciting an immune response against a tumor present in at least 5% of the subjects in the population of subjects suffering from cancer.

Description

SHARED NEOANTIGENSRELATED APPLICATIONS AND INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

[0001] This application claims priority and benefit of U.S. Provisional application serial number 62 / 179,877 filed May 20, 2015 and U.S. Provisional application serial number 62 / 389,377 filed February 23, 2016.

[0002] The foregoing applications, and all documents cited therein or during their prosecution (“appln cited documents”) and all documents cited or referenced in the appln cited documents, and all documents cited or referenced herein (“herein cited documents”), and all documents cited or referenced in herein cited documents, together with any manufacturer’s instructions, descriptions, product specifications, and product sheets for any products mentioned herein or in any document incorporated by reference herein, are hereby incorporated herein by reference, and may be employed in the practice of the invention. More specifically, all referenced documents are incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual document was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0003] The present invention relates to methods and compositions for treating neoplasias, e.g. tumors, particularly using at least one neoantigenic peptide which is suitable for treating a significant proportion of subjects in a population suffering from cancer.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0004] Approximately 1.6 million Americans are diagnosed with neoplasia every year, and approximately 580,000 people in the United States are expected to die of the disease in 2013. Over the past few decades there been significant improvements in the detection, diagnosis, and treatment of neoplasia, which have significantly increased the survival rate for many types of neoplasia. However, only about 60% of people diagnosed with neoplasia are still alive 5 years after the onset of treatment, which makes neoplasia the second leading cause of death in the United States.

[0005] Currently, there are a number of different existing cancer therapies, including ablation techniques (e.g., surgical procedures, cryogenic / heat treatment, ultrasound, radiofrequency, and radiation) and chemical techniques (e.g., pharmaceutical agents, cytotoxic / chemotherapeuticagents, monoclonal antibodies, and various combinations thereof). Unfortunately, such therapies are frequently associated with serious risk, toxic side effects, and extremely high costs, as well as uncertain efficacy.

[0006] There is a growing interest in cancer therapies that seek to target cancerous cells with a patient’s own immune system (e.g., cancer vaccines) because such therapies may mitigate / eliminate some of the herein-described disadvantages. Cancer vaccines are typically composed of tumor antigens and immunostimulatory molecules (e.g., cytokines or TLR ligands) that work together to induce antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells that target and destroy tumor cells. Current cancer vaccines may contain shared tumor antigens, which are native proteins (i.e.– proteins encoded by the DNA of all the normal cells in the individual) that are selectively expressed or over-expressed in tumors found in many individuals. While such shared tumor antigens are useful in identifying particular types of tumors, they are not ideal as immunogens for targeting a T-cell response to a particular tumor type because they are subject to the immune dampening effects of self-tolerance. Vaccines containing tumor-specific and patient-specific neoantigens can overcome some of the disadvantages of vaccines containing shared tumor antigens. However, the use of patient-specific neoantigens requires sequencing of individual subject’s genomes, as well as the production of personalized compositions comprising a combination of neoantigens present in that individual subject. Accordingly, there is still a need for improved methods and compositions for delivering cancer vaccines.

[0007] Citation or identification of any document in this application is not an admission that such document is available as prior art to the present invention.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0008] Preferred statements (features) and embodiments of this invention are set herein below. Each statements and embodiments of the invention so defined may be combined with any other statement and / or embodiments unless clearly indicated to the contrary. In particular, any feature indicated as being preferred or advantageous may be combined with any other feature or features or statements indicated as being preferred or advantageous. Hereto, the present invention is in particular captured by any one or any combination of one or more of the below statements and embodiments, with any other statement and / or embodiments.

[0009] It is an objective of the invention to provide methods and compositions for the treatment of a population of cancer patients by eliciting an immune response targeting the cancer. In one aspect, the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one neoantigenic peptide and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, each at least one neoantigenic peptide comprising a tumor-specific neoepitope capable of binding to an HLA protein in a subject, each tumor-specific neoepitope comprising a tumor-specific mutation present in a tumor. The composition may include one neoantigenic peptide. In other embodiments, the composition may include more than 100 neoantigenic peptides. Preferably, the composition includes about 20 neoantigenic peptides. The at least one neoantigenic peptide may include a tumor-specific mutation. The mutation may be recurrent. Preferably, the mutation is present in a large proportion of a population. A recurrent mutation may be based on the mutation being present in a tumor in at least 1% of subjects in a population of subjects suffering from cancer. The composition may include at least one neoantigenic peptide containing a tumor- specific neoepitope which binds to an HLA protein present in at least 5% of subjects in the population of subjects suffering from cancer. Additionally, the composition may contain at least one neoantigenic peptide capable of eliciting an immune response against a tumor present in at least 5% of the subjects in the population of subjects suffering from cancer. The ability to elicit an immune response refers to the ability of the immune system to present an antigen to a lymphocyte. In order for the immune system to present an antigen, the antigen needs to be presented by a subjects HLA proteins. In order to elicit an immune response against a tumor, the tumor needs to contain the mutations leading to expression of the antigen. In order for the composition to provide a benefit to a population in need thereof, the population has to include subjects that express an HLA allele capable of binding the at least one neoantigenic peptide present in the composition and the population has to include subjects containing tumors with mutations that lead to neoantigenic epitopes present in the neoantigenic peptides.

[0010] The composition may be specific to a population of subjects suffering from cancer that share a characteristic. The population may have cancer or may have a specific cancer. The population may share a common set of HLA subtypes. They may share HLA subtypes based on ethnicity. Not being bound by a theory the percentage of HLA types in a population can be predicted based on ethnicity without testing. Not being bound by a theory, different populations express different HLA types capable of binding different neoantigenic peptides. Therefore acomposition can be formulated to provide a benefit to a large proportion of that population, whereas the composition would not provide a benefit to another population. Not being bound by a theory, different cancers contain different mutations and thus compositions tailored to specific cancers can be used to provide a greater benefit to a population with one type of cancer as compared to a population that includes more than one type. In one embodiment, the population is suffering from adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC), bladder urothelial carcinoma (BLCA), breast invasive carcinoma (BRCA), cervical squamous cell carcinoma and endocervical adenocarcinoma (CESC), colon adenocarcinoma (COAD), Chronic lymphocytic Leukaemia (CLL), colorectal cancer (CRC), Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC), kidney chromophobe (KICH), kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC), kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma (KIRP), acute myeloid leukemia (LAML), liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC), lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC), multiple myeloma (MM), ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma (OV), pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD), prostate adenocarcinoma (PRAD), rectum adenocarcinoma (READ), skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM), stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD), testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT), thyroid adenocarcinoma (THCA), uterine corpus endometrioid carcinoma (UCEC), or uterine carcinosarcoma (UCS).

[0011] In one embodiment, the population of subjects is suffering from CLL; the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations in Table 8 with an exemplary disease of“CLL”; and at least one of a set of six of the at least one tumor-specific mutation will be found in 17.49% of subjects in the CLL population. The population of subjects may be suffering from BLCA, the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations in Table 8 with an exemplary disease of”BLCA”; and at least one of a set of six of the at least one tumor-specific mutation will be found in 26.92% of subjects in the population. The population of subjects may be suffering from BRCA; the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations in Table 8 with an exemplary disease of”BRCA”; and at least one of a set of 18 of the at least one tumor-specific mutation will be found in 36.04% of subjects in the population. The population of subjects may be suffering from COAD; the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations in Table 8 with an exemplary disease of”COAD”; and at least one of a set of three of the at least one tumor-specific mutation will be found in 27.14% of subjects in the population. The population of subjects maybe suffering from GBM; the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations in Table 8 with an exemplary disease of”GBM”; and at least one of a set of 14 of the at least one tumor-specific mutation will be found in 34.36% of subjects in the population. The population of subjects may be suffering from HNSC; the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations in Table 8 with an exemplary disease of”HNSC”; and at least one of a set of 10 of the at least one tumor-specific mutation will be found in 21.61% of subjects in the population. The population of subjects may be suffering from KIRC; the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations in Table 8 with an exemplary disease of”KIRC”; and at least one of a set of four of the at least one tumor-specific mutation will be found in 6% of subjects in the population. The population of subjects may be suffering from LAML; the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations in Table 8 with an exemplary disease of”LAML”; and at least one of a set of 11 of the at least one tumor-specific mutation will be found in 47.45% of subjects in the population. The population of subjects may be suffering from LUAD; the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations in Table 8 with an exemplary disease of”LUAD”; and at least one of a set of 11 of the at least one tumor-specific mutation will be found in 33.42% of subjects in the population. The population of subjects may be suffering from LUSC; the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations in Table 8 with an exemplary disease of”LUSC”; and at least one of a set of two of the at least one tumor-specific mutation will be found in 7.87% of subjects in the population. The population of subjects may be suffering from OV; the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations in Table 8 with an exemplary disease of”OV”; and at least one of a set of ten of the at least one tumor-specific mutation will be found in 22.78% of subjects in the population. The population of subjects may be suffering from READ; the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations in Table 8 with an exemplary disease of”READ”; and at least one of a set of two of the at least one tumor-specific mutation will be found in 20.51% of subjects in the population. The population of subjects may be suffering from SKCM; the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations in Table 8 with an exemplary disease of”SKCM”; and at least one of a set 64 of the at least one tumor-specific mutation will be found in 90.91% of subjects in the population. The population of subjects may be suffering from UCEC; the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination ofmutations in Table 8 with an exemplary disease of”UCEC”; and at least one of a set of 30 of the at least one tumor-specific mutation will be found in 67.74% of subjects in the population. The population of subjects may be suffering from ACC; the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations in Table 8 with an exemplary disease of“ACC”; and at least one of a set of 161 of the at least one tumor-specific mutation will be found in 50% of subjects in the population. The population of subjects may be suffering from CESC; the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations in Table 8 with an exemplary disease of“CESC”; and at least one of a set of four of the at least one tumor-specific mutation will be found in 23.71% of subjects in the population. The population of subjects may be suffering from CRC; the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations in Table 8 with an exemplary disease of“CRC”; and at least one of a set of 15 of the at least one tumor-specific mutation will be found in 56.65% of subjects in the population. The population of subjects may be suffering from DLBCL; the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations in Table 8 with an exemplary disease of“DLBCL”; and at least one of a set of 2 of the at least one tumor-specific mutation will be found in 13.79% of subjects in the population. The population of subjects may be suffering from KICH; the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations in Table 8 with an exemplary disease of“KICH”; and at least one of a set of 24 of the at least one tumor-specific mutation will be found in 50% of subjects in the population. The population of subjects may be suffering from KIRP; the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations in Table 8 with an exemplary disease of“KIRP”; and at least one of a set of nine of the at least one tumor-specific mutation will be found in 42.24% of subjects in the population. The population of subjects may be suffering from LIHC; the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations in Table 8 with an exemplary disease of“LIHC”; and at least one of a set of 2 of the at least one tumor-specific mutation will be found in 6.57% of subjects in the population. The population of subjects may be suffering from MM; the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations in Table 8 with an exemplary disease of“MM”; and at least one of a set of 6 of the at least one tumor-specific mutation will be found in 23.9% of subjects in the population. The population of subjects may be suffering from PRAD; the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations in Table 8 with an exemplary disease of“PRAD”; and at least one of a set of 24 of theat least one tumor-specific mutation will be found in 39.85% of subjects in the population. The population of subjects may be suffering from STAD; the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations in Table 8 with an exemplary disease of“STAD”; and at least one of a set of 150 of the at least one tumor-specific mutation will be found in 48.79% of subjects in the population. The population of subjects may be suffering from TGCT; the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations in Table 8 with an exemplary disease of“TGCT”; and at least one of a set of 14 of the at least one tumor-specific mutation will be found in 51.61% of subjects in the population. The population of subjects may be suffering from THCA; the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations in Table 8 with an exemplary disease of“THCA”; and at least one of a set of five of the at least one tumor-specific mutation will be found in 69.88% of subjects in the population. The population of subjects may be suffering from UCS; the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations in Table 8 with an exemplary disease of“UCS”; and at least one of a set of two of the at least one tumor-specific mutation will be found in 16.07% of subjects in the population. The population of subjects may be suffering from PAAD; the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations in Table 8 with an exemplary disease of“PAAD”; and at least one of a set of 53 of the at least one tumor-specific mutation will be found in 50% of subjects in the population. The population of subjects may also be suffering from a solid tumor. The solid tumor may be clear cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (ccRCC), melanoma, sarcoma, or a cancer of the bladder, colon, brain, breast, head and neck, endometrium, lung, ovary, pancreas or prostate. The population of subjects may be suffering from a liquid tumor. The liquid tumor may be Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma or leukemia.

[0012] In another embodiment, the at least one tumor-specific mutation has an incidence of at least 500 patients a year in the population of subjects suffering from cancer, and wherein the at least one mutation may be a mutation listed for the population in Table 9. The at least one neoantigenic peptide may be at least one peptide listed in Table 9.

[0013] In another embodiment, the population suffering from cancer is being treated with a drug or therapy. The population suffering from cancer may have been previously treated with, is currently being treated with, or is selected to treated with ibrutinib, erlotinib, imatinib, gefitinib, crizotinib, trastuzumab, vemurafenib, RAF / MEK or antiestrogen therapy.

[0014] In another embodiment, the composition comprises at least one neoantigenic peptide capable of eliciting an immune response against a tumor present in at least 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or 99% of subjects in a population of subjects suffering from cancer.

[0015] In another embodiment, at least 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or 99% of subjects in the population has at least one tumor-specific mutation present in the composition; and at least 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or 99% of subjects in the population has at least one HLA protein which binds to a tumor-specific neoepitope present in the composition.

[0016] In one embodiment, the tumor-specific mutations comprise splice-variant mutations, point mutations, and / or frameshift mutations. In another embodiment, the tumor-specific mutations comprise drug resistance mutations. In one embodiment, the neoantigenic peptides include not only the resulting mutated neoantigen protein sequence, but a long peptide region surrounding and including the mutation and includes all contiguous segments within it (see Tables 1-4). In one embodiment, the tumor-specific mutations are present in one or more genes encoding a protein selected from the group consisting of Programmed Death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1), androgen receptor (AR), Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase (BTK), Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR), BCR-Abl, c-kit, PIK3CA, HER2, EML4-ALK, KRAS, ALK, ROS1, AKT1, BRAF, MEK1, MEK2, NRAS, RAC1, and ESR1. In one embodiment, the tumor-specific mutations are present in one or more genes listed in any of the Tables presented herein. In one embodiment, the at least one tumor-specific mutation is derived from alternative splicing of PD-L1 or AR. In one embodiment, the at least one tumor-specific mutation is derived from splice variant sPD-L1, AR- V1 or AR-V7. In one embodiment, the least one tumor-specific mutation is a drug resistance mutation selected from the group consisting of BTK / C481S, EGFR / T790M, BCR-Abl / T315I, BCR-Abl / Y253H, BCR-Abl / E255K, BCR-Abl / E255V, c-kit / T670I, PIK3CA / E545K, PIK3CA / E542K, HER2 / G776(YVMA), HER2 / E545K, EML4-ALK / G1269A, KRAS / G12V / D, ALK / L1196M, ALK / G1202R, ALK / S1206Y, ALK / 1151T(ins), ALK / F1174C, ROS1 / G2032R, AKT1 / E17K, BRAF / V600E, MEK1 / Q56P, MEK1 / E203K, MEK1 / C121S, MEK1 / V60E, MEK1 / G128V, MEK1 / V154I, MEK1 / P124S, MEK1 / P124L, NRAS / Q61K / L / R, NRAS / T58I, MEK2 / C125S, RAC1 / P29S, ESR1 / S463P, AR / V534E, AR / P535H, AR / L536Q, AR / L536R, AR / Y537C, AR / Y537S, AR / Y537N, AR / D538G and AR / F876L. In one embodiment, the drugresistance mutation is induced by treatment with ibrutinib, erlotinib, imatinib, gefitinib, crizotinib, trastuzumab, vemurafenib, RAF / MEK or antiestrogen therapy. In another embodiment, a subject has a drug resistance mutation before treatment.

[0017] In another embodiment, the composition comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 or 20 neoantigenic peptides. The composition may include 15 to 20 neoantigenic peptides. The composition may include greater than 100, 200, or 300 neoantigenic peptides. Each neoantigenic peptide may be from about 5 to about 50 amino acids in length.

[0018] In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition is an immunogenic or vaccine composition. The pharmaceutical composition may further comprise an immunomodulator or adjuvant. The immunodulator or adjuvant may be selected from the group consisting of poly-ICLC, 1018 ISS, aluminum salts, Amplivax, AS15, BCG, CP-870,893, CpG7909, CyaA, cyclic di-nucleotides such as STING, dSLIM, GM-CSF, IC30, IC31, Imiquimod, ImuFact IMP321, IS Patch, ISS, ISCOMATRIX, Juvlmmune, LipoVac, MF59, monophosphoryllipid A, Montanide IMS 1312, Montanide ISA 206, Montanide ISA 50V, Montanide ISA-51, OK-432, OM-174, OM-197-MP-EC, ONTAK, PepTel®, vector system, PLGA microparticles, resiquimod, SRL172, Virosomes and other Virus-like particles, YF-17D, VEGF trap, R848, beta-glucan, Pam3Cys, and Aquila's QS21 stimulon.

[0019] In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises one or more neoantigenic peptides as defined in Table 1, 2, 3 or 4.

[0020] In one embodiment, each tumor-specific neoepitope binds to HLA-A, -B or–C or to HLADRB, HLADBM XXXXX with a KDof less than 500 nM.

[0021] In another aspect, the present invention relates to a method of treating or preventing a tumor in a subject in need thereof by administering to the subject any pharmaceutical composition as described herein.

[0022] In one embodiment, a method of treating or preventing a tumor in a patient in need thereof is provided, comprising administering to a patient a composition comprising at least one neoantigenic peptide and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, each at least one neoantigenic peptide comprising a tumor-specific neoepitope capable of binding to an HLA protein in a subject, each tumor-specific neoepitope comprising a tumor-specific mutation present in a tumor, wherein the composition comprises at least one neoantigenic peptide comprising a tumor-specific mutation present in a tumor in at least 1% of subjects in a population of subjects suffering from cancer; the composition comprises at least one neoantigenic peptide comprising a tumor-specific neoepitope which binds to an HLA protein present in at least 5% of subjects in the population of subjects suffering from cancer; and the composition comprises at least one neoantigenic peptide capable of eliciting an immune response against a tumor present in at least 5% of the subjects in the population of subjects suffering from cancer.

[0023] In one embodiment, the population of subjects is suffering from adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC), bladder urothelial carcinoma (BLCA), breast invasive carcinoma (BRCA), cervical squamous cell carcinoma and endocervical adenocarcinoma (CESC), colon adenocarcinoma (COAD), Chronic lymphocytic Leukaemia (CLL), colorectal cancer (CRC), Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC), kidney chromophobe (KICH), kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC), kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma (KIRP), acute myeloid leukemia (LAML), liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC), lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC), multiple myeloma (MM), ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma (OV), pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD), prostate adenocarcinoma (PRAD), rectum adenocarcinoma (READ), skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM), stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD), testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT), thyroid adenocarcinoma (THCA), uterine corpus endometrioid carcinoma (UCEC), or uterine carcinosarcoma (UCS). In one embodiment, the population of subjects is suffering from a solid tumor. The solid tumor may be clear cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (ccRCC), melanoma, sarcoma, or a cancer of the bladder, colon, brain, breast, head and neck, endometrium, lung, ovary, pancreas or prostate. In one embodiment, the population of subjects is suffering from a liquid tumor. The liquid tumor may be Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma or leukemia.

[0024] In one embodiment, the population suffering from cancer was treated with, is being treated with, or is selected to treated with ibrutinib, erlotinib, imatinib, gefitinib, crizotinib, trastuzumab, vemurafenib, RAF / MEK or antiestrogen therapy.

[0025] In one embodiment, the at least one neoantigenic peptide is capable of eliciting an immune response against a tumor present in at least 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or 99% of subjects in the population of subjects suffering from cancer. In one embodiment, at least 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or 99% of subjects in the population has at least one tumor-specific mutation present in the compositionand, at least 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or 99% of subjects in the population has at least one HLA protein which binds to a tumor-specific neoepitope present in the composition.

[0026] In another embodiment, the tumor-specific mutations comprise splice-variant mutations, point mutations, and / or frameshift mutations. The tumor-specific mutations may be drug resistance mutations. The tumor-specific mutations may be present in one or more genes encoding a protein selected from the group consisting of Programmed Death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1), androgen receptor (AR), Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase (BTK), Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR), BCR-Abl, c-kit, PIK3CA, HER2, EML4-ALK, KRAS, ALK, ROS1, AKT1, BRAF, MEK1, MEK2, NRAS, RAC1, and ESR1. The tumor-specific mutations may be present in one or more genes listed in any of the Tables. The at least one tumor-specific mutation may be derived from alternative splicing of PD-L1 or AR. The at least one tumor-specific mutation may be derived from splice variant sPD-L1, AR-V1 or AR-V7.

[0027] In one embodiment, the at least one tumor-specific mutation is a drug resistance mutation selected from the group consisting of BTK / C481S, EGFR / T790M, BCR-Abl / T315I, BCR-Abl / Y253H, BCR-Abl / E255K, BCR-Abl / E255V, c-kit / T670I, PIK3CA / E545K, PIK3CA / E542K, HER2 / G776(YVMA), HER2 / E545K, EML4-ALK / G1269A, KRAS / G12V / D, ALK / L1196M, ALK / G1202R, ALK / S1206Y, ALK / 1151T(ins), ALK / F1174C, ROS1 / G2032R, AKT1 / E17K, BRAF / V600E, MEK1 / Q56P, MEK1 / E203K, MEK1 / C121S, MEK1 / V60E, MEK1 / G128V, MEK1 / V154I, MEK1 / P124S, MEK1 / P124L, NRAS / Q61K / L / R, NRAS / T58I, MEK2 / C125S, RAC1 / P29S, ESR1 / S463P, AR / V534E, AR / P535H, AR / L536Q, AR / L536R, AR / Y537C, AR / Y537S, AR / Y537N, AR / D538G and AR / F876L. The drug resistance mutation may be induced by treatment with ibrutinib, erlotinib, imatinib, gefitinib, crizotinib, trastuzumab, vemurafenib, RAF / MEK or antiestrogen therapy.

[0028] In another embodiment, the composition comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 or 20 neoantigenic peptides. In a preferred embodiment, the composition comprises 15 to 20 neoantigenic peptides.

[0029] In another embodiment, each neoantigenic peptide is from about 5 to about 50 amino acids in length.

[0030] In another embodiment, the composition is an immunogenic or vaccine composition. For instance, the immunogenic or vaccine composition may comprise an immunomodulator oradjuvant. The immunodulator or adjuvant may be selected from the group consisting of poly- ICLC, 1018 ISS, aluminum salts, Amplivax, AS15, BCG, CP-870,893, CpG7909, CyaA, cyclic di-nucleotides such as STING, dSLIM, GM-CSF, IC30, IC31, Imiquimod, ImuFact IMP321, IS Patch, ISS, ISCOMATRIX, Juvlmmune, LipoVac, MF59, monophosphoryllipid A, Montanide IMS 1312, Montanide ISA 206, Montanide ISA 50V, Montanide ISA-51, OK-432, OM-174, OM-197-MP-EC, ONTAK, PepTel®, vector system, PLGA microparticles, resiquimod, SRL172, Virosomes and other Virus-like particles, YF-17D, VEGF trap, R848, beta-glucan, Pam3Cys, and Aquila's QS21 stimulon.

[0031] In one embodiment, the composition comprises one or more neoantigenic peptides as defined in Table 1, 2, 3 or 4.

[0032] In one embodiment, each tumor-specific neoepitope binds to HLA-A, -B or–C or to HLADRB, HLADBM XXXXX with a KDof less than 500 nM.

[0033] In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of prophylactic cancer treatment comprising selecting a cancer drug for a patient in need thereof, the drug selected from the group consisting of ibrutinib, erlotinib, imatinib, gefitinib, crizotinib, trastuzumab, vemurafenib, RAF / MEK and antiestrogen therapy; and administering prophylactically to the subject, before drug resistant mutations can be detected, a pharmaceutical composition comprising neoantigenic peptides derived from drug resistant mutations associated with the selected cancer drug.

[0034] The shared neoantigen immunogenic composition can be administered via subcompositions, each containing a portion of the neoantigens, and sub-compositions can be administered to different places on the subject or patient; for instance, a composition comprising 20 different neoantigens, can be administered in four (4) subcompositions, each containing 5 of the 20 different neoantigens, and the four (4) subcompositions can be administered so as to endeavor to deliver each subcomposition to a separate set of draining lymph nodes of the patient, e.g., to each of the arms and legs (e.g., thigh or upper thigh or near buttocks or lower back on each side of the patient) so as to endeavor to deliver fewer neoantigens to each set of draining lymph nodes of the patient or subject and thereby limit competition between neoantigens. Of course, the number of locations and hence number of subcompositions can vary, e.g., the skilled practitioner could consider administration at or near the spleen to have a fifth point of administration, and the skilled practitioner can vary the locations such that only one, twoor three are used (e.g., each arm and a leg, each of legs and one arm, each of the legs and no arms, or only both arms). The shared neoantigen immunogenic composition administered at the aforementioned various intervals can be different formulations, and the subcompositions administered at different places on the subject or patient during a single administration can be different compositions. For instance, a first administration can be of a whole shared neoantigen immunogenic composition and a next or later administration can be of a vector (e.g., viral vector or plasmid) that has expression of antigen(s) in vivo. Likewise, in the administration of different subcompositions to different locations on the patient or subject, some of the subcompositions can comprise a whole antigen and some of the subcompositions can comprise a vector (e.g., viral vector or plasmid) that has expression of antigen(s) in vivo. And some compositions and subcompositions can comprise both vector(s) (e.g., viral vector or plasmid) that has / have expression of antigen(s) in vivo and whole antigens. Some vectors (e.g., poxvirus) that have expression of antigen(s) in vivo can have an immunostimulatory or adjuvanting effect, and hence compositions or subcompositions that contain such vectors can be self-adjuvanting. Also, by changing up the nature of how the antigens are presented to the immune system, the administrations can“prime” and then“boost” the immune system. And in this text, when there is mention of a“vaccine” it is intended that the invention comprehends immunogenic compositions, and when there is mention of a patient or subject it is intended that such an individual is a patient or subject in need of the herein disclosed treatments, administrations, compositions, and generally the subject invention.

[0035] Moreover, the invention applies to the use of any type of expression vector, such as a viral expression vector, e.g., poxvirus (e.g., orthopoxvirus or avipoxvirus such as vaccinia virus, including Modified Vaccinia Ankara or MVA, MVA-BN, NYVAC according to WO-A- 92 / 15672, fowlpox, e.g., TROVAX, canarypox, e.g., ALVAC (WO-A-95 / 27780 and WO-A- 92 / 15672) pigeonpox, swinepox and the like), adenovirus, AAV, herpesvirus, and lentivirus; or a plasmid or DNA or nucleic acid molecule vector. Some vectors that are cytoplasmic, such as poxvirus vectors, may be advantageous. However adenovirus, AAV and lentivirus can also be advantageous to use in the practice of the invention.

[0036] In a ready-for-use, especially reconstituted, shared neoantigen immunogenic composition, the vector, e.g., viral vector, is present in the quantities within the ambit of theskilled person from this disclosure and the knowledge in the art (such as in patent and scientific literature cited herein).

[0037] Whole antigen or vector, e.g., recombinant live vaccines may exist in a freeze-dried form allowing their storage and are reconstituted immediately before use in a solvent or excipient, which can include an adjuvant as herein discussed.

[0038] The subject of the invention is therefore also a vaccination or immunization set or kit comprising, packaged separately, freeze-dried vaccine and a solution, advantageously including an adjuvant compound as herein discussed for the reconstitution of the freeze-dried vaccine.

[0039] The subject of the invention is also a method of vaccination or immunization comprising or consisting essentially of or consisting of administering, e.g., by the parenteral, preferably subcutaneous, intramuscular or intradermal, route or by the mucosal route a vaccine or immunogenic composition in accordance with the invention at the rate of one or more administrations. Optionally this method includes a preliminary step of reconstituting the freeze- dried shared neoantigen immunogenic composition (e.g., if lyophilized whole antigen or vector) in a solution, advantageously also including an adjuvant.

[0040] In one embodiment, the shared neoantigen immunogenic composition is administered at a dose of about 10 μg to 1 mg per 70 kg individual as to each neoantigenic peptide. In another embodiment, the shared neoantigen immunogenic composition is administered at an average weekly dose level of about 10 μg to 2000 μg per 70 kg individual as to each neoantigenic peptide. In another related embodiment, the administration is intravenous. In one embodiment, the shared neoantigen immunogenic composition is administered intravenously or subcutaneously.

[0041] In another embodiment, the method further comprises (a) obtaining a sample of tumor tissue from each subject; (b) detecting one or more of the tumor-specific mutations in the sample; and (c) selecting a subject from the population of subjects for treatment with the at least one neoantigenic peptides if at least one of the tumor-specific mutations are detected in the sample from the subject.

[0042] In another embodiment, the method further comprises (a) determining HLA allotypes present in each subject; and (b) selecting a subject from the population of subjects for treatment with the at least one neoantigenic peptides if one or more HLA allotypes present in the subjectbinds to one or more of the tumor-specific neoepitopes present in the at least one neoantigenic peptides.

[0043] Embodiments of the present invention relate to compositions and methods using shared neoantigens, which (unlike shared native (non-mutated) antigens derived from genes differentially expressed in tumors) have desirable properties such as not being subject to the immune-dampening effects of central tolerance and high tumor specificity. This is because the neoantigens are expressed only in tumor tissue, e.g. are generated by tumor-specific mutations or splicing defects. Such splice variants or mutations may generate immunogenic epitopes across a variety of HLA alleles, thus covering a significant proportion of the population. Moreover, because these mutations may be present in a significant proportion of subjects suffering from cancer, the compositions described herein do not require sequencing of whole genomes of subjects and may be used as an“off-the-shelf” product to treat multiple subjects. For instance, the method may simply involve detecting in a tumor sample from the subject one or more of the specific mutations present in the composition, and administering the composition to subjects in which at least one mutation is present. This is in contrast to methods using patient-specific neoantigen mixtures, which require whole genome or whole exome sequencing of each subject and the production of personalized treatment compositions.

[0044] Other embodiments relate to a combination therapy wherein the methods of treatment using a shared neoantigen composition of the present invention are used in concert with a current drug regimen. The shared neoantigen composition may be administered prophylactically. In one embodiment, a patient in need thereof is treated with chemotherapy and / or a targeted therapy in combination with a shared neoantigen immunogenic composition before a drug resistance mutation can be detected. The shared neoantigen immunogenic composition can be tailored to include neoantigen peptides specific to the resistance mutations associated with a chosen therapy. In another embodiment, the shared neoantigen composition is administered before the subject is treated with a chemotherapy and / or a targeted therapy, to generate an immune response to cells harboring a drug resistance mutation before such cells develop. The administering can be serially or sequentially or at substantially the same time or substantially simultaneously. For example, the administering of the shared neoantigen immunogenic composition and the administering of a cancer therapy can be at about the same time or substantially simultaneously. Alternatively, the administering of the shared neoantigen immunogenic composition can be onone time schedule, e.g., weekly, biweekly, every three weeks, monthly, bimonthly, every quarter year (every three months), every third of a year (every four months), every five months, twice yearly (every six months), every seven months, every eight months, every nine months, every ten months, every eleven months, annually or the like, and the administering of the cancer therapy can be on a different schedule that is typical for the therapy such that the subject or patient has two different treatment schedules running concomitantly and the administering of the shared neoantigen immunogenic composition and the administering of the cancer therapy can be sequentially or serially. In preferred embodiments the subject may be treated with ibrutinib, erlotinib, imatinib, gefitinib, crizotinib, trastuzumab, vemurafenib, RAF / MEK or antiestrogen therapy.

[0045] In another aspect the present invention provides a diagnostic method for early detection and tracking of cancer progression by determining the presence of at least one neoantigenic peptide of the present invention in a patient sample. The patient sample may be derived from blood, sputum, saliva, urine, tumor tissue, lymphatic fluid, semen or feces.

[0046] In one embodiment, the diagnostic method is used before administering the shared neoantigen composition as described herein. The diagnostic method may include comparing the amount of shared neoantigen mutations in a series of at least two samples taken during treatment with a cancer therapy and / or shared neoantigen composition. Not being bound by a theory, an increase or decrease in shared neoantigen mutations can be used to determine treatment efficacy.

[0047] In one embodiment, the mutated genes can be detected using PCR based methods or sequencing. Reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) can be used to detect mutations in transcribed neoantigen genes. Additionally, any sequencing technique can be used to determine the presence of a mutation. In a preferred embodiment, pyrosequencing is used. The present invention also provides for a kit that includes primers that are specific to sequences encompassing the neoantigen mutations.

[0048] In another embodiment the mutated genes are detected by immunological detection methods. Antibodies specific to the shared neoantigen mutations can be used to detect the muations. The antibodies may be bound to an array. The array may include antibodies to detect more than one of the shared neoantigen mutations of the present invention. The antibodies can be configured for use in an ELISA assay. Therefore, a composition or kit may be provided that includes antibodies specifically recognizing the shared neoantigens of the present invention.

[0049] In another aspect the present invention provides a method of treating or preventing a tumor in a population of subjects in need thereof, comprising administering to a subject an agent comprising an extracellular ligand-binding domain recognizing a tumor-specific neoepitope comprising a tumor-specific mutation having an incidence of at least 1% of subjects in the population. The agent may be an antibody, antibody fragment, antibody drug conjugate, aptamer, CAR, or T cell receptor. The antibody or antibody fragment may be humanized, fully humanized, or chimeric. The antibody fragment may be a nanobody, Fab, Fab', (Fab')2, Fv, ScFv, diabody, triabody, tetrabody, Bis-scFv, minibody, Fab2, or Fab3 fragment. The tumor- specific mutation may be a mutation listed for any population in Table 9. The tumor-specific mutation may be within a gene containing an extracellular domain. The tumor-specific mutation may be FGFR3 S249C, ERBB3 V104M, EGFR L858R, MUC4 H4205Q, PDGFRA R483fs, TMEM5223_26LLPL>L, or PODXL 28_30PSP>P. The tumor-specific mutation may be within the extracellular domain. The tumor-specific mutation comprises FGFR3 S249C or ERBB3 V104M. Not being bound by a theory, the presence of a neoepitope in a protein with an extracellular domain allows the neoepitope to be presented on the surface of a cell. Not being bound by a theory, the presence of a neoepitope in the extracellular domain allows the neoepitope to be presented on the surface of a cell.

[0050] The invention is further described by the following numbered paragraphs:1. An isolated neoantigenic peptide comprising a tumor-specific neoepitope defined in Tables 1-9, wherein the isolated neoantigenic peptide is not a native polypeptide.2. An isolated neoantigenic peptide 100 amino acids or less in length which comprises a tumor-specific neoepitope defined in Tables 1-9.3. The isolated neoantigenic peptide of paragraph 1 or 2, which is between about 5 to about 50 amino acids in length.4. The isolated neoantigenic peptide of any of paragraphs 1-3, which is between about 15 to about 35 amino acids in length.5. The isolated neoantigenic peptide of paragraph 4, which is about 15 amino acids or less in length.6. The isolated neoantigenic peptide of paragraph 5, which is between about 8 and about 11 amino acids in length.7. The isolated neoantigenic peptide of paragraph 6, which is 9 or 10 amino acids in length.8. The isolated neoantigenic peptide of any of paragraphs 1-7, which binds major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I.9. The isolated neoantigenic peptide of paragraph 8, which binds MHC class I with a binding affinity of less than about 500 nM.10. The isolated neoantigenic peptide of any of paragraphs 1-3, which is about 30 amino acids or less in length.11. The isolated neoantigenic peptide of paragraph 10, which is between about 6 and about 25 amino acids in length.12. The isolated neoantigenic peptide of paragraph 11, which is between about 15 and about 24 amino acids in length.13. The isolated neoantigenic peptide of paragraph 11, which is between about 9 and about 15 amino acids in length.14. The isolated neoantigenic peptide of any of paragraphs 1-3 and 10-13, which binds MHC class II.15. The isolated neoantigenic peptide of paragraph 14, which binds MHC class II with a binding affinity of less than about 1000 nM.16. The isolated neoantigenic peptide of any of paragraphs 1-15, further comprising flanking amino acids.17. The isolated neoantigenic peptide of paragraph 16, wherein the flanking amino acids are not native flanking amino acids.18. The isolated neoantigenic peptide of any of paragraphs 1-17, which is linked to at least a second neoantigenic peptide.19. The isolated neoantigenic peptide of paragraph 18, wherein peptides are linked using a poly-glycine or poly-serine linker.20. The isolated neoantigenic peptide of paragraph 18 or 19, wherein the second neoantigenic peptide binds MHC class I or class II with a binding affinity of less than about 1000 nM.21. The isolated neoantigenic peptide of paragraph 20, wherein the second neoantigenic peptide binds MHC class I or class II with a binding affinity of less than about 500 nM.22. The isolated neoantigenic peptide of paragraph 20 or 21, wherein both of the neoepitopes bind to human leukocyte antigen (HLA) -A, -B, -C, -DP, -DQ, or -DR.23. The isolated neoantigenic peptide of any of paragraphs 20-22, wherein the isolated neoantigenic peptide and the second neoantigenic peptide binds a class I HLA or the isolated neoantigenic peptide and the second neoantigenic peptide binds a class II HLA.24. The isolated neoantigenic peptide of any of paragraphs 20-22, wherein the isolated neoantigenic peptide binds a class II HLA and the second neoantigenic peptide binds a class I HLA or the isolated neoantigenic peptide binds a class I HLA and the second neoantigenic peptide binds a class II HLA.25. The isolated neoantigenic peptide of any of paragraphs 1-24, further comprising modifications which increase in vivo half-life, cellular targeting, antigen uptake, antigen processing, MHC affinity, MHC stability, or antigen presentation.26. The isolated neoantigenic peptide of paragraph 25, wherein the modification is conjugation to a carrier protein, conjugation to a ligand, conjugation to an antibody, PEGylation, polysialylation HESylation, recombinant PEG mimetics, Fc fusion, albumin fusion, nanoparticle attachment, nanoparticulate encapsulation, cholesterol fusion, iron fusion, acylation, amidation, glycosylation, side chain oxidation, phosphorylation, biotinylation, the addition of a surface active material, the addition of amino acid mimetics, or the addition of unnatural amino acids.27. The isolated neoantigenic peptide of paragraph 25, wherein the cells that are targeted are antigen presenting cells.28. The isolated neoantigenic peptide of paragraph 27, wherein the antigen presenting cells are dendritic cells.29. The isolated neoantigenic peptide of paragraph 29, wherein the dendritic cells are targeted using the CD141, DEC205, or XCR1 marker.30. A pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one neoantigenic peptide and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, each at least one neoantigenic peptide comprising a tumor- specific neoepitope capable of binding to an HLA protein in a subject, each tumor-specific neoepitope comprising a tumor-specific mutation present in a tumor, wherein:(a) the composition comprises at least one neoantigenic peptide comprising a tumor-specific mutation present in a tumor in at least 1% of subjects in a population of subjects suffering from cancer;(b) the composition comprises at least one neoantigenic peptide comprising a tumor-specific neoepitope which binds to an HLA protein present in at least 5% of subjects in the population of subjects suffering from cancer; or(c) the composition comprises at least one neoantigenic peptide capable of eliciting an immune response against a tumor present in at least 5% of the subjects in the population of subjects suffering from cancer.31. The pharmaceutical composition of paragraph 30, wherein the population of subjects is suffering from adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC), bladder urothelial carcinoma (BLCA), breast invasive carcinoma (BRCA), cervical squamous cell carcinoma and endocervical adenocarcinoma (CESC), colon adenocarcinoma (COAD), Chronic lymphocytic Leukaemia (CLL), colorectal cancer (CRC), Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC), kidney chromophobe (KICH), kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC), kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma (KIRP), acute myeloid leukemia (LAML), liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC), lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC), multiple myeloma (MM), ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma (OV), pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD), prostate adenocarcinoma (PRAD), rectum adenocarcinoma (READ), skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM), stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD), testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT), thyroid adenocarcinoma (THCA), uterine corpus endometrioid carcinoma (UCEC), or uterine carcinosarcoma (UCS).32. The pharmaceutical composition of paragraph 30 or 31, wherein the population suffering from cancer was treated with, is being treated with, or is selected to be treated with a cancer therapeutic, optionally ibrutinib, erlotinib, imatinib, gefitinib, crizotinib, trastuzumab, vemurafenib, RAF / MEK inhibitor or antiestrogen therapy..33. The pharmaceutical composition of any of paragraphs 30-33, wherein the tumor- specific mutations comprise splice-variant mutations, point mutations, and / or frameshift mutations.34. The pharmaceutical composition of any of paragraphs 30-33, wherein the at least one neoantigenic peptide comprises at least one neoantigenic peptide derived from a long peptideregion flanking and including the tumor specific mutation, and wherein all contiguous segments within the long peptide are included.35. The pharmaceutical composition of any of paragraphs 30-34, wherein the tumor- specific mutations are present in one or more genes listed in Tables 1-9.36. The pharmaceutical composition of any of paragraphs 30-35, wherein the composition comprises at least one neoantigenic peptide as defined in any of Tables 1-9.37. The pharmaceutical composition of any of paragraphs 30-36, wherein the tumor- specific mutations are present in one or more genes encoding a protein selected from the group consisting of Programmed Death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1), androgen receptor (AR), Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase (BTK), Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR), BCR-Abl, c-kit, PIK3CA, HER2, EML4-ALK, KRAS, ALK, ROS1, AKT1, BRAF, MEK1, MEK2, NRAS, RAC1, and ESR1.38. The pharmaceutical composition of paragraph 37, wherein at least one tumor- specific mutation is derived from alternative splicing of PD-L1 or AR.39. The pharmaceutical composition of paragraph 38, wherein at least one tumor- specific mutation is derived from splice variant sPD-L1, AR-V1 or AR-V7.40. The pharmaceutical composition of any of paragraphs 30-39, wherein the tumor- specific mutations comprise drug resistance mutations.41. The pharmaceutical composition of paragraph 40, wherein at least one tumor- specific mutation is a drug resistance mutation selected from the group consisting of BTK / C481S, EGFR / T790M, BCR-Abl / T315I, BCR-Abl / Y253H, BCR-Abl / E255K, BCR- Abl / E255V, c-kit / T670I, PIK3CA / E545K, PIK3CA / E542K, HER2 / G776(YVMA), HER2 / E545K, EML4-ALK / G1269A, KRAS / G12V / D, ALK / L1196M, ALK / G1202R, ALK / S1206Y, ALK / 1151T(ins), ALK / F1174C, ROS1 / G2032R, AKT1 / E17K, BRAF / V600E, MEK1 / Q56P, MEK1 / E203K, MEK1 / C121S, MEK1 / V60E, MEK1 / G128V, MEK1 / V154I, MEK1 / P124S, MEK1 / P124L, NRAS / Q61K / L / R, NRAS / T58I, MEK2 / C125S, RAC1 / P29S, ESR1 / S463P, AR / V534E, AR / P535H, AR / L536Q, AR / L536R, AR / Y537C, AR / Y537S, AR / Y537N, AR / D538G and AR / F876L.42. The pharmaceutical composition of any of paragraphs 30-41, wherein the at least one tumor-specific mutation has an incidence of at least 500 patients a year in the population of subjects suffering from cancer, and wherein the at least one mutation comprises a mutation listed for the population in Table 9.43. The pharmaceutical composition of paragraph 42, wherein the at least one neoantigenic peptide comprises at least one peptide listed in Table 9.44. The pharmaceutical composition of any of paragraphs 30-36, wherein:(a) the population of subjects is suffering from CLL; and(b) the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations selected from the group consisting of SF3B1:p.K700E, MYD88:p.L273P, NOTCH1:p.P2514fs, ABCA11P:p.E901D, AHNAK:p.D3823E, ZNF814:p.E348D, AHNAK:p.V1220I, AHNAK:p.H1203N, ANKRD30A:p.A232V, APOOL:p.I138L, EGR2:p.H397N, MKI67:p.H2213D, NRAS:p.Q61R, PLIN4:p.M691V, XPO1:p.E571K, ZCRB1:p.L76F, ZNF700:p.N652H, ZNF700:p.Q654R, ZNF844:p.D458H, AHNAK:p.A4046V, ANKRD36:p.P337R, C1orf170:p.T203I, CAST:p.D639E, EGR2:p.E369K, GPR123:p.L630P, IKZF3:p.L162R, MUC4:p.P4224R, OR9Q1:p.M34L, PKD2:p.Y486F, PRAMEF11:p.R104Q, SYNJ1:p.I681F, TP53:p.R248Q, TP53:p.R248W, TRPV2:p.L627del, ZNF254:p.S498A, ZNF732:p.A459T, ZNF749:p.E530Q, ZNF845:p.M423I, ABCA11P:p.G900E, ACRC:p.E243D, ACRC:p.A244V, ACSL3:p.T188S, ADAMTS2:p.D948N, AGAP6:p.S127I, AHNAK:p.A2114G, ANKRD36:p.D1014Y, ARID3A:p.G550fs, ARID4A:p.D1154E, ATP2B4:p.R183H, ATRNL1:p.L1244F, BNC1:p.Y937N, BRAF:p.K601N, BTLA:p.Q86K, C14orf177:p.G90V, C2orf44:p.N456K, C3orf15:p.R552Q, CACNA2D1:p.Y376N, CALD1:p.E340K, CCDC15:p.P488H, CCDC79:p.N440T, CCNB3:p.A932T, CD109:p.L470Q, CD209:p.Q189L, CKAP2:p.*684K, CMA1:p.I81K, CMIP:p.A230T, CNTNAP4:p.I12F, CRYM:p.*315K, DICER1:p.E1705K, DPCR1:p.L716P, EIF3A:p.M1093L, EIF4G3:p.R8H, ETFDH:p.I281F, EWSR1:p.Y656C, F5:p.L1332P, F5:p.L1253F, FAM50A:p.H317R, FBXL13:p.S102R, FBXW7:p.R465H, FHL1:p.D184E, FILIP1:p.I522K, FRG1B:p.Q39K, GNB1:p.I80T, GPR110:p.R443G, GPR98:p.Y6152F, HDGFL1:p.188_189insA, IGF2BP2:p.T186S, IL1R2:p.L364fs, KIAA1109:p.L4680P, KRAS:p.G13D, KRTAP19- 1:p.G61S, MAF:p.G53fs, MAGEC1:p.L609H, MAP2K1:p.K57N, MED12:p.L36R, MED12:p.G44S, METAP2:p.Y137N, METTL9:p.Y57F, MGP:p.V15L, MKI67:p.R2222K, MUC16:p.T11005I, MUC4:p.S3941N, MUC4:p.S3941G, MUC4:p.V3091L, MUC4:p.S2951Y, MUC4:p.A2841S, MUC4:p.S2760A, MUC4:p.T2335M, MUC4:p.T1627K, MUC4:p.T1547S, MUC4:p.H1133Q, MYD88:p.M240T, NEDD4L:p.P194del, NEFH:p.S704T, NRG4:p.G21fs, OR2A25:p.S105C, OR4C16:p.Y63F, OR4N4:p.L150fs, PABPC1:p.K254fs, PIWIL1:p.P372fs,PLCD3:p.E499fs, PLEKHB1:p.S146P, PPIL4:p.S382R, PRDM4:p.*802K, PRG4:p.N675H, PRKAB1:p.P104H, R3HDM2:p.S592G, R3HDM2:p.S588N, R3HDM2:p.R206W, RPS2:p.R200G, RPTN:p.G364S, SF3B1:p.K666E, SF3B1:p.N626Y, SF3B1:p.Y623C, SIX3:p.I27L, SLC39A7:p.L456fs, SLC6A9:p.R94K, TFG:p.A382V, TGOLN2:p.K83R, TGOLN2:p.T80S, TLR2:p.D327V, TNKS2:p.T619fs, TP53:p.R273H, TP53:p.C242F, TP53:p.R175H, TWISTNB:p.H306Q, UBXN7:p.A276V, WDR78:p.N110K, XIRP2:p.V3008E, ZNF382:p.H186Q, ZNF578:p.R306H, ZNF578:p.G311S, ZNF578:p.H334R, ZNF700:p.S649C, ZNF705A:p.D298N, ZNF836:p.K608Q, and ZNF836:p.I571N; and45. The pharmaceutical composition of any of paragraphs 30-36, wherein:(a) the population of subjects is suffering from BLCA; and(b) the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations selected from the group consisting of PIK3CA:p.E545K, FGFR3:p.S249C, TP53:p.R248Q, PIK3CA:p.E542K, RXRA:p.S427F, ZNF814:p.D404E, FBXW7:p.R505G, NOTCH2:p.P6fs, TP53:p.E285K, ANKRD30A:p.A353P, C3orf70:p.S6L, EFCAB6:p.R379K, ERCC2:p.N238S, FAM47C:p.Q225E, FOXQ1:p.S135L, HLA-A:p.Q78R, MUC4:p.H4205Q, OTUD4:p.T909I, SLAMF1:p.S277fs, SPRED3:p.S128del, TMCO2:p.S15fs, TP53:p.R280T, TP53:p.E271K, TP53:p.A159V, ZNF706:p.I8N, ZNF706:p.R3P, ACACB:p.E2318Q, ACPP:p.E321K, ACRC:p.A264V, ADAMTS2:p.23_24insL, AFF3:p.E919K, AHNAK:p.S4150F, AHNAK:p.D2889H, AHNAK:p.V1940A, ALX4:p.R126Q, ANKRD12:p.E627K, ANKRD32:p.T999N, ARID1A:p.S614L, ASXL2:p.117_118SS>S, ATP12A:p.R858C, ATP9A:p.R519Q, BCAS3:p.T214M, BPI:p.M255I, CACNG8:p.V146G, CAMSAP1:p.T466fs, CDC27:p.I91fs, CDKN1A:p.E44fs, CEP192:p.S2058L, CGB8:p.T18A, CHRNA3:p.L23del, CHST4:p.D352N, CLIP1:p.S1018fs, COX6A1:p.S8L, CREBBP:p.D1435H, CRIPAK:p.M48fs, CSPG5:p.D119N, CUL1:p.E485K, DLC1:p.S741T, DLL3:p.D318H, DOPEY2:p.E1196K, ECM1:p.E266K, EEF1A2:p.Y418S, EEF2K:p.E673K, EMILIN1:p.R27G, ERBB2:p.S310F, ERBB3:p.M91I, ERBB3:p.V104L, ERBB3:p.D297Y, ERCC2:p.Y14C, FAM155A:p.Q86del, FAM43B:p.E272del, FASTKD3:p.Q625E, FBXW7:p.S546L, FGFR3:p.R248C, FGFR3:p.G380R, FGFRL1:p.H479fs, GBE1:p.M587I, GIMAP1- GIMAP5:p.S311C, GNA13:p.R200G, H1FOO:p.A214fs, HEATR7B2:p.E1109K, HIST1H1D:p.I81M, HRAS:p.G12D, HRCT1:p.H92P, ILF3:p.E484K, KCNK2:p.S6W, KIAA0907:p.Q446P, KIF23:p.E350K, KLF5:p.S118L, KLHL15:p.D185G, LAMA4:p.E639K,LILRA1:p.H410Y, LILRB1:p.L479del, LLGL2:p.P955fs, LPIN1:p.S974L, LRRC16A:p.D227N, LRTM2:p.S139L, LURAP1L:p.55_56insGGG, MAGEC1:p.P553del, MCL1:p.E171del, MN1:p.S472L, MUC7:p.A191V, MVP:p.E412K, NBPF10:p.E3455K, NFE2L2:p.E79K, NFE2L2:p.R34G, NOS1AP:p.Q306del, OR2T35:p.V319fs, OR4N2:p.L150fs, PABPC3:p.K333fs, PAX3:p.S197L, PBX2:p.E70K, PBXIP1:p.H729del, PCDP1:p.E537K, PEX1:p.I370fs, PHLDA3:p.E82K, PLEKHM2:p.S459L, PLVAP:p.A321V, POLR3B:p.L372F, POTEC:p.R477Q, PPL:p.H326Y, PPP1R15A:p.E196K, PRDM16:p.E271Q, PRIC285:p.E1289Q, PRMT8:p.S31P, PUF60:p.S396L, RAB11FIP4:p.S596L, RAD51C:p.D167N, RAD51C:p.Y224H, RALGPS1:p.R381Q, RARS2:p.R6C, RBM26:p.P644A, RERE:p.K176N, RXRA:p.S427Y, SERPINA12:p.R211G, SF3B1:p.E902K, SLC6A9:p.R243W, SLC9A5:p.L447F, SPESP1:p.F121L, SRPRB:p.G14S, SYN2:p.A34del, SYTL2:p.I440M, TAB3:p.R211T, TAF1B:p.R292C, TAOK2:p.L981del, TAS1R3:p.E525K, TAS2R9:p.E163Q, TBC1D1:p.S71F, TBC1D2B:p.R920Q, TFPI2:p.R222C, TM6SF1:p.S15W, TMEM131:p.K640fs, TMEM19:p.G331fs, TP53:p.R273C, TP53:p.R248W, TP53:p.R175H, TP53:p.K132N, TRAM1:p.E41Q, TSKS:p.E513K, TTN:p.C20935G, UBOX5:p.S417L, UGP2:p.D262H, VGF:p.E433K, XAB2:p.E782K, XYLB:p.S87F, ZC3H4:p.E798K, ZNF208:p.K852E, ZNF208:p.I647S, ZNF626:p.G198E, ZNF749:p.Q457E, ZNF761:p.H373R, ZNF799:p.T43A, ZNF799:p.W41G, ZNF799:p.E589G, ZNF844:p.P503R, ZNF845:p.M423T, ZNF845:p.T479M, ZNF860:p.H464R, ZNF878:p.S181R, ZNF91:p.R333H, and ZNF91:p.H305R.46. The pharmaceutical composition of any of paragraphs 30-43, wherein:(a) the population of subjects is suffering from BRCA; and(b) the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of frameshift mutations selected from the group consisting of GATA3:p.L328fs, GATA3:p.N334fs, GATA3:p.L344fs, GATA3:p.H400fs, GATA3:p.S408fs, GATA3:p.S430fs, GATA3:p.H434fs, GATA3:p.H435fs, and GATA3:p.S408fs.47. The pharmaceutical composition of any of paragraphs 30-36, wherein:(a) the population of subjects is suffering from BRCA; and(b) the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations selected from the group consisting of PIK3CA:p.H1047R, PIK3CA:p.E545K, PIK3CA:p.E542K, AKT1:p.E17K, TP53:p.R175H, PIK3CA:p.N345K, PIK3CA:p.H1047L,SF3B1:p.K700E, GATA3:p.S408fs, PIK3CA:p.E726K, TP53:p.Y220C, TP53:p.H193R, PIK3CA:p.Q546R, TP53:p.R273C, TP53:p.R248W, TP53:p.R273H, TP53:p.I195T, TP53:p.H179R, FGFR2:p.N549K, NUP93:p.E14K, PIK3CA:p.C420R, PIK3CA:p.E453K, PIK3CA:p.Q546K, TP53:p.V216M, TP53:p.C176F, CDH1:p.E243K, ERBB2:p.L755S, KRAS:p.G12V, PIK3CA:p.E545A, TBL1XR1:p.I141fs, TP53:p.G266E, TP53:p.R248Q, TP53:p.Y163C, TP53:p.C141Y, TP53:p.G108fs, ACPP:p.R43W, AKT2:p.I289M, ARHGAP9:p.R137C, C9orf174:p.R136W, CDC42BPA:p.P675T, COL12A1:p.S395L, CRISPLD1:p.R222W, CT47B1:p.234_243EKLTEEATEE>E, CYP1A2:p.V483M, DAB2IP:p.E161K, DGKB:p.S13L, DMD:p.K1772N, DPEP1:p.V11L, ERBB2:p.S310F, ERBB2:p.D769Y, ERBB3:p.E928G, ESYT1:p.R816W, FAM179A:p.A831T, FAM58BP:p.A70T, FMN2:p.S751F, GALNTL6:p.K567del, GATA3:p.L328fs, GATA3:p.N334fs, GATA3:p.L344fs, GATA3:p.H400fs, GATA3:p.S408fs, GATA3:p.S430fs, GATA3:p.H434fs, GATA3:p.H435fs, GDAP1:p.T307A, GRB14:p.A300T, GUCY2C:p.G549C, IL17B:p.R34W, KCNB2:p.R231H, KIF1B:p.R1320W, KIF26B:p.V1113M, KLF4:p.K434Q, LY9:p.I69L, MAP2K4:p.S184L, MAP2K4:p.S251I, MAP2K4:p.T261fs, MAP3K1:p.L318fs, MAP3K1:p.I761fs, MAP3K1:p.V1346del, MAP3K1:p.L1384fs, MAPK13:p.E315K, MAPK4:p.V100M, MARCH5:p.R170C, MBP:p.E120K, MEFV:p.R377H, METTL15:p.Q53E, MS4A4A:p.V99M, MUC17:p.R4415H, MYH6:p.T847M, MYO5B:p.A405V, NARS2:p.P240R, NLGN4X:p.D382N, NLRC4:p.R288W, OR13G1:p.R258H, OR2AK2:p.V45I, OTOF:p.T388M, PACSIN2:p.Q331H, PALM2-AKAP2:p.A299T, PCDH19:p.R286C, PCDHGC5:p.D664N, PIK3CA:p.R88Q, PIK3CA:p.E110del, PIK3CA:p.K111del, PIK3CA:p.PVPHGLEDL447del, PIK3CA:p.L455fs, PIK3CA:p.M1004I, PIK3CA:p.M1043I, PIK3CA:p.N1044Y, PIK3R1:p.KPDL567del, PREX2:p.R363Q, PRRX1:p.A196V, PTEN:p.V317fs, RGSL1:p.V222I, RUNX1:p.R142fs, RUNX1:p.D96fs, SCN2A:p.R36K, SLC25A32:p.Q83E, SLC25A45:p.G106C, STRA6:p.Q68R, STX6:p.H153D, TBX3:p.H187Y, TFPT:p.S252C, TINAG:p.R332W, TMEM71:p.R63Q, TP53:p.E286K, TP53:p.R282W, TP53:p.V272M, TP53:p.S241fs, TP53:p.C238fs, TP53:p.C238F, TP53:p.C238Y, TP53:p.Y234C, TP53:p.Y220S, TP53:p.R209fs, TP53:p.G199V, TP53:p.L194R, TP53:p.H193L, TP53:p.H193Y, TP53:p.V173L, TP53:p.V173M, TP53:p.K132N, TP53:p.R110fs, TUBD1:p.A200V, VLDLR:p.R231H, VWA3A:p.V955I, VWF:p.K1720N, XPO1:p.E571K, and ZNF268:p.F901del.48. The pharmaceutical composition of any of paragraphs 30-36, wherein:(a) the population of subjects is suffering from COAD; and(b) the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations selected from the group consisting ofKRAS:p.G12D, BRAF:p.V600E, KRAS:p.G12V, ACVR2A:p.K435fs, GRB14:p.KKK295del, SEC63:p.L532fs, TGFBR2:p.E125fs, ATR:p.K771fs, ICA1:p.N204fs, KRAS:p.G12C, TP53:p.R175H, ABCA8:p.R842Q, ACTL7B:p.R354H, ACVR2A:p.K435fs, AIM2:p.K340fs, ALG2:p.S302Y, ANKIB1:p.K144fs, ARSG:p.V131I, ATP10D:p.R311H, AXIN2:p.W663fs, C5orf30:p.D4N, CACNG3:p.V134I, CASP5:p.K78fs, CC2D2A:p.R1284C, CDH10:p.E349K, DNMT1:p.E432K, DOCK2:p.G170R, DOCK5:p.E177K, EGR2:p.R390H, ERBB3:p.V104M, FAM135B:p.R884H, FBXW7:p.R505C, FBXW7:p.R465H, FHDC1:p.R254W, FOXL1:p.N89K, HCN4:p.R525H, HLA-DMA:p.E84K, HTR3B:p.R236C, ITGA4:p.T673M, KIF18A:p.R17C, KIF20B:p.E991K, KLHL5:p.R326C, KRAS:p.A146T, KRAS:p.G13D, LPHN3:p.R1183Q, MAP2K4:p.R287H, MAPK8IP1:p.L217fs, MFSD5:p.R280Q, MUC16:p.R8606H, MYO6:p.D1180N, NAA25:p.S807Y, NBPF14:p.V44L, NRAS:p.Q61K, NRAS:p.G13R, PAX3:p.T424M, PGAM1:p.R240H, PHF3:p.R1410I, PIK3CA:p.R88Q, PIK3CA:p.E545K, PIK3CA:p.H1047R, PLXNA3:p.V14fs, POSTN:p.R508C, PTPRU:p.D1434N, PYGO2:p.Q150fs, RBBP7:p.E274K, SFPQ:p.R611Q, SGSM1:p.F1117L, SLC25A40:p.R96Q, SLC8A1:p.R431H, SLITRK3:p.S298L, SPATA22:p.S150L, SUN3:p.E128K, TGFBR1:p.S241L, TP53:p.R273H, TP53:p.R273C, TP53:p.R248W, TRPV5:p.R492H, USP40:p.S851L, VPS13C:p.D1359Y, ZBTB24:p.L607I, ZNF434:p.R306C, ZNF443:p.R301I, ZNF484:p.R138C, and ZNF770:p.S441P.49. The pharmaceutical composition of any of paragraphs 30-36, wherein:(a) the population of subjects is suffering from GBM; and(b) the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations selected from the group consisting of HSD17B7P2:p.N175S, IDH1:p.R132H, EGFR:p.A289V, EGFR:p.G598V, WASH3P:p.G175S, ZNF814:p.D404E, RPSA:p.Q111E, NBPF10:p.E3455K, TP53:p.R248Q, BRAF:p.V600E, EGFR:p.A289T, PRB2:p.N230del, RGPD5:p.P1760A, TP53:p.R175H, CHEK2:p.K373E, EGFR:p.R108K, EGFR:p.R222C, PIK3CA:p.E545K, PIK3R1:p.G376R, POTEC:p.K507E, SDHAP2:p.V195E, SLC6A10P:p.K88N, TP53:p.R282W, TP53:p.R273H, CD3EAP:p.K219del, DST:p.R146C,EGFR:p.A289D, EGFR:p.H304Y, FRG1B:p.S71N, GOLGA8DP:p.A116E, KRTAP4- 11:p.R121K, KRTAP4-11:p.S48R, MAP3K1:p.P324L, OGDH:p.I78fs, PODXL:p.S162fs, PSPH:p.V145I, SPINT1:p.A316V, TP53:p.R248W, TP53:p.G245S, TP53:p.Y220C, TP53:p.R158H, TSHZ2:p.A222T, UBC:p.L149R, ZDHHC4:p.R300H, ZNF844:p.R447P, AASS:p.T878fs, ABCC10:p.R570W, ADAM29:p.V205I, ADAMTS8:p.V524M, AGAP3:p.R766W, AICDA:p.Y144F, AK7:p.A159V, AK8:p.D243A, ANO2:p.R334C, AOX1:p.A507V, ARHGAP5:p.M691L, CALN1:p.V231I, CARM1:p.A202V, CD163L1:p.V721M, CD1D:p.L25fs, CD209:p.A283T, CDH18:p.A195T, CILP2:p.V553M, CIZ1:p.L89P, CLOCK:p.L123fs, COL6A5:p.T2224M, CSF2RB:p.G298S, CSMD3:p.E171K, CYP2D6:p.H352R, DCAF12L1:p.R335H, DCAF12L2:p.R246H, DPP10:p.V183I, DPY19L2P1:p.R378Q, DQX1:p.R505H, DRD5:p.S275R, DVL2:p.V66G, EFCAB6:p.R379K, EGFR:p.L62R, EGFR:p.R252C, EGFR:p.P596S, EGFR:p.P596L, EGFR:p.G598A, EGFR:p.E709K, EPHA1:p.A184T, ERC2:p.R20H, ESPNP:p.R627Q, FAM126B:p.R382H, FBN3:p.V886I, FGF14:p.T229M, FLG2:p.H1901fs, FLG:p.R2886H, FLNA:p.V1240M, FOXG1:p.H57del, FPR2:p.R54Q, FRG1B:p.K13N, FRG1B:p.A53T, GABRA6:p.V314I, GJB3:p.R160H, GLT8D2:p.A178V, GRM3:p.R183C, HERC1:p.R2330H, HNF1B:p.T417M, HTRA3:p.Q403R, IDH1:p.R132G, IFNA10:p.L80F, IFNA10:p.V79A, JHDM1D:p.R313H, JPH1:p.A395T, KEL:p.V411M, KIAA0907:p.R516fs, KIAA1704:p.D88del, KLK6:p.R120H, KRAS:p.G12D, KRTAP4-7:p.L121V, KRTAP4-7:p.L148V, KRTAP5-4:p.S131C, LAT2:p.L18W, LIMK2:p.R203H, LUM:p.R330C, MCOLN3:p.V141I, MGAT4B:p.T444P, MUC17:p.V77M, MUC17:p.3204_3205insP, MYO1D:p.T109M, MYO6:p.Q914fs, NAP1L5:p.140_141EE>E, NF1:p.F1658fs, NHP2L1:p.R84C, NLRP5:p.R737W, NPTX1:p.A263T, NUFIP2:p.Q29del, ODF4:p.R61C, OR11H12:p.H154P, OR2A7:p.V18I, OR2H1:p.V287I, OR2T12:p.R184H, OR5D13:p.R236C, OR5P2:p.A100V, OR6N2:p.R293C, PASD1:p.A236del, PCDH11X:p.T486M, PCDHB13:p.P221L, PDGFRA:p.E229K, PDGFRB:p.S650L, PHC3:p.T35del, PIK3C2B:p.R287fs, PIK3CA:p.M1V, PIK3CA:p.R88Q, PIK3CA:p.M1043V, PIK3CA:p.H1047R, PIK3R1:p.K379N, PODNL1:p.A150V, POTEE:p.V166M, POTEG:p.R136H, PRKCD:p.G432fs, PROKR2:p.V297I, PTEN:p.C136Y, PTEN:p.S170N, PTEN:p.R173H, PTEN:p.T277I, PTEN:p.V317fs, PTPN14:p.E716del, R3HDM2:p.412_413QQ>Q, RAB11FIP5:p.R170H, RASAL3:p.R82H, RB1:p.N316fs, RDH8:p.A198V, REN:p.15_16LL>L, RIMBP2:p.R830H, SCAF11:p.E926fs,SCN7A:p.R1358H, SCNN1G:p.R564H, SDHAP2:p.R31C, SDHAP3:p.A66T, SEMG2:p.R292C, SH3RF2:p.R318C, SHB:p.A460T, SIGLEC10:p.T250M, SLC13A5:p.Q273P, SLC17A9:p.V324I, SLC22A9:p.R407Q, SLC26A3:p.V88I, SLC5A3:p.A302fs, SLC9A4:p.R631H, SPAM1:p.R346Q, SPEN:p.E803fs, SPTA1:p.A2011V, SUSD5:p.T513M, SYNE1:p.R8468H, TARSL2:p.G366D, TAS2R41:p.A255T, TAT:p.R367H, TFPI2:p.R206C, THSD7B:p.R90C, TMEM147:p.A92V, TMEM156:p.R81C, TMPRSS6:p.V302I, TNFSF9:p.A232T, TP53:p.C238F, TP53:p.C238Y, TP53:p.Y234C, TP53:p.V216M, TP53:p.H179R, TP53:p.T155N, TRAPPC10:p.K133fs, TTN:p.R21402W, TTN:p.V16403M, TUBBP5:p.V102M, TYRP1:p.T352fs, UBC:p.R73L, UGT2B28:p.P289H, USH2A:p.R3719H, WASH6P:p.L211V, ZFP42:p.V227I, ZFP42:p.T264M, ZNF181:p.V305G, ZNF280B:p.E400K, ZNF534:p.N583K, ZNF563:p.W208fs, ZNF844:p.F487L, and ZPBP:p.R154C.50. The pharmaceutical composition of any of paragraphs 30-36, wherein:(a) the population of subjects is suffering from HNSC; and(b) the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations selected from the group consisting ofPIK3CA:p.E545K, PIK3CA:p.E542K, TP53:p.R175H, PIK3CA:p.H1047R, TP53:p.R282W, TP53:p.R248Q, TP53:p.R273H, TP53:p.R248W, TP53:p.G245S, RHOA:p.E40Q, EP300:p.D1399N, HRAS:p.G13V, MB21D2:p.Q311E, NFE2L2:p.E79Q, TP53:p.H179Y, FBXW7:p.R505G, HIST1H2BF:p.E77K, HRAS:p.G12D, MAPK1:p.E322K, NFE2L2:p.D29H, TP53:p.P278S, TP53:p.C242F, TP53:p.Y220C, TP53:p.H193L, TP53:p.H179R, TP53:p.V157F, TP53:p.R110L, AKNAD1:p.K620R, ANXA6:p.R231Q, AP1G2:p.D243N, ATAD5:p.D441N, ATP6AP2:p.E119Q, B2M:p.M1I, BCL11A:p.E579K, C1orf172:p.Y30fs, C7orf57:p.E30K, CCDC135:p.E313K, CDH12:p.P706T, CDH7:p.Q225K, CDK11B:p.E79del, CDKN2A:p.H83Y, CHCHD4:p.T79M, CIRH1A:p.S250I, CLSTN2:p.P759L, CRB1:p.L628fs, DENND5B:p.G1023E, DNAH5:p.Q1797E, DSP:p.R160G, EDA:p.L58F, EFCAB6:p.E1002K, ELF4:p.S415L, EP300:p.C1164Y, EPHA3:p.T802R, EPHA6:p.D952H, ERBB2:p.M916I, ESRRA:p.D219N, FAM101A:p.I89del, FBXO24:p.M553V, FCAR:p.V233M, GPANK1:p.Y351fs, GPR20:p.V300I, GPRASP1:p.S706L, GPRIN3:p.R633fs, GRID2:p.T649fs, GRM3:p.F682L, GUCY2F:p.S404L, HCRTR2:p.D100Y, HIST1H3C:p.K37M, HIST1H4C:p.R68P, HLX:p.S12T, HOXD10:p.Y151C, HPS3:p.K812N, HRAS:p.G12A, HRAS:p.G12S, IFT140:p.E664K, INPPL1:p.T493M, ITGA10:p.R669Q, ITGB1:p.D158N,KIAA1429:p.D1526N, KIAA1429:p.S138F, KPRP:p.E553fs, KSR2:p.T555M, LINGO2:p.P410T, LPCAT1:p.V187del, MAGEB3:p.V75A, MAP3K7:p.E524Q, MAP4K3:p.P657fs, MAP9:p.K485N, MARS2:p.R481Q, MBOAT7:p.R424W, MUC16:p.R12774H, MUC5B:p.T4388M, MYH11:p.E993K, MYOCD:p.T493M, MYOM1:p.R63Q, NANOS3:p.S183L, NCOR1:p.R1561Q, NCOR1:p.Q169E, NCR1:p.D213N, NFE2L2:p.E79K, ODZ1:p.R366M, OPN1MW:p.A285T, OR2M2:p.A95fs, OR2M3:p.M273I, OR2T33:p.R120S, OR6V1:p.I248fs, PABPC5:p.P58L, PACSIN1:p.E359K, PIK3CA:p.M1043V, PIK3CA:p.H1047L, PIWIL1:p.V699M, PLIN5:p.430_431insNG, PLXNA3:p.P58S, PRB1:p.R274fs, PRSS1:p.D107N, RAC1:p.A159V, RGS7:p.L21fs, RPA1:p.R31H, RPL18:p.R178fs, SFI1:p.R821Q, SLC35D3:p.*417S, SLC5A7:p.G336C, SMARCA4:p.P913L, STAT3:p.D661V, SYCP2:p.K474N, SYT6:p.R249H, TBX21:p.E494K, THSD7A:p.R1046C, THSD7A:p.C728F, TMC3:p.R934S, TMTC2:p.T409R, TP53:p.E285K, TP53:p.C275F, TP53:p.R273C, TP53:p.G266E, TP53:p.G262V, TP53:p.R249S, TP53:p.G245V, TP53:p.C238F, TP53:p.M237I, TP53:p.Y236C, TP53:p.Y236D, TP53:p.R196P, TP53:p.PHHERC177del, TP53:p.V173L, TP53:p.V173M, TP53:p.Y163C, TP53:p.P151T, TP53:p.V143M, TP53:p.P58fs, URI1:p.S13fs, ZNF177:p.K384N, ZNF750:p.S96fs, and ZZZ3:p.R5Q.51. The pharmaceutical composition of any of paragraphs 30-36, wherein:(a) the population of subjects is suffering from KIRC; and(b) the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations selected from the group consisting of WASH3P:p.G175S, VHL:p.L89H, VHL:p.S111N, WDR52:p.V1227G, KRT1:p.552_559YGSGGSSY>Y, KRTAP1-1:p.S34C, PALM2-AKAP2:p.1075_1076insEA, ZNF814:p.D404E, DOPEY2:p.Y2048S, KAT2B:p.W111fs, PABPC1:p.E156fs, PCDHGC5:p.G599V, PIK3CA:p.E545K, RRAD:p.A278E, SIRPA:p.D131del, UQCRFS1:p.I83V, VHL:p.P45L, VHL:p.V74D, VHL:p.R82P, VHL:p.L116fs, VHL:p.L158V, VHL:p.L169P, WDR73:p.DGTRSQ315del, ABCA3:p.E95D, ABCC5:p.L1090fs, ACADS:p.R330H, ACAN:p.G952E, ACSM2A:p.L402fs, ADAM23:p.K380M, ADH1A:p.D154V, AFF3:p.SA620del, AGAP6:p.D69fs, AGAP7:p.E71fs, AHNAK:p.5_6insE, AIDA:p.K247M, ALAS1:p.G302R, ANAPC16:p.R95fs, ANK2:p.N453S, ANKRD36:p.K378R, ARHGEF5:p.E487G, ARSD:p.AGV234del, ARSD:p.A234G, ATP2A1:p.G704C, ATP7A:p.Q990fs, AVIL:p.G299fs, AXDND1:p.EQ991del, BAP1:p.N78S,BAP1:p.M1I, BLM:p.H660Q, BMPER:p.RIAL444del, BRK1:p.K70Q, BTRC:p.I416M, C16orf55:p.D118A, C19orf33:p.K102E, C20orf132:p.E382D, C2orf71:p.1225_1226insS, C6orf132:p.173_182PPPLLLEPPP>P, CASP5:p.R23fs, CATSPER4:p.T425M, CCDC120:p.I8V, CCR5:p.S185I, CCZ1:p.E214D, CD7:p.P174fs, CDAN1:p.L646fs, CDH23:p.F1132Y, CDK5RAP2:p.H1592Q, CENPB:p.E410V, CERCAM:p.A85fs, CHEK2:p.K373E, CHIT1:p.P284fs, CLCN2:p.645_645R>RR, CLUL1:p.G463R, CNTNAP4:p.Y436S, CUL9:p.D1726E, CWC25:p.K364E, CXorf51B:p.V43I, DDX39B:p.F149fs, DIRAS1:p.G79C, DISP2:p.F1021S, DNMBP:p.T78P, DOCK8:p.A177fs, DPCR1:p.H383N, DPCR1:p.L768del, EGFR:p.L838M, ENPEP:p.F289C, ESPNP:p.W122fs, FAM105A:p.H126N, FAM186A:p.IPPQAQELEIPL1556del, FAM194B:p.EEEEYL135del, FAM22F:p.S691del, FAM22F:p.P690fs, FAM47A:p.LRPEPPETGVSH235del, FAM47C:p.P388S, FAM78A:p.W192L, FBXO34:p.Q294fs, FGFR3:p.R571fs, FGFR3:p.P716H, FMN2:p.AIPPPPPLPGA956del, FOXD4L4:p.C405fs, FUT6:p.S140fs, GJA1:p.A311fs, GOLGA5:p.L492I, GPM6A:p.A50V, GPRIN1:p.231_239RKEDPGSLR>R, GRAMD1B:p.P356H, GREB1:p.S344Y, GRM6:p.A718fs, GUSB:p.L501V, GUSB:p.C500R, HBB:p.F86C, HDAC6:p.G977D, HEXDC:p.T482P, HNF1B:p.N302K, HNRPLL:p.M327V, HRC:p.P439fs, HSFX2:p.D92E, IL1RAP:p.F50C, IVL:p.EQQEGQLKHP167del, KANK4:p.S253P, KCNJ18:p.E378K, KIAA1751:p.K97N, KRT1:p.SSYGSGG557del, KRT2:p.L299W, KRT4:p.F154fs, KRTAP10-6:p.49_49P>PSCCAP, KRTAP5-7:p.C120Y, KRTAP9-2:p.CCQP140del, LARS:p.P185fs, LCP1:p.P445fs, LOC338651:p.PHRSHSPPWS102del, LRCH2:p.D717G, LTA4H:p.F107L, LYST:p.Q710H, MAFA:p.207_208HH>H, MAGEC1:p.P239del, MAP2K5:p.Q445R, MAPKAPK2:p.T214fs, MARCKS:p.K152fs, MED12L:p.P2071S, MEGF6:p.A582fs, MGST3:p.G143fs, MLXIPL:p.S790R, MOCOS:p.S849P, MST1R:p.M464V, MTOR:p.C1483F, MTOR:p.L1460P, MUC16:p.P11260A, MUC17:p.R1227fs, MUC17:p.H1228fs, MUC2:p.1480_1481insI, MUC6:p.P1569fs, MYO3A:p.N525S, NBPF3:p.D491V, NCOR1P1:p.L52P, NDUFA4L2:p.G3fs, NEFH:p.651_651K>KAKSPEK, NES:p.V611L, NFAT5:p.Q906E, NOXO1:p.G3fs, NR2C1:p.S270I, NSMCE2:p.Q31fs, NUDT21:p.W13fs, ODZ2:p.W628fs, ONECUT1:p.L424M, OR10A3:p.F73V, OR4F4:p.E15G, OR4N2:p.L150fs, OR51B5:p.A66fs, OR7C1:p.F104fs, PABPC1:p.Y408F, PABPC1:p.K333fs, PABPC1:p.A181T, PABPC3:p.P191T, PALLD:p.A996T, PALM2-AKAP2:p.G1118fs, PARD6A:p.G84fs,PASK:p.T62I, PCDH15:p.C1713F, PCNT:p.G136S, PGM5:p.G426fs, PGPEP1L:p.R164fs, PIK3C2B:p.F1473L, PIK3CA:p.N1044K, PIK3R5:p.L371R, PITRM1:p.P816T, PLIN4:p.T347I, PODXL:p.28_30PSP>P, POLR1C:p.K332Q, POTED:p.I214V, PPM1E:p.R311W, PRKCE:p.Q157fs, PROX1:p.V225D, PRRC2C:p.P1883T, PRX:p.P549L, PSD3:p.T563P, PTCH1:p.P689H, RANBP3:p.L386W, RASGEF1C:p.A188T, RGPD6:p.F946L, RHEB:p.Y35N, RIMBP3:p.A396del, RIN3:p.L449V, RLIM:p.S501L, RNF17:p.S351C, RUNX2:p.P466H, SCAF1:p.P208fs, SDK1:p.K508fs, SECISBP2:p.D608E, SERPINB3:p.S209C, SESTD1:p.I306M, SFRP4:p.P325fs, SH3KBP1:p.P563fs, SIPA1L3:p.G777A, SLC13A2:p.L493fs, SLC16A9:p.CVLLGG470del, SLC25A5:p.A118T, SLC44A5:p.V70F, SLC4A8:p.N229K, SLC52A1:p.G370del, SLC52A2:p.G399fs, SLC6A10P:p.K88N, SLC6A14:p.A85fs, SLC9B1:p.V446fs, SON:p.VLESSAVT1359del, SP8:p.G165del, SPAG1:p.353_354insD, SPATA9:p.C189F, SPEG:p.A992fs, SPTB:p.T1864I, SRA1:p.V110L, STAT6:p.P354fs, STK11IP:p.A155E, STXBP3:p.E279G, SVIL:p.M93T, SYNE1:p.R8468S, SYNJ2:p.K832T, SYNPO:p.G619fs, TAOK2:p.Q899fs, TAS2R38:p.I311T, TBC1D12:p.F608Y, TBC1D1:p.H277R, TBC1D3:p.A556fs, TBC1D3C:p.A495fs, TBC1D3F:p.A556fs, TCF7:p.H140P, TDRD10:p.W276C, THRAP3:p.K551R, TMEM102:p.A110P, TMEM161B:p.L142P, TMEM230:p.D140G, TMEM47:p.G87S, TRDN:p.*730Y, TTBK1:p.T1065S, UBE2O:p.R1118fs, UBR5:p.T1306fs, UPK3A:p.G272fs, VHL:p.G39S, VHL:p.S65L, VHL:p.N78D, VHL:p.R79P, VHL:p.W88L, VHL:p.L89P, VHL:p.R107P, VHL:p.S111R, VHL:p.H115N, VHL:p.D121Y, VHL:p.G123fs, VHL:p.D126fs, VHL:p.L128H, VHL:p.L135F, VHL:p.I151T, VHL:p.L153P, VHL:p.L158P, VHL:p.Q164fs, VHL:p.L184P, VHL:p.L188P, WASH6P:p.315_316insAPP, WASH6P:p.T201M, WWP2:p.G458A, ZCCHC6:p.K937N, ZFAND2B:p.I149T, ZFR2:p.Y107N, ZNF273:p.N319K, ZNF462:p.S650T, ZNF516:p.A256D, ZNF519:p.H431Y, ZNF687:p.F858C, ZNF732:p.E227Q, ZNF880:p.Q406R, ZP3:p.V362fs, and ZRANB1:p.*735fs.52. The pharmaceutical composition of any of paragraphs 30-36, wherein:(a) the population of subjects is suffering from LAML; and(b) the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations selected from the group consisting of NPM1:p.W288fs, DNMT3A:p.R882H, NPM1:p.L287fs, IDH2:p.R140Q, IDH1:p.R132C, FLT3:p.D835Y, DNMT3A:p.R882C, FLT3:p.600_601insFREYEYD, IDH1:p.R132H, NRAS:p.G13D, U2AF1:p.S34F, KIT:p.D816V,FLT3:p.D835E, IDH2:p.R172K, NRAS:p.G12D, WT1:p.S381fs, ABTB1:p.L249fs, DNMT3A:p.R736H, FLT3:p.D835H, KRAS:p.G12D, NPM1:p.L287fs, NRAS:p.Q61H, NRAS:p.Q61K, PHACTR1:p.V251fs, RBBP4:p.E330K, RUNX1:p.R135G, and U2AF1:p.S34Y.53. The pharmaceutical composition of any of paragraphs 30-36, wherein:(a) the population of subjects is suffering from LUAD; and(b) the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations selected from the group consisting of KRAS:p.G12C, KRAS:p.G12V, EGFR:p.L858R, U2AF1:p.S34F, KRAS:p.G12A, TP53:p.R158L, KRAS:p.G12D, PIK3CA:p.E545K, TP53:p.R273L, EGFR:p.ELREA746del, KRAS:p.G13D, A2ML1:p.S654fs, BRAF:p.G469V, CTNNB1:p.S37F, EGFR:p.G719A, KRAS:p.G13C, MYOF:p.G165fs, EGFR:p.S768I, FAM47C:p.G948W, KRAS:p.Q61L, MYH10:p.L1091fs, NRAS:p.Q61L, OR4C3:p.H130fs, PI15:p.V22F, RAD50:p.D69Y, RIT1:p.M90I, TP53:p.C275F, TP53:p.R249M, TP53:p.R249G, TP53:p.R248P, TP53:p.R175H, TP53:p.Y163C, TP53:p.A159P, TP53:p.V157F, TP53:p.G154V, ABCB1:p.R467L, ACBD3:p.R224L, ACTA1:p.G275C, ACTN2:p.D893Y, ADAM30:p.Q741H, ADAMTS14:p.G238C, ADAMTS20:p.R1251S, ADAMTS20:p.R541L, ADAMTS5:p.L549M, ADAMTS9:p.G659W, ADCY2:p.P1016T, ADCY5:p.G623C, AFP:p.A182G, AHDC1:p.P155Q, AKAP1:p.LDRNEEG317del, ALKBH1:p.K137E, ANK2:p.Q3076L, ANKRD44:p.G339C, ANO3:p.A41S, AP1G1:p.R723L, APBB2:p.T243fs, APOB:p.L973M, APOBR:p.R840L, AQP10:p.Q261L, ARAP3:p.R1226L, ARFIP2:p.R86L, ARHGAP36:p.P16H, ARL13B:p.R358L, ASCC2:p.R365L, ASPM:p.S240F, ASXL3:p.P1470Q, ATRN:p.P197Q, AVIL:p.G64W, AXDND1:p.W101R, B3GAT1:p.R125L, BARX2:p.R68P, BCL9L:p.G980C, BCOR:p.N1459S, BEND2:p.P536Q, BMS1:p.G455V, BRAF:p.V600E, BRAF:p.G466V, BRD9:p.G330W, BRF1:p.V469L, BRWD3:p.H160N, BTRC:p.G260W, C11orf68:p.V135L, C15orf2:p.V753F, C15orf2:p.G906W, C18orf8:p.M61I, C1GALT1:p.G299V, C1orf173:p.G1454S, C1orf173:p.S688Y, C1orf87:p.R541L, C2orf53:p.P272H, C3orf20:p.R740L, C7:p.R687S, C7orf58:p.G140W, C7orf58:p.R238L, CACNA1A:p.S772Y, CACNA1D:p.R1073L, CACNA1E:p.R2089Q, CACNA2D1:p.A352E, CACNG3:p.R232W, CADPS:p.R959S, CALB2:p.R258C, CAMK2B:p.G131V, CARD11:p.I1065M, CCDC111:p.R417L, CCDC141:p.E1204V, CCDC19:p.R279L, CCDC19:p.R207L, CCKAR:p.L271M, CD1B:p.W41L, CDH10:p.S577R, CDH10:p.R472C, CDH10:p.R128S,CDH18:p.A721S, CDH20:p.P433H, CDH6:p.Q237K, CDK13:p.R880S, CDK4:p.R24L, CELF4:p.A309P, CFDP1:p.P129fs, CHN1:p.K264N, CHRNA4:p.S396R, CHRNA9:p.P361Q, CLCNKA:p.P124Q, CLEC12B:p.W217L, CLK4:p.R68L, CNTFR:p.D252Y, CNTN6:p.R807M, CNTNAP2:p.F395L, COL19A1:p.P538Q, COL5A2:p.G612W, COL5A2:p.G516W, COL9A1:p.P211Q, CPE:p.P290Q, CPNE8:p.Q127H, CPSF4:p.P219Q, CRIPAK:p.S180fs, CROT:p.Q580H, CRTC3:p.S363L, CSMD2:p.P1855Q, CSMD3:p.T2810N, CSMD3:p.P2727T, CSMD3:p.Q174H, CUBN:p.G596C, CUL4B:p.R91S, CUL7:p.L371F, CXCL9:p.K122N, CXCR4:p.E345Q, CXorf59:p.R198M, CYP11B1:p.R498G, CYP27A1:p.P112Q, CYP2B6:p.A444E, DACH2:p.R539L, DCC:p.R446H, DDX56:p.R329L, DEFA1:p.W90C, DENND2A:p.R688Q, DENND2A:p.R499L, DMBT1:p.R1521L, DNAH5:p.R3822L, DNAH9:p.S2993R, DNAI2:p.V231L, DPP6:p.L757F, DSG4:p.R128L, DST:p.A4410S, DZIP3:p.M322L, EBF3:p.R231S, EFCAB4B:p.E265Q, EHHADH:p.Q704H, ELAVL2:p.L263F, EMR1:p.R493H, ENAH:p.R514L, ENPP1:p.G738E, EPB41L3:p.A896S, EPG5:p.R2289L, EPHA1:p.G111V, EPHB6:p.R337H, EPRS:p.V1151L, ERBB2:p.S310Y, ERBB2:p.774_775insAYVM, ERBB2:p.776_776G>VC, ERN2:p.T295K, FAM120B:p.P467H, FAM127C:p.F52L, FAM135B:p.W240C, FAM210B:p.L112F, FAM47A:p.R690L, FAM47B:p.W163C, FAM47B:p.L567F, FAM5C:p.R457G, FAM70B:p.P277T, FAM71B:p.L583M, FAM75A6:p.R304S, FAM75A6:p.P54L, FAM75D1:p.R1265S, FARP1:p.R299L, FAT1:p.R4359L, FAT3:p.R1266H, FAT3:p.G1899V, FAT3:p.H3574N, FBXO18:p.M144I, FBXO31:p.G443fs, FCGBP:p.A1022S, FCRL2:p.V505L, FERD3L:p.P92H, FGB:p.E339Q, FGFR2:p.E116K, FGFRL1:p.R243L, FGFRL1:p.V274L, FKBPL:p.R320L, FLG2:p.G1545V, FLG2:p.L572F, FLG:p.P3254H, FLG:p.P2466Q, FMN2:p.P992T, FOLH1:p.A643S, FOXRED1:p.R136L, FRAS1:p.C382F, FRG2B:p.D142Y, FRMPD1:p.E1093Q, FSHB:p.T43N, GABRA5:p.Q224K, GADL1:p.L352I, GAL3ST3:p.A271S, GALNT14:p.D234E, GAS8:p.R313S, GATA3:p.M443I, GCDH:p.R82C, GEM:p.R268L, GFRAL:p.Q308K, GIT2:p.R123L, GJB4:p.R22S, GLB1L2:p.I407M, GLOD4:p.Q223fs, GNAO1:p.P283Q, GPNMB:p.I174M, GPR137B:p.G240C, GPR158:p.P762T, GPR98:p.G4307W, GRB7:p.R239L, GRHL1:p.G608W, GRID1:p.R683L, GRIK1:p.R368Q, GRM5:p.P895fs, GTF2E1:p.R192L, H3F3C:p.R131L, HAO2:p.H12N, HCN1:p.P231Q, HECW1:p.A183S, HGF:p.M686T, HIP1:p.R940L, HIST1H1E:p.R25P, HLA- DMA:p.A236fs, HOXA5:p.G11C, HS3ST3A1:p.G399W, HSD17B6:p.F209L,HSPA13:p.V85L, HSPBAP1:p.R282L, HTR5A:p.W298C, IGHMBP2:p.R615S, IL2:p.R103M, IL2RA:p.G61W, IL32:p.P215T, ING1:p.A220S, INMT:p.G56V, ITGA8:p.G616C, ITGAD:p.L528fs, ITGAX:p.R283H, ITIH1:p.G254W, ITIH2:p.L842V, ITK:p.R29L, ITPR2:p.P358Q, JMJD1C:p.R1198S, KCNA1:p.G376C, KCNH8:p.M455I, KCNJ3:p.L430F, KCNK18:p.G23V, KCNK2:p.R166L, KEAP1:p.G603W, KEAP1:p.R260L, KEAP1:p.S144F, KHDRBS2:p.S203L, KIAA1211:p.P1203Q, KIAA1549:p.L1272F, KIAA1755:p.Q108H, KIF15:p.E252Q, KIF9:p.G480R, KIRREL:p.G604C, KLF5:p.E419Q, KRAS:p.Q61H, KRTAP10-12:p.R64P, KRTAP27-1:p.M124I, KRTAP4-5:p.C91F, KRTAP5-1:p.S193Y, L1CAM:p.R632S, L3MBTL4:p.W162L, LAMA1:p.D1030Y, LAMB1:p.T1610fs, LAMB4:p.G1239W, LAMB4:p.G588W, LEF1:p.I53V, LEKR1:p.Q450K, LIM2:p.S150T, LIPJ:p.P236Q, LPHN3:p.E740D, LPPR4:p.R527S, LRFN5:p.N132K, LRP1B:p.G3563C, LRP2:p.M4039I, LRRC4C:p.Q10L, LRRIQ1:p.W792L, LRRTM4:p.S243Y, MAGEA10:p.R7H, MAGEC2:p.W109C, MAGI1:p.G1156V, MAGI2:p.P1044T, MAK:p.P373Q, MAP2K1:p.K57N, MARCH11:p.R193L, MEPE:p.G142C, MKI67:p.R1081S, MKRN3:p.P448H, MLL3:p.N393K, MLL3:p.Q356K, MMRN1:p.A1013S, MOGAT2:p.Q66fs, MXRA5:p.D324Y, MYH4:p.T790M, MYH8:p.R1117C, MYH8:p.H1006N, MYO5B:p.R708L, MYO7B:p.P2040H, MYO9B:p.R94L, MYT1L:p.P351Q, NAA11:p.T184K, NAB1:p.L72F, NAV1:p.R938L, NBPF15:p.G665E, NCAM2:p.G698C, NCAPD2:p.R220L, NDST3:p.V427I, NEK2:p.R239S, NFIA:p.L294F, NLRP3:p.R157C, NOTCH2:p.R2105L, NR4A2:p.R314L, NRG1:p.V481L, NRXN1:p.R813S, NRXN1:p.A660S, NRXN3:p.P23H, NRXN3:p.R103C, NTM:p.G333C, NUAK1:p.G173C, NYAP2:p.P437L, ODZ3:p.P218Q, OIT3:p.R508S, OOEP:p.R101C, OPN1LW:p.P283H, OR10H4:p.M199I, OR10J1:p.L157Q, OR10X1:p.L298I, OR10Z1:p.L205F, OR14A16:p.G160C, OR2A25:p.M80I, OR2AG2:p.G249W, OR2AK2:p.W37C, OR2H2:p.L205F, OR2J2:p.G234W, OR2L13:p.M106I, OR2L13:p.T242A, OR2L3:p.M1I, OR2L3:p.L67I, OR2L8:p.R121C, OR2L8:p.R171S, OR2M2:p.F177L, OR2M2:p.F323L, OR2M5:p.V205L, OR2T12:p.M258L, OR2T27:p.D11Y, OR2T33:p.P165Q, OR2T34:p.C246F, OR2T6:p.V213L, OR4C12:p.D309Y, OR4C12:p.M279I, OR4C16:p.L162M, OR4M2:p.A119S, OR4M2:p.A161S, OR51V1:p.P298T, OR5AS1:p.M39I, OR5B12:p.S289C, OR5B17:p.M266I, OR5D14:p.H246N, OR5D16:p.P264T, OR5D18:p.R123H, OR5F1:p.G44V, OR5J2:p.A36S, OR5L1:p.T275N, OR6C65:p.I154fs, OR6C75:p.G94W, OR6K2:p.P79Q, OR8D2:p.R306M, OR9A2:p.R289W, OR9G9:p.R169L, P2RX7:p.P142Q, P2RY10:p.T10K,P2RY10:p.V196L, PABPC5:p.R99S, PAPPA2:p.P917T, PAPPA2:p.P1706H, PBLD:p.P55Q, PCDH10:p.R587S, PCDH10:p.V986L, PCDH11X:p.R1010I, PCDHAC2:p.A742V, PCDHB5:p.P649S, PCDHGC5:p.K12N, PCDHGC5:p.P684H, PCLO:p.P3946T, PCMTD1:p.R271M, PDPR:p.G793W, PDYN:p.G191W, PDZD2:p.R565S, PDZD8:p.S980G, PFKM:p.R118S, PIGM:p.R225L, PIK3CA:p.E542K, PIK3CG:p.V165I, PILRA:p.S291fs, PLCE1:p.G564C, PLCL1:p.M564I, PLEKHA6:p.R110L, PNKP:p.G174W, POGZ:p.G75W, POLE:p.R573L, POM121L12:p.P231T, POM121L12:p.P242H, POTEE:p.V288M, POTEM:p.S78R, POU3F3:p.D321Y, PPT2:p.R265L, PRDM16:p.P1036L, PRELP:p.D201Y, PRPF40B:p.R160S, PRPF6:p.R763L, PTEN:p.R234L, PTPN11:p.G503V, PTPN13:p.E2067K, PTPRJ:p.G334W, PTPRT:p.R928L, PTPRU:p.P559S, PXDNL:p.P1456T, QSOX1:p.R401L, QSOX2:p.R683L, RAB13:p.R167L, RAB8A:p.G20W, RAPGEFL1:p.R356L, RBM19:p.G390W, RCL1:p.P112Q, REG1B:p.W57L, REG3A:p.S150L, REG4:p.G110V, RIMS2:p.R55L, RIT2:p.R85L, RLN2:p.S138C, RNF20:p.P529Q, RORB:p.G94W, RPL10L:p.K187T, RPRD2:p.R97S, RTN1:p.S103W, RUNX2:p.R337M, RYR2:p.K2413N, RYR2:p.M4334I, RYR3:p.P1670T, S100PBP:p.R5L, S1PR1:p.L104F, SAGE1:p.H298Q, SALL1:p.E965K, SALL1:p.R898W, SALL4:p.R187L, SBSPON:p.G133W, SCAF8:p.G740C, SCG2:p.P252Q, SCML4:p.L261F, SCN2A:p.T155K, SEC24D:p.A50fs, SEC61A2:p.G126V, SERPINA12:p.D253Y, SERPINA9:p.M414I, SERPINC1:p.R45L, SGIP1:p.R502L, SH3GL3:p.R174L, SH3PXD2A:p.S759L, SI:p.V1217F, SKOR1:p.Y883C, SLC1A2:p.F348fs, SLC24A5:p.R35S, SLC25A48:p.R101S, SLC35E2:p.R201L, SLC39A12:p.C628S, SLC39A6:p.R53L, SLC4A5:p.I533V, SLC5A1:p.G53W, SLC5A7:p.G442V, SLC6A11:p.W299L, SLC6A2:p.S354C, SLC8A1:p.G433C, SLIT1:p.R1460L, SLITRK5:p.R68L, SLITRK5:p.R468M, SLITRK6:p.N741K, SORL1:p.R205L, SOS1:p.N233Y, SOX9:p.E75K, SPAG16:p.V439L, SPIN4:p.Y171C, SPRR2D:p.P30fs, SPTA1:p.G2367C, SPTA1:p.D2243Y, SSX3:p.P127T, ST18:p.H778Q, STAC3:p.G117W, STOML3:p.D86Y, STX2:p.R107L, SUMF2:p.G110E, SUN3:p.P339Q, SV2C:p.P60Q, SYNDIG1:p.D135Y, SYNE1:p.K8632E, TARS2:p.E199K, TAS2R16:p.Q177H, TCOF1:p.K264R, TCTE1:p.S127I, TDO2:p.Q197H, THSD7A:p.G810W, THSD7A:p.R801L, TIFAB:p.D43E, TIGD4:p.S312F, TLL1:p.P53Q, TMPRSS11E:p.G259C, TMTC1:p.A864D, TMTC1:p.G212V, TMX3:p.R151C, TNNI1:p.R67L, TNR:p.L692I, TOP2A:p.R736L, TP53:p.R337L, TP53:p.E285K, TP53:p.R283P, TP53:p.D281N, TP53:p.C277F, TP53:p.V274F, TP53:p.R273H, TP53:p.I255F,TP53:p.R249S, TP53:p.M237I, TP53:p.S215I, TP53:p.C176F, TP53:p.R110L, TP53:p.G105C, TP53:p.P72fs, TPO:p.E558K, TRAF6:p.R502S, TRIM42:p.Q127K, TRIM48:p.A93D, TRIM4:p.R398L, TRIM51:p.W131C, TRIM9:p.R337S, TRIML1:p.H399Q, TRPM3:p.G298W, TSC1:p.G378C, TSG101:p.R276S, TSHZ1:p.K501N, TSHZ3:p.G677V, TTF2:p.R761S, TUBA3C:p.Q176fs, UBAC1:p.K330N, UBE2J2:p.G193W, UBR1:p.G1647W, UGT2B7:p.M214I, VMP1:p.E369Q, VPS13B:p.G2575W, VSTM2A:p.G75V, VWA3B:p.R557L, WBP11:p.P227fs, WDR52:p.G612C, WDR59:p.R837S, WDR75:p.P287Q, WDR88:p.G100W, ZCCHC5:p.G335W, ZFHX4:p.L811F, ZFHX4:p.T1663N, ZFHX4:p.H2511Q, ZFP14:p.Q17L, ZIC1:p.A112E, ZNF154:p.T408N, ZNF223:p.G23W, ZNF295:p.S732C, ZNF322:p.K106N, ZNF385D:p.T226S, ZNF454:p.S190I, ZNF492:p.P392H, ZNF521:p.G640C, ZNF521:p.P270H, ZNF536:p.G186C, ZNF536:p.G663W, ZNF644:p.G21W, ZNF716:p.H263L, ZNF71:p.V411L, ZNF782:p.G484W, ZNF831:p.Q617K, ZNF98:p.C492F, and ZSWIM2:p.S214Y.54. The pharmaceutical composition of any of paragraphs 30-36, wherein:(a) the population of subjects is suffering from LUSC; and(b) the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations selected from the group consisting of PIK3CA:p.E545K, TP53:p.R158L, KRTAP5- 5:p.GCG47del, NFE2L2:p.E79Q, CDKN2A:p.D108Y, DHX9:p.V40G, MAFA:p.207_208HH>H, NFE2L2:p.R34Q, PBX2:p.Y262F, PIK3CA:p.E542K, TP53:p.R273L, TP53:p.C242F, TP53:p.R175G, TP53:p.Y163C, TP53:p.V157F, AICDA:p.R131G, ALPK2:p.D53N, ANKFN1:p.M280I, ARPC1A:p.F212L, ASXL2:p.S1081L, C1orf74:p.D254N, C3orf30:p.D227E, CCDC121:p.W397L, CHN2:p.I43M, CLEC4C:p.R179L, CLN3:p.G206S, CNTN5:p.T178N, COL12A1:p.G2753C, CPS1:p.T855K, CSMD3:p.T1094K, CSMD3:p.Q691K, DDX11:p.R167T, EGFR:p.L861Q, EME1:p.D570H, EP300:p.D1399N, ESYT3:p.S574F, FAM135B:p.L648M, FAM135B:p.Q285H, FAM47A:p.G372W, FBXW7:p.R505G, FGFR3:p.S249C, GALNT13:p.G358C, GNL3L:p.K20N, GPC5:p.R347L, HCN1:p.A714S, HCN1:p.R659L, HCN1:p.G499V, HCN1:p.P326T, HERC2P3:p.A803V, HEXDC:p.T482P, HIST1H3B:p.E74K, HIST2H2BE:p.G54D, IFNA10:p.V79A, IL7R:p.S54L, INADL:p.P1340A, ISX:p.C2F, ITGAX:p.R685H, ITPR1:p.E1883Q, KCNN3:p.80_81insQQ, KEAP1:p.G480W, KEAP1:p.R470C, KEAP1:p.V155F, KIAA1751:p.L63F, KIAA2022:p.C345F, KIR3DL2:p.K229E, KLF5:p.E419Q, LAMA4:p.M1293I,LMLN:p.G199C, LRP2:p.A516V, LRRC66:p.F458L, LSG1:p.R517L, LUM:p.R310L, MB21D2:p.Q311E, MCHR1:p.S306F, MKRN3:p.G270V, MUC16:p.N11594K, NFE2L2:p.G81S, NFE2L2:p.G31A, NFE2L2:p.L30F, NFE2L2:p.D29H, OR2B11:p.G10V, OR2T2:p.F13V, OR4K2:p.C254F, OR51F2:p.R67P, OR51S1:p.R159Q, OR5D18:p.T271K, OR8H2:p.L166F, OR8J3:p.S160L, OR8K3:p.K235N, PCDHB1:p.N568K, PHIP:p.I1681M, PIK3CA:p.E726K, PIK3CA:p.H1047R, PLCE1:p.G439C, PRSS57:p.E39Q, PYHIN1:p.G148A, RANBP6:p.I984L, RBMXL1:p.G305C, REG1B:p.M67I, RGS6:p.W366L, RNF5:p.T136I, RP1:p.S1771L, RRP15:p.L214F, RYR2:p.E711K, SAMD3:p.Q206H, SLITRK3:p.R214L, SON:p.S908L, SP4:p.E11del, STK11:p.G279fs, TARBP1:p.L782V, TBCD:p.R476C, TMPRSS11F:p.R274Q, TP53:p.R337L, TP53:p.E271K, TP53:p.R267P, TP53:p.G245V, TP53:p.Y234C, TP53:p.Y220C, TP53:p.H214R, TP53:p.H193L, TP53:p.H179L, TPTE:p.M541I, TRIM7:p.L332I, TTN:p.T32425M, ZFP36L2:p.D240N, ZNF208:p.H883Q, ZNF48:p.R235H, ZNF626:p.K473R, ZNF676:p.P43T, ZZZ3:p.R162Q.55. The pharmaceutical composition of any of paragraphs 30-36, wherein:(a) the population of subjects is suffering from OV; and(b) the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations selected from the group consisting of TP53:p.R273H, TP53:p.Y220C, TP53:p.R248Q, TP53:p.R175H, TP53:p.R273C, TP53:p.I195T, TP53:p.R248W, TP53:p.R282W, TP53:p.C176Y, TP53:p.V157F, TP53:p.S241F, TP53:p.H179R, TP53:p.G245S, TP53:p.H193R, ADCY2:p.V888I, B2M:p.M1V, BAP1:p.R227C, CYP4A11:p.V185F, DNAH5:p.R3197Q, GART:p.K807fs, GRIN2B:p.R519Q, HRNR:p.M1fs, KLHL29:p.L716fs, KRAS:p.G12V, MGA:p.R2435Q, MYO3A:p.N525S, NPAS2:p.Q201R, NRAS:p.Q61R, PDAP1:p.K55fs, PGAP1:p.F565C, TP53:p.S315fs, TP53:p.C275Y, TP53:p.R273L, TP53:p.V272M, TP53:p.G266V, TP53:p.G266R, TP53:p.D259Y, TP53:p.P250L, TP53:p.G245D, TP53:p.G245V, TP53:p.G244C, TP53:p.C238fs, TP53:p.Y236C, TP53:p.Y234C, TP53:p.V216M, TP53:p.S215R, TP53:p.Y205C, TP53:p.L194R, TP53:p.P191del, TP53:p.Y163C, TP53:p.A159V, TP53:p.K132N, TRPC7:p.D210V, UXS1:p.V100L, WNT11:p.C344Y, and ZNF295:p.E885A.56. The pharmaceutical composition of any of paragraphs 30-36, wherein:(a) the population of subjects is suffering from READ; and(b) the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations selected from the group consisting of KRAS:p.G12V, TP53:p.R273H, KRAS:p.A146T, KRAS:p.G12D, TP53:p.R175H, AKAP9:p.L3482I, APBA1:p.E624K, BAG5:p.D439N, C17orf97:p.E230D, CDH23:p.F177L, CERS3:p.E95D, DNAH5:p.R982H, ERBB2:p.V842I, GABRB3:p.D500N, KRAS:p.G13D, KRAS:p.G12C, KRAS:p.G12S, LRP6:p.R675Q, MACF1:p.F722L, MBOAT2:p.R43Q, MYO1D:p.E246K, NLRC4:p.E409K, NRAP:p.E327K, NRAS:p.Q61K, PCDH15:p.R1552I, PIK3CA:p.N345K, PIK3CA:p.E545K, POLE:p.S459F, PPP2R2B:p.P326L, SMAD4:p.R361H, TP53:p.R248W, ZFP2:p.R150I, and ZNF563:p.K26N.57. The pharmaceutical composition of any of paragraphs 30-36, wherein:(a) the population of subjects is suffering from SKCM; and(b) the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations selected from the group consisting of BRAF:p.V600E, NRAS:p.Q61R, NRAS:p.Q61K, HSD17B7P2:p.N175S, BRAF:p.V600K, DISP1:p.G732L, IDH1:p.R132C, NRAS:p.Q61L, MUC16:p.P5119S, RAC1:p.P29S, WASH3P:p.G175S, AGAP9:p.M248V, C15orf23:p.S24F, DNAH5:p.D3236N, SPTLC3:p.R97K, TMC5:p.R276C, CFB:p.R314M, FRG1B:p.A50P, INMT:p.S212F, LOC649330:p.G93E, MAP2K1:p.P124S, RGS7:p.R44C, STK19:p.D89N,ARL16:p.G6R, ARMC4:p.E22K, BRAF:p.K601E, CAPN13:p.P405S, CD1C:p.R89C, CLCC1:p.P406Q, CNTN5:p.S379F, DNAH5:p.R742Q, EEF1B2:p.S43G, FRG1B:p.I59V, GABRG1:p.E205K, IARS2:p.R832C, IL32:p.D218fs, ISX:p.R86C, KLHDC7A:p.E635K, NAP1L4:p.P285Q, NBPF10:p.Q908E, OR2A5:p.S71L, OR4E2:p.R226Q, OR4M1:p.G41E, OR4M2:p.S268F, OR4N2:p.G41E, OR51B2:p.S163L, PCDHGC5:p.R293C, PCLO:p.R4133C, PHGDH:p.G173L, POTEG:p.D51N, PPP6C:p.R301C, PRAMEF11:p.C84S, PSG9:p.E404K, PTPRB:p.D1560N, RNF152:p.P95S, SPAG16:p.P488S, SPATA8:p.E18K, TAF1A:p.R172M, TCEB3C:p.E308K, THSD7B:p.E126K, TTN:p.E12129K, XIRP2:p.D2439N, and ZNF831:p.R1393Q.58. The pharmaceutical composition of any of paragraphs 30-36, wherein:(a) the population of subjects is suffering from UCEC; and(b) the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations selected from the group consisting of RPL22:p.K15fs, PTEN:p.R130G, PTEN:p.R130Q, KRAS:p.G12D, KRAS:p.G12V, PIK3CA:p.H1047R, PIK3CA:p.R88Q,PIK3CA:p.E545K, PTEN:p.V317fs, FGFR2:p.S252W, PIK3CA:p.E542K, CTNNB1:p.S37F, POLE:p.P286R, PPP2R1A:p.P179R, CTNNB1:p.S37C, KRAS:p.G13D, CTNNB1:p.D32N, CTNNB1:p.S33F, CTNNB1:p.G34R, KIAA2026:p.R574C, LIMCH1:p.R806fs, PIK3CA:p.H1047L, ALPK2:p.K523fs, CTNNB1:p.S33C, FBXW7:p.R505C, HPD:p.R284fs, KRAS:p.G12A, PIK3CA:p.R93Q, POLE:p.V411L, TP53:p.R248W, ABCA11P:p.R385I, ABI1:p.K445N, ACSM2B:p.K195N, APOB:p.F3102L, ASCC3:p.R136Q, C12orf4:p.R335Q, CCDC132:p.R838C, CHD4:p.R975H, CSDE1:p.R220C, CTNNB1:p.D32Y, CTNNB1:p.S33Y, CTNNB1:p.T41I, EXOC1:p.R588C, FBXW7:p.R465H, FGFR2:p.N549K, FUBP1:p.R430C, GEN1:p.S509L, IK:p.E90fs, KIF20B:p.E54K, MAX:p.H28R, MBOAT2:p.R43Q, METTL14:p.R298P, MFGE8:p.D170N, MS4A8B:p.S3L, NSMCE1:p.D244N, OXR1:p.E122K, PCDH19:p.E530K, PIK3CA:p.R108H, PIK3CA:p.N345K, PIK3CA:p.C420R, PIK3CA:p.Q546P, PIK3CA:p.Q546R, PTEN:p.R130L, RBL2:p.E127K, RXFP1:p.S223Y, SF3B1:p.R957Q, SLC20A1:p.P328fs, SOX17:p.S403I, TNS1:p.Q659del, TP53:p.R273H, TP53:p.R273C, TP53:p.R248Q, TTN:p.D16823N, TXNL1:p.R234C, ZFHX3:p.R1893fs, ZNF180:p.R625I, ZNF257:p.R392I, ZNF354B:p.D609N, ZNF43:p.R280C, ZNF709:p.R468I, ZNF765:p.S254L, ABCA5:p.R1476Q, ACVR1:p.R206H, ADAD1:p.S11L, ADAM9:p.R256Q, ADD3:p.E570K, ADGB:p.S1124L, AGXT2:p.R502C, AMBN:p.S225Y, ANKDD1A:p.R24H, ARHGEF33:p.R46I, ATP10B:p.L1304I, ATP2C1:p.E724K, ATP9A:p.R290Q, ATR:p.R1814fs, AVL9:p.F34L, BMPER:p.R241Q, BTN3A2:p.E153K, C14orf118:p.R279I, C14orf166B:p.F230L, C3orf23:p.R217C, C3orf62:p.R185Q, CACNA1C:p.S710L, CAGE1:p.E539K, CARD10:p.KE272del, CCDC144A:p.S1264L, CCDC168:p.D5020Y, CCDC36:p.R209I, CD55:p.E156K, CEP44:p.S253L, CIITA:p.E728K, CREBBP:p.P2094L, CTNNB1:p.S37A, CTTNBP2:p.S420L, DCT:p.R532Q, DIAPH2:p.E121K, DLG2:p.S624L, DNAH10:p.R1888Q, DNAH14:p.R1367C, DNAH7:p.R2961Q, DNAH8:p.R1347H, DNAJC13:p.E1248K, DNMT1:p.E51K, DST:p.S1767Y, DYNC2H1:p.E883D, EMR1:p.R631Q, EPHX4:p.R282Q, ERCC6L2:p.L445I, F10:p.E117K, FAM155B:p.E158K, FAM83B:p.R206Q, FARP1:p.S383L, FAT3:p.A4159T, FBXW7:p.R689W, FBXW7:p.R465C, FBXW7:p.G423V, FN1:p.R290C, FZD6:p.R416Q, GABRA3:p.R73H, GABRA4:p.R460Q, GALNTL2:p.E395K, GFAP:p.A233T, GGA2:p.A63V, GIGYF2:p.R227H, GNPTAB:p.R1189Q, GPR112:p.S1283Y, GPR98:p.R4142W, GRIA3:p.S646Y, GRM6:p.E363D, HMCN1:p.S133Y, HSPA4L:p.R483C, HTR2A:p.S219L, INTS7:p.R940C, INTS7:p.R106I, ITM2C:p.E167K, JAKMIP2:p.R283I,KCND3:p.S438L, KCNS2:p.D211N, KDM1B:p.F361L, KIAA0556:p.L330I, KIAA1147:p.A149V, KIF23:p.R150Q, KIF27:p.K925N, KIF9:p.R594Q, KLHL13:p.E213K, KLHL28:p.E33K, LIN9:p.R183W, LRBA:p.E2103K, LRP2:p.R2432I, MAGI2:p.L450M, MC5R:p.A109T, MEGF10:p.S1053L, MKI67:p.T1664fs, MKLN1:p.F485L, MMRN1:p.F917L, MSH4:p.E730K, MTOR:p.S2215Y, MUC7:p.S336L, MYBPC2:p.R646H, N4BP2L2:p.R506C, NAPSA:p.R121Q, NCOA7:p.E369D, NCR1:p.R258W, NEK11:p.R374Q, NHEJ1:p.R109Q, NNMT:p.E233K, NOTCH4:p.15_16LL>L, NPY1R:p.A371T, NRAS:p.Q61R, OGDHL:p.R57C, OMA1:p.R445Q, OPRM1:p.R462C, OR4C12:p.F248L, OR5AK2:p.K89N, OSBPL6:p.R577Q, PCDHAC2:p.K138N, PCDHB12:p.R289C, PCDHGC5:p.A70T, PIK3CA:p.R38H, PIK3CA:p.E39K, PIK3CA:p.E110del, PIK3CA:p.K111E, PIK3CA:p.Q546K, PIK3CA:p.M1043V, PIK3CA:p.M1043I, PLA2G3:p.R201Q, PLXNA1:p.E1295K, PON1:p.R306Q, POTEE:p.R303I, POTEF:p.K674N, PPP2R1A:p.S256F, PPP2R3B:p.F310L, PRAM1:p.A268T, PREX1:p.E1246K, PRKCQ:p.A324V, PTEN:p.R130P, PVRL4:p.A358T, RAI2:p.S385Y, RBM39:p.T353I, RELN:p.F2722L, RFPL1:p.R148Q, ROBO2:p.D1018N, ROS1:p.R245I, RPS6KA6:p.S394Y, RSBN1:p.E572K, RYR1:p.A2576T, SACS:p.R2906Q, SCAPER:p.R366Q, SELP:p.R429W, SENP7:p.S673Y, SEPHS1:p.E13K, SFRP4:p.R232Q, SGK1:p.K367del, SIX1:p.E191K, SLC10A7:p.S261L, SLC12A2:p.R828Q, SLC16A14:p.R495Q, SLC7A2:p.R322W, SMCR8:p.E175K, SOS1:p.N233Y, SPOP:p.E50K, STRN3:p.K218N, STXBP6:p.D92N, SULT1E1:p.R77Q, SUN3:p.L124I, SUSD1:p.R343C, SYNM:p.R516Q, TAF1:p.R843W, TDRD3:p.R322Q, THADA:p.S1941L, TLN2:p.S208L, TMEM161B:p.R315Q, TMPRSS3:p.R16Q, TP53:p.Y220C, TPTE:p.S423L, TRANK1:p.E846K, TRPC5:p.S490L, TRPM3:p.R429W, TSSK1B:p.E301K, TTLL7:p.R751H, TTN:p.S20317L, TTN:p.E6404K, TTN:p.R4434Q, TTN:p.R2506Q, UGT8:p.E102K, USF1:p.R52Q, USP16:p.R455Q, USP25:p.R873H, USP33:p.R36Q, VPRBP:p.R802Q, VPS13B:p.R692Q, WDR65:p.F110C, YTHDC2:p.E185K, ZFYVE1:p.R266Q, ZKSCAN1:p.R541fs, ZNF117:p.R157I, ZNF180:p.R569I, ZNF195:p.R59Q, ZNF254:p.K179N, ZNF263:p.R510I, ZNF333:p.R554Q, ZNF354B:p.R402I, ZNF442:p.R309Q, ZNF454:p.R376I, ZNF485:p.R374I, ZNF488:p.R206Q, ZNF559:p.E284K, ZNF594:p.R287I, ZNF611:p.R390I, ZNF645:p.R154C, ZNF649:p.R338Q, ZNF649:p.R198I, ZNF674:p.R405I, ZNF675:p.R220I, ZNF678:p.R564I, ZNF732:p.R354I, ZNF780A:p.R466Q, ZNF823:p.R547I, ZNF836:p.R854I, ZNF836:p.R630I, ZNF841:p.R757I, and ZNF98:p.R370I.59. The pharmaceutical composition of any of paragraphs 30-36, wherein:(a) the population of subjects is suffering from ACC; and(b) the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations selected from the group consisting of ZFPM1:p.EPL444del, GARS:p.P42A, ZNF517:p.V349A, LRIG1:p.L24V, CCDC102A:p.R96W, OPRD1:p.C27F, SOWAHA:p.R124P, LACTB:p.M5L, TOR3A:p.F13L, ZFPM1:p.E444fs, ZNF787:p.D367del, LRIG1:p.L26V, IRX3:p.L422P, TRIOBP:p.H1300R, TUBA1C:p.L146F, ZFPM1:p.P445fs, ZFPM1:p.446_447LA>P, TPO:p.S398T, USP42:p.R779P, ERCC2:p.D312N, GLTPD2:p.D209E, OTOP1:p.LLW104del, RINL:p.P402L, AMDHD1:p.S3G, ASPDH:p.Q266R, KCNK17:p.S21G, TMEM247:p.Q128E, MUC5B:p.D682G, OBSCN:p.R4516W, FAM184B:p.R784W, SEMA5B:p.V840D, ZNF598:p.E25G, ADAD2:p.G44E, C1orf106:p.R538C, ZAR1:p.Q42H, PANK2:p.G126A, PODXL:p.28_30PSP>P, SALL3:p.L593V, THEM4:p.L17R, C2orf81:p.T315P, CLDN23:p.V210M, FAM109A:p.GGG156del, FPGS:p.I22V, HHIPL1:p.V692A, MUC5B:p.M2869T, PLEC:p.R1386Q, SYT8:p.R373W, TAF5:p.S130A, TMEM189- UBE2V1:p.N6D, UQCRFS1:p.S6A, B3GNT6:p.L316fs, CCDC105:p.P499T, CLIC6:p.Q298E, IDUA:p.T374P, NOTCH2:p.C19W, RGS9BP:p.A96S, RREB1:p.G783V, SP8:p.G165del, WDR34:p.W60G, C19orf10:p.G12R, CELSR2:p.16_17insP, FAM75C1:p.71_71H>HLVSQRH, GPRIN2:p.R446H, KBTBD13:p.A81V, OGFR:p.S557T, PODXL:p.30_30P>PSP, BHLHE22:p.L62Q, C4orf32:p.G32E, C5orf65:p.Q245R, KNDC1:p.V806D, KRTAP10- 6:p.49_49P>PSCCAP, LRP11:p.P92R, MAP1S:p.S411C, NOL9:p.S58A, RASIP1:p.R601C, RGMB:p.S63R, SARM1:p.R23P, TSC22D2:p.A419T, ZNF628:p.T230A, ZNF814:p.A337V, AATK:p.A541T, BTBD11:p.G265A, CRIPAK:p.C143R, KCTD3:p.F9V, KRT8:p.S59A, MUC5B:p.S681G, NCOR2:p.1846_1847insSSG, OGFR:p.E556K, APOE:p.C130R, C10orf95:p.A85S, C13orf33:p.R59G, CRIPAK:p.C174R, FAM18B2:p.C51Y, GLI3:p.P998L, GLTSCR2:p.Q389R, HECTD2:p.P19A, IRF2BPL:p.123_125QQQ>Q, MEX3C:p.179_182AAAA>A, NEFH:p.EE658del, RNF149:p.S9G, RNF222:p.A133T, SEZ6L2:p.R74P, TNIP2:p.R73G, ARRDC4:p.T79A, B3GNT6:p.P330fs, BAG1:p.G45R, C22orf26:p.P28L, CHDH:p.E40A, COQ2:p.V66L, CTGF:p.H83D, DLEU7:p.A83V, EPPK1:p.D2378H, FAM86C1:p.R30P, FZD1:p.93_94insP, GPRIN2:p.V241M, GPX1:p.11_13AAA>A, HES3:p.P96T, JMJD4:p.A11V, KANK3:p.R359H, LPPR2:p.A186S,NEFH:p.665_666insEE, NOM1:p.R24G, RNF39:p.G263C, SCRT1:p.S133A, SNED1:p.L1228P, TTLL11:p.122_123insKA, ZCCHC3:p.A159del, ZNF219:p.QP233del, ASB16:p.T249A, ASB2:p.H515P, ATP9B:p.S39G, AVL9:p.G7fs, C17orf96:p.L63V, C19orf29:p.A499V, CRB2:p.T1110M, CRIPAK:p.P173R, CRIPAK:p.I190L, CSGALNACT2:p.L362F, CTBS:p.LAL31del, CTNNB1:p.S45P, DMRT1:p.S45T, DOK7:p.G461D, FBRSL1:p.A836V, FEZ2:p.P50L, FRG1:p.S169N, HSD17B1:p.G313S, IBA57:p.S130R, KIF1A:p.E917D, KRTAP9-1:p.160_160Q>QPSCGSSCCQ, LURAP1L:p.55_56insGGG, NMU:p.A19E, NMU:p.A18E, NOXA1:p.D6E, NPTX1:p.G100D, PLIN5:p.R306W, TBP:p.95_96insQ, TMEM200C:p.S498G, TNXB:p.V706fs, VARS:p.P51S, ZC3H12D:p.P405S, and ZZEF1:p.V30A.60. The pharmaceutical composition of any of paragraphs 30-36, wherein:(a) the population of subjects is suffering from CESC; and(b) the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations selected from the group consisting of PIK3CA:p.E545K, PIK3CA:p.E542K, MAPK1:p.E322K, EP300:p.D1399N, ERBB2:p.S310F, ERBB3:p.V104M, KRAS:p.G12D, ANKRD12:p.E721Q, ANKRD36:p.M1144T, MICA:p.G318fs, PIK3CA:p.E726K, PTEN:p.R130Q, ABCD1:p.S606P, ACTL7B:p.E211K, ADAM21:p.F129C, ADAMTS12:p.P1053A, AKT1:p.E17K, ANKLE1:p.V643L, ANO3:p.M956I, AOAH:p.R326T, APOD:p.S115L, ASCC1:p.H207Y, ATM:p.S800F, AURKA:p.S387L, BAG5:p.M286I, C12orf43:p.E28Q, C16orf3:p.G65S, C3orf70:p.S6L, C4orf21:p.E800Q, CALB2:p.K60N, CALCB:p.R81T, CCDC152:p.E153Q, CCDC53:p.R58C, CDC27:p.P242S, CFHR5:p.R441H, CLOCK:p.L123fs, CMYA5:p.E2733K, CNTRL:p.P185S, CSHL1:p.R117Q, CSMD3:p.H952Y, CTNNB1:p.D32G, CTSH:p.E254Q, DHPS:p.F49L, DMPK:p.R44H, DNAH14:p.F622fs, DNAH3:p.E3367Q, DNAH8:p.E587D, DNASE1L1:p.D212N, ECE2:p.D254N, FAM71B:p.H445D, FAM73A:p.G23V, FAS:p.E261K, FBXW7:p.R505G, FBXW7:p.R465C, FEZF2:p.E82K, FKBPL:p.E161Q, FMNL1:p.E927Q, GPATCH3:p.E275Q, GPR142:p.R304T, GPRIN2:p.T100P, GRAMD2:p.I123M, HERC2:p.S329F, HGF:p.G229A, HIF3A:p.A72T, HIST1H1B:p.K188N, HIST1H2AL:p.R30P, HIST2H2AC:p.R30P, HLA-C:p.N104K, HLA- DPB1:p.G114fs, HRNR:p.G2539S, INVS:p.R799K, JPH3:p.Q433H, JUP:p.S627L, KIAA1211:p.R308fs, KIAA1211:p.E309fs, KLK2:p.E161K, KRAS:p.G13D, KRAS:p.G12V, LIN9:p.E231K, LOC151174:p.P90S, LRRC37A3:p.A406D, LRTM2:p.L176V, MEPE:p.S30T,MUC12:p.R2634C, MUC4:p.S2936L, MYOM2:p.D988N, NFE2L2:p.D29H, NOTCH2:p.R2298W, NPIPL1:p.P250L, NR5A2:p.E80K, NYAP2:p.R197Q, OBSL1:p.E1642K, OR13C2:p.L9V, OSBP:p.Q721H, PAOX:p.H107Y, PDILT:p.E500K, PIAS3:p.D460N, PLEKHO2:p.E351Q, PNRC1:p.R73C, PPP4R1:p.L597F, PREP:p.F469L, PRKDC:p.Q3568E, PSME3:p.R231W, RANBP6:p.R915W, RCAN2:p.D440N, RNPC3:p.E116fs, SDHAP1:p.H66Y, SDHAP2:p.S37fs, SERPINA3:p.K158N, SERPINA4:p.R98C, SF1:p.R255W, SGSM1:p.E818K, SIM1:p.V213M, SLC10A4:p.F281L, SLC25A5:p.I79F, SLC35G2:p.K62fs, SLC4A9:p.R617C, SLCO2A1:p.M479I, SND1:p.Q38E, SPATA17:p.R72K, SRSF12:p.S150C, TADA2B:p.E67K, TCTEX1D2:p.S74L, TEDDM1:p.M166I, TEX15:p.E1652Q, TMC2:p.E92D, TMEM131:p.E1319Q, TNKS2:p.T619fs, TNS1:p.Q659del, TP53:p.E285K, TRAF3:p.S9F, TRIM61:p.K98N, TRPM1:p.M996I, TUFT1:p.L101F, U2AF1:p.S34F, UNC93B1:p.V498M, USP4:p.L259V, VCAN:p.S1308C, WDR17:p.P278S, ZBED4:p.S385L, ZEB2:p.E1094K, ZFYVE9:p.M1147I, ZNF16:p.R452W, ZNF677:p.R131T, and ZSWIM4:p.E407K.61. The pharmaceutical composition of any of paragraphs 30-36, wherein:(a) the population of subjects is suffering from CRC; and(b) the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations selected from the group consisting of KRAS:p.G12D, KRAS:p.G12V, BRAF:p.V600E, KRAS:p.G13D, TP53:p.R175H, PIK3CA:p.E545K, FBXW7:p.R465H, KRAS:p.A146T, PIK3CA:p.H1047R, TP53:p.R248W, CDC27:p.D555E, SMAD4:p.R361H, TP53:p.R273H, KRAS:p.G12C, NRAS:p.Q61K, ERBB2:p.V842I, ERBB3:p.V104M, FBXW7:p.R465C, PIK3CA:p.R88Q, PIK3CA:p.E542K, TP53:p.R273C, TP53:p.G245S, AXIN2:p.G665fs, C16orf45:p.T106N, C20orf26:p.R1088Q, DNMT1:p.E432K, FBXW7:p.R505C, HLCS:p.E362K, HPSE2:p.K58N, KIF14:p.R598Q, KIF18A:p.R17C, KIF20B:p.E991K, KLHL5:p.R326C, KLK2:p.P57T, KRAS:p.G12A, KRAS:p.G12S, LPHN3:p.R1183Q, LRP6:p.R675Q, MYH8:p.R1048Q, NRAP:p.E327K, NRAS:p.G12C, PIK3CA:p.N345K, POSTN:p.R508C, PPP2R1A:p.R183W, PTEN:p.R130Q, RAF1:p.S257L, SDK1:p.T1181M, SGSM1:p.F1117L, TCF7L2:p.R482fs, TP53:p.R282W, TRIM23:p.R289Q, UGT8:p.E102K, ZNF491:p.R343Q, A2M:p.R732Q, AADACL4:p.A266T, ABCA8:p.E1158K, ABCA8:p.R842Q, ABCA8:p.A696T, ABCB8:p.R345H, ACACA:p.R1731C, ACADM:p.F48C, ACOT9:p.R50Q, ACPP:p.R105Q, ACTL7B:p.R354H, ACTL9:p.R331H, ACVR1:p.S290L, ADAM30:p.S314Y, ADAM32:p.R559Q, ADAMTS16:p.D817N, ADAMTS4:p.R156W,ADCY5:p.R661H, AGMAT:p.V313M, AGPAT4:p.A212T, AKAP12:p.E1282K, AKAP9:p.L3482I, ALB:p.S294L, ALDH1L1:p.A870T, ALG2:p.S302Y, AMOTL1:p.R676Q, AMPD1:p.K502N, AMPH:p.R292W, ANKRD6:p.R479C, APBA1:p.K730N, APBA1:p.E624K, APC:p.E847fs, APC:p.F1354fs, APC:p.M1413fs, APOB:p.R3136C, APOB:p.A43V, APPL1:p.R668W, AQPEP:p.A309T, ARF4:p.R149H, ARFGEF1:p.D1632N, ARHGAP32:p.E1253K, ARHGAP36:p.R128C, ARHGAP36:p.A147V, ARHGAP5:p.D890fs, ARNTL:p.T395M, ARPP21:p.R338H, ARSG:p.V131I, ASCC3:p.R1197Q, ATP10D:p.R311H, ATP6V0A4:p.R191Q, ATP9B:p.R265Q, AXDND1:p.E930D, AXIN2:p.W663fs, B2M:p.L13fs, B3GALNT1:p.R145Q, BACH1:p.R538Q, BAG5:p.D439N, BBOX1:p.F176V, BCL2L11:p.R91Q, BCL7A:p.T52M, BCLAF1:p.R37fs, BEND5:p.R198C, BICD2:p.R162H, BLVRA:p.S44L, BMP3:p.R344W, BNC2:p.R512W, BRPF1:p.R66C, BRWD3:p.R787C, BTBD7:p.S436L, BUB1B:p.F996L, BZRAP1:p.V1627I, C11orf30:p.R1111C, C14orf101:p.E295K, C14orf102:p.D115N, C14orf105:p.R100I, C15orf2:p.V488I, C15orf33:p.D340N, C16orf87:p.R151I, C1RL:p.L351fs, C22orf40:p.P32fs, C3orf39:p.R333W, C5orf30:p.D4N, C5orf4:p.R114Q, C6orf170:p.K724T, C7orf63:p.A10T, CACHD1:p.S720Y, CACNA1A:p.T665M, CACNA2D3:p.A332T, CACNB2:p.R608H, CACNG3:p.V134I, CACNG3:p.A138V, CACNG5:p.G121R, CADM1:p.S190L, CADPS:p.A1073T, CAPRIN2:p.E13K, CARD11:p.R423Q, CASC1:p.R54Q, CASP14:p.R5W, CBFB:p.E152K, CC2D2A:p.R1284C, CCDC18:p.K615N, CCDC60:p.R230H, CCDC81:p.R259I, CCDC88C:p.P1851fs, CCKBR:p.V236M, CD101:p.D283Y, CD101:p.R594Q, CD180:p.N228T, CDC14B:p.R375C, CDCA7L:p.P405fs, CDH10:p.E349K, CDH12:p.D674N, CDH20:p.A134V, CDH23:p.F177L, CDH2:p.D547Y, CDH9:p.F523L, CDK16:p.R108C, CEACAM5:p.L640I, CEP152:p.E21K, CERS3:p.E95D, CHD4:p.R975H, CHD5:p.A801T, CIZ1:p.V668A, CLEC18A:p.R423H, CLTCL1:p.R481W, CMAS:p.R110Q, CNRIP1:p.R102W, COBLL1:p.K732N, COL14A1:p.R1082I, COL17A1:p.P1004L, COL4A6:p.L550I, COL6A3:p.D2792N, COPB1:p.R425C, CORO2A:p.*526R, COX15:p.L86I, CSMD1:p.S781Y, CTCFL:p.E423K, CTDNEP1:p.E126K, CTTNBP2:p.R164C, CYP4B1:p.E434D, DACH2:p.R539C, DBC1:p.V216I, DBF4B:p.S254Y, DCHS2:p.F2149L, DCLK2:p.S549Y, DDI1:p.R275Q, DENND4A:p.P357H, DENND4C:p.R1081Q, DHTKD1:p.R410Q, DISP1:p.R763C, DKK2:p.R230H, DKK4:p.R203Q, DLC1:p.A350V, DLC1:p.E222D, DMD:p.R3195H, DNAH5:p.R982H, DNAH5:p.R224Q, DNAH9:p.D1547N,DNAJC24:p.E61K, DNM1:p.A251T, DNMT1:p.E1531Q, DNMT3B:p.R92W, DOCK10:p.A1830V, DOCK1:p.E864K, DOCK2:p.G170R, DOCK3:p.R1183C, DOCK5:p.E177K, DOK5:p.R274W, DPP8:p.G165R, DPY19L1:p.F378L, DUOX2:p.F880L, DVL2:p.A601fs, EBAG9:p.E187K, EBF3:p.G255fs, EDNRB:p.L450R, EGR2:p.R390H, EHD3:p.E44K, EIF2C1:p.R139Q, ELF3:p.F305fs, ELMOD2:p.T141M, EMR2:p.S75L, ENAM:p.R373H, ENOX2:p.R356W, ENTPD7:p.E327K, EPG5:p.D369N, EPHB2:p.R392H, ERCC6:p.V780I, ERCC6L:p.R505Q, ERRFI1:p.A421T, ESCO1:p.R300Q, ETV6:p.R369W, F8:p.S2269Y, FAM123B:p.F173fs, FAM135B:p.R884H, FAM169B:p.K165N, FAM170A:p.E56K, FAM171B:p.D459N, FAM181A:p.R109H, FAM5B:p.R402C, FBXO11:p.A432V, FBXW7:p.R689W, FBXW7:p.S582L, FBXW7:p.R14Q, FGF14:p.A236V, FHDC1:p.R254W, FHOD3:p.A225T, FHOD3:p.E813K, FMO3:p.F510L, FNDC1:p.R652H, FOXK1:p.R354W, FOXN3:p.P96fs, FPGT-TNNI3K:p.R455H, FZD3:p.D367N, GABRA4:p.R460Q, GABRA5:p.S126N, GABRB3:p.D500N, GALNTL5:p.R262I, GJA1:p.R362Q, GLRA3:p.L454I, GLRA3:p.F132L, GOLGA4:p.Q1536H, GP2:p.S41L, GPC6:p.A214T, GPLD1:p.R717Q, GPR125:p.R113Q, GPR156:p.F754L, GPR158:p.D566N, GPR21:p.R216H, GPR61:p.A62T, GPR98:p.R4142W, GPRC5A:p.V30I, GRAP2:p.E69D, GRIA1:p.R218C, GRIA2:p.R845Q, GRM7:p.R679Q, GTF3A:p.K306N, HAO1:p.R172C, HARS2:p.R168H, HBB:p.F42L, HCN4:p.R525H, HDAC5:p.A1044T, HGF:p.S467Y, HIPK4:p.R280H, HLA-DMA:p.E84K, HMG20A:p.E248D, HPS3:p.S468L, HRSP12:p.R120Q, HS3ST1:p.E287K, HTR3B:p.R236C, HTR5A:p.R152C, HTT:p.D1548N, HYDIN:p.R1187C, HYDIN:p.R939Q, HYDIN:p.R451Q, HYOU1:p.R158C, IFT172:p.A944V, IGJ:p.R77Q, IL17RA:p.Q803fs, IL1RAPL2:p.T647M, IL3:p.A90T, IL5RA:p.L47I, INPP5D:p.R523Q, INPP5K:p.R263C, IRAK3:p.R267Q, IREB2:p.R419Q, ITGA4:p.T673M, ITGA4:p.F900L, ITIH5:p.A912T, ITK:p.E196K, JAG1:p.A462T, JAK1:p.V310I, KAL1:p.V303I, KBTBD8:p.V549I, KCNA3:p.A415V, KCND3:p.S438L, KCNMB4:p.F209L, KCTD20:p.L314fs, KDELC1:p.L447I, KIAA0528:p.R181Q, KIAA0556:p.R1082W, KIAA1109:p.S4937Y, KIAA1804:p.V474M, KIAA1804:p.R477W, KIF16B:p.R145Q, KIF26B:p.A1114V, KPNA4:p.R29Q, KRAS:p.K117N, KRAS:p.Q61L, KRAS:p.Q61K, KRT6B:p.L197P, L1CAM:p.T186M, LALBA:p.A41T, LAMA4:p.A558V, LBX1:p.R176W, LPAR4:p.R145Q, LRP1B:p.K2623N, LRP2:p.R3043C, LRP2:p.S737L, LRRC18:p.R218W, LRRC31:p.K23T, LRRC7:p.R1389H, LZTS2:p.P100fs, MACF1:p.S292L, MACF1:p.F722L,MAEL:p.R345C, MAGEE1:p.V380M, MAGI1:p.R1198C, MAP1B:p.E2046D, MAP2:p.K530N, MAP2K4:p.R287H, MAP3K4:p.R275Q, MAP7D2:p.R487C, MAPK8IP1:p.L217fs, MBOAT2:p.R43Q, MCF2L2:p.R926Q, MECOM:p.R969C, METTL16:p.R200Q, METTL21A:p.R174Q, METTL6:p.F56L, MFF:p.R162C, MFSD5:p.R280Q, MIA3:p.Q356H, MMAA:p.R326C, MORC1:p.D113Y, MORC2:p.R740H, MPDZ:p.L804I, MR1:p.S46L, MRPL47:p.L234I, MS4A8B:p.S3L, MSH4:p.K464N, MSH6:p.T1085fs, MSH6:p.R1095H, MUC16:p.R8606H, MYH13:p.D311N, MYH7:p.R1689C, MYO1D:p.E246K, MYO3A:p.N525H, MYO6:p.D1180N, MYO9A:p.R2179Q, MYO9A:p.R167Q, MYOZ2:p.E251K, MYT1:p.E226K, NAA25:p.S807Y, NCAM1:p.R474W, NCOA4:p.R562Q, NEB:p.D5434N, NEB:p.L1591I, NEB:p.E1214K, NEDD9:p.A798T, NEDD9:p.A316T, NEK1:p.R608C, NFASC:p.V256I, NINL:p.R1366C, NLRC4:p.D593N, NLRC4:p.E409K, NLRP4:p.V229I, NLRP5:p.R392H, NME9:p.E75K, NOLC1:p.T428M, NPC1:p.E451K, NPSR1:p.R235Q, NRAS:p.Q61L, NRAS:p.G13R, NRAS:p.G12D, NRG2:p.T246M, NTN4:p.E59K, NUB1:p.R373Q, NUDT15:p.S83Y, NUF2:p.S340L, NUP88:p.A302V, ODZ1:p.R2556W, OGDHL:p.A427T, OGFRL1:p.E427K, OLFM4:p.K132N, OPRM1:p.R353H, OR10A3:p.S93Y, OR2M3:p.R235H, OR52W1:p.R133C, OR5AU1:p.R312H, OR5B17:p.R163H, OR8S1:p.A99V, OSTN:p.R115Q, OTOL1:p.V431I, OTUD3:p.R277I, PAN3:p.S580N, PANK3:p.R260I, PAX3:p.T424M, PCBP1:p.L102Q, PCDH10:p.V477M, PCDH15:p.R1552I, PCDHAC2:p.A519T, PCDHAC2:p.E190K, PCDHAC2:p.A266T, PCDHAC2:p.A156V, PCDHAC2:p.E271K, PCDHAC2:p.A736V, PCDHB5:p.D51Y, PCDHB8:p.D235N, PCDHGC5:p.S289L, PCDHGC5:p.V662M, PCNXL2:p.R135Q, PCOLCE2:p.A348V, PCOLCE2:p.R87H, PDE4B:p.S417L, PGAM1:p.R240H, PHF3:p.R1410I, PIAS2:p.S519L, PIGR:p.A580T, PIK3CA:p.D350G, PIK3CA:p.E545A, PIK3CA:p.E545G, PIK3CA:p.Q546K, PIP4K2C:p.R204H, PKHD1L1:p.F1856L, PLA2G4A:p.E443K, PLCG2:p.E544K, PLCG2:p.D973N, PLEKHA6:p.V328fs, PLEKHG4B:p.E384K, PLK1:p.D233G, PLOD3:p.R297fs, PLSCR3:p.E77K, PLXNC1:p.S462L, PLXNC1:p.R819C, POLA1:p.E603D, POLE:p.S459F, POLE:p.V411L, POLQ:p.R860Q, PPP2R2B:p.P326L, PPP2R5C:p.S259Y, PRAMEF4:p.R248H, PREX1:p.V731I, PRKAA2:p.R407Q, PRKAR2B:p.S309L, PRKCI:p.R480C, PRKRA:p.K122N, PSG8:p.R397C, PSG8:p.R320C, PSMD12:p.R201Q, PTPDC1:p.R430W, PTPN12:p.R765Q, PTPN13:p.S887L, PTPRD:p.L1053I,PTPRU:p.D1434N, PXDN:p.P856fs, PXDNL:p.T1312M, QRSL1:p.S226L, RAB7L1:p.R79W, RALGAPA1:p.R398C, RANBP2:p.R1231C, RBBP7:p.E313K, RBBP7:p.E274K, RBFOX2:p.A340T, RBMXL1:p.R331Q, RHOBTB1:p.T464M, RIMS2:p.R599Q, RIN3:p.S708L, RLBP1:p.D281N, RLBP1:p.A72V, RNASET2:p.A127V, RNF113B:p.A172V, RNF150:p.R236Q, RNF150:p.S208L, RNF43:p.S216L, ROR2:p.D672N, RPL6:p.F193C, RPS6KA5:p.E166K, RSPO2:p.R28C, RUVBL1:p.E431K, RUVBL1:p.R117C, RWDD2B:p.R254H, RXFP3:p.R113C, RYR3:p.R2705Q, SAGE1:p.R229C, SCFD2:p.R545W, SCML4:p.R194Q, SCN10A:p.T1570M, SCN11A:p.A1688T, SCN11A:p.V1289I, SCN11A:p.V566I, SCUBE2:p.V342M, SEMA3A:p.D81N, SEMA4D:p.R252Q, SEPHS1:p.R371Q, SEZ6L:p.S207L, SFPQ:p.R611Q, SFSWAP:p.S617Y, SGCG:p.A220V, SGCZ:p.I41M, SH3TC2:p.R89C, SIGLEC11:p.S363F, SIPA1L1:p.R1063Q, SIPA1L1:p.S1227Y, SLC12A1:p.S292L, SLC22A15:p.S201L, SLC24A2:p.A134V, SLC25A40:p.R96Q, SLC2A7:p.A65T, SLC30A9:p.R194H, SLC33A1:p.S542L, SLC35F3:p.A280T, SLC39A7:p.R382C, SLC43A1:p.P133L, SLC43A3:p.R216H, SLC44A5:p.R185H, SLC6A2:p.A562T, SLC8A1:p.R431H, SLFN12L:p.F232fs, SLITRK1:p.R52H, SLITRK3:p.S298L, SMAD2:p.R321Q, SMARCA4:p.R381Q, SOCS5:p.S464L, SORBS1:p.V1156M, SORBS1:p.F570L, SORCS2:p.R320W, SOX6:p.R719W, SPATA22:p.S150L, SPEG:p.A944V, SPTB:p.R86C, SPTBN4:p.A1993V, STIM2:p.R572Q, STT3B:p.D583Y, SULT1C4:p.R85Q, SUN3:p.E128K, SUPT6H:p.A957T, SYNE1:p.I1249L, SYNE1:p.R170W, SYNE2:p.K3103N, SYNGR4:p.R169Q, SYT7:p.T349M, TANK:p.S380L, TAS1R2:p.R270C, TAS2R1:p.F183L, TCF7L2:p.R488C, TDRD10:p.S322L, TECTB:p.L29I, TEKT5:p.R401H, TGFBR1:p.S241L, THAP5:p.S287Y, THSD7B:p.R90H, TLL1:p.T153M, TLL2:p.S872L, TM9SF2:p.R91H, TMCC3:p.R110H, TMEM132A:p.R481C, TMEM132D:p.R578W, TMEM55A:p.R189Q, TMEM74:p.R125Q, TMPRSS11A:p.S288L, TNIP2:p.A139T, TOP2B:p.R656H, TOX:p.S354L, TP53:p.G244D, TP53:p.R175C, TPO:p.A826T, TPR:p.S2155L, TPTE2:p.R258Q, TPTE:p.S423L, TRAK1:p.D627N, TRAPPC11:p.R568Q, TRIM23:p.R396Q, TRIM44:p.D331N, TRIO:p.R661W, TRPA1:p.K54N, TRPC5:p.S490L, TRPM6:p.R995H, TRPM7:p.R1862C, TRPM7:p.R843Q, TRPS1:p.R1125W, TRPV5:p.R492H, TRRAP:p.R3515W, TSHZ1:p.R881M, TTC21A:p.S270Y, TTN:p.R22795C, TTN:p.R3193Q, TTN:p.R328H, TUBA3D:p.R243Q, TUFT1:p.A340T, TXNDC15:p.R343Q, UBE2NL:p.R86I, UBIAD1:p.A97T, UGT2A1:p.N97fs, USH2A:p.F2369L, USP11:p.A286T,USP25:p.R1119Q, USP26:p.R861Q, USP29:p.F81L, USP31:p.D391N, USP40:p.S851L, UTP14A:p.V148I, VAV3:p.E685K, VCAN:p.R1125H, VPS13C:p.D1359Y, WBSCR17:p.R228C, WDR3:p.E841K, WDR52:p.A157T, XKR6:p.R268Q, XPOT:p.R541W, YTHDC1:p.R267Q, YTHDC2:p.E634K, ZBBX:p.R596I, ZBTB24:p.L607I, ZC3H13:p.R103Q, ZCWPW2:p.D144N, ZEB2:p.R156H, ZFHX4:p.E237D, ZFP14:p.R386C, ZFP28:p.R525I, ZFP2:p.R150I, ZFP3:p.R273I, ZFP90:p.R330Q, ZHX2:p.V790I, ZIC4:p.S305L, ZIM3:p.D352N, ZKSCAN4:p.R319Q, ZMYM4:p.R1446Q, ZNF117:p.R185I, ZNF167:p.R683I, ZNF180:p.R401I, ZNF19:p.R349I, ZNF205:p.R384C, ZNF236:p.S1480L, ZNF248:p.R568I, ZNF259:p.R174I, ZNF266:p.R512Q, ZNF266:p.R344Q, ZNF280B:p.E363K, ZNF283:p.R392Q, ZNF32:p.S62L, ZNF345:p.R82Q, ZNF345:p.R334I, ZNF350:p.R310Q, ZNF434:p.R306C, ZNF439:p.E239D, ZNF439:p.R262I, ZNF443:p.R301I, ZNF445:p.L682M, ZNF470:p.R641I, ZNF471:p.R282I, ZNF484:p.R138C, ZNF528:p.R279Q, ZNF563:p.K26N, ZNF573:p.R350I, ZNF583:p.R344I, ZNF585A:p.E638K, ZNF585A:p.E491D, ZNF625:p.R235Q, ZNF652:p.K327N, ZNF677:p.R451I, ZNF678:p.R368I, ZNF699:p.R41I, ZNF70:p.R244I, ZNF770:p.S441P, ZNF774:p.R423Q, ZNF782:p.K247T, ZNF7:p.R337I, and ZNF831:p.E949D.62. The pharmaceutical composition of any of paragraphs 30-36, wherein:(a) the population of subjects is suffering from DLBCL; and(b) the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations selected from the group consisting of EZH2:p.Y641F, MYD88:p.L273P, BCL2:p.G33R, CARD11:p.E626K, ADCY2:p.A87V, BCL2:p.N172S, BCL2:p.H20Q, BRAF:p.K601E, BTG1:p.L31F, CACNA1E:p.R1458C, CARD11:p.E93D, CD79B:p.Y197D, CD79B:p.Y197H, CREBBP:p.R1446H, GRID1:p.E622K, HIST1H1C:p.A65V, HIST1H1E:p.G133A, HIST1H3B:p.A48S, KRAS:p.G13D, MYD88:p.S251N, PABPC1:p.R94C, PIM1:p.L164F, PIM1:p.L184F, POU2F2:p.T239A, POU2F2:p.T239S, RELN:p.R2971Q, SLC25A48:p.A67T, STAT6:p.D468H, TNF:p.L47F, and TRAF7:p.R11H.63. The pharmaceutical composition of any of paragraphs 30-36, wherein:(a) the population of subjects is suffering from KICH; and(b) the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations selected from the group consisting of ACR:p.W279C, AGRN:p.1284_1285VT>A, C7orf25:p.R384fs, CAMSAP1:p.T466fs, CBWD6:p.E102fs, DOCK8:p.L1111fs,EBPL:p.Q196P, EBPL:p.L189V, GFM1:p.A17fs, GOLGA6L6:p.D570E, ITGA5:p.A48D, LUZP2:p.S154fs, MTMR9:p.K193fs, MUC16:p.P10452fs, MUC4:p.S2832P, ODF2L:p.K407fs, RHBDD3:p.G34fs, RILPL1:p.S358R, TAS2R30:p.L236fs, TRRAP:p.A973S, UBR5:p.K2120fs, URGCP:p.G639fs, ZNF98:p.A222T, and ZSWIM6:p.Q610fs.64. The pharmaceutical composition of any of paragraphs 30-36, wherein:(a) the population of subjects is suffering from KIRP; and(b) the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations selected from the group consisting of FAM18B2:p.C51Y, ZNF598:p.E25G, NEFH:p.E645K, EEF1B2:p.S43G, NEFH:p.AKSPEKEE652del, OBP2B:p.K61N, SKI:p.A62G, C14orf126:p.R6W, KRT8:p.S59A, ACSBG2:p.I250M, ASIC2:p.R46L, CSGALNACT2:p.L362F, FRG1B:p.A50P, IDUA:p.H33Q, KRTAP4-5:p.S74C, SCAF11:p.E926fs, SYN2:p.A34del, ZNF814:p.R322K, BMS1:p.E878D, JMY:p.P822T, KIF1A:p.E917D, KRTAP4-7:p.S57P, LAMA5:p.L2223R, LRP1:p.P1058T, MED16:p.H449Q, MUC2:p.T1488P, MUC5B:p.D682G, NACA2:p.R75K, NEFH:p.665_666insEE, OR2L8:p.S201fs, RGPD5:p.P1760A, RRN3:p.P11S, RRN3:p.R9C, STAG3L2:p.L81fs, ZNF814:p.G320E, ACP6:p.V29G, AHNAK2:p.S2166F, AHNAK2:p.P1215S, AP1G1:p.I782fs, AQP2:p.N68T, BAIAP2L2:p.V396M, BMP6:p.Q118L, BST1:p.G36A, CDR1:p.V31A, CLDN7:p.S172A, CLIP1:p.S1018fs, COL18A1:p.G884fs, CROCC:p.A355P, CTAGE15P:p.A364V, CUBN:p.I2816M, DMRT2:p.T106S, DPY19L1:p.V249L, DSPP:p.D1047N, EBPL:p.L189V, EIF4G1:p.E465del, EXOSC2:p.R11P, FAM216A:p.P36S, FCGR2A:p.V222G, FMOD:p.S331R, FOLR2:p.Q112R, FRG1B:p.L20P, GAGE2B:p.9_10insY, GDPD5:p.G593fs, GIMAP8:p.A544S, GLUD2:p.R300G, GLUD2:p.S496R, GPR135:p.Q5P, HOXD8:p.Q67H, IER5:p.R194G, IL25:p.C168fs, JSRP1:p.V92A, KRAS:p.G12D, KRTAP1- 1:p.Y86C, KRTAP4-11:p.L161V, LTBP1:p.L163P, MAML2:p.Q591K, MAPK7:p.A501D, MEF2A:p.P99S, MET:p.H1094Y, MET:p.M1250T, MST1:p.N435fs, MUC2:p.T1582R, MUC2:p.T1722I, MUC4:p.A4222T, MUC4:p.T2335M, MUC4:p.P1138L, MUC5B:p.S1098A, MUC5B:p.S3431N, MYH7:p.A1487T, NBPF10:p.R39fs, NBPF10:p.Y638S, NEFH:p.654_654S>SPEKAKS, PARG:p.A584T, PBX2:p.Y262F, PIP4K2A:p.R219K, RLIM:p.S471P, RUNX2:p.Q71E, SGK223:p.R63S, SMARCB1:p.L365fs, SRCAP:p.Q1875fs, TBC1D2B:p.R920Q, TCF7L2:p.R482fs, TMEM131:p.K640fs, TMEM60:p.K77fs, TPPP:p.R30K, TRPV3:p.A218E, TTBK2:p.C83W, UBXN11:p.S510G, UGT1A1:p.T4A,UTS2R:p.A289E, YBX1:p.P250L, ZNF514:p.V81G, ZNF516:p.A256D, ZNF681:p.K405Q, ZNF814:p.D404E, ZNF814:p.P323H, ZXDB:p.G206R.65. The pharmaceutical composition of any of paragraphs 30-36, wherein:(a) the population of subjects is suffering from LIHC; and(b) the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations selected from the group consisting of TP53:p.R249S, CTNNB1:p.D32V, CTNNB1:p.D32G, CTNNB1:p.S33P, CTNNB1:p.K335I, CTNNB1:p.H36P, EEF1A1:p.T432L, GNAS:p.R844C, OR2T4:p.V137L, TP53:p.H193R, ATXN1:p.Q217H, CSMD3:p.F2383fs, CTNNB1:p.D32N, CTNNB1:p.S33C, CTNNB1:p.G34V, CTNNB1:p.S45P, CTNNB1:p.N387K, DHRS4:p.I218T, DNM2:p.E378D, F5:p.Q426L, GALNTL5:p.A45T, GPX1:p.P77R, GRM8:p.R852C, IDH1:p.R132C, KIF26B:p.A2033T, KRT8:p.S59A, LOC100132247:p.T532P, NEB:p.D3854H, PIK3CA:p.H1047R, SOLH:p.R714H, TP53:p.R158H, TP53:p.V157F, and ZNF638:p.D400N.66. The pharmaceutical composition of any of paragraphs 30-36, wherein:(a) the population of subjects is suffering from MM; and(b) the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations selected from the group consisting of NRAS:p.Q61R, KRAS:p.Q61H, KRAS:p.G13D, NRAS:p.Q61K, BRAF:p.V600E, NRAS:p.Q61H, NRAS:p.G13R, ZNF717:p.W315C, ATP13A4:p.V431G, DNAJC12:p.R135K, IRF4:p.K123R, KRAS:p.A146T, KRAS:p.Q61R, KRAS:p.G12A, KRAS:p.G12D, ZNF717:p.N594I, ACTG1:p.A22P, ARL6IP1:p.M75L, BEND2:p.E630K, BRAF:p.G469A, CDHR1:p.R218G, DIS3:p.R780K, DMXL2:p.D2412E, DNAJC10:p.I80K, EGR1:p.Q9H, FGFR3:p.*807S, IDH1:p.R132C, IL6ST:p.P216H, INTS12:p.M1V, KRAS:p.K117N, KRAS:p.A59G, KRAS:p.G12R, MAX:p.R36W, MLL5:p.G492E, NBPF1:p.E810K, NRAS:p.Q61L, NRAS:p.G12D, ODF2L:p.E294K, PADI2:p.T114P, PNLIP:p.T37M, PRDM1:p.S588C, PTPN11:p.E76K, PTPN14:p.E286K, RBM6:p.V675G, SCN10A:p.R1142H, SRGAP1:p.T61M, SUSD1:p.T168P, TAS2R16:p.V231I, TINAG:p.E403K, TRIP12:p.L1775P, and ZNF717:p.C844S.67. The pharmaceutical composition of any of paragraphs 30-36, wherein:(a) the population of subjects is suffering from PRAD; and(b) the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations selected from the group consisting of HSD17B7P2:p.N175S, RGPD5:p.P1760A,FRG1B:p.L52S, EEF1B2:p.S43G, FRG1B:p.I10T, FRG1B:p.A53T, LRRC37A2:p.T102S, NBPF10:p.E3455K, PTH2:p.L22V, CYP2D7P1:p.S32A, FAM47C:p.N648D, MAP3K9:p.E38del, MUC4:p.H4205Q, CHEK2:p.K373E, FRG1B:p.A11T, FRG1B:p.A50P, HLA-J:p.R124W, KRTAP1-5:p.I88T, KRTAP4-9:p.D18V, NPIP:p.A271V, PDGFRA:p.R483fs, ZNF780A:p.Q600H, ZNF845:p.R925H, ZNF91:p.R333H, ARFGAP3:p.N299fs, BTN2A3P:p.P3S, FNBP4:p.TT58del, HLA-A:p.Q78R, LOC554223:p.RAPWMEQ147del, PODXL:p.28_30PSP>P, POLI:p.D17del, SPOP:p.F133L, SYN2:p.A34del, TMEM52:p.23_26LLPL>L, UBC:p.L149R, ZNF208:p.I647S, ZNF799:p.E589G, ZNF814:p.D404E, ASTN2:p.L221del, B4GALNT1:p.G88fs, C16orf74:p.S21del, CCDC15:p.H458P, CD209:p.R129W, CNTNAP1:p.S1029I, DBR1:p.541_542DD>D, FAM22F:p.S691del, FRG1B:p.D32V, FRG1B:p.I34T, FRG1B:p.N55D, FRG1B:p.I59V, FRG1B:p.S71N, KIF25:p.W3R, KRTAP4-11:p.L161V, KRTAP4-11:p.M93V, KRTAP4- 11:p.R51K, KRTAP4-6:p.S153Y, LILRB5:p.S598P, LMOD2:p.E124del, LOC645752:p.L40P, LRP1:p.P1058T, LRRIQ3:p.K244fs, LURAP1L:p.55_56insGGG, MLLT10:p.V463E, MYOCD:p.Q310del, NBPF10:p.N1369D, OTUD4:p.T909I, PARG:p.A584T, PEX1:p.I370fs, POTEC:p.K507E, POTEC:p.R477Q, POU4F2:p.68_69insG, PRG4:p.T417P, SDHAP2:p.R31C, SPOP:p.F133C, SPOP:p.W131G, TIMD4:p.T152del, TMEM121:p.P299del, TP53:p.G245S, UBC:p.R73L, UBC:p.I191T, WASH3P:p.G175S, ZMIZ1:p.D1048fs, ZNF709:p.T413I, ACADS:p.R330H, ADAMTS7:p.K1357fs, AFF2:p.R597H, AGAP6:p.S127I, AK302238:p.A44T, AK302879:p.Q191R, ALDH1A2:p.R85C, ANAPC1:p.T537A, ANKRD36C:p.H438R, AP4B1:p.R276W, ARFGAP2:p.S38N, BBS9:p.F268fs, BC139719:p.L133R, BRAF:p.G469A, C22orf43:p.D171del, CANT1:p.K131R, CHD3:p.E35del, CLEC4A:p.R209H, CNOT3:p.E20K, CNPY3:p.17_18LL>L, CNTNAP3B:p.S317T, CNTNAP3B:p.M1247I, CTNNB1:p.T41A, DDX10:p.D788del, DLC1:p.S741T, DPY19L2:p.M210V, EDC4:p.S617del, EFCAB6:p.R379K, ERC2:p.927_928HH>H, FAM111B:p.S269fs, FEM1A:p.L620M, FHOD3:p.A632fs, FLJ43860:p.L850fs, FMN2:p.G59del, FNBP4:p.914_915PP>P, FRG1:p.E86del, FRG1B:p.K13N, FRG1B:p.P42Q, GABRB1:p.R416C, GABRR2:p.A368V, GAGE2B:p.9_10insY, GOLGA8DP:p.N84H, GOT2:p.R355W, GPATCH4:p.K210fs, HDGFL1:p.188_189insA, HLA-DQB2:p.G250S, HLA- DQB2:p.R247H, IDH1:p.R132H, IL27:p.E176del, IRF2BPL:p.123_125QQQ>Q, KANK3:p.DGDS489del, KIAA1462:p.858_859SS>S, KRTAP4-11:p.S48R, KRTAP4-7:p.S57P,KRTAP4-8:p.C95S, LPHN3:p.R826H, LRP10:p.L11del, LRP5:p.S1609P, LRRC16B:p.R787W, MAS1L:p.R324G, MECOM:p.R915Q, MED12:p.L1224F, MED12L:p.Q2115del, MESP2:p.GQGQGQGQ195del, MGAT4C:p.T345M, MLEC:p.E238del, MSLNL:p.T68P, MUC7:p.S173P, MYC:p.Q37del, NBPF10:p.N440D, NLRP6:p.E611del, NOX3:p.C404fs, OR1M1:p.V69I, OR7E24:p.L7fs, OTUD4:p.A153del, PANK2:p.T417fs, PCLO:p.S496P, PCNT:p.S162G, PCSK9:p.23_24insL, PHOSPHO1:p.S32del, POU4F1:p.H108del, PRAMEF8:p.R319H, PRDM7:p.M387L, PRG4:p.T597P, PTPRD:p.R1323C, PTPRF:p.R1174Q, ROBO3:p.RS1367del, ROCK1:p.T518S, RPTN:p.G296S, RTL1:p.152_152E>EE, SIRPA:p.V233I, SLC2A6:p.A230D, SLC8A2:p.E710del, SMG7:p.E846fs, SNAPC4:p.S542del, SP8:p.G165del, SPOP:p.F133I, SPOP:p.F133V, SPOP:p.F102C, SPOP:p.F102V, SRSF11:p.G17fs, SRSF4:p.K396del, SSPO:p.S4198fs, STAG3L2:p.L81fs, STK19:p.R18fs, TBC1D2B:p.R920Q, TBC1D9:p.P1233T, TCHH:p.P1158R, TCOF1:p.K1366del, TNRC18:p.2664_2665SS>S, TP53:p.R248Q, TP53:p.R175H, TP53:p.C141G, TSPAN4:p.L92V, UBXN11:p.GPGPGPSP504del, UTP3:p.E81del, WASH3P:p.L187V, ZAN:p.P717L, ZAN:p.L878P, ZFP90:p.R591fs, ZNF761:p.H373R, and ZNF91:p.H305R.68. The pharmaceutical composition of any of paragraphs 30-36, wherein:(a) the population of subjects is suffering from STAD; and(b) the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations selected from the group consisting of RNF43:p.G659fs, BZRAP1:p.P1416fs, XYLT2:p.Y526fs, LARP4B:p.T163fs, PGM5:p.I98V, ZBTB20:p.P692fs, ARID1A:p.G1848fs, FHOD3:p.P334fs, KIAA0182:p.T120fs, ATP6V1B1:p.Y383fs, PIK3CA:p.H1047R, FRMD4A:p.P1005fs, PIK3CA:p.E545K, CDC14A:p.N123fs, KRAS:p.G13D, MLL2:p.T172fs, BCORL1:p.S1679fs, PLEKHA6:p.V328fs, C9orf131:p.P342fs, CD4:p.Q164fs, FBXW7:p.R465C, GNG12:p.T68fs, IRS4:p.G591fs, JARID2:p.V422fs, KIAA0195:p.I902fs, MBD6:p.P732fs, MVK:p.P138fs, PAMR1:p.G101fs, WNT16:p.W165fs, ZNF43:p.N251fs, ABCA6:p.L306fs, ADAM28:p.K73fs, AOC3:p.L79fs, ATP2A1:p.R819fs, B2M:p.L13fs, C6orf89:p.P58fs, CNTLN:p.K1305fs, CR2:p.V206fs, DYRK4:p.K468fs, ERBB3:p.V104M, GLI1:p.W272fs, KRAS:p.G12D, MLL2:p.T172fs, MSH6:p.T1085fs, NLK:p.C190fs, OR5M3:p.T89fs, PAX6:p.P375fs, PTEN:p.L265fs, RABGAP1:p.K928fs, RAD51AP2:p.T316fs, SVIL:p.G1862fs, TP53:p.R273H, WNK4:p.G606fs, ARID1A:p.P2139fs, AXIN2:p.G665fs,C13orf33:p.R67fs, C1QTNF5:p.P308fs, CELSR1:p.G614fs, CRYGD:p.G159fs, DCHS1:p.R235fs, DDC:p.I433fs, EDNRB:p.Y383fs, EPHA2:p.P460fs, FOXN3:p.P96fs, HDAC4:p.P901fs, INF2:p.S527fs, KIRREL2:p.V649fs, KLF3:p.I104fs, KLHL14:p.P231fs, MAP7D3:p.Q308fs, OTX2:p.R44fs, PAFAH1B1:p.K302fs, PLAGL2:p.P10fs, POLM:p.P97fs, PRPF40B:p.I31fs, RALGAPB:p.T379fs, SBNO1:p.N1139fs, SERPINI1:p.L81fs, SH3KBP1:p.L574fs, SLC12A7:p.H686fs, SLC27A3:p.P643fs, TBX4:p.S370fs, TP53:p.R273C, TP53:p.R175H, TRAM1L1:p.R345fs, WBP1:p.P138fs, ABCC4:p.L883fs, AKAP13:p.K2785fs, ALDH3A1:p.P562fs, ALPK2:p.L356fs, ARFGEF1:p.P1552fs, ARID1A:p.G1848fs, AVPR1A:p.F351fs, BAX:p.M38fs, C14orf43:p.P313fs, C1QTNF5:p.G194fs, C7orf50:p.L179fs, CDC25C:p.K322fs, CETN3:p.K63fs, CHD3:p.P597fs, CTCF:p.K202fs, CTSC:p.F105fs, DDX17:p.G163fs, DLGAP3:p.G377fs, EBF3:p.G255fs, FHDC1:p.F100fs, FILIP1L:p.K749fs, FLNB:p.W529fs, GBP7:p.G431fs, GCC2:p.E700fs, GPR161:p.G517fs, IWS1:p.S802fs, KIAA0240:p.K895fs, KIAA1967:p.P415fs, LRRC43:p.D558fs, MACF1:p.R707fs, MBD6:p.G780fs, MLL3:p.F4496fs, MPRIP:p.A351fs, MUC6:p.2129_2130SS>S, NOX5:p.P467fs, OPTN:p.P24fs, OR4K5:p.F177fs, PIK3CA:p.N345K, PIK3CA:p.E542K, PLXNA1:p.P1016fs, PNPLA7:p.P1199fs, PODN:p.I301fs, PPP2R3B:p.T389fs, PRSS36:p.L680fs, RGL2:p.G203fs, RHOQ:p.V190fs, RNF111:p.R771fs, RTN2:p.P313fs, SALL4:p.V995fs, SBF1:p.P1076fs, SETDB2:p.R715fs, SNAPC2:p.T292fs, SPG20:p.F232fs, SRCAP:p.P1876fs, STAT2:p.P489fs, TCHP:p.E172fs, TP53:p.R282W, TP53:p.R248Q, USP21:p.K474fs, WDR7:p.G262fs, ZBTB7C:p.E157fs, ZFC3H1:p.K385fs, ZNF124:p.T339fs, ZNF626:p.K115fs, ADNP2:p.S322fs, AGAP1:p.G127fs, ALDH2:p.L286fs, ARHGAP5:p.D890fs, ARHGEF17:p.A615fs, ARID1A:p.Y1324fs, ART1:p.I243fs, ASCL4:p.D35fs, ATXN2L:p.G998fs, B3GNT5:p.F30fs, BCKDHA:p.H37fs, BCL9L:p.P1127fs, BEND3:p.D265fs, BNC2:p.S575R, BRD3:p.P24fs, C12orf51:p.P4235fs, C1R:p.P216fs, C7orf49:p.G130fs, CA2:p.I145fs, CABP5:p.R145fs, CASD1:p.F781fs, CASP8:p.R471fs, CCDC153:p.P200fs, CD93:p.D280fs, CROT:p.L32fs, CSF3R:p.P468fs, CTCF:p.K202fs, ERBB2:p.S310F, FAM46D:p.S69R, FBN3:p.G601fs, FBXO21:p.F144fs, GAS6:p.G150fs, GLYR1:p.G380fs, GXYLT1:p.L223fs, HAUS6:p.S530fs, IGF2R:p.T1314fs, ITGB1:p.L378I, KDM3B:p.P1316fs, KIF13A:p.K1115fs, KLF3:p.S224fs, LARP1:p.A223fs, LRP1:p.G1488fs, LRP1:p.G1488fs, MAGEE2:p.Q45fs, MAMSTR:p.P162fs, MAPK15:p.Q511fs, MLL2:p.P647fs, MOCS2:p.P22fs, MTG1:p.L105fs, MTG1:p.H327fs, MTIF2:p.N109fs,NID2:p.R1035fs, PAX2:p.P395fs, PCCA:p.R230H, PDZD2:p.R101fs, PFKP:p.M593fs, PIK3CA:p.R88Q, PLA2G1B:p.L53fs, PLAU:p.R201fs, PMEPA1:p.P208fs, POP1:p.K750fs, PTCH1:p.P1307fs, PTPRT:p.P1075fs, RDBP:p.P6fs, RNMT:p.K392fs, ROBO2:p.P1080fs, RUNDC3B:p.L6fs, SDAD1:p.K275fs, SLC10A6:p.G109fs, SNAPC1:p.D211fs, SPATA5L1:p.C685fs, SPTA1:p.K1732T, STAT5B:p.P367fs, SYT4:p.M1fs, TAF1L:p.K851fs, TAP2:p.L75fs, TBL1XR1:p.N126fs, THEMIS:p.K406fs, TMEM79:p.P161fs, TP53:p.C176F, TP53BP2:p.K69fs, TP53RK:p.L174fs, UBQLN2:p.A523fs, UHRF1BP1:p.I1330fs, VPRBP:p.K939fs, VPS13B:p.T56fs, WASF3:p.P305fs, YLPM1:p.E1178fs, ZC3H13:p.K1006fs, ZC3H18:p.P825fs, ZC3H4:p.E779Q, ZNF48:p.P247fs, ZNF608:p.A465fs, ZNF878:p.S238fs, ZSCAN18:p.P225fs, ABCB1:p.R527fs, ABCB6:p.G318fs, ACACB:p.G255fs, ACP1:p.Q123fs, ACTL6A:p.L88fs, ADAMTSL4:p.G778fs, AGBL5:p.I420fs, AHI1:p.K303fs, AKAP9:p.M3743fs, AKD1:p.R1209fs, ANKRD40:p.D99E, ARHGEF5:p.S1512fs, ARID1A:p.K1071fs, ARID3A:p.S557G, ARPP21:p.I130fs, ASPN:p.F67fs, ASXL3:p.E873fs, ATP6V1C2:p.R312fs, BEST3:p.P444fs, BRAF:p.P403fs, BRMS1:p.G107fs, BTBD11:p.T451fs, BTBD11:p.A561V, C11orf9:p.S261fs, C14orf102:p.R90fs, C14orf43:p.Q36fs, C15orf52:p.G98fs, C19orf21:p.R262C, C19orf70:p.P50fs, C20orf160:p.P46fs, C3:p.P890fs, CADPS2:p.N468fs, CASC3:p.S232F, CASC3:p.P603L, CASC3:p.P645L, CASC3:p.S658L, CASKIN2:p.P727fs, CBLL1:p.E138fs, CBLN3:p.P69fs, CCDC108:p.P1164fs, CCDC148:p.K420fs, CCDC153:p.P200fs, CCDC169-SOHLH2:p.K162R, CCDC88A:p.K677fs, CD1E:p.F85V, CD3EAP:p.K218fs, CDH11:p.K357T, CDH1:p.D254Y, CDH23:p.V403I, CFI:p.K37fs, CHPF2:p.D645fs, CIC:p.R507fs, CIC:p.A1114fs, CIC:p.A1114fs, CLSTN1:p.T615M, CNBD1:p.L396P, CNGA4:p.K510T, CNOT6:p.S248fs, CNTROB:p.R920fs, COL9A1:p.P283fs, CPAMD8:p.P784fs, CR1L:p.L79fs, CRB1:p.F630V, CSMD1:p.L3410V, CTNNA3:p.K856fs, CTNND1:p.I447fs, CTSD:p.P89fs, CUX1:p.A439fs, CYP7B1:p.K332T, DAB2IP:p.D994fs, DNAH11:p.T871fs, DNAH8:p.K1688fs, DNAJC1:p.K193fs, DNM2:p.P791fs, DSTN:p.F101fs, DYRK1B:p.Q545fs, EAF2:p.V109fs, EDNRB:p.A104V, EEA1:p.N570fs, EFHA1:p.F290fs, EGR1:p.P332fs, EIF4G3:p.K563fs, ELK3:p.S173fs, ENTPD2:p.G204fs, EOMES:p.G332fs, EPHA10:p.P868fs, EPHB6:p.G54fs, EPHX1:p.P132fs, EPPK1:p.G2015fs, ERBB4:p.M1fs, ESF1:p.T99fs, EXOSC8:p.L160fs, FAM113B:p.R51fs, FAM116A:p.L441fs, FAM135B:p.S645R, FAM151A:p.P117fs, FAM193A:p.D428fs, FAM193A:p.D428fs, FAM214B:p.A42fs, FAM40B:p.R740C,FAM70B:p.S19L, FASTKD1:p.K3fs, FBXW7:p.R479Q, FBXW9:p.G298fs, FER:p.L474fs, FERMT2:p.K152fs, FGGY:p.G138fs, FIGNL1:p.K309fs, FLG:p.K159fs, FLNB:p.W529fs, FOLH1:p.S501fs, FYB:p.G324fs, GABRD:p.Q412fs, GALNTL1:p.W317fs, GANAB:p.L23fs, GCDH:p.L389fs, GIMAP7:p.V276fs, GIPC3:p.G227fs, GLI3:p.P1033fs, GLIPR1L2:p.G92fs, GNPNAT1:p.F54fs, GON4L:p.M134fs, GPATCH4:p.K210fs, GRK4:p.K22fs, GTF3C1:p.S767fs, GTF3C4:p.E562fs, H2AFY2:p.K144fs, HCFC1R1:p.P83fs, HCRTR2:p.S9fs, HCRTR2:p.S9fs, HDLBP:p.G747fs, HECA:p.R333fs, HIVEP3:p.H554fs, HIVEP3:p.P534fs, HLA-C:p.P209fs, HOOK1:p.L361fs, HOXD8:p.P122fs, HTT:p.G697fs, IBTK:p.K1213fs, IDE:p.K37fs, IFT172:p.A837T, INPPL1:p.A974fs, INPPL1:p.P1154fs, INSM2:p.T533fs, INTS12:p.L14fs, INVS:p.R815fs, IPO11:p.S844fs, IRX6:p.A425V, ISG20L2:p.P288fs, ITGB8:p.A7fs, JARID2:p.G394fs, JHDM1D:p.R97fs, KBTBD6:p.G442fs, KCNC1:p.K455fs, KCNH2:p.G149A, KCNJ10:p.P102fs, KCNMB2:p.N151K, KCTD21:p.T6M, KIAA0586:p.A1592fs, KIAA1009:p.F406fs, KIAA1109:p.E1588fs, KIAA2026:p.K690fs, KIF26B:p.S1065fs, KIF6:p.L204fs, KIRREL:p.P335fs, KLC2:p.T568fs, KRAS:p.Q61H, KRAS:p.G12S, MAN1C1:p.G431fs, MAP1A:p.P2063fs, MAP2:p.K1472fs, MAP3K12:p.R449del, MAP7D1:p.A80fs, MGST2:p.K102fs, MKI67:p.T1664fs, MKL1:p.P307fs, MLL2:p.P2354fs, MLL2:p.L656fs, MLL2:p.P647fs, MLL2:p.L1877fs, MMP3:p.I64fs, MPDZ:p.K1582fs, MTUS2:p.R1005W, MUC16:p.A6156T, MYB:p.R481fs, MYEOV:p.L269fs, MYH11:p.K1263del, MYO18A:p.P209fs, MYO7A:p.I539fs, MYOCD:p.G226fs, NAA16:p.H514fs, NBEA:p.V2247fs, NCAPD3:p.Q909fs, NCAPH:p.T466fs, NCOR2:p.P1308fs, NEFM:p.A213V, NEK8:p.V690fs, NF1:p.T676fs, NHLRC1:p.F204fs, NKD1:p.P286fs, NPR3:p.Y138H, NT5M:p.P206fs, NUFIP2:p.R224fs, NUP210:p.L135fs, NYNRIN:p.G113fs, OBSCN:p.G997fs, OGDH:p.Y948fs, OR4C16:p.S135R, OR51A7:p.L124R, OR7C1:p.C179fs, OSBP2:p.H627fs, OTOF:p.E1304K, P2RX1:p.R20fs, PALB2:p.M296fs, PALB2:p.N280fs, PANK1:p.K400fs, PAPD4:p.C225fs, PAPPA2:p.I1683fs, PARP15:p.K461fs, PARP4:p.K847fs, PCDH10:p.N118fs, PCDH10:p.P225fs, PCGF3:p.H63fs, PELI2:p.G197fs, PHACTR1:p.V251fs, PHACTR2:p.S237fs, PHACTR4:p.S354fs, PHKB:p.K642fs, PIAS3:p.H116fs, PIGO:p.P787fs, PIGT:p.A346fs, PIK3R3:p.M341fs, PITPNM1:p.P295fs, PKN2:p.K76fs, PLA2G15:p.W230fs, PLAG1:p.K184fs, PLEKHO1:p.T254fs, PLOD3:p.R297fs, PLOD3:p.P296fs, PLXNA2:p.P464fs, POLQ:p.L1430fs, PPARGC1B:p.P135fs, PPL:p.P454fs, PPM1H:p.P226fs, PPP1R12C:p.P372fs,PREX2:p.R562fs, PRICKLE4:p.Q109fs, PRKAR1B:p.P87fs, PRKCG:p.R345C, PRMT8:p.S28fs, PROX1:p.F592fs, PRRG3:p.R163fs, PSD2:p.G256fs, PTCHD3:p.F588fs, PTPN4:p.N319fs, PTPRC:p.Q895H, PWWP2B:p.S84fs, PYGO2:p.Q150fs, RABGAP1:p.K928fs, RB1CC1:p.N1171fs, RBM6:p.R96fs, RHOA:p.Y42C, RIMS1:p.R71G, RIMS2:p.V401fs, RING1:p.G171fs, RINT1:p.L107fs, RNF43:p.P116fs, ROBO2:p.K1293fs, RPS6KA6:p.K109fs, RRS1:p.N45fs, RSF1:p.K386fs, RUSC2:p.P486fs, RXFP3:p.A60V, SAFB:p.W798fs, SCARF1:p.R614Q, SCLT1:p.K109fs, SERPINB12:p.Q168fs, SGK3:p.L61fs, SGOL2:p.E407fs, SIGLEC1:p.P318fs, SIK1:p.Q678fs, SLC16A6:p.G98fs, SLC25A17:p.F28fs, SLC26A7:p.I629fs, SLC32A1:p.V494I, SLC4A3:p.L1061fs, SLC7A10:p.P157fs, SLC9A2:p.T746fs, SLITRK1:p.K45fs, SND1:p.H721fs, SOAT1:p.F64fs, SORBS2:p.E1158fs, SOX7:p.L309fs, SPAG17:p.Q1264fs, SPTY2D1:p.P485fs, SRCIN1:p.P865fs, SREBF2:p.H763fs, SRRT:p.G102fs, STAB1:p.P1120fs, STRADA:p.R333fs, STX2:p.K252fs, SV2A:p.E138fs, SYCP2:p.M176fs, SYNJ2:p.P1111fs, TAS2R10:p.L196fs, TBC1D22B:p.A175fs, TEAD2:p.P298fs, TFE3:p.G482fs, TGM6:p.T358fs, TIMM44:p.K83fs, TIMP3:p.A199fs, TLR4:p.L498V, TMEM132D:p.P206fs, TMEM41A:p.F156fs, TMEM41B:p.F230fs, TMTC4:p.R611C, TNK2:p.P632fs, TOPBP1:p.I1381fs, TP53:p.E286K, TP53:p.P152fs, TRIP11:p.K541fs, TRPA1:p.T673fs, TRPM8:p.H765fs, TTF1:p.K336fs, TTI1:p.R707H, TTN:p.E15192D, U2AF2:p.L175fs, UBC:p.G684fs, UBR4:p.P2802fs, UPF2:p.E1033D, UPK2:p.P49fs, USP13:p.I116fs, USP15:p.K782fs, VASH1:p.G3fs, VEZF1:p.355_356insN, VPS13A:p.F2883fs, WAPAL:p.R522fs, WDFY3:p.L1842fs, WDR59:p.N160fs, WDR5:p.N214fs, WDR60:p.Q412fs, WDTC1:p.M287fs, WHSC1L1:p.K418fs, WNT1:p.W167fs, XIRP2:p.E1007D, YBX2:p.P226fs, YIF1A:p.R131fs, ZBBX:p.E151del, ZBTB40:p.L262fs, ZBTB7C:p.G342fs, ZBTB7C:p.D154fs, ZC3H18:p.T701fs, ZDHHC5:p.E651del, ZDHHC7:p.P316fs, ZFHX3:p.R1893fs, ZFHX3:p.E763fs, ZFHX4:p.L408fs, ZHX3:p.N249K, ZIM3:p.I384fs, ZKSCAN5:p.D13fs, ZMYM4:p.K345fs, ZNF236:p.T1410M, ZNF23:p.F122fs, ZNF334:p.K426fs, ZNF358:p.T130fs, ZNF701:p.L296fs, ZNF711:p.L737fs, and ZNF831:p.A49fs.69. The pharmaceutical composition of any of paragraphs 30-36, wherein:(a) the population of subjects is suffering from TGCT; and(b) the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations selected from the group consisting of FAM18B2:p.C51Y, BTN2A3P:p.P3S,MUC2:p.G1715S, NBPF10:p.L44V, SP8:p.G156S, DCP1B:p.Q252H, DEK:p.E41D, ERC1:p.K692R, FAM104B:p.D75H, FRG1B:p.M49V, KRTAP10-10:p.V234M, LRRCC1:p.A6V, NRAS:p.Q61R, PNPLA4:p.L223P, ANKLE1:p.C644fs, ANKLE1:p.C644fs, KIT:p.D816H, KIT:p.D816Y, MUC2:p.T1597I, PSMD11:p.A5V, RHPN2:p.V73M, RUNX2:p.Q71E, SP4:p.E7K, TUBA1C:p.L146F, ZNF814:p.Y324H, ADAMTS17:p.N572T, ATRX:p.K1936R, BCL11B:p.E535D, BMP2K:p.Q460H, BMP2K:p.H487Q, C12orf32:p.D60V, C22orf43:p.K19E, CDC27:p.N571I, CDC27:p.P242S, DDX11:p.K208fs, EBPL:p.L189V, EZH2:p.K510R, FAM86A:p.A141T, GAS2L2:p.D189A, GRID2IP:p.LS754del, HGC6.3:p.E171G, KIT:p.D816V, KIT:p.N822Y, KIT:p.N822K, KRAS:p.Q61R, KRAS:p.G12V, KRTAP1-1:p.I116V, LRRC37BP1:p.Y166D, MEF2A:p.R127Q, MFF:p.S7F, MST1:p.R347W, MUC4:p.S3048L, MUC6:p.H2000Q, MUC6:p.P1977H, NAT10:p.I393T, OPLAH:p.A900D, PIEZO1:p.Q749E, PRAMEF4:p.F300V, RBM10:p.E184D, SERINC2:p.T121P, SPIN2A:p.M150V, SRRM2:p.A2257S, SSBP3:p.K6R, ZNF680:p.R501W, ABCC8:p.Y512C, ABCC9:p.L466P, ABCD1:p.H169Q, ABL2:p.P19T, ACVR2B:p.R48C, AHDC1:p.P33fs, AHNAK2:p.L1640M, ALPPL2:p.W31S, AMMECR1:p.G77C, ANK3:p.D1322E, ANKHD1-EIF4EBP3:p.G60S, ANKRD11:p.Y2015S, ANKRD11:p.K369R, ANKRD50:p.V637M, APBB3:p.L450P, ARHGAP24:p.T35A, ARID4B:p.G1076A, ARMC3:p.A514T, ARRB2:p.T99P, ATAD5:p.I305V, ATXN3:p.305_306insQQQQQQQ, AVPR1B:p.G39R, AXDND1:p.E994Q, BAI2:p.A231G, BEST3:p.P383L, BIRC6:p.V414L, BIRC8:p.A225M, BRWD1:p.K1319R, BTN2A2:p.L15F, C12orf51:p.A2644T, C12orf65:p.K143T, C16orf62:p.L244I, C1QBP:p.T225I, C1orf167:p.S123G, C5orf25:p.Y4F, CACNA1E:p.G2080S, CAPNS1:p.LV303del, CCDC159:p.A332S, CDKAL1:p.P409L, CDYL:p.V48A, CDYL:p.A60G, CELSR2:p.L17P, CHD4:p.E138D, CKAP5:p.G576A, CLCC1:p.K52R, CMTM8:p.S26T, CNKSR2:p.P249L, CNTN5:p.I501T, COG5:p.H617R, COL15A1:p.K708R, COL6A3:p.A2378D, CRYGB:p.R143G, CSGALNACT2:p.L362F, CUL4A:p.I438F, CXXC1:p.Q156H, CYP19A1:p.F406L, DCLRE1B:p.F28I, DDX11:p.A376T, DDX11:p.E680D, DEPDC5:p.R1525Q, DLC1:p.S741T, DNMT1:p.R995Q, DOCK11:p.Q169E, DSPP:p.D1047N, E2F7:p.I91S, EBF1:p.D353G, ECI2:p.K55R, EEF1A2:p.Y418S, EIF3J:p.A8G, EML6:p.K805R, EPAS1:p.S474T, EPRS:p.L1335I, ERICH1:p.E327K, FAM101B:p.L5P, FAM104A:p.M1R, FAM110D:p.R71H, FAM155A:p.Q95R, FAM186A:p.G1492E, FAM194B:p.Y139H, FAM21B:p.P1231S, FAM32A:p.K9R,FAM46B:p.H416R, FAM48B1:p.I499V, FAM48B1:p.A516P, FAM5C:p.S425W, FAM86C2P:p.C120Y, FBXL14:p.V48G, FRMPD3:p.Q832del, FRS2:p.L47S, GDF5:p.E105fs, GPNMB:p.C3fs, GPT2:p.R10P, H2AFV:p.Q125R, HDLBP:p.R503C, HERC2:p.R2129C, HIST1H2BJ:p.K13R, HLX:p.N231K, HMGB3:p.E198D, HSF4:p.R169W, HSF4:p.S491P, HYAL4:p.D222N, INO80E:p.P206fs, INTS4:p.S460A, IQCF6:p.R3H, ITPR1:p.M1569I, ITPR3:p.R1698G, KANSL3:p.G376E, KCNA4:p.E627del, KDM5A:p.P423S, KDM6A:p.Y362fs, KIAA0020:p.K63R, KIDINS220:p.N851S, KIT:p.W557G, KLHDC2:p.W321S, KRAS:p.A146T, KRAS:p.Q61H, KRAS:p.Q61L, KRAS:p.G12A, KRAS:p.G12R, KRBA1:p.R839G, KRTAP4-8:p.T63S, L2HGDH:p.P441del, LAMC3:p.P174Q, LHCGR:p.L16Q, LOC401296:p.L144M, LPHN2:p.F906I, LRP12:p.G310C, LTB4R:p.F73L, LTBP3:p.L35del, LUC7L3:p.S148T, LYPD4:p.T64K, MAMLD1:p.Q572L, MAP4K2:p.R341G, MAPK7:p.A501D, MAT2A:p.E166G, MED12L:p.C1292Y, MESP2:p.Q182E, MEX3C:p.R534S, MIER2:p.L131F, MLL5:p.Y66C, MLLT3:p.177_178SS>S, MMS19:p.D1005N, MRPS25:p.E119del, MSH6:p.D576A, MTIF3:p.G65E, MUC17:p.M1807T, MUC17:p.T2279N, MUC17:p.G2474S, MUC2:p.TTPSPP1475del, MUC2:p.T1568M, MUC2:p.T1580N, MUC2:p.T1704I, MUC2:p.T1706M, MUC4:p.H1117D, MUC5B:p.R1097H, MYEF2:p.K323E, MYEOV:p.L302H, MYH8:p.A785V, MYO1A:p.N584K, NAP1L3:p.P353R, NAV1:p.I1433M, NCAM1:p.E131G, NEB:p.D3107N, NEFH:p.V670E, NELL2:p.G170D, NHS:p.D1561N, NKD2:p.H447del, NSD1:p.T461R, NT5C3:p.A3P, NYAP1:p.P480S, OBSCN:p.A908T, OR10J1:p.R244Q, OR1S2:p.M298I, OR2L3:p.K294R, OR6K6:p.F311L, PABPC3:p.V325fs, PBX2:p.Y262F, PCDHB4:p.P255F, PCMTD1:p.V281A, PCP4L1:p.K64R, PDE3A:p.A98E, PDIA6:p.N56K, PDS5A:p.L1309F, PHLDA2:p.R28S, PIGR:p.V183G, PIK3CA:p.E545K, PIK3CD:p.C381R, PKD1:p.T938M, PLEKHM1:p.A895V, PLEKHN1:p.A600D, PLXND1:p.R367L, PMS2:p.K651R, PNMA3:p.E200G, POTEF:p.S112G, PRAMEF8:p.I448V, PRDM2:p.E278D, PRODH:p.L527V, PRPF31:p.R289W, PSME4:p.N495D, PTGR1:p.E40A, PTPRB:p.Q726H, RABGEF1:p.N207D, RAC1:p.P34R, RANBP17:p.M900I, REV3L:p.A30S, RFC3:p.I82N, RFC3:p.K296N, RIMBP3:p.Q1154R, RPL19:p.R151C, RPL5:p.R58fs, RPTN:p.M538I, RRAD:p.A278E, RYR1:p.D668Y, RYR2:p.L2023F, SAFB:p.G799V, SCRIB:p.G332V, SDK1:p.Y2146C, SEC16A:p.T443K, SEC31B:p.P905S, SELO:p.R565Q, SELP:p.A297T, SI:p.I1681K, SLC2A7:p.H268Q, SLC37A1:p.V528I, SLC38A1:p.G100R, SMARCA2:p.D1158A, SMARCA5:p.T156fs,SMC3:p.E970Q, SMG1:p.P2696H, SNRNP200:p.A2129G, SPIN2B:p.M150V, ST6GALNAC1:p.S354N, STAMBPL1:p.Y143H, STARD8:p.G662A, STON1- GTF2A1L:p.N451S, SYMPK:p.A336G, TAS2R8:p.W98C, TCHH:p.W1016R, TET1:p.T1472S, TIAM1:p.G247M, TNS1:p.P183S, TOR1AIP2:p.G146R, TPRX1:p.S216P, TPRX1:p.S200P, TRMT61A:p.S244I, TSPAN4:p.L92V, TTF1:p.Q530R, UBE2M:p.G131D, UBR5:p.R2517S, UGT2B11:p.R447I, UMODL1:p.M559I, UNC93A:p.V445A, USP46:p.Q137R, VWA2:p.G317D, VWA7:p.V792G, WASH3P:p.L187V, WNT5B:p.K327E, WRN:p.E510D, XDH:p.P410S, ZAN:p.S755P, ZC3H11A:p.I777T, ZC3H7A:p.C575S, ZDHHC11:p.H250Q, ZFHX4:p.D3239N, ZKSCAN3:p.K200A, ZMYM4:p.T367I, ZNF174:p.P353T, ZNF322:p.Y353C, ZNF592:p.K324Q, ZNF592:p.P500T, ZNF782:p.C145F, ZNF799:p.C453R, ZNF804B:p.P644S, and ZNRF3:p.R889W.70. The pharmaceutical composition of any of paragraphs 30-36, wherein:(a) the population of subjects is suffering from THCA; and(b) the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations selected from the group consisting of BRAF:p.V600E, NRAS:p.Q61R, HRAS:p.Q61R, NRAS:p.Q61K, OTUD4:p.T909I, HRAS:p.Q61K, NLRP6:p.E611G, AKT1:p.E17K, ANKMY1:p.N302I, ATP6V1A:p.L237P, CYP19A1:p.S113I, DCUN1D4:p.L275P, DGCR8:p.E518K, DLC1:p.S741T, DNAH10:p.C1853F, EIF1AX:p.G9D, FAM75D5:p.L222P, FCGRT:p.P40A, KRAS:p.Q61K, LMX1B:p.Q285del, MAS1L:p.R324G, MED15:p.S35I, MEGF6:p.Y393C, ODZ2:p.A1529V, OR5L1:p.R122H, OR6K6:p.F311L, OTX1:p.D315N, POTEE:p.S75G, SCN5A:p.D1978H, TOP2A:p.K1199E, and TSG101:p.K265R.71. The pharmaceutical composition of any of paragraphs 30-36, wherein:(a) the population of subjects is suffering from UCS; and(b) the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations selected from the group consisting of TP53:p.R248Q, ZNF814:p.D404E, BTN2A3P:p.P3S, FBXW7:p.R465C, FRG1B:p.G65E, MUC4:p.H4205Q, NBPF10:p.V99F, PIK3CA:p.E545K, PIK3CA:p.H1047R, PPP2R1A:p.P179R, DDX11L2:p.*128Q, FBXW7:p.R479Q, FRG1B:p.K13N, FRG1B:p.L52S, HSD17B7P2:p.N175S, KRAS:p.G12V, LOC283788:p.S37G, TP53:p.R273H, TP53:p.S241Y, ADAMTS12:p.E359K, BCL2L11:p.L187fs, CDC27:p.L460fs, CHEK2:p.K373E, ESPNP:p.W122fs, FBXW7:p.R689W,FBXW7:p.R505G, FBXW7:p.R465H, FCGBP:p.V4019M, FRG1B:p.I10T, FRG1B:p.D32V, FRG1B:p.R37K, KRAS:p.G12D, LOC100233156:p.R21C, LOC283788:p.I46M, LRP1B:p.L1392F, MAMLD1:p.Q572L, MST1P9:p.L319P, MUC4:p.A2390T, MUC4:p.G2172S, NBPF10:p.E3455K, PIK3CA:p.G106V, PODXL:p.28_30PSP>P, POTEC:p.R477Q, PPP2R1A:p.R183W, PPP2R1A:p.S219L, PTPN18:p.TG378del, RGPD3:p.N756D, RPL13AP20:p.G107R, SAMD4B:p.R477W, SMAP1:p.E169fs, TP53:p.H193R, TP53:p.H179R, TP53:p.R175H, TUBBP5:p.R119H, and U2AF1:p.S34F.72. The pharmaceutical composition of any of paragraphs 30-36, wherein:(a) the population of subjects is suffering from PAAD; and(b) the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations selected from the group consisting of RBM14:p.AAAAAAA286del, KRAS:p.G12D, JMY:p.PPPPPPPPPPPP811del, RIOK1:p.D69del, LCE2A:p.SSGGCCGSSSGGCC47del, KRAS:p.G12V, C1QB:p.GPKGPMGPKGGPGAPGAP90del, ZFHX3:p.V777del, DBR1:p.541_542DD>D, AEBP1:p.K1133del, KRAS:p.G12R, RBM47:p.495_502AAAAAAAA>A, AP3S1:p.K41fs, MLL2:p.AEGPHLSPQPEELHLSPQ792del, RFX1:p.386_401GGGGGGGGGGGGGGSG>G, AXDND1:p.EQ991del, HERC2P3:p.A803V, RGPD3:p.N756D, FNDC1:p.D1180del, ANAPC1:p.T537A, IRS4:p.21_22AA>A, GIGYF2:p.Q1005del, NCOA3:p.Q1253fs, SIK3:p.950_951QQ>Q, GPR6:p.AAAAATAAGGPDTGEWGPPA36del, NBPF12:p.D1323fs, SHROOM4:p.1156_1157EE>E, ZMIZ2:p.VAAAAATATATATAT153del, DGKK:p.PAPP41del, LZTS1:p.RTQDLEGALRTKGLEL432del, CASQ2:p.395_396DD>D, DCP1B:p.251_252insH, ESPNP:p.296_317PPPPSFPPPPPPPGTQLPPPPP>P, KBTBD6:p.T403K, NBPF16:p.D449fs, ANKRD36C:p.H438R, ESPN:p.PPPPPPSFPPPPPPPGTQLPP430del, FCGBP:p.A2493V, KRAS:p.Q61H, NCOA3:p.Q1276del, OR2T2:p.C203fs, TMCC1:p.Q565L, BCKDHA:p.G129fs, ESPNP:p.H64fs, GNAS:p.R844H, NBPF14:p.R25C, OGFOD1:p.G477fs, RBM12:p.P693S, SLC38A10:p.1071_1072II>I, SORBS2:p.P866S, TP53:p.R248W, TP53:p.R175H, and UBAC1:p.E269del.73. The pharmaceutical composition of any of paragraphs 30-72, wherein the composition comprises at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least17, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 21, at least 22, at least 23, at least 24, at least 25, at least 26, at least 27, at least 28, at least 29, or at least 30 neoantigenic peptides.74. The pharmaceutical composition of paragraph 73, wherein the composition comprises 15 to 20 neoantigenic peptides.75. The pharmaceutical composition of paragraphs 73 or 74, further comprising at least one additional neoantigenic peptide which is specific for an individual patient's tumor.76. The pharmaceutical composition of paragraph 75, wherein the patient specific neoantigenic peptide is selected by identifying sequence differences between the genome, exome, and / or transcriptome of the patient's tumor sample and the genome, exome, and / or transcriptome of a non-tumor sample.77. The pharmaceutical composition of paragraph 75, wherein the samples are fresh or formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tumor tissues, freshly isolated cells, or circulating tumor cells.78. The pharmaceutical composition of paragraph 75, wherein the sequence differences are determined by Next Generation Sequencing.79. The pharmaceutical composition of any of paragraphs 30-78, wherein each neoantigenic peptide is from about 5 to about 50 amino acids in length.80. The pharmaceutical composition of paragraph 79, wherein each neoantigenic peptide is between about 15 to about 35 amino acids in length; is about 15 amino acids or less in length; is about 8 and about 11 amino acids in length; or is 9 or 10 amino acids in length.81. The pharmaceutical composition of paragraph 79 or 80, wherein each neoantigenic peptide binds major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I.82. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of paragraphs 30-81, wherein each neoantigenic peptide binds to MHC class I with a binding affinity of less than about 500 nM, or optionally each neoantigenic peptide binds to HLA-A, -B or–C with a KDof less than 500 nM.83. The pharmaceutical composition of paragraph 79, wherein each neoantigenic peptide is about 30 amino acids or less in length; is between about 6 and about 25 amino acids in length; is between about 15 and about 24 amino acids in length; or is between about 9 and about 15 amino acids in length.84. The pharmaceutical composition of paragraph 79, 82 or 83, wherein each neoantigenic peptide binds major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II.85. The pharmaceutical composition of paragraph 84, wherein each neoantigenic peptide binds to MHC class I with a binding affinity of less than about 500 nM, or optionally each neoantigenic peptide binds to HLA-A, -B or–C with a KDof less than 500 nM.86. The pharmaceutical composition of any of paragraphs 30-85, wherein at least one neoantigenic peptide further comprises flanking amino acids.87. The pharmaceutical composition of paragraph 86, wherein the flanking amino acids are not native flanking amino acids.88. The pharmaceutical composition of any of paragraphs 30-87, which at least one neoantigenic peptide is linked to at least a second neoantigenic peptide.89. The pharmaceutical composition of paragraph 88, wherein peptides are linked using a poly-glycine or poly-serine linker.90. The pharmaceutical composition of paragraph 88 or 89, wherein the second neoantigenic peptide binds MHC class I or class II with a binding affinity of less than about 1000 nM.91. The pharmaceutical composition of any of paragraphs 88-90, wherein the second neoantigenic peptide binds MHC class I or class II with a binding affinity of less than about 500 nM.92. The pharmaceutical composition of any of paragraphs 88-91, wherein both of the neoepitopes bind to human leukocyte antigen (HLA) -A, -B, -C, -DP, -DQ, or -DR.93. The pharmaceutical composition of any of paragraphs 88-92, wherein the isolated neoantigenic peptide and the second neoantigenic peptide binds a class I HLA or the isolated neoantigenic peptide and the second neoantigenic peptide binds a class II HLA.94. The pharmaceutical composition of any of paragraphs 88-92, wherein the isolated neoantigenic peptide binds a class II HLA and the second neoantigenic peptide binds a class I HLA or the isolated neoantigenic peptide binds a class I HLA and the second neoantigenic peptide binds a class II HLA.95. The pharmaceutical composition of any of paragraphs 30-94, wherein at least one neoantigenic peptide further comprises modifications which increase in vivo half-life, cellular targeting, antigen uptake, antigen processing, MHC affinity, MHC stability, or antigen presentation.96. The pharmaceutical composition of paragraph 95, wherein the modification is conjugation to a carrier protein, conjugation to a ligand, conjugation to an antibody, PEGylation, polysialylation HESylation, recombinant PEG mimetics, Fc fusion, albumin fusion, nanoparticle attachment, nanoparticulate encapsulation, cholesterol fusion, iron fusion, acylation, amidation, glycosylation, side chain oxidation, phosphorylation, biotinylation, the addition of a surface active material, the addition of amino acid mimetics, or the addition of unnatural amino acids.97. The pharmaceutical composition of paragraph 95, wherein the cells that are targeted are antigen presenting cells.98. The pharmaceutical composition of paragraph 97, wherein the antigen presenting cells are dendritic cells.99. The pharmaceutical composition of paragraph 98, wherein the dendritic cells are targeted using DEC205, XCR1, CD197, CD80, CD86, CD123, CD209, CD273, CD283, CD289, CD184, CD85h, CD85j, CD85k, CD85d, CD85g, CD85a, CD141, CD11c, CD83, TSLP receptor, or CD1a marker.100. The pharmaceutical composition of paragraph 99, wherein the dendritic cells are targeted using the CD141, DEC205, or XCR1 marker.101. The pharmaceutical composition of any of paragraphs 30-100, which is an immunogenic or vaccine composition.102. The pharmaceutical composition of paragraph 101, further comprising an immunomodulator or adjuvant.103. The pharmaceutical composition of paragraph 102, wherein the immunodulator or adjuvant is selected from the group consisting of Poly(I:C), Poly-ICLC, STING agonist, 1018 ISS, aluminium salts, Amplivax, AS15, BCG, CP-870,893, CpG7909, CyaA, dSLIM, GM-CSF, IC30, IC31, Imiquimod, ImuFact IMP321, IS Patch, ISS, ISCOMATRIX, JuvImmune, LipoVac, MF59, monophosphoryl lipid A, Montanide IMS 1312 VG, Montanide ISA 206 VG, Montanide ISA 50 V2, Montanide ISA 51 VG, OK-432, OM-174, OM-197-MP-EC, ISA-TLR2 agonist, ONTAK, PepTel®. vector system, PLG microparticles, resiquimod, SRL172, virosomes and other virus-like particles, YF-17D, VEGF trap, R848, beta-glucan, Pam3Cys, Pam3CSK4, acrylic or methacrylic polymers, copolymers of maleic anhydride, and QS21 stimulon.104. An isolated polynucleotide encoding the isolated neoantigenic peptide of any of paragraphs 1-24.105. The isolated polynucleotide of paragraph 104, which is RNA.106. The isolated polynucleotide of paragraph 105, wherein the RNA is modified to increase stability, increase cellular targeting, increase translation efficiency, adjuvanticity, cytosol accessibility, and / or decrease cytotoxicity.107. The isolated polynucleotide of paragraph 106, wherein the modification is conjugation to a carrier protein, conjugation to a ligand, conjugation to an antibody, codon optimization, increased GC-content, incorporation of modified nucleosides, incorporation of 5'- cap or cap analog, and / or incorporation of an unmasked poly-A sequence.108. A cell comprising the polynucleotide of any of paragraphs 104-107.109. A vector comprising the polynucleotide of any one of paragraphs 104-107.110. The vector of paragraph 110, in which the polynucleotide is operably linked to a promoter.111. The vector of paragraphs 109 or 110, which is a plasmid, phage, transposon, cosmid, virus, or virion.112. The vector of paragraph 111, which is an adeno-associated virus, herpesvirus, lentivirus, or pseudotypes thereof.113. An in vivo delivery system comprising the isolated polynucleotide of any of paragraphs 104-107.114. The delivery system of paragraph 113, wherein the delivery system includes spherical nucleic acids, viruses, virus-like particles, plasmids, bacterial plasmids, or nanoparticles.115. A cell comprising the vector or delivery system of any of paragraphs 109-114. 116. The cell of paragraph 115, which is an antigen presenting cell.117. The cell of paragraph 116, which is a dendritic cell.118. The cell of paragraph 117, which is an immature dendritic cell.119. A composition comprising at least one polynucleotide of any of paragraphs 104- 107.120. The composition of paragraph 119, wherein the composition comprises at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, at least20, at least 21, at least 22, at least 23, at least 24, at least 25, at least 26, at least 27, at least 28, at least 29, or at least 30 of the isolated polynucleotides.121. The composition of paragraph 120, wherein the composition comprises between about 2 and about 20 polynucleotides.122. The composition of any one of paragraphs 119-121, wherein the composition further comprises at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 21, at least 22, at least 23, at least 24, at least 25, at least 26, at least 27, at least 28, at least 29, or at least 30 additional neoantigenic polynucleotides encoding for additional neoantigenic peptides.123. The composition of paragraph 122, wherein the composition comprises between about 4 and about 20 additional neoantigenic polynucleotides.124. The composition of paragraph 122, wherein the isolated polynucleotides and the additional neoantigenic polynucleotides are linked.125. The composition of paragraph 124, wherein the polynucleotides are linked using nucleic acids that encode a poly-glycine or poly-serine linker.126. The composition of any of paragraphs 122-125, wherein at least one of the additional neoantigenic peptide is specific for an individual patient's tumor.127. The composition of paragraph 126, wherein the patient specific neoantigenic peptide is selected by identifying sequence differences between the genome, exome, and / or transcriptome of the patient's tumor sample and the genome, exome, and / or transcriptome of a non-tumor sample.128. The composition of paragraph 127, wherein the samples are fresh or formalin- fixed paraffin embedded tumor tissues, freshly isolated cells, or circulating tumor cells.129. The composition of paragraphs 127 or 128, wherein the sequence differences are determined by Next Generation Sequencing.130. A T cell receptor (TCR) capable of binding at least one neoantigenic peptide listed in any of paragraphs 1-27, optionally a neoantigenic peptide comprising FGFR3 S249C, ERBB3 V104M, EGFR L858R, MUC4 H4205Q, PDGFRA R483fs, TMEM52 23_26LLPL>L, or PODXL 28_30PSP>P.131. The TCR of paragraph 130, which is capable of binding the isolated neoantigenic peptide in the context of MHC class I or class II.132. A chimeric antigen receptor comprising: (i) a T cell activation molecule; (ii) a transmembrane region; and (iii) an antigen recognition moiety capable of binding an isolated neoantigenic peptide of any one of paragraphs 1-27.133. The chimeric antigen receptor of paragraph 132, wherein CD3-zeta is the T cell activation molecule.134. The chimeric antigen receptor of paragraph 132 or 133, further comprising at least one costimulatory signaling domain.135. The chimeric antigen receptor of any of paragraphs 132-134, wherein the signaling domain is CD28, 4-1BB, ICOS, OX40, ITAM, or Fc epsilon RI-gamma.136. The chimeric antigen receptor of any of paragraphs 132-135, wherein the antigen recognition moiety is capable of binding the isolated neoantigenic peptide in the context of MHC class I or class II.137. The chimeric antigen receptor of any of paragraphs 132-136, comprising the CD3-zeta, CD28, CTLA-4, ICOS, BTLA, KIR, LAG3, CD137, OX40, CD27, CD40L, Tim-3, A2aR, or PD-1 transmembrane region.138. The chimeric antigen receptor of any of paragraphs 132-137, wherein the tumor- specific epitope is located in the extracellular domain of a tumor associated polypeptide, optionally the tumor-specific epitope comprises FGFR3 S249C, ERBB3 V104M, EGFR L858R, MUC4 H4205Q, PDGFRA R483fs, TMEM5223_26LLPL>L, or PODXL 28_30PSP>P.139. A T cell comprising the T cell receptor or chimeric antigen receptor of any of paragraphs 130-138.140. The T cell of paragraph 139, which is a helper or cytotoxic T cell.141. A nucleic acid comprising a promoter operably linked to a polynucleotide encoding the T cell receptor of paragraph 130 or 131.142. The nucleic acid of paragraph 141, wherein the TCR is capable of binding the at least one neoantigenic peptide in the context of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I or class II.143. A nucleic acid comprising a promoter operably linked to a polynucleotide encoding the chimeric antigen receptor of any of paragraphs 132-138.144. The nucleic acid of paragraph 143, wherein the antigen recognition moiety is capable of binding the at least one neoantigenic peptide in the context of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I or class II.145. The nucleic acid of paragraphs 143 or 144, wherein the tumor-specific epitope is located in the extracellular domain of a tumor associated polypeptide.146. The nucleic acid of any of paragraphs 143-145, comprising the CD3-zeta, CD28, CTLA-4, ICOS, BTLA, KIR, LAG3, CD137, OX40, CD27, CD40L, Tim-3, A2aR, or PD-1 transmembrane region.147. An antibody capable of binding at least one neoantigenic peptide listed in Tables 1-9.148. A modified cell transfected or transduced with the nucleic acid of any one of paragraphs 141-146.149. The modified cell of paragraph 148, wherein the modified cell is a T cell, tumor infiltrating lymphocyte, NK-T cell, TCR-expressing cell, CD4+ T cell, CD8+ T cell, or NK cell.150. A composition comprising the T cell receptor or chimeric antigen receptor of any of paragraphs 130-138.151. A composition comprising autologous patient T cells containing the T cell receptor or chimeric antigen receptor of any of paragraphs 130-138.152. The composition of paragraph 150 or 151, further comprising an immune checkpoint inhibitor.153. The composition of paragraph 150 of 151, further comprising at least two immune checkpoint inhibitors.154. The composition of paragraph 152 or 153, wherein the immune checkpoint inhibitor inhibits a checkpoint protein selected from the group consisting of CTLA-4, PDL1, PDL2, PD1, B7-H3, B7-H4, BTLA, HVEM, TIM3, GAL9, LAG3, VISTA, KIR, 2B4, CD160, CGEN-15049, CHK 1, CHK2, A2aR, and B-7 family ligands or a combination thereof.155. The composition of paragraph 154, wherein the immune checkpoint inhibitor interacts with a ligand of a checkpoint protein selected from the group consisting of CTLA-4, PDL1, PDL2, PD1, B7-H3, B7-H4, BTLA, HVEM, TIM3, GAL9, LAG3, VISTA, KIR, 2B4, CD160, CGEN-15049, CHK 1, CHK2, A2aR, and B-7 family ligands or a combination thereof.156. The composition of any of paragraphs 119-129 or 150-156, further comprising an immune modulator or adjuvant.157. The composition of paragraph 156, wherein the immune modulator is a co- stimulatory ligand, a TNF ligand, an Ig superfamily ligand, CD28, CD80, CD86, ICOS, CD40L, OX40, CD27, GITR, CD30, DR3, CD69, or 4-1BB.158. The composition of paragraph 156, wherein the immune modulator is at least one cancer cell or cancer cell extract.159. The composition of paragraph 158, wherein the cancer cell is autologous to the subject in need of the composition.160. The composition of paragraph 159, wherein the cancer cell has undergone lysis or been exposed to UV radiation.161. The composition of paragraph 156, wherein the composition further comprises an adjuvant.162. The composition of paragraph 161, wherein the adjuvant is selected from the group consisting of: Poly(I:C), Poly-ICLC, STING agonist, 1018 ISS, aluminium salts, Amplivax, AS15, BCG, CP-870,893, CpG7909, CyaA, dSLIM, GM-CSF, IC30, IC31, Imiquimod, ImuFact IMP321, IS Patch, ISS, ISCOMATRIX, JuvImmune, LipoVac, MF59, monophosphoryl lipid A, Montanide IMS 1312 VG, Montanide ISA 206 VG, Montanide ISA 50 V2, Montanide ISA 51 VG, OK-432, OM-174, OM-197-MP-EC, ISA-TLR2 agonist, ONTAK, PepTel®. vector system, PLG microparticles, resiquimod, SRL172, virosomes and other virus- like particles, YF-17D, VEGF trap, R848, beta-glucan, Pam3Cys, Pam3CSK4, acrylic or methacrylic polymers, copolymers of maleic anhydride, and QS21 stimulon.163. The composition of paragraph 161 or 162, wherein the adjuvant induces a humoral immune response when administered to a subject.164. The composition of paragraph 162, wherein the adjuvant induces a T helper cell type 1 response when administered to a subject.165. An in vivo delivery system comprising the pharmaceutical composition of any of paragraphs 30-103.166. The delivery system of paragraph 165, wherein the delivery system includes cell- penetrating peptides, nanoparticulate encapsulation, virus like particles, or liposomes.167. The delivery system of paragraph 166, wherein the cell-penetrating peptide is TAT peptide, herpes simplex virus VP22, transportan, or Antp.168. A cell comprising the isolated neoantigenic peptide of any of paragraphs 1-29. 169. The cell of paragraph 168, which is an antigen presenting cell.170. The cell of paragraph 169, which is a dendritic cell.171. A method of treating cancer or initiating, enhancing, or prolonging an anti-tumor responses in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject the peptide, polynucleotide, vector, composition, antibody, or cells of any of paragraphs 1-164.172. A method of prophylactic cancer treatment comprising:(a) selecting a cancer drug for a patient in need thereof, the drug selected from the group consisting of ibrutinib, erlotinib, imatinib, gefitinib, crizotinib, trastuzumab, vemurafenib, RAF / MEK inhibitors, and antiestrogen therapy; and(b) administering prophylactically to the subject, a pharmaceutical composition according to any of paragraphs 30-103 wherein the at least one neoantigenic peptide is derived from drug resistant mutations associated with the selected cancer drug.173. A method of treating or preventing a tumor in a population of subjects in need thereof, comprising administering to a subject an agent comprising an extracellular ligand- binding domain recognizing a tumor-specific neoepitope comprising a tumor-specific mutation having an incidence of at least 1% of subjects in the population.174. The method according to any of paragraphs 171-173, wherein the tumor-specific mutation comprises a mutation listed for any population in Table 9.175. The method according to any of paragraphs 171-173, wherein the tumor-specific mutation is within a gene containing an extracellular domain.176. The method according to paragraph 175, wherein the tumor-specific mutation comprises FGFR3 S249C, ERBB3 V104M, EGFR L858R, MUC4 H4205Q, PDGFRA R483fs, TMEM5223_26LLPL>L, or PODXL 28_30PSP>P.177. The method according to paragraph 176, wherein the tumor-specific mutation is within the extracellular domain.178. The method according to paragraph 177, wherein the tumor-specific mutation comprises FGFR3 S249C or ERBB3 V104M.179. The method of any of paragraph 171-178, wherein the subject is a human.180. The method of paragraph 179, wherein the subject has cancer.181. The method of paragraph 180, wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of urogenital, gynecological, lung, gastrointestinal , head and neck cancer, malignant glioblastoma, malignant mesothelioma, non-metastatic or metastatic breast cancer, malignant melanoma, Merkel Cell Carcinoma or bone and soft tissue sarcomas, haematologic neoplasias, multiple myeloma, acute myelogenous leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome and acute lymphoblastic leukemia, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), breast cancer, metastatic colorectal cancers, hormone sensitive or hormone refractory prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer, hepatocellular cancer, renal cell cancer, pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, oesophageal cancers, hepatocellular cancers, cholangiocellular cancers, head and neck squamous cell cancer soft tissue sarcoma, and small cell lung cancer.182. The method of any of paragraphs 171-181, wherein the subject has undergone surgical removal of the tumor.183. The method of any of paragraphs 171-182, wherein the peptide, polynucleotide, vector, composition, or cells is administered via intravenous, intraperitoneal, intratumoral, intradermal, or subcutaneous administration.184. The method of paragraph 183, wherein the peptide, polynucleotide, vector, composition, or cells is administered into an anatomic site that drains into a lymph node basin.185. The method of paragraph 184, wherein administration is into multiple lymph node basins.186. The method of any one of paragraphs 183-185, wherein administration is by a subcutaneous or intradermal route.187. The method of paragraph 183, wherein peptide is administered.188. The method of paragraph 187, wherein administration is intratumorally.189. The method of paragraph 183, wherein polynucleotide, optionally RNA, is administered.190. The method of paragraph 189, wherein the polynucleotide is administered intravenously.191. The method of paragraph 183, wherein the cell is a T cell or dendritic cell.192. The method of paragraph 191, wherein the peptide or polynucleotide comprises an antigen presenting cell targeting moiety.193. The method of any of paragraphs 171-192, further comprising administering at least one immune checkpoint inhibitor to the subject.194. The method of paragraph 193, wherein the checkpoint inhibitor is a biologic therapeutic or a small molecule.195. The method of paragraph 193 or 194, wherein the checkpoint inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of a monoclonal antibody, a humanized antibody, a fully human antibody and a fusion protein or a combination thereof.196. The method of any of paragraphs 193-195, wherein the checkpoint inhibitor inhibits a checkpoint protein selected from the group consisting of CTLA-4, PDL1, PDL2, PD1, B7-H3, B7-H4, BTLA, HVEM, TIM3, GAL9, LAG3, VISTA, KIR, 2B4, CD160, CGEN-15049, CHK 1, CHK2, A2aR, and B-7 family ligands or a combination thereof.197. The method of any of paragraphs 193-196, wherein the checkpoint inhibitor interacts with a ligand of a checkpoint protein selected from the group consisting of CTLA-4, PDL1, PDL2, PD1, B7-H3, B7-H4, BTLA, HVEM, TIM3, GAL9, LAG3, VISTA, KIR, 2B4, CD160, CGEN-15049, CHK 1, CHK2, A2aR, and B-7 family ligands or a combination thereof.198. The method of any of paragraphs 193-197, wherein two or more checkpoint inhibitors are administered.199. The method of paragraph 198, wherein the checkpoint inhibitors are: (i) ipilimumab or tremelimumab, and (ii) nivolumab.200. The method of any of paragraphs 193-199, wherein the checkpoint inhibitor and the composition are administered simultaneously or sequentially in any order.201. The method of paragraph 200, wherein the peptide, polynucleotide, vector, composition, or cells is administered prior to the checkpoint inhibitor.202. The method of paragraph 200, wherein the peptide, polynucleotide, vector, composition, or cells is administered after the checkpoint inhibitor.203. The method of paragraph 200, wherein administration of the checkpoint inhibitor is continued throughout neoantigen peptide, polynucleotide, vector, composition, or cell therapy.204. The method of any of paragraphs 193-203, wherein the neoantigen peptide, polynucleotide, vector, composition, or cell therapy is administered to subjects that only partially respond or do not respond to checkpoint inhibitor therapy.205. The method of any one of paragraphs 193-204, wherein the checkpoint inhibitor is administered intravenously or subcutaneously.206. The method of paragraph 205, wherein the checkpoint inhibitor is administered subcutaneously within about 2 cm of the site of administration of the composition.207. The method of paragraph 206, wherein the composition is administered into the same draining lymph node as the checkpoint inhibitor.208. The method of any of paragraphs 171-207, further comprising administering an additional therapeutic agent to the subject either prior to, simultaneously with, or after treatment with the peptide, polynucleotide, vector, composition, or cells.209. The method of paragraph 208, wherein the additional agent is a chemotherapeutic agent, an immunomodulatory drug, an immune metabolism modifying drug, a targeted therapy, radiation an anti-angiogenesis agent, or an agent that reduces immune-suppression.210. The method of paragraph 209, wherein the chemotherapeutic agent is an alkylating agent, a topoisomerase inhibitor, an anti-metabolite, or an anti-mitotic agent.211. The method of paragraph 208, wherein the additional agent is an anti- glucocorticoid induced tumor necrosis factor family receptor (GITR) agonistic antibody or antibody fragment, ibrutinib, docetaxeol, cisplatin, or cyclophosphamide.212. The method of any of paragraphs 171-211, which elicits a CD4+ T cell immune response.213. The method of any of paragraphs 171-212, which elicits a CD4+ T cell immune response and a CD8+ T cell immune response.214. A method for stimulating an immune response in a subject, comprising administering an effective amount of modified cells or composition of any of paragraphs 30-103, 108, 115-129, 139, 140, 148-164, and 168-170.215. The method of paragraph 214, wherein the immune response is cytotoxic and / or humoral immune response.216. The method of paragraph 214, wherein the method stimulates a T cell-mediated immune response in a subject.217. The method of paragraph 216, wherein the T cell-mediated immune response is directed against a target cell.218. The method of paragraph 217, wherein the target cell is a tumor cell.219. The method of any of paragraphs 214-218, wherein the modified cells are transfected or transduced in vivo.220. The method of any of paragraphs 214-219, wherein the modified cells are transfected or transduced ex vivo.221. The method of any of paragraphs 214-220, wherein the modified cells are autologous patient T cells.222. The method of paragraph 221, wherein the autologous patient T cells are obtained from a patient that has received a neoantigen peptide or nucleic acid vaccine.223. The method of paragraph 222, wherein the neoantigen peptide or nucleic acid vaccine comprises at least one personalized neoantigen.224. The method of paragraph 223, wherein the neoantigen peptide or nucleic acid vaccine comprises at least one additional neoantigenic peptide listed in Tables 1-9.225. The method of paragraph 224, wherein the patient received a chemotherapeutic agent, an immunomodulatory drug, an immune metabolism modifying drug, targeted therapy or radiation prior to and / or during receipt of the neoantigen peptide or nucleic acid vaccine.226. The method of any of paragraphs 222-225, wherein the patient receives treatment with at least one checkpoint inhibitor.227. The method of any of paragraphs 222-226, wherein the autologous T cells are obtained from a patient that has already received at least one round of T cell therapy containing a neoantigen.228. The method of any of paragraphs 222-227, wherein the method further comprises adoptive T cell therapy.229. The method of paragraph 228, wherein the adoptive T cell therapy comprises autologous T-cells.230. The method of paragraph 229, wherein the autologous T-cells are targeted against tumor antigens.231. The method of paragraph 228 or 229 wherein the adoptive T cell therapy further comprises allogenic T-cells.232. The method of paragraph 231, wherein the allogenic T-cells are targeted against tumor antigens.233. The method of any of paragraphs 227-231, wherein the adoptive T cell therapy is administered before the checkpoint inhibitor.234. A method for evaluating the efficacy of any of paragraphs 171-213, comprising: (i) measuring the number or concentration of target cells in a first sample obtained from the subject before administering the modified cell, (ii) measuring the number concentration of target cells in a second sample obtained from the subject after administration of the modified cell, and (iii) determining an increase or decrease of the number or concentration of target cells in the second sample compared to the number or concentration of target cells in the first sample.235. The method of paragraph 234, wherein treatment efficacy is determined by monitoring a clinical outcome; an increase, enhancement or prolongation of anti-tumor activity by T cells; an increase in the number of anti-tumor T cells or activated T cells as compared with the number prior to treatment; B cell activity; CD4 T cell activity; or a combination thereof.236. The method of paragraph 235, wherein treatment efficacy is determined by monitoring a biomarker.237. The method of paragraph 236, wherein the biomarker is selected from the group consisting of CEA, Her-2 / neu, bladder tumor antigen, thyroglobulin, alpha-fetoprotein, PSA, CA 125, CA19.9, CA 15.3, leptin, prolactin, osteopontin, IGF-II, CD98, fascin, sPIgR, 14-3-3 eta, troponin I, and b-type natriuretic peptide.238. The method of paragraph 235, wherein clinical outcome is selected from the group consisting of tumor regression; tumor shrinkage; tumor necrosis; anti-tumor response by the immune system; tumor expansion, recurrence or spread; or a combination thereof.239. The method of paragraph 235, wherein the treatment effect is predicted by presence of T cells or by presence of a gene signature indicating T cell inflammation or a combination thereof.240. A kit comprising a neoantigen therapeutic of any of paragraphs 1-164.

[0051] Accordingly, it is an object of the invention not to encompass within the invention any previously known product, process of making the product, or method of using the product such that Applicants reserve the right and hereby disclose a disclaimer of any previously known product, process, or method. It is further noted that the invention does not intend to encompass within the scope of the invention any product, process, or making of the product or method of using the product, which does not meet the written description and enablement requirements ofthe USPTO (35 U.S.C. §112, first paragraph) or the EPO (Article 83 of the EPC), such that Applicants reserve the right and hereby disclose a disclaimer of any previously described product, process of making the product, or method of using the product. It may be advantageous in the practice of the invention to be in compliance with Art.53(c) EPC and Rule 28(b) and (c) EPC. All rights to explicitly disclaim any embodiments that are the subject of any granted patent(s) of applicant in the lineage of this application or in any other lineage or in any prior filed application of any third party is explicitly reserved Nothing herein is to be construed as a promise.

[0052] It is noted that in this disclosure and particularly in the claims and / or paragraphs, terms such as“comprises”,“comprised”,“comprising” and the like can have the meaning attributed to it in U.S. Patent law; e.g., they can mean“includes”,“included”,“including”, and the like; and that terms such as“consisting essentially of” and“consists essentially of” have the meaning ascribed to them in U.S. Patent law, e.g., they allow for elements not explicitly recited, but exclude elements that are found in the prior art or that affect a basic or novel characteristic of the invention. Nothing herein is intended as a promise.

[0053] These and other embodiments are disclosed or are obvious from and encompassed by, the following Detailed Description.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0054] To facilitate an understanding of the present invention, a number of terms and phrases are defined herein:

[0055] Unless specifically stated or obvious from context, as used herein, the term“about” is understood as within a range of normal tolerance in the art, for example within 2 standard deviations of the mean. About can be understood as within 50%, 45%, 40%, 35%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.1%, 0.05%, or 0.01% of the stated value. Unless otherwise clear from context, all numerical values provided herein are modified by the term about.

[0056] Unless specifically stated or obvious from context, as used herein, the term“or” is understood to be inclusive. Unless specifically stated or obvious from context, as used herein, the terms“a,”“an,” and“the” are understood to be singular or plural.

[0057] All gene name symbols refer to the gene as commonly known in the art. Gene symbols may be those refered to by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC). Any reference to the gene symbol is a reference made to the entire gene or variants of the gene. The HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee is responsible for providing human gene naming guidelines and approving new, unique human gene names and symbols. All human gene names and symbols can be searched at www.genenames.org, the HGNC website, and the guidelines for their formation are available there (www.genenames.org / guidelines).

[0058] By“agent” is meant any small molecule chemical compound, antibody, nucleic acid molecule, or polypeptide, or fragments thereof.

[0059] By "ameliorate" is meant decrease, suppress, attenuate, diminish, arrest, or stabilize the development or progression of a disease (e.g., a neoplasia, tumor, etc.).

[0060] By "alteration" is meant a change (increase or decrease) in the expression levels oractivity of a gene or polypeptide as detected by standard art known methods such as those described herein. As used herein, an alteration includes a 10% change in expression levels, preferably a 25% change, more preferably a 40% change, and most preferably a 50% or greater change in expression levels.

[0061] By "analog" is meant a molecule that is not identical, but has analogous functional or structural features. For example, a tumor specific neo-antigen polypeptide analog retains the biological activity of a corresponding naturally-occurring tumor specific neo-antigen polypeptide, while having certain biochemical modifications that enhance the analog's function relative to a naturally-occurring polypeptide. Such biochemical modifications could increase the analog's protease resistance, membrane permeability, or half-life, without altering, for example, ligand binding. An analog may include an unnatural amino acid.

[0062] “Combination therapy” is intended to embrace administration of therapeutic agents (e.g. neoantigenic peptides described herein) in a sequential manner, that is, wherein each therapeutic agent is administered at a different time, as well as administration of these therapeutic agents, or at least two of the therapeutic agents, in a substantially simultaneous manner. Substantially simultaneous administration can be accomplished, for example, by administering to the subject a single capsule having a fixed ratio of each therapeutic agent or in multiple, single capsules for each of the therapeutic agents. For example, one combination of the present invention may comprise a pooled sample of neoantigenic peptides administered at thesame or different times, or they can be formulated as a single, co-formulated pharmaceutical composition comprising the peptides. As another example, a combination of the present invention (e.g., a pooled sample of tumor specific neoantigens) may be formulated as separate pharmaceutical compositions that can be administered at the same or different time. As used herein, the term“simultaneously” is meant to refer to administration of one or more agents at the same time. For example, in certain embodiments, the neoantigenic peptides are administered simultaneously. Simultaneously includes administration contemporaneously, that is during the same period of time. In certain embodiments, the one or more agents are administered simultaneously in the same hour, or simultaneously in the same day. Sequential or substantially simultaneous administration of each therapeutic agent can be effected by any appropriate route including, but not limited to, oral routes, intravenous routes, sub-cutaneous routes, intramuscular routes, direct absorption through mucous membrane tissues (e.g., nasal, mouth, vaginal, and rectal), and ocular routes (e.g., intravitreal, intraocular, etc.). The therapeutic agents can be administered by the same route or by different routes. For example, one component of a particular combination may be administered by intravenous injection while the other component(s) of the combination may be administered orally. The components may be administered in any therapeutically effective sequence. The phrase“combination” embraces groups of compounds or non-drug therapies useful as part of a combination therapy.

[0063] The term“neoantigen” or“neoantigenic” means a class of tumor antigens that arises from a tumor-specific mutation(s) which alters the amino acid sequence of genome encoded proteins.

[0064] By“neoplasia” is meant any disease that is caused by or results in inappropriately high levels of cell division, inappropriately low levels of apoptosis, or both. For example, cancer is an example of a neoplasia. Examples of cancers include, without limitation, leukemia (e.g., acute leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelocytic leukemia, acute myeloblastic leukemia, acute promyelocytic leukemia, acute myelomonocytic leukemia, acute monocytic leukemia, acute erythroleukemia, chronic leukemia, chronic myelocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia), polycythemia vera, lymphoma (e.g., Hodgkin’s disease, non-Hodgkin’s disease), Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia, heavy chain disease, and solid tumors such as sarcomas and carcinomas (e.g., fibrosarcoma, myxosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma, chordoma, angiosarcoma, endotheliosarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma,lymphangioendotheliosarcoma, synovioma, mesothelioma, Ewing’s tumor, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, colon carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, sweat gland carcinoma, sebaceous gland carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, papillary adenocarcinomas, cystadenocarcinoma, medullary carcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, hepatoma, nile duct carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, Wilm’s tumor, cervical cancer, uterine cancer, testicular cancer, lung carcinoma, small cell lung carcinoma, bladder carcinoma, epithelial carcinoma, glioma, astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, craniopharyngioma, ependymoma, pinealoma, hemangioblastoma, acoustic neuroma, oligodenroglioma, schwannoma, meningioma, melanoma, neuroblastoma, and retinoblastoma). Lymphoproliferative disorders are also considered to be proliferative diseases.

[0065] The term“vaccine” is meant to refer in the present context to a pooled sample of tumor-specific neoantigenic peptides, for example at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, or more neoantigenic peptides. A“vaccine” is to be understood as meaning a composition for generating immunity for the prophylaxis and / or treatment of diseases (e.g., neoplasia / tumor). Accordingly, vaccines are medicaments which comprise antigens and are intended to be used in humans or animals for generating specific defense and protective substance by vaccination. A “vaccine composition“ can include a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier or diluent.

[0066] The term“pharmaceutically acceptable” refers to approved or approvable by a regulatory agency of the Federal or a state government or listed in the U.S. Pharmacopeia or other generally recognized pharmacopeia for use in animals, including humans.

[0067] A“pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier or diluent” refers to an excipient, carrier or diluent that can be administered to a subject, together with an agent, and which does not destroy the pharmacological activity thereof and is nontoxic when administered in doses sufficient to deliver a therapeutic amount of the agent.

[0068] A“pharmaceutically acceptable salt” of pooled tumor specific neoantigens as recited herein may be an acid or base salt that is generally considered in the art to be suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings or animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication. Such salts include mineral and organic acid salts of basic residues such as amines, as well as alkali or organic salts of acidic residues such as carboxylic acids. Specific pharmaceutical salts include, but are not limited to, salts of acids suchas hydrochloric, phosphoric, hydrobromic, malic, glycolic, fumaric, sulfuric, sulfamic, sulfanilic, formic, toluenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, benzene sulfonic, ethane disulfonic, 2- hydroxyethylsulfonic, nitric, benzoic, 2-acetoxybenzoic, citric, tartaric, lactic, stearic, salicylic, glutamic, ascorbic, pamoic, succinic, fumaric, maleic, propionic, hydroxymaleic, hydroiodic, phenylacetic, alkanoic such as acetic, HOOC-(CH2)n-COOH where n is 0-4, and the like. Similarly, pharmaceutically acceptable cations include, but are not limited to sodium, potassium, calcium, aluminum, lithium and ammonium. Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize from this disclosure and the knowledge in the art that further pharmaceutically acceptable salts for the pooled tumor specific neoantigens provided herein, including those listed by Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17th ed., Mack Publishing Company, Easton, PA, p. 1418 (1985). In general, a pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base salt can be synthesized from a parent compound that contains a basic or acidic moiety by any conventional chemical method. Briefly, such salts can be prepared by reacting the free acid or base forms of these compounds with a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate base or acid in an appropriate solvent.

[0069] By a“polypeptide” or“peptide” is meant a polypeptide that has been separated from components that naturally accompany it. Typically, the polypeptide is isolated when it is at least 60%, by weight, free from the proteins and naturally-occurring organic molecules with which it is naturally associated. Preferably, the preparation is at least 75%, more preferably at least 90%, and most preferably at least 99%, by weight, a polypeptide. An isolated polypeptide may be obtained, for example, by extraction from a natural source, by expression of a recombinant nucleic acid encoding such a polypeptide; or by chemically synthesizing the protein. Purity can be measured by any appropriate method, for example, column chromatography, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, or by HPLC analysis.

[0070] As used herein, the terms“prevent,”“preventing,”“prevention,”“prophylactic treatment,” and the like, refer to reducing the probability of developing a disease or condition in a subject, who does not have, but is at risk of or susceptible to developing a disease or condition.

[0071] The term“prime / boost” or“prime / boost dosing regimen” is meant to refer to the successive administrations of a vaccine or immunogenic or immunological compositions. The priming administration (priming) is the administration of a first vaccine or immunogenic or immunological composition type and may comprise one, two or more administrations. The boost administration is the second administration of a vaccine or immunogenic or immunologicalcomposition type and may comprise one, two or more administrations, and, for instance, may comprise or consist essentially of annual administrations. In certain embodiments, administration of the neoplasia vaccine or immunogenic composition is in a prime / boost dosing regimen.

[0072] Ranges provided herein are understood to be shorthand for all of the values within the range. For example, a range of 1 to 50 is understood to include any number, combination of numbers, or sub-range from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50, as well as all intervening decimal values between the aforementioned integers such as, for example, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, and 1.9. With respect to sub-ranges,“nested sub-ranges” that extend from either end point of the range are specifically contemplated. For example, a nested sub-range of an exemplary range of 1 to 50 may comprise 1 to 10, 1 to 20, 1 to 30, and 1 to 40 in one direction, or 50 to 40, 50 to 30, 50 to 20, and 50 to 10 in the other direction.

[0073] A“receptor” is to be understood as meaning a biological molecule or a molecule grouping capable of binding a ligand. A receptor may serve, to transmit information in a cell, a cell formation or an organism. The receptor comprises at least one receptor unit and frequently contains two or more receptor units, where each receptor unit may consist of a protein molecule, in particular a glycoprotein molecule. The receptor has a structure that complements the structure of a ligand and may complex the ligand as a binding partner. Signaling information may be transmitted by conformational changes of the receptor following binding with the ligand on the surface of a cell. According to the invention, a receptor may refer to particular proteins of MHC classes I and II capable of forming a receptor / ligand complex with a ligand, in particular a peptide or peptide fragment of suitable length.

[0074] The term“subject” refers to an animal which is the object of treatment, observation, or experiment. By way of example only, a subject includes, but is not limited to, a mammal, including, but not limited to, a human or a non-human mammal, such as a non-human primate, bovine, equine, canine, ovine, or feline.

[0075] The terms“treat,”“treated,”“treating,”“treatment,” and the like are meant to refer to reducing or ameliorating a disorder and / or symptoms associated therewith (e.g., a neoplasia or tumor). “Treating” may refer to administration of the therapy to a subject after the onset, or suspected onset, of a cancer.“Treating” includes the concepts of“alleviating”, which refers tolessening the frequency of occurrence or recurrence, or the severity, of any symptoms or other ill effects related to a cancer and / or the side effects associated with cancer therapy. The term “treating” also encompasses the concept of“managing” which refers to reducing the severity of a particular disease or disorder in a patient or delaying its recurrence, e.g., lengthening the period of remission in a patient who had suffered from the disease. It is appreciated that, although not precluded, treating a disorder or condition does not require that the disorder, condition, or symptoms associated therewith be completely eliminated.

[0076] The term“therapeutic effect” refers to some extent of relief of one or more of the symptoms of a disorder (e.g., a neoplasia or tumor) or its associated pathology.“Therapeutically effective amount” as used herein refers to an amount of an agent which is effective, upon single or multiple dose administration to the cell or subject, in prolonging the survivability of the patient with such a disorder, reducing one or more signs or symptoms of the disorder, preventing or delaying, and the like beyond that expected in the absence of such treatment. “Therapeutically effective amount” is intended to qualify the amount required to achieve a therapeutic effect. A physician or veterinarian having ordinary skill in the art can readily determine and prescribe the “therapeutically effective amount” (e.g., ED50) of the pharmaceutical composition required. For example, the physician or veterinarian could start doses of the compounds of the invention employed in a pharmaceutical composition at levels lower than that required in order to achieve the desired therapeutic effect and gradually increase the dosage until the desired effect is achieved.

[0077] The terms“spacer” or“linker” as used in reference to a fusion protein refers to a peptide that joins the proteins comprising a fusion protein. Generally, a spacer has no specific biological activity other than to join or to preserve some minimum distance or other spatial relationship between the proteins or RNA sequences. However, in certain embodiments, the constituent amino acids of a spacer may be selected to influence some property of the molecule such as the folding, net charge, or hydrophobicity of the molecule.

[0078] Suitable linkers for use in an embodiment of the present invention are well known to those of skill in the art and include, but are not limited to, straight or branched-chain carbon linkers, heterocyclic carbon linkers, or peptide linkers. The linker is used to separate two neoantigenic peptides by a distance sufficient to ensure that, in a preferred embodiment, each neoantigenic peptide properly folds. Preferred peptide linker sequences adopt a flexible extendedconformation and do not exhibit a propensity for developing an ordered secondary structure. Typical amino acids in flexible protein regions include Gly, Asn and Ser. Virtually any permutation of amino acid sequences containing Gly, Asn and Ser would be expected to satisfy the above criteria for a linker sequence. Other near neutral amino acids, such as Thr and Ala, also may be used in the linker sequence. Still other amino acid sequences that may be used as linkers are disclosed in Maratea et al. (1985), Gene 40: 39-46; Murphy et al. (1986) Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. USA 83: 8258-62; U.S. Pat. No.4,935,233; and U.S. Pat. No.4,751,180.

[0079] The recitation of a listing of chemical groups in any definition of a variable herein includes definitions of that variable as any single group or combination of listed groups. The recitation of an embodiment for a variable or aspect herein includes that embodiment as any single embodiment or in combination with any other embodiments or portions thereof.

[0080] Any compositions or methods provided herein can be combined with one or more of any of the other compositions and methods provided herein.

[0081] The therapy disclosed herein constitutes a new method for treating various types of cancer. The therapy described herein also provides a method of therapy for achieving clinical benefit without an unacceptable level of side effects.

[0082] In one aspect the present invention relates to methods for the treatment of neoplasia, and more particularly tumors, by administering to a subject a vaccine or immunogenic composition comprising a plurality of tumor specific neoantigenic peptides. As described in more detail herein, in some embodiments the composition provides a specific, optimized subset of tumor-specific neoantigens suitable for the treatment of tumors in a high proportion of subjects suffering from cancer. In some embodiments, the tumor specific neoantigens may together bind to a high overall proportion of HLA allotypes present in the subject population.

[0083] The immune system can be classified into two functional subsystems: the innate and the acquired immune system. The innate immune system is the first line of defense against infections, and most potential pathogens are rapidly neutralized by this system before they can cause, for example, a noticeable infection. The acquired immune system reacts to molecular structures, referred to as antigens, of the intruding organism. There are two types of acquired immune reactions, which include the humoral immune reaction and the cell-mediated immune reaction. In the humoral immune reaction, antibodies secreted by B cells into bodily fluids bind to pathogen-derived antigens, leading to the elimination of the pathogen through a variety ofmechanisms, e.g. complement-mediated lysis. In the cell-mediated immune reaction, T-cells capable of destroying other cells are activated. For example, if proteins associated with a disease are present in a cell, they are fragmented proteolytically to peptides within the cell. Specific cell proteins then attach themselves to the antigen or peptide formed in this manner and transport them to the surface of the cell, where they are presented to the molecular defense mechanisms, in particular T-cells, of the body. Cytotoxic T cells recognize these antigens and kill the cells that harbor the antigens.

[0084] The molecules that transport and present peptides on the cell surface are referred to as proteins of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). MHC proteins are classified into two types, referred to as MHC class I and MHC class II. The structures of the proteins of the two MHC classes are very similar; however, they have very different functions. Proteins of MHC class I are present on the surface of almost all cells of the body, including most tumor cells. MHC class I proteins are loaded with antigens that usually originate from endogenous proteins or from pathogens present inside cells, and are then presented to naïve or cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs). MHC class II proteins are present on dendritic cells, B- lymphocytes, macrophages and other antigen-presenting cells. They mainly present peptides, which are processed from external antigen sources, i.e. outside of the cells, to T-helper (Th) cells. Most of the peptides bound by the MHC class I proteins originate from cytoplasmic proteins produced in the healthy host cells of an organism itself, and do not normally stimulate an immune reaction. Accordingly, cytotoxic T-lymphocytes that recognize such self-peptide-presenting MHC molecules of class I are deleted in the thymus (central tolerance) or, after their release from the thymus, are deleted or inactivated, i.e. tolerized (peripheral tolerance). MHC molecules are capable of stimulating an immune reaction when they present peptides to non-tolerized T-lymphocytes. Cytotoxic T- lymphocytes have both T-cell receptors (TCR) and CD8 molecules on their surface. T-Cell receptors are capable of recognizing and binding peptides complexed with the molecules of MHC class I. Each cytotoxic T-lymphocyte expresses a unique T-cell receptor which is capable of binding specific MHC / peptide complexes.

[0085] The peptide antigens attach themselves to the molecules of MHC class I by competitive affinity binding within the endoplasmic reticulum, before they are presented on the cell surface. Here, the affinity of an individual peptide antigen is directly linked to its amino acid sequence and the presence of specific binding motifs in defined positions within the aminoacid sequence. If the sequence of such a peptide is known, it is possible to manipulate the immune system against diseased cells using, for example, peptide vaccines.

[0086] One of the critical barriers to developing curative and tumor-specific immunotherapy is the identification and selection of highly specific and restricted tumor antigens to avoid autoimmunity. Tumor neoantigens, which arise as a result of genetic change (e.g., inversions, translocations, deletions, missense mutations, splice site mutations, etc.) within malignant cells, represent the most tumor-specific class of antigens. Neoantigens have rarely been used in cancer vaccine or immunogenic compositions due to technical difficulties in identifying them, selecting optimized neoantigens, and producing neoantigens for use in a vaccine or immunogenic composition. These problems may be addressed by:• identifying mutations in neoplasias / tumors which are present at the DNA level in tumor but not in matched germline samples from a high proportion of subjects having cancer; • analyzing the identified mutations with one or more peptide-MHC binding prediction algorithms to generate a plurality of neoantigen T cell epitopes that are expressed within the neoplasia / tumor and that bind to a high proportion of patient HLA alleles; and • synthesizing the plurality of neoantigenic peptides selected from the sets of all neoantigen peptides and predicted binding peptides for use in a cancer vaccine or immunogenic composition suitable for treating a high proportion of subjects having cancer.

[0087] For example, translating sequencing information into a therapeutic vaccine may include:(1) Prediction of mutated peptides that can bind to HLA molecules of a high proportion of individuals. Efficiently choosing which particular mutations to utilize as immunogen requires the ability to predict which mutated peptides would efficiently bind to a high proportion of patient's HLA alleles. Recently, neural network based learning approaches with validated binding and non-binding peptides have advanced the accuracy of prediction algorithms for the major HLA-A and -B alleles.(2) Formulating the drug as a multi-epitope vaccine of long peptides. Targeting as many mutated epitopes as practically possible takes advantage of the enormous capacity of the immune system, prevents the opportunity for immunological escape by down-modulation of a particular immune targeted gene product, and compensates for the known inaccuracy of epitope prediction approaches. Synthetic peptides provide a particularly useful means to prepare multiple immunogens efficiently and to rapidly translate identification of mutant epitopes to an effective vaccine. Peptides can be readily synthesized chemically and easily purified utilizing reagents free of contaminating bacteria or animal substances. The small size allows a clear focus on the mutated region of the protein and also reduces irrelevant antigenic competition from other components (unmutated protein or viral vector antigens).(3) Combination with a strong vaccine adjuvant. Effective vaccines require a strong adjuvant to initiate an immune response. As described below, poly-ICLC, an agonist of TLR3 and the RNA helicase -domains of MDA5 and RIG3, has shown several desirable properties for a vaccine adjuvant. These properties include the induction of local and systemic activation of immune cells in vivo, production of stimulatory chemokines and cytokines, and stimulation of antigen-presentation by DCs. Furthermore, poly-ICLC can induce durable CD4+ and CD8+ responses in humans. Importantly, striking similarities in the upregulation of transcriptional and signal transduction pathways were seen in subjects vaccinated with poly-ICLC and in volunteers who had received the highly effective, replication-competent yellow fever vaccine. Furthermore, >90% of ovarian carcinoma patients immunized with poly-ICLC in combination with a NYES0- 1 peptide vaccine (in addition to Montanide) showed induction of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell, as well as antibody responses to the peptide in a recent phase 1 study. At the same time, polyICLC has been extensively tested in more than 25 clinical trials to date and exhibited a relatively benign toxicity profile.The above-described advantages of the invention are described further herein.

[0088] As described herein, there is a large body of evidence in both animals and humans that mutated epitopes are effective in inducing an immune response and that cases of spontaneous tumor regression or long term survival correlate with CD8+ T-cell responses to mutated epitopes (Buckwalter and Srivastava PK.“It is the antigen(s), stupid” and other lessons from over a decade of vaccitherapy of human cancer. Seminars in immunology 20:296-300 (2008); Karanikas et al, High frequency of cytolytic T lymphocytes directed against a tumor-specific mutated antigen detectable with HLA tetramers in the blood of a lung carcinoma patient with long survival. Cancer Res.61:3718-3724 (2001); Lennerz et al, The response of autologous T cells to a human melanoma is dominated by mutated neoantigens. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.102:16013 (2005)) and that“immunoediting” can be tracked to alterations in expression of dominant mutated antigens in mice and man (Matsushita et al, Cancer exome analysis reveals a T-cell-dependent mechanism of cancer immunoediting Nature 482:400 (2012); DuPage et al, Expression of tumor-specific antigens underlies cancer immunoediting Nature 482:405 (2012); and Sampson et al, Immunologic escape after prolonged progression-free survival with epidermal growth factor receptor variant III peptide vaccination in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma J Clin Oncol.28:4722-4729 (2010)).

[0089] Sequencing technology has revealed that each tumor contains multiple, patient- specific mutations that alter the protein coding content of a gene. Such mutations create altered proteins, ranging from single amino acid changes (caused by missense mutations) to addition of long regions of novel amino acid sequence due to frame shifts, read-through of termination codons or translation of intron regions (novel open reading frame mutations; neoORFs). These mutated proteins are valuable targets for the host’s immune response to the tumor as, unlike native proteins, they are not subject to the immune-dampening effects of self-tolerance. Therefore, mutated proteins are more likely to be immunogenic and are also more specific for the tumor cells compared to normal cells of the patient.

[0090] In one embodiment, the neoantigenic peptides in the composition together have affinity to a plurality of MHC molecules, e.g. which together cover a large proportion of the target population. Efficiently choosing which particular mutations to utilize as immunogen requires the ability to predict which mutated peptides would efficiently bind to the HLA alleles present in the patient population. Recently, neural network based learning approaches with validated binding and non-binding peptides have advanced the accuracy of prediction algorithms for the major HLA-A and -B alleles. Utilizing the recently improved algorithms for predicting which missense mutations create strong binding peptides to cognate MHC molecules, a set of peptides representative of optimal mutated epitopes (both neoORF and missense) for the patient population may be identified and prioritized (Zhang et al, Machine learning competition in immunology– Prediction of HLA class I binding peptides J Immunol Methods 374:1 (2011);Lundegaard et al Prediction of epitopes using neural network based methods J Immunol Methods 374:26 (2011)).

[0091] Targeting as many mutated epitopes as practically possible takes advantage of the enormous capacity of the immune system, prevents the opportunity for immunological escape by down-modulation of a particular immune targeted gene product, and compensates for the known inaccuracy of epitope prediction approaches. Synthetic peptides provide a particularly useful means to prepare multiple immunogens efficiently and to rapidly translate identification of mutant epitopes to an effective vaccine or immunogenic composition. Peptides can be readily synthesized chemically and easily purified utilizing reagents free of contaminating bacteria or animal substances. The small size allows a clear focus on the mutated region of the protein and also reduces irrelevant antigenic competition from other components (unmutated protein or viral vector antigens).

[0092] In one embodiment the drug formulation is a multi-epitope vaccine or immunogenic composition of long peptides. Such“long” peptides undergo efficient internalization, processing and cross-presentation in professional antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells, and have been shown to induce CTLs in humans (Melief and van der Burg, Immunotherapy of established (pre) malignant disease by synthetic long peptide vaccines Nature Rev Cancer 8:351 (2008)). In one embodiment at least 2 peptides are prepared for immunization. In some embodiments 20 or more peptides are prepared for immunization. In one embodiment the neoantigenic peptide ranges from about 5 to about 50 amino acids in length. In another embodiment peptides from about 15 to about 35 amino acids in length is synthesized. In preferred embodiment the neoantigenic peptide ranges from about 20 to about 35 amino acids in length.Production of Tumor Specific Neoantigens

[0093] The present invention is based, at least in part, on the ability to present the immune system of the patient with a pool of tumor specific neoantigens. One of skill in the art from this disclosure and the knowledge in the art will appreciate that there are a variety of ways in which to produce such tumor specific neoantigens. In general, such tumor specific neoantigens may be produced either in vitro or in vivo. Tumor specific neoantigens may be produced in vitro as peptides or polypeptides, which may then be formulated into a neoplasia vaccine or immunogenic composition and administered to a subject. As described in further detail herein,such in vitro production may occur by a variety of methods known to one of skill in the art such as, for example, peptide synthesis or expression of a peptide / polypeptide from a DNA or RNA molecule in any of a variety of bacterial, eukaryotic, or viral recombinant expression systems, followed by purification of the expressed peptide / polypeptide. Alternatively, tumor specific neoantigens may be produced in vivo by introducing molecules (e.g., DNA, RNA, viral expression systems, and the like) that encode tumor specific neoantigens into a subject, whereupon the encoded tumor specific neoantigens are expressed. The methods of in vitro and in vivo production of neoantigens is also further described herein as it relates to pharmaceutical compositions and methods of delivery of the therapy.

[0094] In certain embodiments the present invention includes modified neoantigenic peptides. As used herein in reference to neoantigenic peptides, the terms "modified", "modification" and the like refer to one or more changes that enhance a desired property of the neoantigenic peptide, where the change does not alter the primary amino acid sequence of the neoantigenic peptide. "Modification" includes a covalent chemical modification that does not alter the primary amino acid sequence of the neoantigenic peptide itself. Such desired properties include, for example, prolonging the in vivo half-life, increasing the stability, reducing the clearance, altering the immunogenicity or allergenicity, enabling the raising of particular antibodies, cellular targeting, antigen uptake, antigen processing, MHC affinity, MHC stability, or antigen presentation. Changes to a neoantigenic peptide that may be carried out include, but are not limited to, conjugation to a carrier protein, conjugation to a ligand, conjugation to an antibody, PEGylation, polysialylation HESylation, recombinant PEG mimetics, Fc fusion, albumin fusion, nanoparticle attachment, nanoparticulate encapsulation, cholesterol fusion, iron fusion, acylation, amidation, glycosylation, side chain oxidation, phosphorylation, biotinylation, the addition of a surface active material, the addition of amino acid mimetics, or the addition of unnatural amino acids.

[0095] The clinical effectiveness of protein therapeutics is often limited by short plasma half- life and susceptibility to protease degradation. Studies of various therapeutic proteins (e.g., filgrastim) have shown that such difficulties may be overcome by various modifications, including conjugating or linking the polypeptide sequence to any of a variety of non- proteinaceous polymers, e.g., polyethylene glycol (PEG), polypropylene glycol, or polyoxyalkylenes (see, for example, typically via a linking moiety covalently bound to both theprotein and the nonproteinaceous polymer, e.g., a PEG). Such PEG- conjugated biomolecules have been shown to possess clinically useful properties, including better physical and thermal stability, protection against susceptibility to enzymatic degradation, increased solubility, longer in vivo circulating half-life and decreased clearance, reduced immunogenicity and antigenicity, and reduced toxicity.

[0096] PEGs suitable for conjugation to a polypeptide sequence are generally soluble in water at room temperature, and have the general formula R(0-CH2-CH2)nO-R, where R is hydrogen or a protective group such as an alkyl or an alkanol group, and where n is an integer from 1 to 1000. When R is a protective group, it generally has from 1 to 8 carbons. The PEG conjugated to the polypeptide sequence can be linear or branched. Branched PEG derivatives, "star-PEGs" and multi-armed PEGs are contemplated by the present disclosure. A molecular weight of the PEG used in the present disclosure is not restricted to any particular range, but certain embodiments have a molecular weight between 500 and 20,000 while other embodiments have a molecular weight between 4,000 and 10,000.

[0097] The present disclosure also contemplates compositions of conjugates wherein the PEGs have different n values and thus the various different PEGs are present in specific ratios. For example, some compositions comprise a mixture of conjugates where n=l, 2, 3 and 4. In some compositions, the percentage of conjugates where n=l is 18-25%, the percentage of conjugates where n=2 is 50-66%, the percentage of conjugates where n=3 is 12-16%, and the percentage of conjugates where n=4 is up to 5%. Such compositions can be produced by reaction conditions and purification methods know in the art. For example, cation exchange chromatography may be used to separate conjugates, and a fraction is then identified which contains the conjugate having, for example, the desired number of PEGs attached, purified free from unmodified protein sequences and from conjugates having other numbers of PEGs attached.

[0098] PEG may be bound to a polypeptide of the present disclosure via a terminal reactive group (a "spacer"). The spacer is, for example, a terminal reactive group which mediates a bond between the free amino or carboxyl groups of one or more of the polypeptide sequences and polyethylene glycol. The PEG having the spacer which may be bound to the free amino group includes N-hydroxysuccinylimide polyethylene glycol which may be prepared by activating succinic acid ester of polyethylene glycol with N- hydroxy succinylimide. Another activatedpolyethylene glycol which may be bound to a free amino group is 2,4-bis(0- methoxypolyethyleneglycol)-6-chloro-s-triazine which may be prepared by reacting polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether with cyanuric chloride. The activated polyethylene glycol which is bound to the free carboxyl group includes polyoxyethylenediamine.

[0099] Conjugation of one or more of the polypeptide sequences of the present disclosure to PEG having a spacer may be carried out by various conventional methods. For example, the conjugation reaction can be carried out in solution at a pH of from 5 to 10, at temperature from 4°C to room temperature, for 30 minutes to 20 hours, utilizing a molar ratio of reagent to protein of from 4: 1 to 30: 1. Reaction conditions may be selected to direct the reaction towards producing predominantly a desired degree of substitution. In general, low temperature, low pH (e.g., pH=5), and short reaction time tend to decrease the number of PEGs attached, whereas high temperature, neutral to high pH (e.g., pH>7), and longer reaction time tend to increase the number of PEGs attached. Various means known in the art may be used to terminate the reaction. In some embodiments the reaction is terminated by acidifying the reaction mixture and freezing at, e.g., -20°C.

[0100] The present disclosure also contemplates the use of PEG Mimetics. Recombinant PEG mimetics have been developed that retain the attributes of PEG (e.g., enhanced serum half- life) while conferring several additional advantageous properties. By way of example, simple polypeptide chains (comprising, for example, Ala, Glu, Gly, Pro, Ser and Thr) capable of forming an extended conformation similar to PEG can be produced recombinantly already fused to the peptide or protein drug of interest (e.g., Amunix' XTEN technology; Mountain View, CA). This obviates the need for an additional conjugation step during the manufacturing process. Moreover, established molecular biology techniques enable control of the side chain composition of the polypeptide chains, allowing optimization of immunogenicity and manufacturing properties.

[0101] For purposes of the present disclosure, "glycosylation" is meant to broadly refer to the enzymatic process that attaches glycans to proteins, lipids or other organic molecules. The use of the term "glycosylation" in conjunction with the present disclosure is generally intended to mean adding or deleting one or more carbohydrate moieties (either by removing the underlying glycosylation site or by deleting the glycosylation by chemical and / or enzymatic means), and / or adding one or more glycosylation sites that may or may not be present in the native sequence. Inaddition, the phrase includes qualitative changes in the glycosylation of the native proteins involving a change in the nature and proportions of the various carbohydrate moieties present. Glycosylation can dramatically affect the physical properties of proteins and can also be important in protein stability, secretion, and subcellular localization. Proper glycosylation can be essential for biological activity. In fact, some genes from eucaryotic organisms, when expressed in bacteria (e.g., E. coli) which lack cellular processes for glycosylating proteins, yield proteins that are recovered with little or no activity by virtue of their lack of glycosylation.

[0102] Addition of glycosylation sites can be accomplished by altering the amino acid sequence. The alteration to the polypeptide may be made, for example, by the addition of, or substitution by, one or more serine or threonine residues (for O-linked glycosylation sites) or asparagine residues (for N-linked glycosylation sites). The structures of N-linked and O- linked oligosaccharides and the sugar residues found in each type may be different. One type of sugar that is commonly found on both is N-acetylneuraminic acid (hereafter referred to as sialic acid). Sialic acid is usually the terminal residue of both N-linked and O-linked oligosaccharides and, by virtue of its negative charge, may confer acidic properties to the glycoprotein. A particular embodiment of the present disclosure comprises the generation and use of N-glycosylation variants.

[0103] The polypeptide sequences of the present disclosure may optionally be altered through changes at the DNA level, particularly by mutating the DNA encoding the polypeptide at preselected bases such that codons are generated that will translate into the desired amino acids. Another means of increasing the number of carbohydrate moieties on the polypeptide is by chemical or enzymatic coupling of glycosides to the polypeptide.

[0104] Removal of carbohydrates may be accomplished chemically or enzymatically, or by substitution of codons encoding amino acid residues that are glycosylated. Chemical deglycosylation techniques are known, and enzymatic cleavage of carbohydrate moieties on polypeptides can be achieved by the use of a variety of endo- and exo-glycosidases.

[0105] Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) - deficient Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells are a commonly used host cell for the production of recombinant glycoproteins. These cells do not express the enzyme beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase and therefore do not add sialic acid in the alpha-2,6 linkage to N-linked oligosaccharides of glycoproteins produced in these cells.

[0106] The present disclosure also contemplates the use of polysialylation, the conjugation of peptides and proteins to the naturally occurring, biodegradable a-(2→8) linked polysialic acid ("PSA") in order to improve their stability and in vivo pharmacokinetics. PSA is a biodegradable, non-toxic natural polymer that is highly hydrophilic, giving it a high apparent molecular weight in the blood which increases its serum half-life. In addition, polysialylation of a range of peptide and protein therapeutics has led to markedly reduced proteolysis, retention of activity in vivo activity, and reduction in immunogenicity and antigenicity (see, e.g., G. Gregoriadis et al., Int. J. Pharmaceutics 300(1-2): 125-30). As with modifications with other conjugates (e.g., PEG), various techniques for site-specific polysialylation are available (see, e.g., T. Lindhout et al., PNAS 108(18)7397-7402 (2011)).

[0107] Additional suitable components and molecules for conjugation include, for example, thyroglobulin; albumins such as human serum albumin (HAS); tetanus toxoid; Diphtheria toxoid; polyamino acids such as poly(D-lysine:D-glutamic acid); VP6 polypeptides of rotaviruses; influenza virus hemaglutinin, influenza virus nucleoprotein; Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin (KLH); and hepatitis B virus core protein and surface antigen; or any combination of the foregoing.

[0108] Fusion of albumin to one or more polypeptides of the present disclosure can, for example, be achieved by genetic manipulation, such that the DNA coding for HSA, or a fragment thereof, is joined to the DNA coding for the one or more polypeptide sequences. Thereafter, a suitable host can be transformed or transfected with the fused nucleotide sequences in the form of, for example, a suitable plasmid, so as to express a fusion polypeptide. The expression may be effected in vitro from, for example, prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells, or in vivo from, for example, a transgenic organism. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the expression of the fusion protein is performed in mammalian cell lines, for example, CHO cell lines. Transformation is used broadly herein to refer to the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake, incorporation and expression of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell membrane(s). Transformation occurs naturally in some species of bacteria, but it can also be effected by artificial means in other cells.

[0109] Furthermore, albumin itself may be modified to extend its circulating half-life. Fusion of the modified albumin to one or more Polypeptides can be attained by the genetic manipulationtechniques described above or by chemical conjugation; the resulting fusion molecule has a half- life that exceeds that of fusions with non-modified albumin. (See WO2011 / 051489).

[0110] Several albumin - binding strategies have been developed as alternatives for direct fusion, including albumin binding through a conjugated fatty acid chain (acylation). Because serum albumin is a transport protein for fatty acids, these natural ligands with albumin - binding activity have been used for half-life extension of small protein therapeutics. For example, insulin determir (LEVEMIR), an approved product for diabetes, comprises a myristyl chain conjugated to a genetically-modified insulin, resulting in a long- acting insulin analog.

[0111] Another type of modification is to conjugate (e.g., link) one or more additional components or molecules at the N- and / or C-terminus of a polypeptide sequence, such as another protein (e.g., a protein having an amino acid sequence heterologous to the subject protein), or a carrier molecule. Thus, an exemplary polypeptide sequence can be provided as a conjugate with another component or molecule.

[0112] A conjugate modification may result in a polypeptide sequence that retains activity with an additional or complementary function or activity of the second molecule. For example, a polypeptide sequence may be conjugated to a molecule, e.g., to facilitate solubility, storage, in vivo or shelf half-life or stability, reduction in immunogenicity, delayed or controlled release in vivo, etc. Other functions or activities include a conjugate that reduces toxicity relative to an unconjugated polypeptide sequence, a conjugate that targets a type of cell or organ more efficiently than an unconjugated polypeptide sequence, or a drug to further counter the causes or effects associated with a disorder or disease as set forth herein (e.g., diabetes).

[0113] A Polypeptide may also be conjugated to large, slowly metabolized macromolecules such as proteins; polysaccharides, such as sepharose, agarose, cellulose, cellulose beads; polymeric amino acids such as polyglutamic acid, polylysine; amino acid copolymers; inactivated virus particles; inactivated bacterial toxins such as toxoid from diphtheria, tetanus, cholera, leukotoxin molecules; inactivated bacteria; and dendritic cells.

[0114] Additional candidate components and molecules for conjugation include those suitable for isolation or purification. Particular non-limiting examples include binding molecules, such as biotin (biotin-avidin specific binding pair), an antibody, a receptor, a ligand, a lectin, or molecules that comprise a solid support, including, for example, plastic or polystyrene beads, plates or beads, magnetic beads, test strips, and membranes.

[0115] Purification methods such as cation exchange chromatography may be used to separate conjugates by charge difference, which effectively separates conjugates into their various molecular weights. For example, the cation exchange column can be loaded and then washed with -20 mM sodium acetate, pH -4, and then eluted with a linear (0 M to 0.5 M) NaCl gradient buffered at a pH from about 3 to 5.5, e.g., at pH -4.5. The content of the fractions obtained by cation exchange chromatography may be identified by molecular weight using conventional methods, for example, mass spectroscopy, SDS-PAGE, or other known methods for separating molecular entities by molecular weight.

[0116] In certain embodiments, the amino- or carboxyl- terminus of a polypeptide sequence of the present disclosure can be fused with an immunoglobulin Fc region (e.g., human Fc) to form a fusion conjugate (or fusion molecule). Fc fusion conjugates have been shown to increase the systemic half-life of biopharmaceuticals, and thus the biopharmaceutical product may require less frequent administration.

[0117] Fc binds to the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) in endothelial cells that line the blood vessels, and, upon binding, the Fc fusion molecule is protected from degradation and re- released into the circulation, keeping the molecule in circulation longer. This Fc binding is believed to be the mechanism by which endogenous IgG retains its long plasma half-life. More recent Fc-fusion technology links a single copy of a biopharmaceutical to the Fc region of an antibody to optimize the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the biopharmaceutical as compared to traditional Fc-fusion conjugates.

[0118] The present disclosure contemplates the use of other modifications, currently known or developed in the future, of the Polypeptides to improve one or more properties. One such method for prolonging the circulation half-life, increasing the stability, reducing the clearance, or altering the immunogenicity or allergenicity of a polypeptide of the present disclosure involves modification of the polypeptide sequences by hesylation, which utilizes hydroxyethyl starch derivatives linked to other molecules in order to modify the molecule's characteristics. Various aspects of hesylation are described in, for example, U.S. Patent Appln. Nos. 2007 / 0134197 and 2006 / 0258607.In Vitro Peptide / Polypeptide Synthesis

[0119] Proteins or peptides may be made by any technique known to those of skill in the art, including the expression of proteins, polypeptides or peptides through standard molecular biological techniques, the isolation of proteins or peptides from natural sources, in vitro translation, or the chemical synthesis of proteins or peptides. The nucleotide and protein, polypeptide and peptide sequences corresponding to various genes have been previously disclosed, and may be found at computerized databases known to those of ordinary skill in the art. One such database is the National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Genbank and GenPept databases located at the National Institutes of Health website. The coding regions for known genes may be amplified and / or expressed using the techniques disclosed herein or as would be known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Alternatively, various commercial preparations of proteins, polypeptides and peptides are known to those of skill in the art.

[0120] Peptides can be readily synthesized chemically utilizing reagents that are free of contaminating bacterial or animal substances (Merrifield RB: Solid phase peptide synthesis. I. The synthesis of a tetrapeptide. J. Am. Chem. Soc.85:2149-54, 1963). In certain embodiments, neoantigenic peptides are prepared by (1) parallel solid-phase synthesis on multi-channel instruments using uniform synthesis and cleavage conditions; (2) purification over a RP-HPLC column with column stripping; and re-washing, but not replacement, between peptides; followed by (3) analysis with a limited set of the most informative assays. The Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) footprint can be defined around the set of peptides for an individual patient, thus requiring suite changeover procedures only between syntheses of peptides for different patients.

[0121] Alternatively, a nucleic acid (e.g., a polynucleotide) encoding a neoantigenic peptide of the invention may be used to produce the neoantigenic peptide in vitro. The polynucleotide may be, e.g., DNA, cDNA, PNA, CNA, RNA, either single- and / or double-stranded, or native or stabilized forms of polynucleotides, such as e.g. polynucleotides with a phosphorothiate backbone, or combinations thereof and it may or may not contain introns so long as it codes for the peptide. In one embodiment in vitro translation is used to produce the peptide. Many exemplary systems exist that one skilled in the art could utilize (e.g., Retic Lysate IVT Kit, Life Technologies, Waltham, MA).

[0122] An expression vector capable of expressing a polypeptide can also be prepared. Expression vectors for different cell types are well known in the art and can be selected without undue experimentation. Generally, the DNA is inserted into an expression vector, such as a plasmid, in proper orientation and correct reading frame for expression. If necessary, the DNA may be linked to the appropriate transcriptional and translational regulatory control nucleotide sequences recognized by the desired host (e.g., bacteria), although such controls are generally available in the expression vector. The vector is then introduced into the host bacteria for cloning using standard techniques (see, e.g., Sambrook et al. (1989) Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.).

[0123] Expression vectors comprising the isolated polynucleotides, as well as host cells containing the expression vectors, are also contemplated. The neoantigenic peptides may be provided in the form of RNA or cDNA molecules encoding the desired neoantigenic peptides. One or more neoantigenic peptides of the invention may be encoded by a single expression vector.

[0124] The term“polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide” encompasses a polynucleotide which includes only coding sequences for the polypeptide as well as a polynucleotide which includes additional coding and / or non-coding sequences. Polynucleotides can be in the form of RNA or in the form of DNA. DNA includes cDNA, genomic DNA, and synthetic DNA; and can be double-stranded or single-stranded, and if single stranded can be the coding strand or non- coding (anti-sense) strand.

[0125] In embodiments, the polynucleotides may comprise the coding sequence for the tumor specific neoantigenic peptide fused in the same reading frame to a polynucleotide which aids, for example, in expression and / or secretion of a polypeptide from a host cell (e.g., a leader sequence which functions as a secretory sequence for controlling transport of a polypeptide from the cell). The polypeptide having a leader sequence is a preprotein and can have the leader sequence cleaved by the host cell to form the mature form of the polypeptide.

[0126] In embodiments, the polynucleotides can comprise the coding sequence for the tumor specific neoantigenic peptide fused in the same reading frame to a marker sequence that allows, for example, for purification of the encoded polypeptide, which may then be incorporated into the personalized neoplasia vaccine or immunogenic composition. For example, the marker sequence can be a hexa-histidine tag supplied by a pQE-9 vector to provide for purification ofthe mature polypeptide fused to the marker in the case of a bacterial host, or the marker sequence can be a hemagglutinin (HA) tag derived from the influenza hemagglutinin protein when a mammalian host (e.g., COS-7 cells) is used. Additional tags include, but are not limited to, Calmodulin tags, FLAG tags, Myc tags, S tags, SBP tags, Softag 1, Softag 3, V5 tag, Xpress tag, Isopeptag, SpyTag, Biotin Carboxyl Carrier Protein (BCCP) tags, GST tags, fluorescent protein tags (e.g., green fluorescent protein tags), maltose binding protein tags, Nus tags, Strep-tag, thioredoxin tag, TC tag, Ty tag, and the like.

[0127] In embodiments, the polynucleotides may comprise the coding sequence for one or more of the tumor specific neoantigenic peptides fused in the same reading frame to create a single concatamerized neoantigenic peptide construct capable of producing multiple neoantigenic peptides.

[0128] In certain embodiments, isolated nucleic acid molecules having a nucleotide sequence at least 60% identical, at least 65% identical, at least 70% identical, at least 75% identical, at least 80% identical, at least 85% identical, at least 90% identical, at least 95% identical, or at least 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to a polynucleotide encoding a tumor specific neoantigenic peptide of the present invention, can be provided.

[0129] By a polynucleotide having a nucleotide sequence at least, for example, 95% “identical” to a reference nucleotide sequence is intended that the nucleotide sequence of the polynucleotide is identical to the reference sequence except that the polynucleotide sequence can include up to five point mutations per each 100 nucleotides of the reference nucleotide sequence. In other words, to obtain a polynucleotide having a nucleotide sequence at least 95% identical to a reference nucleotide sequence, up to 5% of the nucleotides in the reference sequence can be deleted or substituted with another nucleotide, or a number of nucleotides up to 5% of the total nucleotides in the reference sequence can be inserted into the reference sequence. These mutations of the reference sequence can occur at the amino- or carboxy-terminal positions of the reference nucleotide sequence or anywhere between those terminal positions, interspersed either individually among nucleotides in the reference sequence or in one or more contiguous groups within the reference sequence.

[0130] As a practical matter, whether any particular nucleic acid molecule is at least 80% identical, at least 85% identical, at least 90% identical, and in some embodiments, at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to a reference sequence can be determined conventionallyusing known computer programs such as the Bestfit program (Wisconsin Sequence Analysis Package, Version 8 for Unix, Genetics Computer Group, University Research Park, 575 Science Drive, Madison, WI 53711). Bestfit uses the local homology algorithm of Smith and Waterman, Advances in Applied Mathematics 2:482-489 (1981), to find the best segment of homology between two sequences. When using Bestfit or any other sequence alignment program to determine whether a particular sequence is, for instance, 95% identical to a reference sequence according to the present invention, the parameters are set such that the percentage of identity is calculated over the full length of the reference nucleotide sequence and that gaps in homology of up to 5% of the total number of nucleotides in the reference sequence are allowed.

[0131] The isolated tumor specific neoantigenic peptides described herein can be produced in vitro (e.g., in the laboratory) by any suitable method known in the art. Such methods range from direct protein synthetic methods to constructing a DNA sequence encoding isolated polypeptide sequences and expressing those sequences in a suitable transformed host. In some embodiments, a DNA sequence is constructed using recombinant technology by isolating or synthesizing a DNA sequence encoding a wild-type protein of interest. Optionally, the sequence can be mutagenized by site-specific mutagenesis to provide functional analogs thereof. See, e.g. Zoeller et al., Proc. Nat’l. Acad. Sci. USA 81:5662-5066 (1984) and U.S. Pat. No.4,588,585.

[0132] In embodiments, a DNA sequence encoding a polypeptide of interest would be constructed by chemical synthesis using an oligonucleotide synthesizer. Such oligonucleotides can be designed based on the amino acid sequence of the desired polypeptide and selecting those codons that are favored in the host cell in which the recombinant polypeptide of interest is produced. Standard methods can be applied to synthesize an isolated polynucleotide sequence encoding an isolated polypeptide of interest. For example, a complete amino acid sequence can be used to construct a back-translated gene. Further, a DNA oligomer containing a nucleotide sequence coding for the particular isolated polypeptide can be synthesized. For example, several small oligonucleotides coding for portions of the desired polypeptide can be synthesized and then ligated. The individual oligonucleotides typically contain 5’ or 3’ overhangs for complementary assembly.

[0133] Once assembled (e.g., by synthesis, site-directed mutagenesis, or another method), the polynucleotide sequences encoding a particular isolated polypeptide of interest is inserted into an expression vector and optionally operatively linked to an expression control sequenceappropriate for expression of the protein in a desired host. Proper assembly can be confirmed by nucleotide sequencing, restriction mapping, and expression of a biologically active polypeptide in a suitable host. As well known in the art, in order to obtain high expression levels of a transfected gene in a host, the gene can be operatively linked to transcriptional and translational expression control sequences that are functional in the chosen expression host.

[0134] Recombinant expression vectors may be used to amplify and express DNA encoding the tumor specific neoantigenic peptides. Recombinant expression vectors are replicable DNA constructs which have synthetic or cDNA-derived DNA fragments encoding a tumor specific neoantigenic peptide or a bioequivalent analog operatively linked to suitable transcriptional or translational regulatory elements derived from mammalian, microbial, viral or insect genes. A transcriptional unit generally comprises an assembly of (1) a genetic element or elements having a regulatory role in gene expression, for example, transcriptional promoters or enhancers, (2) a structural or coding sequence which is transcribed into mRNA and translated into protein, and (3) appropriate transcription and translation initiation and termination sequences, as described in detail herein. Such regulatory elements can include an operator sequence to control transcription. The ability to replicate in a host, usually conferred by an origin of replication, and a selection gene to facilitate recognition of transformants can additionally be incorporated. DNA regions are operatively linked when they are functionally related to each other. For example, DNA for a signal peptide (secretory leader) is operatively linked to DNA for a polypeptide if it is expressed as a precursor which participates in the secretion of the polypeptide; a promoter is operatively linked to a coding sequence if it controls the transcription of the sequence; or a ribosome binding site is operatively linked to a coding sequence if it is positioned so as to permit translation. Generally, operatively linked means contiguous, and in the case of secretory leaders, means contiguous and in reading frame. Structural elements intended for use in yeast expression systems include a leader sequence enabling extracellular secretion of translated protein by a host cell. Alternatively, where recombinant protein is expressed without a leader or transport sequence, it can include an N-terminal methionine residue. This residue can optionally be subsequently cleaved from the expressed recombinant protein to provide a final product.

[0135] Useful expression vectors for eukaryotic hosts, especially mammals or humans include, for example, vectors comprising expression control sequences from SV40, bovine papilloma virus, adenovirus and cytomegalovirus. Useful expression vectors for bacterial hostsinclude known bacterial plasmids, such as plasmids from Escherichia coli, including pCR 1, pBR322, pMB9 and their derivatives, wider host range plasmids, such as M13 and filamentous single-stranded DNA phages.

[0136] Suitable host cells for expression of a polypeptide include prokaryotes, yeast, insect or higher eukaryotic cells under the control of appropriate promoters. Prokaryotes include gram negative or gram positive organisms, for example E. coli or bacilli. Higher eukaryotic cells include established cell lines of mammalian origin. Cell-free translation systems could also be employed. Appropriate cloning and expression vectors for use with bacterial, fungal, yeast, and mammalian cellular hosts are well known in the art (see Pouwels et al., Cloning Vectors: A Laboratory Manual, Elsevier, N.Y., 1985).

[0137] Various mammalian or insect cell culture systems are also advantageously employed to express recombinant protein. Expression of recombinant proteins in mammalian cells can be performed because such proteins are generally correctly folded, appropriately modified and completely functional. Examples of suitable mammalian host cell lines include the COS-7 lines of monkey kidney cells, described by Gluzman (Cell 23:175, 1981), and other cell lines capable of expressing an appropriate vector including, for example, L cells, C127, 3T3, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO), 293, HeLa and BHK cell lines. Mammalian expression vectors can comprise nontranscribed elements such as an origin of replication, a suitable promoter and enhancer linked to the gene to be expressed, and other 5’ or 3’ flanking nontranscribed sequences, and 5’ or 3’ nontranslated sequences, such as necessary ribosome binding sites, a polyadenylation site, splice donor and acceptor sites, and transcriptional termination sequences. Baculovirus systems for production of heterologous proteins in insect cells are reviewed by Luckow and Summers, Bio / Technology 6:47 (1988).

[0138] The proteins produced by a transformed host can be purified according to any suitable method. Such standard methods include chromatography (e.g., ion exchange, affinity and sizing column chromatography, and the like), centrifugation, differential solubility, or by any other standard technique for protein purification. Affinity tags such as hexahistidine, maltose binding domain, influenza coat sequence, glutathione-S-transferase, and the like can be attached to the protein to allow easy purification by passage over an appropriate affinity column. Isolated proteins can also be physically characterized using such techniques as proteolysis, nuclear magnetic resonance and x-ray crystallography.

[0139] For example, supernatants from systems which secrete recombinant protein into culture media can be first concentrated using a commercially available protein concentration filter, for example, an Amicon or Millipore Pellicon ultrafiltration unit. Following the concentration step, the concentrate can be applied to a suitable purification matrix. Alternatively, an anion exchange resin can be employed, for example, a matrix or substrate having pendant diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) groups. The matrices can be acrylamide, agarose, dextran, cellulose or other types commonly employed in protein purification. Alternatively, a cation exchange step can be employed. Suitable cation exchangers include various insoluble matrices comprising sulfopropyl or carboxymethyl groups. Finally, one or more reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) steps employing hydrophobic RP-HPLC media, e.g., silica gel having pendant methyl or other aliphatic groups, can be employed to further purify a cancer stem cell protein-Fc composition. Some or all of the foregoing purification steps, in various combinations, can also be employed to provide a homogeneous recombinant protein.

[0140] Recombinant protein produced in bacterial culture can be isolated, for example, by initial extraction from cell pellets, followed by one or more concentration, salting-out, aqueous ion exchange or size exclusion chromatography steps. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) can be employed for final purification steps. Microbial cells employed in expression of a recombinant protein can be disrupted by any convenient method, including freeze-thaw cycling, sonication, mechanical disruption, or use of cell lysing agents.In Vivo Peptide / Polypeptide Synthesis

[0141] The present invention also contemplates the use of nucleic acid molecules as vehicles for delivering neoantigenic peptides / polypeptides to the subject in need thereof, in vivo, in the form of, e.g., DNA / RNA vaccines (see, e.g., WO2012 / 159643, and WO2012 / 159754, hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety).

[0142] In one embodiment neoantigens may be administered to a patient in need thereof by use of a plasmid. These are plasmids which usually consist of a strong viral promoter to drive the in vivo transcription and translation of the gene (or complementary DNA) of interest (Mor, et al., (1995). The Journal of Immunology 155 (4): 2039–2046). Intron A may sometimes be included to improve mRNA stability and hence increase protein expression (Leitner et al.(1997).The Journal of Immunology 159 (12): 6112–6119). Plasmids also include a strong polyadenylation / transcriptional termination signal, such as bovine growth hormone or rabbit beta-globulin polyadenylation sequences (Alarcon et al., (1999). Adv. Parasitol. Advances in Parasitology 42: 343–410; Robinson et al., (2000). Adv. Virus Res. Advances in Virus Research 55: 1–74; Böhmet al., (1996). Journal of Immunological Methods 193 (1): 29–40.). Multicistronic vectors are sometimes constructed to express more than one immunogen, or to express an immunogen and an immunostimulatory protein (Lewis et al., (1999). Advances in Virus Research (Academic Press) 54: 129–88).

[0143] Because the plasmid is the“vehicle” from which the immunogen is expressed, optimising vector design for maximal protein expression is essential (Lewis et al., (1999). Advances in Virus Research (Academic Press) 54: 129–88). One way of enhancing protein expression is by optimising the codon usage of pathogenic mRNAs for eukaryotic cells. Another consideration is the choice of promoter. Such promoters may be the SV40 promoter or Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV).

[0144] Plasmids may be introduced into animal tissues by a number of different methods. The two most popular approaches are injection of DNA in saline, using a standard hypodermic needle, and gene gun delivery. A schematic outline of the construction of a DNA vaccine plasmid and its subsequent delivery by these two methods into a host is illustrated at Scientific American (Weiner et al., (1999) Scientific American 281 (1): 34–41). Injection in saline is normally conducted intramuscularly (IM) in skeletal muscle, or intradermally (ID), with DNA being delivered to the extracellular spaces. This can be assisted by electroporation by temporarily damaging muscle fibres with myotoxins such as bupivacaine; or by using hypertonic solutions of saline or sucrose (Alarcon et al., (1999). Adv. Parasitol. Advances in Parasitology 42: 343–410). Immune responses to this method of delivery can be affected by many factors, including needle type, needle alignment, speed of injection, volume of injection, muscle type, and age, sex and physiological condition of the animal being injected(Alarcon et al., (1999). Adv. Parasitol. Advances in Parasitology 42: 343–410).

[0145] Gene gun delivery, the other commonly used method of delivery, ballistically accelerates plasmid DNA (pDNA) that has been adsorbed onto gold or tungsten microparticles into the target cells, using compressed helium as an accelerant (Alarcon et al., (1999). Adv.Parasitol. Advances in Parasitology 42: 343–410; Lewis et al., (1999). Advances in Virus Research (Academic Press) 54: 129–88).

[0146] Alternative delivery methods may include aerosol instillation of naked DNA on mucosal surfaces, such as the nasal and lung mucosa, (Lewis et al., (1999). Advances in Virus Research (Academic Press) 54: 129–88) and topical administration of pDNA to the eye and vaginal mucosa (Lewis et al., (1999) Advances in Virus Research (Academic Press) 54: 129–88). Mucosal surface delivery has also been achieved using cationic liposome-DNA preparations, biodegradable microspheres, attenuated Shigella or Listeria vectors for oral administration to the intestinal mucosa, and recombinant adenovirus vectors. DNA or RNA may also be delivered to cells following mild mechanical disruption of the cell membrane, temporarily permeabilizing the cells. Such a mild mechanical disruption of the membrane can be accomplished by gently forcing cells through a small aperture (Ex Vivo Cytosolic Delivery of Functional Macromolecules to Immune Cells, Sharei et al, PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371 / journal.pone.0118803 April 13, 2015).

[0147] The method of delivery determines the dose of DNA required to raise an effective immune response. Saline injections require variable amounts of DNA, from 10 μg-1 mg, whereas gene gun deliveries require 100 to 1000 times less DNA than intramuscular saline injection to raise an effective immune response. Generally, 0.2 μg– 20 μg are required, although quantities as low as 16 ng have been reported. These quantities vary from species to species, with mice, for example, requiring approximately 10 times less DNA than primates. Saline injections require more DNA because the DNA is delivered to the extracellular spaces of the target tissue (normally muscle), where it has to overcome physical barriers (such as the basal lamina and large amounts of connective tissue, to mention a few) before it is taken up by the cells, while gene gun deliveries bombard DNA directly into the cells, resulting in less“wastage” (See e.g., Sedegah et al., (1994). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 91 (21): 9866–9870; Daheshiaet al., (1997). The Journal of Immunology 159 (4): 1945–1952; Chen et al., (1998). The Journal of Immunology 160 (5): 2425–2432; Sizemore (1995) Science 270 (5234): 299–302; Fynan et al., (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.90 (24): 11478–82).

[0148] In one embodiment, a neoplasia vaccine or immunogenic composition may include separate DNA plasmids encoding, for example, one or more neoantigenic peptides / polypeptides as identified in according to the invention. As discussed herein, the exact choice of expressionvectors can depend upon the peptide / polypeptides to be expressed, and is well within the skill of the ordinary artisan. The expected persistence of the DNA constructs (e.g., in an episomal, non- replicating, non-integrated form in the muscle cells) is expected to provide an increased duration of protection.

[0149] One or more neoantigenic peptides of the invention may be encoded and expressed in vivo using a viral based system (e.g., an adenovirus system, an adeno associated virus (AAV) vector, a poxvirus, or a lentivirus). In one embodiment, the neoplasia vaccine or immunogenic composition may include a viral based vector for use in a human patient in need thereof, such as, for example, an adenovirus (see, e.g., Baden et al. First-in-human evaluation of the safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant adenovirus serotype 26 HIV-1 Env vaccine (IPCAVD 001). J Infect Dis.2013 Jan 15;207(2):240-7, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). Plasmids that can be used for adeno associated virus, adenovirus, and lentivirus delivery have been described previously (see e.g., U.S. Patent Nos. 6,955,808 and 6,943,019, and U.S. Patent application No.20080254008, hereby incorporated by reference).

[0150] The peptides and polypeptides of the invention can also be expressed by a vector, e.g., a nucleic acid molecule as herein-discussed, e.g., RNA or a DNA plasmid, a viral vector such as a poxvirus, e.g., orthopox virus, avipox virus, or adenovirus, AAV or lentivirus. This approach involves the use of a vector to express nucleotide sequences that encode the peptide of the invention. Upon introduction into an acutely or chronically infected host or into a noninfected host, the vector expresses the immunogenic peptide, and thereby elicits a host CTL response.

[0151] Among vectors that may be used in the practice of the invention, integration in the host genome of a cell is possible with retrovirus gene transfer methods, often resulting in long term expression of the inserted transgene. In a preferred embodiment the retrovirus is a lentivirus. Additionally, high transduction efficiencies have been observed in many different cell types and target tissues. The tropism of a retrovirus can be altered by incorporating foreign envelope proteins, expanding the potential target population of target cells. A retrovirus can also be engineered to allow for conditional expression of the inserted transgene, such that only certain cell types are infected by the lentivirus. Cell type specific promoters can be used to target expression in specific cell types. Lentiviral vectors are retroviral vectors (and hence both lentiviral and retroviral vectors may be used in the practice of the invention). Moreover,lentiviral vectors are preferred as they are able to transduce or infect non-dividing cells and typically produce high viral titers. Selection of a retroviral gene transfer system may therefore depend on the target tissue. Retroviral vectors are comprised of cis-acting long terminal repeats with packaging capacity for up to 6-10 kb of foreign sequence. The minimum cis-acting LTRs are sufficient for replication and packaging of the vectors, which are then used to integrate the desired nucleic acid into the target cell to provide permanent expression. Widely used retroviral vectors that may be used in the practice of the invention include those based upon murine leukemia virus (MuLV), gibbon ape leukemia virus (GaLV), Simian Immuno deficiency virus (SIV), human immuno deficiency virus (HIV), and combinations thereof (see, e.g., Buchscher et al., (1992) J. Virol. 66:2731-2739; Johann et al., (1992) J. Virol.66:1635-1640; Sommnerfelt et al., (1990) Virol.176:58-59; Wilson et al., (1998) J. Virol.63:2374-2378; Miller et al., (1991) J. Virol.65:2220-2224; PCT / US94 / 05700).

[0152] Also useful in the practice of the invention is a minimal non-primate lentiviral vector, such as a lentiviral vector based on the equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) (see, e.g., Balagaan, (2006) J Gene Med; 8: 275– 285, Published online 21 November 2005 in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002 / jgm.845). The vectors may have cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter driving expression of the target gene. Accordingly, the invention contemplates amongst vector(s) useful in the practice of the invention: viral vectors, including retroviral vectors and lentiviral vectors.

[0153] Lentiviral vectors have been disclosed as in the treatment for Parkinson’s Disease, see, e.g., US Patent Publication No. 20120295960 and US Patent Nos. 7303910 and 7351585. Lentiviral vectors have also been disclosed for delivery to the Brain, see, e.g., US Patent Publication Nos. US20110293571; US20040013648, US20070025970, US20090111106 and US Patent No. US7259015. In another embodiment lentiviral vectors are used to deliver vectors to the brain of those being treated for a disease.

[0154] As to lentivirus vector systems useful in the practice of the invention, mention is made of US Patents Nos. 6428953, 6165782, 6013516, 5994136, 6312682, and 7,198,784, and documents cited therein.

[0155] In an embodiment herein the delivery is via an lentivirus. Zou et al. administered about 10 μl of a recombinant lentivirus having a titer of 1 x 109transducing units (TU) / ml by an intrathecal catheter. These sort of dosages can be adapted or extrapolated to use of a retroviral orlentiviral vector in the present invention. For transduction in tissues such as the brain, it is necessary to use very small volumes, so the viral preparation is concentrated by ultracentrifugation. The resulting preparation should have at least 108TU / ml, preferably from 108to 109TU / ml, more preferably at least 109TU / ml. Other methods of concentration such as ultrafiltration or binding to and elution from a matrix may be used.

[0156] In other embodiments the amount of lentivirus administered may be 1.x.105or about 1.x.105plaque forming units (PFU), 5.x.105or about 5.x.105PFU, 1.x.106or about 1.x106PFU, 5.x.106or about 5.x.106PFU, 1.x.107or about 1.x.107PFU, 5.x.107or about 5.x.107PFU, 1.x.108or about 1.x.108PFU, 5.x.108or about 5.x.108PFU, 1.x.109or about 1.x.109PFU, 5.x.109or about 5.x.109PFU, 1.x.1010or about 1.x.1010PFU or 5.x.1010or about 5.x.1010PFU as total single dosage for an average human of 75 kg or adjusted for the weight and size and species of the subject. One of skill in the art can determine suitable dosage. Suitable dosages for a virus can be determined empirically.

[0157] Also useful in the practice of the invention is an adenovirus vector. One advantage is the ability of recombinant adenoviruses to efficiently transfer and express recombinant genes in a variety of mammalian cells and tissues in vitro and in vivo, resulting in the high expression of the transferred nucleic acids. Further, the ability to productively infect quiescent cells, expands the utility of recombinant adenoviral vectors. In addition, high expression levels ensure that the products of the nucleic acids will be expressed to sufficient levels to generate an immune response (see e.g., U.S. Patent No.7,029,848, hereby incorporated by reference).

[0158] As to adenovirus vectors useful in the practice of the invention, mention is made of US Patent No.6,955,808. The adenovirus vector used can be selected from the group consisting of the Ad5, Ad35, Ad11, C6, and C7 vectors. The sequence of the Adenovirus 5 ("Ad5") genome has been published. (Chroboczek, J., Bieber, F., and Jacrot, B. (1992) The Sequence of the Genome of Adenovirus Type 5 and Its Comparison with the Genome of Adenovirus Type 2, Virology 186, 280-285; the contents if which is hereby incorporated by reference). Ad35 vectors are described in U.S. Pat. Nos.6,974,695, 6,913,922, and 6,869,794. Ad11 vectors are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,913,922. C6 adenovirus vectors are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,780,407; 6,537,594; 6,309,647; 6,265,189; 6,156,567; 6,090,393; 5,942,235 and 5,833,975. C7 vectors are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,277,558. Adenovirus vectors that are E1-defective or deleted, E3- defective or deleted, and / or E4-defective or deleted may also be used. Certain adenoviruseshaving mutations in the E1 region have improved safety margin because E1-defective adenovirus mutants are replication-defective in non-permissive cells, or, at the very least, are highly attenuated. Adenoviruses having mutations in the E3 region may have enhanced the immunogenicity by disrupting the mechanism whereby adenovirus down-regulates MHC class I molecules. Adenoviruses having E4 mutations may have reduced immunogenicity of the adenovirus vector because of suppression of late gene expression. Such vectors may be particularly useful when repeated re-vaccination utilizing the same vector is desired. Adenovirus vectors that are deleted or mutated in E1, E3, E4, E1 and E3, and E1 and E4 can be used in accordance with the present invention. Furthermore, "gutless" adenovirus vectors, in which all viral genes are deleted, can also be used in accordance with the present invention. Such vectors require a helper virus for their replication and require a special human 293 cell line expressing both E1a and Cre, a condition that does not exist in natural environment. Such "gutless" vectors are non-immunogenic and thus the vectors may be inoculated multiple times for re-vaccination. The "gutless" adenovirus vectors can be used for insertion of heterologous inserts / genes such as the transgenes of the present invention, and can even be used for co-delivery of a large number of heterologous inserts / genes.

[0159] In an embodiment herein the delivery is via an adenovirus, which may be at a single booster dose containing at least 1 x 105particles (also referred to as particle units, pu) of adenoviral vector. In an embodiment herein, the dose preferably is at least about 1 x 106particles (for example, about 1 x 106-1 x 1012particles), more preferably at least about 1 x 107particles, more preferably at least about 1 x 108particles (e.g., about 1 x 108-1 x 1011particles or about 1 x 108-1 x 1012particles), and most preferably at least about 1 x 109particles (e.g., about 1 x 109-1 x 1010particles or about 1 x 109-1 x 1012particles), or even at least about 1 x 1010particles (e.g., about 1 x 1010-1 x 1012particles) of the adenoviral vector. Alternatively, the dose comprises no more than about 1 x 1014particles, preferably no more than about 1 x 1013particles, even more preferably no more than about 1 x 1012particles, even more preferably no more than about 1 x 1011particles, and most preferably no more than about 1 x 1010particles (e.g., no more than about 1 x 109articles). Thus, the dose may contain a single dose of adenoviral vector with, for example, about 1 x 106particle units (pu), about 2 x 106pu, about 4 x 106pu, about 1 x 107pu, about 2 x 107pu, about 4 x 107pu, about 1 x 108pu, about 2 x 108pu, about 4 x 108pu, about 1 x 109pu, about 2 x 109pu, about 4 x 109pu, about 1 x 1010pu, about 2 x 1010pu, about 4 x 1010pu, about 1 x 1011pu, about 2 x 1011pu, about 4 x 1011pu, about 1 x 1012pu, about 2 x 1012pu, or about 4 x 1012pu of adenoviral vector. See, for example, the adenoviral vectors in U.S. Patent No. 8,454,972 B2 to Nabel, et. al., granted on June 4, 2013; incorporated by reference herein, and the dosages at col 29, lines 36-58 thereof. In an embodiment herein, the adenovirus is delivered via multiple doses.

[0160] In terms of in vivo delivery, AAV is advantageous over other viral vectors due to low toxicity and low probability of causing insertional mutagenesis because it doesn’t integrate into the host genome. AAV has a packaging limit of 4.5 or 4.75 Kb. Constructs larger than 4.5 or 4.75 Kb result in significantly reduced virus production. There are many promoters that can be used to drive nucleic acid molecule expression. AAV ITR can serve as a promoter and is advantageous for eliminating the need for an additional promoter element. For ubiquitous expression, the following promoters can be used: CMV, CAG, CBh, PGK, SV40, Ferritin heavy or light chains, etc. For brain expression, the following promoters can be used: SynapsinI for all neurons, CaMKIIalpha for excitatory neurons, GAD67 or GAD65 or VGAT for GABAergic neurons, etc. Promoters used to drive RNA synthesis can include: Pol III promoters such as U6 or H1. The use of a Pol II promoter and intronic cassettes can be used to express guide RNA (gRNA).

[0161] With regard to AAV vectors useful in the practice of the invention, mention is made of US Patent Nos. 5658785, 7115391, 7172893, 6953690, 6936466, 6924128, 6893865, 6793926, 6537540, 6475769 and 6258595, and documents cited therein.

[0162] As to AAV, the AAV can be AAV1, AAV2, AAV5 or any combination thereof. One can select the AAV with regard to the cells to be targeted; e.g., one can select AAV serotypes 1, 2, 5 or a hybrid capsid AAV1, AAV2, AAV5 or any combination thereof for targeting brain or neuronal cells; and one can select AAV4 for targeting cardiac tissue. AAV8 is useful for delivery to the liver. The above promoters and vectors are preferred individually.

[0163] In an embodiment herein, the delivery is via an AAV. A therapeutically effective dosage for in vivo delivery of the AAV to a human is believed to be in the range of from about 20 to about 50 ml of saline solution containing from about 1 x 1010to about 1 x 1050functional AAV / ml solution. The dosage may be adjusted to balance the therapeutic benefit against any side effects. In an embodiment herein, the AAV dose is generally in the range of concentrations of from about 1 x 105to 1 x 1050genomes AAV, from about 1 x 108to 1 x 1020genomes AAV,from about 1 x 1010to about 1 x 1016genomes, or about 1 x 1011to about 1 x 1016genomes AAV. A human dosage may be about 1 x 1013genomes AAV. Such concentrations may be delivered in from about 0.001 ml to about 100 ml, about 0.05 to about 50 ml, or about 10 to about 25 ml of a carrier solution. In a preferred embodiment, AAV is used with a titer of about 2 x 1013viral genomes / milliliter, and each of the striatal hemispheres of a mouse receives one 500 nanoliter injection. Other effective dosages can be readily established by one of ordinary skill in the art through routine trials establishing dose response curves. See, for example, U.S. Patent No. 8,404,658 B2 to Hajjar, et al., granted on March 26, 2013, at col.27, lines 45-60.

[0164] In another embodiment effectively activating a cellular immune response for a neoplasia vaccine or immunogenic composition can be achieved by expressing the relevant neoantigens in a vaccine or immunogenic composition in a non-pathogenic microorganism. Well-known examples of such microorganisms are Mycobacterium bovis BCG, Salmonella and Pseudomona (See, U.S. Patent No.6,991,797, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).

[0165] In another embodiment a Poxvirus is used in the neoplasia vaccine or immunogenic composition. These include orthopoxvirus, avipox, vaccinia, MVA, NYVAC, canarypox, ALVAC, fowlpox, TROVAC, etc. (see e.g., Verardiet al., Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2012 Jul;8(7):961-70; and Moss, Vaccine. 2013; 31(39): 4220–4222). Poxvirus expression vectors were described in 1982 and quickly became widely used for vaccine development as well as research in numerous fields. Advantages of the vectors include simple construction, ability to accommodate large amounts of foreign DNA and high expression levels.

[0166] Information concerning poxviruses that may be used in the practice of the invention, such as Chordopoxvirinae subfamily poxviruses (poxviruses of vertebrates), for instance, orthopoxviruses and avipoxviruses, e.g., vaccinia virus (e.g., Wyeth Strain, WR Strain (e.g., ATCC® VR-1354), Copenhagen Strain, NYVAC, NYVAC.1, NYVAC.2, MVA, MVA-BN), canarypox virus (e.g., Wheatley C93 Strain, ALVAC), fowlpox virus (e.g., FP9 Strain, Webster Strain, TROVAC), dovepox, pigeonpox, quailpox, and raccoon pox, inter alia, synthetic or non- naturally occurring recombinants thereof, uses thereof, and methods for making and using such recombinants may be found in scientific and patent literature, such as:¾ US Patents Nos. 4,603,112, 4,769,330, 5,110,587, 5,174,993, 5,364,773, 5,762,938, 5,494,807, 5,766,597, 7,767,449, 6,780,407, 6,537,594, 6,265,189, 6,214,353, 6,130,066, 6,004,777, 5,990,091, 5,942,235, 5,833,975, 5,766,597, 5,756,101, 7,045,313, 6,780,417,8,470,598, 8,372,622, 8,268,329, 8,268,325, 8,236,560, 8,163,293, 7,964,398, 7,964,396, 7,964,395, 7,939,086, 7,923,017, 7,897,156, 7,892,533, 7,628,980, 7,459,270, 7,445,924, 7,384,644, 7,335,364, 7,189,536, 7,097,842, 6,913,752, 6,761,893, 6,682,743, 5,770,212, 5,766,882, and 5,989,562, and¾ Panicali, D. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.1982; 79; 4927-493, Panicali D. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.1983; 80(17): 5364-8, Mackett, M. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1982; 79: 7415-7419, Smith GL. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1983; 80(23): 7155-9, Smith GL. Nature 1983; 302: 490-5, Sullivan VJ. Gen. Vir.1987; 68: 2587-98, Perkus M Journal of Leukocyte Biology 1995; 58:1-13, Yilma TD. Vaccine 1989; 7: 484-485, Brochier B. Nature 1991; 354: 520-22, Wiktor, TJ. Proc. Natl Acd. Sci. 1984; 81: 7194-8, Rupprecht, CE. Proc. Natl Acd. Sci. 1986; 83: 7947-50, Poulet, H Vaccine 2007; 25(Jul): 5606-12, Weyer J. Vaccine 2009; 27(Nov): 7198-201, Buller, RM Nature 1985; 317(6040): 813-5, Buller RM. J. Virol. 1988; 62(3):866-74, Flexner, C. Nature 1987; 330(6145): 259-62, Shida, H. J. Virol. 1988; 62(12): 4474-80, Kotwal, GJ. J. Virol. 1989; 63(2): 600-6, Child, SJ. Virology 1990; 174(2): 625-9, Mayr A. Zentralbl Bakteriol 1978; 167(5,6): 375-9, Antoine G. Virology.1998; 244(2): 365-96, Wyatt, LS. Virology 1998; 251(2): 334-42, Sancho, MC. J. Virol. 2002; 76(16); 8313-34, Gallego-Gomez, JC. J. Virol. 2003; 77(19); 10606-22), Goebel SJ. Virology 1990; (a,b) 179: 247-66, Tartaglia, J. Virol. 1992; 188(1): 217-32, Najera JL. J. Virol. 2006; 80(12): 6033-47, Najera, JL. J. Virol. 2006; 80: 6033-6047, Gomez, CE. J. Gen. Virol. 2007; 88: 2473-78, Mooij, P. Jour. Of Virol.2008; 82: 2975- 2988, Gomez, CE. Curr. Gene Ther. 2011; 11: 189-217, Cox,W. Virology 1993; 195: 845-50, Perkus, M. Jour. Of Leukocyte Biology 1995; 58: 1-13, Blanchard TJ. J Gen Virology 1998; 79(5): 1159-67, Amara R. Science 2001; 292: 69-74, Hel, Z., J. Immunol.2001; 167: 7180-9, Gherardi MM. J. Virol. 2003; 77: 7048-57, Didierlaurent, A. Vaccine 2004; 22: 3395-3403, Bissht H. Proc. Nat. Aca. Sci. 2004; 101: 6641-46, McCurdy LH. Clin. Inf. Dis 2004; 38: 1749-53, Earl PL. Nature 2004; 428: 182-85, Chen Z. J. Virol. 2005; 79: 2678-2688, Najera JL. J. Virol. 2006; 80(12): 6033-47, Nam JH. Acta. Virol. 2007; 51: 125-30, Antonis AF. Vaccine 2007; 25: 4818-4827,B Weyer J. Vaccine 2007; 25: 4213-22, Ferrier-Rembert A. Vaccine 2008; 26(14): 1794-804, Corbett M. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.2008; 105(6): 2046-51, Kaufman HL., J. Clin. Oncol.2004; 22: 2122-32, Amato, RJ. Clin. Cancer Res. 2008; 14(22): 7504-10, Dreicer R. Invest NewDrugs 2009; 27(4): 379-86, Kantoff PW.J. Clin. Oncol.2010, 28, 1099-1105, Amato RJ. J. Clin. Can. Res. 2010; 16(22): 5539-47, Kim, DW. Hum. Vaccine. 2010; 6: 784-791, Oudard, S. Cancer Immunol. Immunother.2011; 60: 261-71, Wyatt, LS. Aids Res. Hum. Retroviruses.2004; 20: 645-53, Gomez, CE. Virus Research 2004; 105: 11-22, Webster, DP. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2005; 102: 4836-4, Huang, X. Vaccine 2007; 25: 8874-84, Gomez, CE. Vaccine 2007a; 25: 2863-85, Esteban M. Hum. Vaccine 2009; 5: 867-871, Gomez, CE. Curr. Gene therapy 2008; 8(2): 97-120, Whelan, KT. Plos one 2009; 4(6): 5934, Scriba, TJ. Eur. Jour. Immuno.2010; 40(1): 279-90, Corbett, M. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2008; 105: 2046-2051, Midgley, CM. J. Gen. Virol. 2008; 89: 2992-97, Von Krempelhuber, A. Vaccine 2010; 28: 1209-16, Perreau, M. J. Of Virol.2011; Oct: 9854- 62, Pantaleo, G. Curr Opin HIV-AIDS.2010; 5: 391–396,each of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0167] In another embodiment the vaccinia virus is used in the neoplasia vaccine or immunogenic composition to express a neoantigen. (Rolph et al., Recombinant viruses as vaccines and immunological tools. Curr Opin Immunol 9:517-524, 1997). The recombinant vaccinia virus is able to replicate within the cytoplasm of the infected host cell and the polypeptide of interest can therefore induce an immune response. Moreover, Poxviruses have been widely used as vaccine or immunogenic composition vectors because of their ability to target encoded antigens for processing by the major histocompatibility complex class I pathway by directly infecting immune cells, in particular antigen-presenting cells, but also due to their ability to self-adjuvant.

[0168] In another embodiment ALVAC is used as a vector in a neoplasia vaccine or immunogenic composition. ALVAC is a canarypox virus that can be modified to express foreign transgenes and has been used as a method for vaccination against both prokaryotic and eukaryotic antigens (Horig H, Lee DS, Conkright W, et al. Phase I clinical trial of a recombinant canarypoxvirus (ALVAC) vaccine expressing human carcinoembryonic antigen and the B7.1 co- stimulatory molecule. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2000;49:504–14; von Mehren M, Arlen P, Tsang KY, et al. Pilot study of a dual gene recombinant avipox vaccine containing both carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and B7.1 transgenes in patients with recurrent CEA-expressing adenocarcinomas. Clin Cancer Res 2000;6:2219–28; Musey L, Ding Y, Elizaga M, et al. HIV-1 vaccination administered intramuscularly can induce both systemic and mucosal T cell immunityin HIV-1-uninfected individuals. J Immunol 2003;171:1094–101; Paoletti E. Applications of pox virus vectors to vaccination: an update. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996;93:11349–53; U.S. Patent No.7,255,862). In a phase I clinical trial, an ALVAC virus expressing the tumor antigen CEA showed an excellent safety profile and resulted in increased CEA-specific T-cell responses in selected patients; objective clinical responses, however, were not observed (Marshall JL, Hawkins MJ, Tsang KY, et al. Phase I study in cancer patients of a replication-defective avipox recombinant vaccine that expresses human carcinoembryonic antigen. J Clin Oncol 1999;17:332–7).

[0169] In another embodiment a Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) virus may be used as a viral vector for a neoantigen vaccine or immunogenic composition. MVA is a member of the Orthopoxvirus family and has been generated by about 570 serial passages on chicken embryo fibroblasts of the Ankara strain of Vaccinia virus (CVA) (for review see Mayr, A., et al., Infection 3, 6-14, 1975). As a consequence of these passages, the resulting MVA virus contains 31 kilobases less genomic information compared to CVA, and is highly host-cell restricted (Meyer, H. et al., J. Gen. Virol. 72, 1031-1038, 1991). MVA is characterized by its extreme attenuation, namely, by a diminished virulence or infectious ability, but still holds an excellent immunogenicity. When tested in a variety of animal models, MVA was proven to be avirulent, even in immuno-suppressed individuals. Moreover, MVA-BN®-HER2 is a candidate immunotherapy designed for the treatment of HER-2-positive breast cancer and is currently in clinical trials. (Mandl et al., Cancer Immunol Immunother. Jan 2012; 61(1): 19–29). Methods to make and use recombinant MVA has been described (e.g., see U.S. Patent Nos. 8,309,098 and 5,185,146 hereby incorporated in its entirety).

[0170] In another embodiment the modified Copenhagen strain of vaccinia virus, NYVAC and NYVAC variations are used as a vector (see U.S. Patent No.7,255,862; PCT WO 95 / 30018; U.S. Pat. Nos.5,364,773 and 5,494,807, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).

[0171] In one embodiment recombinant viral particles of the vaccine or immunogenic composition are administered to patients in need thereof. Dosages of expressed neoantigen can range from a few to a few hundred micrograms, e.g., 5 to 500 .mu.g. The vaccine or immunogenic composition can be administered in any suitable amount to achieve expression at these dosage levels. The viral particles can be administered to a patient in need thereof or transfected into cells in an amount of about at least 103.5pfu; thus, the viral particles arepreferably administered to a patient in need thereof or infected or transfected into cells in at least about 104pfu to about 106pfu; however, a patient in need thereof can be administered at least about 108pfu such that a more preferred amount for administration can be at least about 107pfu to about 109pfu. Doses as to NYVAC are applicable as to ALVAC, MVA, MVA-BN, and avipoxes, such as canarypox and fowlpox.Vaccine or Immunogenic Composition Adjuvant

[0172] Effective vaccine or immunogenic compositions advantageously include a strong adjuvant to initiate an immune response. As described herein, poly-ICLC, an agonist of TLR3 and the RNA helicase–domains of MDA5 and RIG3, has shown several desirable properties for a vaccine or immunogenic composition adjuvant. These properties include the induction of local and systemic activation of immune cells in vivo, production of stimulatory chemokines and cytokines, and stimulation of antigen-presentation by DCs. Furthermore, poly-ICLC can induce durable CD4+ and CD8+ responses in humans. Importantly, striking similarities in the upregulation of transcriptional and signal transduction pathways were seen in subjects vaccinated with poly-ICLC and in volunteers who had received the highly effective, replication-competent yellow fever vaccine. Furthermore, >90% of ovarian carcinoma patients immunized with poly- ICLC in combination with a NY-ESO-1 peptide vaccine (in addition to Montanide) showed induction of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell, as well as antibody responses to the peptide in a recent phase 1 study. At the same time, poly-ICLC has been extensively tested in more than 25 clinical trials to date and exhibited a relatively benign toxicity profile. In addition to a powerful and specific immunogen the neoantigen peptides may be combined with an adjuvant (e.g., poly- ICLC) or another anti-neoplastic agent. Without being bound by theory, these neoantigens are expected to bypass central thymic tolerance (thus allowing stronger anti-tumor T cell response), while reducing the potential for autoimmunity (e.g., by avoiding targeting of normal self- antigens). An effective immune response advantageously includes a strong adjuvant to activate the immune system (Speiser and Romero, Molecularly defined vaccines for cancer immunotherapy, and protective T cell immunity Seminars in Immunol 22:144 (2010)). For example, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have emerged as powerful sensors of microbial and viral pathogen“danger signals”, effectively inducing the innate immune system, and in turn, the adaptive immune system (Bhardwaj and Gnjatic, TLR AGONISTS: Are They Good Adjuvants?Cancer J. 16:382-391 (2010)). Among the TLR agonists, poly-ICLC (a synthetic double- stranded RNA mimic) is one of the most potent activators of myeloid-derived dendritic cells. In a human volunteer study, poly-ICLC has been shown to be safe and to induce a gene expression profile in peripheral blood cells comparable to that induced by one of the most potent live attenuated viral vaccines, the yellow fever vaccine YF-17D (Caskey et al, Synthetic double- stranded RNA induces innate immune responses similar to a live viral vaccine in humans J Exp Med 208:2357 (2011)). In a preferred embodiment Hiltonol®, a GMP preparation of poly-ICLC prepared by Oncovir, Inc, is utilized as the adjuvant. In other embodiments, other adjuvants described herein are envisioned. For instance oil-in-water, water-in-oil or multiphasic W / O / W; see, e.g., US 7,608,279 and Aucouturier et al, Vaccine 19 (2001), 2666-2672, and documents cited therein.Indications

[0173] Examples of cancers and cancer conditions that can be treated with the therapy of this document include, but are not limited to a patient in need thereof that has been diagnosed as having cancer, or at risk of developing cancer. The subject may have a solid tumor such as breast, ovarian, prostate, lung, kidney, gastric, colon, testicular, head and neck, pancreas, brain, melanoma, and other tumors of tissue organs and hematological tumors, such as lymphomas and leukemias, including acute myelogenous leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, T cell lymphocytic leukemia, and B cell lymphomas, tumors of the brain and central nervous system (e.g., tumors of the meninges, brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves and other parts of the CNS, such as glioblastomas or medulla blastomas); head and / or neck cancer, breast tumors, tumors of the circulatory system (e.g., heart, mediastinum and pleura, and other intrathoracic organs, vascular tumors, and tumor-associated vascular tissue); tumors of the blood and lymphatic system (e.g., Hodgkin’s disease, Non-Hodgkin’s disease lymphoma, Burkitt’s lymphoma, AIDS-related lymphomas, malignant immunoproliferative diseases, multiple myeloma, and malignant plasma cell neoplasms, lymphoid leukemia, myeloid leukemia, acute or chronic lymphocytic leukemia, monocytic leukemia, other leukemias of specific cell type, leukemia of unspecified cell type, unspecified malignant neoplasms of lymphoid, hematopoietic and related tissues, such as diffuse large cell lymphoma, T-cell lymphoma or cutaneous T-cell lymphoma); tumors of the excretory system (e.g., kidney, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, and otherurinary organs); tumors of the gastrointestinal tract (e.g., esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon, colorectal, rectosigmoid junction, rectum, anus, and anal canal); tumors involving the liver and intrahepatic bile ducts, gall bladder, and other parts of the biliary tract, pancreas, and other digestive organs; tumors of the oral cavity (e.g., lip, tongue, gum, floor of mouth, palate, parotid gland, salivary glands, tonsil, oropharynx, nasopharynx, puriform sinus, hypopharynx, and other sites of the oral cavity); tumors of the reproductive system (e.g., vulva, vagina, Cervix uteri, uterus, ovary, and other sites associated with female genital organs, placenta, penis, prostate, testis, and other sites associated with male genital organs); tumors of the respiratory tract (e.g., nasal cavity, middle ear, accessory sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchus and lung, such as small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer); tumors of the skeletal system (e.g., bone and articular cartilage of limbs, bone articular cartilage and other sites); tumors of the skin (e.g., malignant melanoma of the skin, non-melanoma skin cancer, basal cell carcinoma of skin, squamous cell carcinoma of skin, mesothelioma, Kaposi’s sarcoma); and tumors involving other tissues including peripheral nerves and autonomic nervous system, connective and soft tissue, retroperitoneoum and peritoneum, eye, thyroid, adrenal gland, and other endocrine glands and related structures, secondary and unspecified malignant neoplasms of lymph nodes, secondary malignant neoplasm of respiratory and digestive systems and secondary malignant neoplasm of other sites. Thus the population of subjects described herein may be suffering from one of the above cancer types. In other embodiments, the population of subjects may be all subjects suffering from solid tumors, or all subjects suffering from liquid tumors.

[0174] Of special interest is the treatment of Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (NHL), clear cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (ccRCC), metastatic melanoma, sarcoma, leukemia or a cancer of the bladder, colon, brain, breast, head and neck, endometrium, lung, ovary, pancreas or prostate. In certain embodiments, the melanoma is high risk melanoma.

[0175] Cancers that can be treated using the therapy described herein may include among others cases which are refractory to treatment with other chemotherapeutics. The term “refractory, as used herein refers to a cancer (and / or metastases thereof), which shows no or only weak antiproliferative response (e.g., no or only weak inhibition of tumor growth) after treatment with another chemotherapeutic agent. These are cancers that cannot be treated satisfactorily with other chemotherapeutics. Refractory cancers encompass not only (i) cancers where one or more chemotherapeutics have already failed during treatment of a patient, but also (ii) cancers that canbe shown to be refractory by other means, e.g., biopsy and culture in the presence of chemotherapeutics.

[0176] The therapy described herein is also applicable to the treatment of patients in need thereof who have not been previously treated.

[0177] The therapy described herein is also applicable where the subject has no detectable neoplasia but is at high risk for disease recurrence.

[0178] Also of special interest is the treatment of patients in need thereof who have undergone Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant (AHSCT), and in particular patients who demonstrate residual disease after undergoing AHSCT. The post-AHSCT setting is characterized by a low volume of residual disease, the infusion of immune cells to a situation of homeostatic expansion, and the absence of any standard relapse-delaying therapy. These features provide a unique opportunity to use the claimed neoplastic vaccine or immunogenic composition compositions to delay disease relapse.Pharmaceutical Compositions / Methods of Delivery

[0179] The present invention is also directed to pharmaceutical compositions comprising an effective amount of one or more neoantigenic peptides as described herein (including a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, thereof), optionally in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or additive.

[0180] When administered as a combination, the therapeutic agents (i.e. the neoantigenic peptides) can be formulated as separate compositions that are given at the same time or different times, or the therapeutic agents can be given as a single composition.

[0181] The compositions may be administered once daily, twice daily, once every two days, once every three days, once every four days, once every five days, once every six days, once every seven days, once every two weeks, once every three weeks, once every four weeks, once every two months, once every six months, or once per year. The dosing interval can be adjusted according to the needs of individual patients. For longer intervals of administration, extended release or depot formulations can be used.

[0182] The compositions of the invention can be used to treat diseases and disease conditions that are acute, and may also be used for treatment of chronic conditions. In particular, the compositions of the invention are used in methods to treat or prevent a neoplasia. In certainembodiments, the compounds of the invention are administered for time periods exceeding two weeks, three weeks, one month, two months, three months, four months, five months, six months, one year, two years, three years, four years, or five years, ten years, or fifteen years; or for example, any time period range in days, months or years in which the low end of the range is any time period between 14 days and 15 years and the upper end of the range is between 15 days and 20 years (e.g., 4 weeks and 15 years, 6 months and 20 years). In some cases, it may be advantageous for the compounds of the invention to be administered for the remainder of the patient’s life. In preferred embodiments, the patient is monitored to check the progression of the disease or disorder, and the dose is adjusted accordingly. In preferred embodiments, treatment according to the invention is effective for at least two weeks, three weeks, one month, two months, three months, four months, five months, six months, one year, two years, three years, four years, or five years, ten years, fifteen years, twenty years, or for the remainder of the subject’s life.

[0183] Surgical resection uses surgery to remove abnormal tissue in cancer, such as mediastinal, neurogenic, or germ cell tumors, or thymoma. In certain embodiments, administration of the composition is initiated following tumor resection. In other embodiments, administration of the neoplasia vaccine or immunogenic composition is initiated 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or more weeks after tumor resection. Preferably, administration of the neoplasia vaccine or immunogenic composition is initiated 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12 weeks after tumor resection.

[0184] Prime / boost regimens refer to the successive administrations of a vaccine or immunogenic or immunological compositions. In certain embodiments, administration of the neoplasia vaccine or immunogenic composition is in a prime / boost dosing regimen, for example administration of the neoplasia vaccine or immunogenic composition at weeks 1, 2, 3 or 4 as a prime and administration of the neoplasia vaccine or immunogenic composition is at months 2, 3 or 4 as a boost. In another embodiment heterologous prime-boost strategies are used to ellicit a greater cytotoxic T-cell response (see Schneider et al., Induction of CD8+ T cells using heterologous prime-boost immunisation strategies, Immunological Reviews Volume 170, Issue 1, pages 29–38, August 1999). In another embodiment DNA encoding neoantigens is used to prime followed by a protein boost. In another embodiment protein is used to prime followed by boosting with a virus encoding the neoantigen. In another embodiment a virus encoding theneoantigen is used to prime and another virus is used to boost. In another embodiment protein is used to prime and DNA is used to boost. In a preferred embodiment a DNA vaccine or immunogenic composition is used to prime a T-cell response and a recombinant viral vaccine or immunogenic composition is used to boost the response. In another preferred embodiment a viral vaccine or immunogenic composition is coadministered with a protein or DNA vaccine or immunogenic composition to act as an adjuvant for the protein or DNA vaccine or immunogenic composition. The patient can then be boosted with either the viral vaccine or immunogenic composition, protein, or DNA vaccine or immunogenic composition (see Hutchings et al., Combination of protein and viral vaccines induces potent cellular and humoral immune responses and enhanced protection from murine malaria challenge. Infect Immun. 2007 Dec;75(12):5819-26. Epub 2007 Oct 1).

[0185] The pharmaceutical compositions can be processed in accordance with conventional methods of pharmacy to produce medicinal agents for administration to patients in need thereof, including humans and other mammals.

[0186] Modifications of the neoantigenic peptides can affect the solubility, bioavailability and rate of metabolism of the peptides, thus providing control over the delivery of the active species. Solubility can be assessed by preparing the neoantigenic peptide and testing according to known methods well within the routine practitioner’s skill in the art.

[0187] In certain embodiments of the pharmaceutical composition the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier comprises water. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier further comprises dextrose. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier further comprises dimethylsulfoxide. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition further comprises an immunomodulator or adjuvant. In certain embodiments, the immunodulator or adjuvant is selected from the group consisting of poly-ICLC, STING agonist, 1018 ISS, aluminum salts, Amplivax, AS15, BCG, CP-870,893, CpG7909, CyaA, dSLIM, GM- CSF, IC30, IC31, Imiquimod, ImuFact IMP321, IS Patch, ISS, ISCOMATRIX, JuvImmune, LipoVac, MF59, monophosphoryl lipid A, Montanide IMS 1312, Montanide ISA 206, Montanide ISA 50V, Montanide ISA-51, OK-432, OM-174, OM-197-MP-EC, ONTAK, PEPTEL, vector system, PLGA microparticles, resiquimod, SRL172, Virosomes and other Virus-like particles, YF-17D, VEGF trap, R848, beta-glucan, Pam3Cys, and Aquila’s QS21 stimulon. In certain embodiments, the immunomodulator or adjuvant comprises poly-ICLC.

[0188] Xanthenone derivatives such as, for example, Vadimezan or AsA404 (also known as 5,6-dimethylaxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA)), may also be used as adjuvants according to embodiments of the invention. Alternatively, such derivatives may also be administered in parallel to the vaccine or immunogenic composition of the invention, for example via systemic or intratumoral delivery, to stimulate immunity at the tumor site. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that such xanthenone derivatives act by stimulating interferon (IFN) production via the stimulator of IFN gene ISTING) receptor (see e.g., Conlon et al. (2013) Mouse, but not Human STING, Binds and Signals in Response to the Vascular Disrupting Agent 5,6-Dimethylxanthenone-4-Acetic Acid, Journal of Immunology, 190:5216-25 and Kim et al. (2013) Anticancer Flavonoids are Mouse-Selective STING Agonists, 8:1396-1401).

[0189] The vaccine or immunological composition may also include an adjuvant compound chosen from the acrylic or methacrylic polymers and the copolymers of maleic anhydride and an alkenyl derivative. It is in particular a polymer of acrylic or methacrylic acid cross-linked with a polyalkenyl ether of a sugar or polyalcohol (carbomer), in particular cross-linked with an allyl sucrose or with allylpentaerythritol. It may also be a copolymer of maleic anhydride and ethylene cross-linked, for example, with divinyl ether (see U.S. Patent No.6,713,068 hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety)..

[0190] In certain embodiments, the pH modifier can stabilize the adjuvant or immunomodulator as described herein.

[0191] In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition comprises: one to five peptides, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), dextrose, water, succinate, poly I: poly C, poly-L-lysine, carboxymethylcellulose, and chloride. In certain embodiments, each of the one to five peptides is present at a concentration of 300 μg / ml. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises≤ 3% DMSO by volume. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises 3.6 – 3.7 % dextrose in water. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises 3.6– 3.7 mM succinate (e.g., as sodium succinate) or a salt thereof. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises 0.5 mg / ml poly I: poly C. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises 0.375 mg / ml poly- L-Lysine. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises 1.25 mg / ml sodium carboxymethylcellulose. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises 0.225% sodium chloride.

[0192] Pharmaceutical compositions comprise the herein-described tumor specific neoantigenic peptides in a therapeutically effective amount for treating diseases and conditions (e.g., a neoplasia / tumor), which have been described herein, optionally in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable additive, carrier and / or excipient. One of ordinary skill in the art from this disclosure and the knowledge in the art will recognize that a therapeutically effective amount of one of more compounds according to the present invention may vary with the condition to be treated, its severity, the treatment regimen to be employed, the pharmacokinetics of the agent used, as well as the patient (animal or human) treated.

[0193] To prepare the pharmaceutical compositions according to the present invention, a therapeutically effective amount of one or more of the compounds according to the present invention is preferably intimately admixed with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier according to conventional pharmaceutical compounding techniques to produce a dose. A carrier may take a wide variety of forms depending on the form of preparation desired for administration, e.g., ocular, oral, topical or parenteral, including gels, creams ointments, lotions and time released implantable preparations, among numerous others. In preparing pharmaceutical compositions in oral dosage form, any of the usual pharmaceutical media may be used. Thus, for liquid oral preparations such as suspensions, elixirs and solutions, suitable carriers and additives including water, glycols, oils, alcohols, flavoring agents, preservatives, coloring agents and the like may be used. For solid oral preparations such as powders, tablets, capsules, and for solid preparations such as suppositories, suitable carriers and additives including starches, sugar carriers, such as dextrose, mannitol, lactose and related carriers, diluents, granulating agents, lubricants, binders, disintegrating agents and the like may be used. If desired, the tablets or capsules may be enteric- coated or sustained release by standard techniques.

[0194] The active compound is included in the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent in an amount sufficient to deliver to a patient a therapeutically effective amount for the desired indication, without causing serious toxic effects in the patient treated.

[0195] Oral compositions generally include an inert diluent or an edible carrier. They may be enclosed in gelatin capsules or compressed into tablets. For the purpose of oral therapeutic administration, the active compound or its prodrug derivative can be incorporated with excipients and used in the form of tablets, troches, or capsules. Pharmaceutically compatible binding agents, and / or adjuvant materials can be included as part of the composition.

[0196] The tablets, pills, capsules, troches and the like can contain any of the following ingredients, or compounds of a similar nature: a binder such as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin; an excipient such as starch or lactose, a dispersing agent such as alginic acid or corn starch; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate; a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide; a sweetening agent such as sucrose or saccharin; or a flavoring agent such as peppermint, methyl salicylate, or orange flavoring. When the dosage unit form is a capsule, it can contain, in addition to material herein discussed, a liquid carrier such as a fatty oil. In addition, dosage unit forms can contain various other materials which modify the physical form of the dosage unit, for example, coatings of sugar, shellac, or enteric agents.

[0197] Formulations of the present invention suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units such as capsules, cachets or tablets each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient; as a powder or granules; as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous liquid or a non-aqueous liquid; or as an oil-in-water liquid emulsion or a water-in-oil emulsion and as a bolus, etc.

[0198] A tablet may be made by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients. Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine the active ingredient in a free-flowing form such as a powder or granules, optionally mixed with a binder, lubricant, inert diluent, preservative, surface-active or dispersing agent. Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent. The tablets optionally may be coated or scored and may be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient therein.

[0199] Methods of formulating such slow or controlled release compositions of pharmaceutically active ingredients, are known in the art and described in several issued US Patents, some of which include, but are not limited to, US Patent Nos. 3,870,790; 4,226,859; 4,369,172; 4,842,866 and 5,705,190, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Coatings can be used for delivery of compounds to the intestine (see, e.g., U.S. Patent Nos.6,638,534, 5,541,171, 5,217,720, and 6,569,457, and references cited therein).

[0200] The active compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may also be administered as a component of an elixir, suspension, syrup, wafer, chewing gum or the like. Asyrup may contain, in addition to the active compounds, sucrose or fructose as a sweetening agent and certain preservatives, dyes and colorings and flavors.

[0201] Solutions or suspensions used for ocular, parenteral, intradermal, subcutaneous, or topical application can include the following components: a sterile diluent such as water for injection, saline solution, fixed oils, polyethylene glycols, glycerine, propylene glycol or other synthetic solvents; antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or methyl parabens; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite; chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; buffers such as acetates, citrates or phosphates; and agents for the adjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose.

[0202] In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is an aqueous solvent, i.e., a solvent comprising water, optionally with additional co-solvents. Exemplary pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include water, buffer solutions in water (such as phosphate- buffered saline (PBS), and 5% dextrose in water (D5W). In certain embodiments, the aqueous solvent further comprises dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), e.g., in an amount of about 1-4%, or 1- 3%. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is isotonic (i.e., has substantially the same osmotic pressure as a body fluid such as plasma).

[0203] In one embodiment, the active compounds are prepared with carriers that protect the compound against rapid elimination from the body, such as a controlled release formulation, including implants and microencapsulated delivery systems. Biodegradable, biocompatible polymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, polylactic acid, and polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA). Methods for preparation of such formulations are within the ambit of the skilled artisan in view of this disclosure and the knowledge in the art.

[0204] A skilled artisan from this disclosure and the knowledge in the art recognizes that in addition to tablets, other dosage forms can be formulated to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient. Such dosage forms include, but are not limited to, capsules, granulations and gel-caps.

[0205] Liposomal suspensions may also be pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. These may be prepared according to methods known to those skilled in the art. For example, liposomal formulations may be prepared by dissolving appropriate lipid(s) in an inorganic solvent that is then evaporated, leaving behind a thin film of dried lipid on the surface of the container. Anaqueous solution of the active compound are then introduced into the container. The container is then swirled by hand to free lipid material from the sides of the container and to disperse lipid aggregates, thereby forming the liposomal suspension. Other methods of preparation well known by those of ordinary skill may also be used in this aspect of the present invention.

[0206] The formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by conventional pharmaceutical techniques. Such techniques include the step of bringing into association the active ingredient and the pharmaceutical carrier(s) or excipient(s). In general, the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active ingredient with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.

[0207] Formulations and compositions suitable for topical administration in the mouth include lozenges comprising the ingredients in a flavored basis, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth; pastilles comprising the active ingredient in an inert basis such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia; and mouthwashes comprising the ingredient to be administered in a suitab...

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one neoantigenic peptide and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, each at least one neoantigenic peptide comprising a tumor- specific neoepitope capable of binding to an HLA protein in a subject, each tumor-specific neoepitope comprising a tumor-specific mutation present in a tumor, wherein:(a) the composition comprises at least one neoantigenic peptide comprising a tumor-specific mutation present in a tumor in at least 1% of subjects in a population of subjects suffering from cancer;(b) the composition comprises at least one neoantigenic peptide comprising a tumor-specific neoepitope which binds to an HLA protein present in at least 5% of subjects in the population of subjects suffering from cancer; and(c) the composition comprises at least one neoantigenic peptide capable of eliciting an immune response against a tumor present in at least 5% of the subjects in the population of subjects suffering from cancer.

2. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein the population of subjects is suffering from adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC), bladder urothelial carcinoma (BLCA), breast invasive carcinoma (BRCA), cervical squamous cell carcinoma and endocervical adenocarcinoma (CESC), colon adenocarcinoma (COAD), Chronic lymphocytic Leukaemia (CLL), colorectal cancer (CRC), Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC), kidney chromophobe (KICH), kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC), kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma (KIRP), acute myeloid leukemia (LAML), liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC), lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC), multiple myeloma (MM), ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma (OV), pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD), prostate adenocarcinoma (PRAD), rectum adenocarcinoma (READ), skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM), stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD), testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT), thyroid adenocarcinoma (THCA), uterine corpus endometrioid carcinoma (UCEC), or uterine carcinosarcoma (UCS).

3. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the population suffering from cancer was treated with, is being treated with, or is selected to betreated with ibrutinib, erlotinib, imatinib, gefitinib, crizotinib, trastuzumab, vemurafenib, RAF / MEK inhibitor or antiestrogen therapy.

4. The pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the tumor-specific mutations comprise splice-variant mutations, point mutations, and / or frameshift mutations.

5. The pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 1 to 4, wherein the at least one neoantigenic peptide comprises at least one neoantigenic peptide derived from a long peptide region flanking and including the tumor specific mutation, and wherein all contiguous segments within the long peptide are included.

6. The pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 1 to 5, wherein the tumor-specific mutations are present in one or more genes listed in any of the Tables.

7. The pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 1 to 6, wherein the composition comprises at least one neoantigenic peptide as defined in any of the Tables.

8. The pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 1 to 7, wherein the tumor-specific mutations are present in one or more genes encoding a protein selected from the group consisting of Programmed Death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1), androgen receptor (AR), Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase (BTK), Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR), BCR-Abl, c-kit, PIK3CA, HER2, EML4-ALK, KRAS, ALK, ROS1, AKT1, BRAF, MEK1, MEK2, NRAS, RAC1, and ESR1.

9. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 8, wherein at least one tumor- specific mutation is derived from alternative splicing of PD-L1 or AR.

10. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 9, wherein at least one tumor- specific mutation is derived from splice variant sPD-L1, AR-V1 or AR-V7.

11. The pharmaceutical composition according to any of claim 1 to 8, wherein the tumor-specific mutations comprise drug resistance mutations.

12. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 11, wherein at least one tumor-specific mutation is a drug resistance mutation selected from the group consisting of BTK / C481S, EGFR / T790M, BCR-Abl / T315I, BCR-Abl / Y253H, BCR-Abl / E255K, BCR- Abl / E255V, c-kit / T670I, PIK3CA / E545K, PIK3CA / E542K, HER2 / G776(YVMA), HER2 / E545K, EML4-ALK / G1269A, KRAS / G12V / D, ALK / L1196M, ALK / G1202R, ALK / S1206Y, ALK / 1151T(ins), ALK / F1174C, ROS1 / G2032R, AKT1 / E17K, BRAF / V600E, MEK1 / Q56P, MEK1 / E203K, MEK1 / C121S, MEK1 / V60E, MEK1 / G128V, MEK1 / V154I, MEK1 / P124S, MEK1 / P124L, NRAS / Q61K / L / R, NRAS / T58I, MEK2 / C125S, RAC1 / P29S, ESR1 / S463P, AR / V534E, AR / P535H, AR / L536Q, AR / L536R, AR / Y537C, AR / Y537S, AR / Y537N, AR / D538G and AR / F876L.

13. The pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 1 to 12, wherein the at least one tumor-specific mutation has an incidence of at least 500 patients a year in the population of subjects suffering from cancer, and wherein the at least one mutation comprises a mutation listed for the population in Table 9.

14. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 13, wherein the at least one neoantigenic peptide comprises at least one peptide listed in Table 9.

15. The pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 1 to 7, wherein:(a) the population of subjects is suffering from CLL; and(b) the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations selected from the group consisting of SF3B1:p.K700E, MYD88:p.L273P, NOTCH1:p.P2514fs, ABCA11P:p.E901D, AHNAK:p.D3823E, ZNF814:p.E348D, AHNAK:p.V1220I, AHNAK:p.H1203N, ANKRD30A:p.A232V, APOOL:p.I138L, EGR2:p.H397N, MKI67:p.H2213D, NRAS:p.Q61R, PLIN4:p.M691V, XPO1:p.E571K, ZCRB1:p.L76F, ZNF700:p.N652H, ZNF700:p.Q654R, ZNF844:p.D458H, AHNAK:p.A4046V, ANKRD36:p.P337R, C1orf170:p.T203I, CAST:p.D639E, EGR2:p.E369K, GPR123:p.L630P, IKZF3:p.L162R, MUC4:p.P4224R, OR9Q1:p.M34L, PKD2:p.Y486F, PRAMEF11:p.R104Q, SYNJ1:p.I681F, TP53:p.R248Q, TP53:p.R248W, TRPV2:p.L627del, ZNF254:p.S498A, ZNF732:p.A459T, ZNF749:p.E530Q, ZNF845:p.M423I, ABCA11P:p.G900E, ACRC:p.E243D, ACRC:p.A244V, ACSL3:p.T188S, ADAMTS2:p.D948N, AGAP6:p.S127I,AHNAK:p.A2114G, ANKRD36:p.D1014Y, ARID3A:p.G550fs, ARID4A:p.D1154E, ATP2B4:p.R183H, ATRNL1:p.L1244F, BNC1:p.Y937N, BRAF:p.K601N, BTLA:p.Q86K, C14orf177:p.G90V, C2orf44:p.N456K, C3orf15:p.R552Q, CACNA2D1:p.Y376N, CALD1:p.E340K, CCDC15:p.P488H, CCDC79:p.N440T, CCNB3:p.A932T, CD109:p.L470Q, CD209:p.Q189L, CKAP2:p.*684K, CMA1:p.I81K, CMIP:p.A230T, CNTNAP4:p.I12F, CRYM:p.*315K, DICER1:p.E1705K, DPCR1:p.L716P, EIF3A:p.M1093L, EIF4G3:p.R8H, ETFDH:p.I281F, EWSR1:p.Y656C, F5:p.L1332P, F5:p.L1253F, FAM50A:p.H317R, FBXL13:p.S102R, FBXW7:p.R465H, FHL1:p.D184E, FILIP1:p.I522K, FRG1B:p.Q39K, GNB1:p.I80T, GPR110:p.R443G, GPR98:p.Y6152F, HDGFL1:p.188_189insA, IGF2BP2:p.T186S, IL1R2:p.L364fs, KIAA1109:p.L4680P, KRAS:p.G13D, KRTAP19- 1:p.G61S, MAF:p.G53fs, MAGEC1:p.L609H, MAP2K1:p.K57N, MED12:p.L36R, MED12:p.G44S, METAP2:p.Y137N, METTL9:p.Y57F, MGP:p.V15L, MKI67:p.R2222K, MUC16:p.T11005I, MUC4:p.S3941N, MUC4:p.S3941G, MUC4:p.V3091L, MUC4:p.S2951Y, MUC4:p.A2841S, MUC4:p.S2760A, MUC4:p.T2335M, MUC4:p.T1627K, MUC4:p.T1547S, MUC4:p.H1133Q, MYD88:p.M240T, NEDD4L:p.P194del, NEFH:p.S704T, NRG4:p.G21fs, OR2A25:p.S105C, OR4C16:p.Y63F, OR4N4:p.L150fs, PABPC1:p.K254fs, PIWIL1:p.P372fs, PLCD3:p.E499fs, PLEKHB1:p.S146P, PPIL4:p.S382R, PRDM4:p.*802K, PRG4:p.N675H, PRKAB1:p.P104H, R3HDM2:p.S592G, R3HDM2:p.S588N, R3HDM2:p.R206W, RPS2:p.R200G, RPTN:p.G364S, SF3B1:p.K666E, SF3B1:p.N626Y, SF3B1:p.Y623C, SIX3:p.I27L, SLC39A7:p.L456fs, SLC6A9:p.R94K, TFG:p.A382V, TGOLN2:p.K83R, TGOLN2:p.T80S, TLR2:p.D327V, TNKS2:p.T619fs, TP53:p.R273H, TP53:p.C242F, TP53:p.R175H, TWISTNB:p.H306Q, UBXN7:p.A276V, WDR78:p.N110K, XIRP2:p.V3008E, ZNF382:p.H186Q, ZNF578:p.R306H, ZNF578:p.G311S, ZNF578:p.H334R, ZNF700:p.S649C, ZNF705A:p.D298N, ZNF836:p.K608Q, and ZNF836:p.I571N.

16. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 15, wherein at least 17.49% of subjects in the population have the at least one tumor-specific mutation.

17. The pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 1 to 7, wherein:(a) the population of subjects is suffering from BLCA; andĨb) the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations selected from the group consisting of PIK3CA:p.E545K, FGFR3:p.S249C, TP53:p.R248Q, PIK3CA:p.E542K, RXRA:p.S427F, ZNF814:p.D404E, FBXW7:p.R505G, NOTCH2:p.P6fs, TP53:p.E285K, ANKRD30A:p.A353P, C3orf70:p.S6L, EFCAB6:p.R379K, ERCC2:p.N238S, FAM47C:p.Q225E, FOXQ1:p.S135L, HLA-A:p.Q78R, MUC4:p.H4205Q, OTUD4:p.T909I, SLAMF1:p.S277fs, SPRED3:p.S128del, TMCO2:p.S15fs, TP53:p.R280T, TP53:p.E271K, TP53:p.A159V, ZNF706:p.I8N, ZNF706:p.R3P, ACACB:p.E2318Q, ACPP:p.E321K, ACRC:p.A264V, ADAMTS2:p.23_24insL, AFF3:p.E919K, AHNAK:p.S4150F, AHNAK:p.D2889H, AHNAK:p.V1940A, ALX4:p.R126Q, ANKRD12:p.E627K, ANKRD32:p.T999N, ARID1A:p.S614L, ASXL2:p.117_118SS>S, ATP12A:p.R858C, ATP9A:p.R519Q, BCAS3:p.T214M, BPI:p.M255I, CACNG8:p.V146G, CAMSAP1:p.T466fs, CDC27:p.I91fs, CDKN1A:p.E44fs, CEP192:p.S2058L, CGB8:p.T18A, CHRNA3:p.L23del, CHST4:p.D352N, CLIP1:p.S1018fs, COX6A1:p.S8L, CREBBP:p.D1435H, CRIPAK:p.M48fs, CSPG5:p.D119N, CUL1:p.E485K, DLC1:p.S741T, DLL3:p.D318H, DOPEY2:p.E1196K, ECM1:p.E266K, EEF1A2:p.Y418S, EEF2K:p.E673K, EMILIN1:p.R27G, ERBB2:p.S310F, ERBB3:p.M91I, ERBB3:p.V104L, ERBB3:p.D297Y, ERCC2:p.Y14C, FAM155A:p.Q86del, FAM43B:p.E272del, FASTKD3:p.Q625E, FBXW7:p.S546L, FGFR3:p.R248C, FGFR3:p.G380R, FGFRL1:p.H479fs, GBE1:p.M587I, GIMAP1- GIMAP5:p.S311C, GNA13:p.R200G, H1FOO:p.A214fs, HEATR7B2:p.E1109K, HIST1H1D:p.I81M, HRAS:p.G12D, HRCT1:p.H92P, ILF3:p.E484K, KCNK2:p.S6W, KIAA0907:p.Q446P, KIF23:p.E350K, KLF5:p.S118L, KLHL15:p.D185G, LAMA4:p.E639K, LILRA1:p.H410Y, LILRB1:p.L479del, LLGL2:p.P955fs, LPIN1:p.S974L, LRRC16A:p.D227N, LRTM2:p.S139L, LURAP1L:p.55_56insGGG, MAGEC1:p.P553del, MCL1:p.E171del, MN1:p.S472L, MUC7:p.A191V, MVP:p.E412K, NBPF10:p.E3455K, NFE2L2:p.E79K, NFE2L2:p.R34G, NOS1AP:p.Q306del, OR2T35:p.V319fs, OR4N2:p.L150fs, PABPC3:p.K333fs, PAX3:p.S197L, PBX2:p.E70K, PBXIP1:p.H729del, PCDP1:p.E537K, PEX1:p.I370fs, PHLDA3:p.E82K, PLEKHM2:p.S459L, PLVAP:p.A321V, POLR3B:p.L372F, POTEC:p.R477Q, PPL:p.H326Y, PPP1R15A:p.E196K, PRDM16:p.E271Q, PRIC285:p.E1289Q, PRMT8:p.S31P, PUF60:p.S396L, RAB11FIP4:p.S596L, RAD51C:p.D167N, RAD51C:p.Y224H, RALGPS1:p.R381Q, RARS2:p.R6C, RBM26:p.P644A, RERE:p.K176N, RXRA:p.S427Y, SERPINA12:p.R211G, SF3B1:p.E902K,SLC6A9:p.R243W, SLC9A5:p.L447F, SPESP1:p.F121L, SRPRB:p.G14S, SYN2:p.A34del, SYTL2:p.I440M, TAB3:p.R211T, TAF1B:p.R292C, TAOK2:p.L981del, TAS1R3:p.E525K, TAS2R9:p.E163Q, TBC1D1:p.S71F, TBC1D2B:p.R920Q, TFPI2:p.R222C, TM6SF1:p.S15W, TMEM131:p.K640fs, TMEM19:p.G331fs, TP53:p.R273C, TP53:p.R248W, TP53:p.R175H, TP53:p.K132N, TRAM1:p.E41Q, TSKS:p.E513K, TTN:p.C20935G, UBOX5:p.S417L, UGP2:p.D262H, VGF:p.E433K, XAB2:p.E782K, XYLB:p.S87F, ZC3H4:p.E798K, ZNF208:p.K852E, ZNF208:p.I647S, ZNF626:p.G198E, ZNF749:p.Q457E, ZNF761:p.H373R, ZNF799:p.T43A, ZNF799:p.W41G, ZNF799:p.E589G, ZNF844:p.P503R, ZNF845:p.M423T, ZNF845:p.T479M, ZNF860:p.H464R, ZNF878:p.S181R, ZNF91:p.R333H, and ZNF91:p.H305R.

18. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 17, wherein at least 26.92% of subjects in the population have the at least one tumor-specific mutation.

19. The pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 1 to 14, wherein:(a) the population of subjects is suffering from a neoplasia; and (b) the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises a frameshift mutation resulting from an insertion of at least one nucleotide in the coding sequence of GATA3.

20. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 19, wherein:(a) the population of subjects is suffering from BRCA; and(b) the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of frameshift mutations selected from the group consisting of GATA3:p.L328fs, GATA3:p.N334fs, GATA3:p.L344fs, GATA3:p.H400fs, GATA3:p.S408fs, GATA3:p.S430fs, GATA3:p.H434fs, GATA3:p.H435fs, and GATA3:p.S408fs.

21. The pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 1 to 7, wherein:(a) the population of subjects is suffering from BRCA; and(b) the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations selected from the group consisting of PIK3CA:p.H1047R, PIK3CA:p.E545K, PIK3CA:p.E542K, AKT1:p.E17K, TP53:p.R175H, PIK3CA:p.N345K, PIK3CA:p.H1047L, SF3B1:p.K700E, GATA3:p.S408fs, PIK3CA:p.E726K, TP53:p.Y220C, TP53:p.H193R,PIK3CA:p.Q546R, TP53:p.R273C, TP53:p.R248W, TP53:p.R273H, TP53:p.I195T, TP53:p.H179R, FGFR2:p.N549K, NUP93:p.E14K, PIK3CA:p.C420R, PIK3CA:p.E453K, PIK3CA:p.Q546K, TP53:p.V216M, TP53:p.C176F, CDH1:p.E243K, ERBB2:p.L755S, KRAS:p.G12V, PIK3CA:p.E545A, TBL1XR1:p.I141fs, TP53:p.G266E, TP53:p.R248Q, TP53:p.Y163C, TP53:p.C141Y, TP53:p.G108fs, ACPP:p.R43W, AKT2:p.I289M, ARHGAP9:p.R137C, C9orf174:p.R136W, CDC42BPA:p.P675T, COL12A1:p.S395L, CRISPLD1:p.R222W, CT47B1:p.234_243EKLTEEATEE>E, CYP1A2:p.V483M, DAB2IP:p.E161K, DGKB:p.S13L, DMD:p.K1772N, DPEP1:p.V11L, ERBB2:p.S310F, ERBB2:p.D769Y, ERBB3:p.E928G, ESYT1:p.R816W, FAM179A:p.A831T, FAM58BP:p.A70T, FMN2:p.S751F, GALNTL6:p.K567del, GATA3:p.L328fs, GATA3:p.N334fs, GATA3:p.L344fs, GATA3:p.H400fs, GATA3:p.S408fs, GATA3:p.S430fs, GATA3:p.H434fs, GATA3:p.H435fs, GDAP1:p.T307A, GRB14:p.A300T, GUCY2C:p.G549C, IL17B:p.R34W, KCNB2:p.R231H, KIF1B:p.R1320W, KIF26B:p.V1113M, KLF4:p.K434Q, LY9:p.I69L, MAP2K4:p.S184L, MAP2K4:p.S251I, MAP2K4:p.T261fs, MAP3K1:p.L318fs, MAP3K1:p.I761fs, MAP3K1:p.V1346del, MAP3K1:p.L1384fs, MAPK13:p.E315K, MAPK4:p.V100M, MARCH5:p.R170C, MBP:p.E120K, MEFV:p.R377H, METTL15:p.Q53E, MS4A4A:p.V99M, MUC17:p.R4415H, MYH6:p.T847M, MYO5B:p.A405V, NARS2:p.P240R, NLGN4X:p.D382N, NLRC4:p.R288W, OR13G1:p.R258H, OR2AK2:p.V45I, OTOF:p.T388M, PACSIN2:p.Q331H, PALM2-AKAP2:p.A299T, PCDH19:p.R286C, PCDHGC5:p.D664N, PIK3CA:p.R88Q, PIK3CA:p.E110del, PIK3CA:p.K111del, PIK3CA:p.PVPHGLEDL447del, PIK3CA:p.L455fs, PIK3CA:p.M1004I, PIK3CA:p.M1043I, PIK3CA:p.N1044Y, PIK3R1:p.KPDL567del, PREX2:p.R363Q, PRRX1:p.A196V, PTEN:p.V317fs, RGSL1:p.V222I, RUNX1:p.R142fs, RUNX1:p.D96fs, SCN2A:p.R36K, SLC25A32:p.Q83E, SLC25A45:p.G106C, STRA6:p.Q68R, STX6:p.H153D, TBX3:p.H187Y, TFPT:p.S252C, TINAG:p.R332W, TMEM71:p.R63Q, TP53:p.E286K, TP53:p.R282W, TP53:p.V272M, TP53:p.S241fs, TP53:p.C238fs, TP53:p.C238F, TP53:p.C238Y, TP53:p.Y234C, TP53:p.Y220S, TP53:p.R209fs, TP53:p.G199V, TP53:p.L194R, TP53:p.H193L, TP53:p.H193Y, TP53:p.V173L, TP53:p.V173M, TP53:p.K132N, TP53:p.R110fs, TUBD1:p.A200V, VLDLR:p.R231H, VWA3A:p.V955I, VWF:p.K1720N, XPO1:p.E571K, and ZNF268:p.F901del.

22. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 21, wherein at least 36.04% of subjects in the population have the at least one tumor-specific mutation.

23. The pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 1 to 7, wherein:(a) the population of subjects is suffering from COAD; and(b) the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations selected from the group consisting ofKRAS:p.G12D, BRAF:p.V600E, KRAS:p.G12V, ACVR2A:p.K435fs, GRB14:p.KKK295del, SEC63:p.L532fs, TGFBR2:p.E125fs, ATR:p.K771fs, ICA1:p.N204fs, KRAS:p.G12C, TP53:p.R175H, ABCA8:p.R842Q, ACTL7B:p.R354H, ACVR2A:p.K435fs, AIM2:p.K340fs, ALG2:p.S302Y, ANKIB1:p.K144fs, ARSG:p.V131I, ATP10D:p.R311H, AXIN2:p.W663fs, C5orf30:p.D4N, CACNG3:p.V134I, CASP5:p.K78fs, CC2D2A:p.R1284C, CDH10:p.E349K, DNMT1:p.E432K, DOCK2:p.G170R, DOCK5:p.E177K, EGR2:p.R390H, ERBB3:p.V104M, FAM135B:p.R884H, FBXW7:p.R505C, FBXW7:p.R465H, FHDC1:p.R254W, FOXL1:p.N89K, HCN4:p.R525H, HLA-DMA:p.E84K, HTR3B:p.R236C, ITGA4:p.T673M, KIF18A:p.R17C, KIF20B:p.E991K, KLHL5:p.R326C, KRAS:p.A146T, KRAS:p.G13D, LPHN3:p.R1183Q, MAP2K4:p.R287H, MAPK8IP1:p.L217fs, MFSD5:p.R280Q, MUC16:p.R8606H, MYO6:p.D1180N, NAA25:p.S807Y, NBPF14:p.V44L, NRAS:p.Q61K, NRAS:p.G13R, PAX3:p.T424M, PGAM1:p.R240H, PHF3:p.R1410I, PIK3CA:p.R88Q, PIK3CA:p.E545K, PIK3CA:p.H1047R, PLXNA3:p.V14fs, POSTN:p.R508C, PTPRU:p.D1434N, PYGO2:p.Q150fs, RBBP7:p.E274K, SFPQ:p.R611Q, SGSM1:p.F1117L, SLC25A40:p.R96Q, SLC8A1:p.R431H, SLITRK3:p.S298L, SPATA22:p.S150L, SUN3:p.E128K, TGFBR1:p.S241L, TP53:p.R273H, TP53:p.R273C, TP53:p.R248W, TRPV5:p.R492H, USP40:p.S851L, VPS13C:p.D1359Y, ZBTB24:p.L607I, ZNF434:p.R306C, ZNF443:p.R301I, ZNF484:p.R138C, and ZNF770:p.S441P.

24. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 23, wherein at least 27.14% of subjects in the population have the at least one tumor-specific mutation.

25. The pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 1 to 7, wherein:(a) the population of subjects is suffering from GBM; andĨb) the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations selected from the group consisting of HSD17B7P2:p.N175S, IDH1:p.R132H, EGFR:p.A289V, EGFR:p.G598V, WASH3P:p.G175S, ZNF814:p.D404E, RPSA:p.Q111E, NBPF10:p.E3455K, TP53:p.R248Q, BRAF:p.V600E, EGFR:p.A289T, PRB2:p.N230del, RGPD5:p.P1760A, TP53:p.R175H, CHEK2:p.K373E, EGFR:p.R108K, EGFR:p.R222C, PIK3CA:p.E545K, PIK3R1:p.G376R, POTEC:p.K507E, SDHAP2:p.V195E, SLC6A10P:p.K88N, TP53:p.R282W, TP53:p.R273H, CD3EAP:p.K219del, DST:p.R146C, EGFR:p.A289D, EGFR:p.H304Y, FRG1B:p.S71N, GOLGA8DP:p.A116E, KRTAP4- 11:p.R121K, KRTAP4-11:p.S48R, MAP3K1:p.P324L, OGDH:p.I78fs, PODXL:p.S162fs, PSPH:p.V145I, SPINT1:p.A316V, TP53:p.R248W, TP53:p.G245S, TP53:p.Y220C, TP53:p.R158H, TSHZ2:p.A222T, UBC:p.L149R, ZDHHC4:p.R300H, ZNF844:p.R447P, AASS:p.T878fs, ABCC10:p.R570W, ADAM29:p.V205I, ADAMTS8:p.V524M, AGAP3:p.R766W, AICDA:p.Y144F, AK7:p.A159V, AK8:p.D243A, ANO2:p.R334C, AOX1:p.A507V, ARHGAP5:p.M691L, CALN1:p.V231I, CARM1:p.A202V, CD163L1:p.V721M, CD1D:p.L25fs, CD209:p.A283T, CDH18:p.A195T, CILP2:p.V553M, CIZ1:p.L89P, CLOCK:p.L123fs, COL6A5:p.T2224M, CSF2RB:p.G298S, CSMD3:p.E171K, CYP2D6:p.H352R, DCAF12L1:p.R335H, DCAF12L2:p.R246H, DPP10:p.V183I, DPY19L2P1:p.R378Q, DQX1:p.R505H, DRD5:p.S275R, DVL2:p.V66G, EFCAB6:p.R379K, EGFR:p.L62R, EGFR:p.R252C, EGFR:p.P596S, EGFR:p.P596L, EGFR:p.G598A, EGFR:p.E709K, EPHA1:p.A184T, ERC2:p.R20H, ESPNP:p.R627Q, FAM126B:p.R382H, FBN3:p.V886I, FGF14:p.T229M, FLG2:p.H1901fs, FLG:p.R2886H, FLNA:p.V1240M, FOXG1:p.H57del, FPR2:p.R54Q, FRG1B:p.K13N, FRG1B:p.A53T, GABRA6:p.V314I, GJB3:p.R160H, GLT8D2:p.A178V, GRM3:p.R183C, HERC1:p.R2330H, HNF1B:p.T417M, HTRA3:p.Q403R, IDH1:p.R132G, IFNA10:p.L80F, IFNA10:p.V79A, JHDM1D:p.R313H, JPH1:p.A395T, KEL:p.V411M, KIAA0907:p.R516fs, KIAA1704:p.D88del, KLK6:p.R120H, KRAS:p.G12D, KRTAP4-7:p.L121V, KRTAP4-7:p.L148V, KRTAP5-4:p.S131C, LAT2:p.L18W, LIMK2:p.R203H, LUM:p.R330C, MCOLN3:p.V141I, MGAT4B:p.T444P, MUC17:p.V77M, MUC17:p.3204_3205insP, MYO1D:p.T109M, MYO6:p.Q914fs, NAP1L5:p.140_141EE>E, NF1:p.F1658fs, NHP2L1:p.R84C, NLRP5:p.R737W, NPTX1:p.A263T, NUFIP2:p.Q29del, ODF4:p.R61C, OR11H12:p.H154P, OR2A7:p.V18I, OR2H1:p.V287I, OR2T12:p.R184H, OR5D13:p.R236C, OR5P2:p.A100V, OR6N2:p.R293C,PASD1:p.A236del, PCDH11X:p.T486M, PCDHB13:p.P221L, PDGFRA:p.E229K, PDGFRB:p.S650L, PHC3:p.T35del, PIK3C2B:p.R287fs, PIK3CA:p.M1V, PIK3CA:p.R88Q, PIK3CA:p.M1043V, PIK3CA:p.H1047R, PIK3R1:p.K379N, PODNL1:p.A150V, POTEE:p.V166M, POTEG:p.R136H, PRKCD:p.G432fs, PROKR2:p.V297I, PTEN:p.C136Y, PTEN:p.S170N, PTEN:p.R173H, PTEN:p.T277I, PTEN:p.V317fs, PTPN14:p.E716del, R3HDM2:p.412_413QQ>Q, RAB11FIP5:p.R170H, RASAL3:p.R82H, RB1:p.N316fs, RDH8:p.A198V, REN:p.15_16LL>L, RIMBP2:p.R830H, SCAF11:p.E926fs, SCN7A:p.R1358H, SCNN1G:p.R564H, SDHAP2:p.R31C, SDHAP3:p.A66T, SEMG2:p.R292C, SH3RF2:p.R318C, SHB:p.A460T, SIGLEC10:p.T250M, SLC13A5:p.Q273P, SLC17A9:p.V324I, SLC22A9:p.R407Q, SLC26A3:p.V88I, SLC5A3:p.A302fs, SLC9A4:p.R631H, SPAM1:p.R346Q, SPEN:p.E803fs, SPTA1:p.A2011V, SUSD5:p.T513M, SYNE1:p.R8468H, TARSL2:p.G366D, TAS2R41:p.A255T, TAT:p.R367H, TFPI2:p.R206C, THSD7B:p.R90C, TMEM147:p.A92V, TMEM156:p.R81C, TMPRSS6:p.V302I, TNFSF9:p.A232T, TP53:p.C238F, TP53:p.C238Y, TP53:p.Y234C, TP53:p.V216M, TP53:p.H179R, TP53:p.T155N, TRAPPC10:p.K133fs, TTN:p.R21402W, TTN:p.V16403M, TUBBP5:p.V102M, TYRP1:p.T352fs, UBC:p.R73L, UGT2B28:p.P289H, USH2A:p.R3719H, WASH6P:p.L211V, ZFP42:p.V227I, ZFP42:p.T264M, ZNF181:p.V305G, ZNF280B:p.E400K, ZNF534:p.N583K, ZNF563:p.W208fs, ZNF844:p.F487L, and ZPBP:p.R154C.

26. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 25, wherein at least 34.36% of subjects in the population have the at least one tumor-specific mutation.

27. The pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 1 to 7, wherein:(a) the population of subjects is suffering from HNSC; and(b) the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations selected from the group consisting ofPIK3CA:p.E545K, PIK3CA:p.E542K, TP53:p.R175H, PIK3CA:p.H1047R, TP53:p.R282W, TP53:p.R248Q, TP53:p.R273H, TP53:p.R248W, TP53:p.G245S, RHOA:p.E40Q, EP300:p.D1399N, HRAS:p.G13V, MB21D2:p.Q311E, NFE2L2:p.E79Q, TP53:p.H179Y, FBXW7:p.R505G, HIST1H2BF:p.E77K, HRAS:p.G12D, MAPK1:p.E322K, NFE2L2:p.D29H, TP53:p.P278S, TP53:p.C242F, TP53:p.Y220C, TP53:p.H193L, TP53:p.H179R, TP53:p.V157F, TP53:p.R110L,AKNAD1:p.K620R, ANXA6:p.R231Q, AP1G2:p.D243N, ATAD5:p.D441N, ATP6AP2:p.E119Q, B2M:p.M1I, BCL11A:p.E579K, C1orf172:p.Y30fs, C7orf57:p.E30K, CCDC135:p.E313K, CDH12:p.P706T, CDH7:p.Q225K, CDK11B:p.E79del, CDKN2A:p.H83Y, CHCHD4:p.T79M, CIRH1A:p.S250I, CLSTN2:p.P759L, CRB1:p.L628fs, DENND5B:p.G1023E, DNAH5:p.Q1797E, DSP:p.R160G, EDA:p.L58F, EFCAB6:p.E1002K, ELF4:p.S415L, EP300:p.C1164Y, EPHA3:p.T802R, EPHA6:p.D952H, ERBB2:p.M916I, ESRRA:p.D219N, FAM101A:p.I89del, FBXO24:p.M553V, FCAR:p.V233M, GPANK1:p.Y351fs, GPR20:p.V300I, GPRASP1:p.S706L, GPRIN3:p.R633fs, GRID2:p.T649fs, GRM3:p.F682L, GUCY2F:p.S404L, HCRTR2:p.D100Y, HIST1H3C:p.K37M, HIST1H4C:p.R68P, HLX:p.S12T, HOXD10:p.Y151C, HPS3:p.K812N, HRAS:p.G12A, HRAS:p.G12S, IFT140:p.E664K, INPPL1:p.T493M, ITGA10:p.R669Q, ITGB1:p.D158N, KIAA1429:p.D1526N, KIAA1429:p.S138F, KPRP:p.E553fs, KSR2:p.T555M, LINGO2:p.P410T, LPCAT1:p.V187del, MAGEB3:p.V75A, MAP3K7:p.E524Q, MAP4K3:p.P657fs, MAP9:p.K485N, MARS2:p.R481Q, MBOAT7:p.R424W, MUC16:p.R12774H, MUC5B:p.T4388M, MYH11:p.E993K, MYOCD:p.T493M, MYOM1:p.R63Q, NANOS3:p.S183L, NCOR1:p.R1561Q, NCOR1:p.Q169E, NCR1:p.D213N, NFE2L2:p.E79K, ODZ1:p.R366M, OPN1MW:p.A285T, OR2M2:p.A95fs, OR2M3:p.M273I, OR2T33:p.R120S, OR6V1:p.I248fs, PABPC5:p.P58L, PACSIN1:p.E359K, PIK3CA:p.M1043V, PIK3CA:p.H1047L, PIWIL1:p.V699M, PLIN5:p.430_431insNG, PLXNA3:p.P58S, PRB1:p.R274fs, PRSS1:p.D107N, RAC1:p.A159V, RGS7:p.L21fs, RPA1:p.R31H, RPL18:p.R178fs, SFI1:p.R821Q, SLC35D3:p.*417S, SLC5A7:p.G336C, SMARCA4:p.P913L, STAT3:p.D661V, SYCP2:p.K474N, SYT6:p.R249H, TBX21:p.E494K, THSD7A:p.R1046C, THSD7A:p.C728F, TMC3:p.R934S, TMTC2:p.T409R, TP53:p.E285K, TP53:p.C275F, TP53:p.R273C, TP53:p.G266E, TP53:p.G262V, TP53:p.R249S, TP53:p.G245V, TP53:p.C238F, TP53:p.M237I, TP53:p.Y236C, TP53:p.Y236D, TP53:p.R196P, TP53:p.PHHERC177del, TP53:p.V173L, TP53:p.V173M, TP53:p.Y163C, TP53:p.P151T, TP53:p.V143M, TP53:p.P58fs, URI1:p.S13fs, ZNF177:p.K384N, ZNF750:p.S96fs, and ZZZ3:p.R5Q.

28. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 27, wherein at least 21.61% of subjects in the population have the at least one tumor-specific mutation.

29. The pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 1 to 7, wherein:(a) the population of subjects is suffering from KIRC; and(b) the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations selected from the group consisting of WASH3P:p.G175S, VHL:p.L89H, VHL:p.S111N, WDR52:p.V1227G, KRT1:p.552_559YGSGGSSY>Y, KRTAP1-1:p.S34C, PALM2-AKAP2:p.1075_1076insEA, ZNF814:p.D404E, DOPEY2:p.Y2048S, KAT2B:p.W111fs, PABPC1:p.E156fs, PCDHGC5:p.G599V, PIK3CA:p.E545K, RRAD:p.A278E, SIRPA:p.D131del, UQCRFS1:p.I83V, VHL:p.P45L, VHL:p.V74D, VHL:p.R82P, VHL:p.L116fs, VHL:p.L158V, VHL:p.L169P, WDR73:p.DGTRSQ315del, ABCA3:p.E95D, ABCC5:p.L1090fs, ACADS:p.R330H, ACAN:p.G952E, ACSM2A:p.L402fs, ADAM23:p.K380M, ADH1A:p.D154V, AFF3:p.SA620del, AGAP6:p.D69fs, AGAP7:p.E71fs, AHNAK:p.5_6insE, AIDA:p.K247M, ALAS1:p.G302R, ANAPC16:p.R95fs, ANK2:p.N453S, ANKRD36:p.K378R, ARHGEF5:p.E487G, ARSD:p.AGV234del, ARSD:p.A234G, ATP2A1:p.G704C, ATP7A:p.Q990fs, AVIL:p.G299fs, AXDND1:p.EQ991del, BAP1:p.N78S, BAP1:p.M1I, BLM:p.H660Q, BMPER:p.RIAL444del, BRK1:p.K70Q, BTRC:p.I416M, C16orf55:p.D118A, C19orf33:p.K102E, C20orf132:p.E382D, C2orf71:p.1225_1226insS, C6orf132:p.173_182PPPLLLEPPP>P, CASP5:p.R23fs, CATSPER4:p.T425M, CCDC120:p.I8V, CCR5:p.S185I, CCZ1:p.E214D, CD7:p.P174fs, CDAN1:p.L646fs, CDH23:p.F1132Y, CDK5RAP2:p.H1592Q, CENPB:p.E410V, CERCAM:p.A85fs, CHEK2:p.K373E, CHIT1:p.P284fs, CLCN2:p.645_645R>RR, CLUL1:p.G463R, CNTNAP4:p.Y436S, CUL9:p.D1726E, CWC25:p.K364E, CXorf51B:p.V43I, DDX39B:p.F149fs, DIRAS1:p.G79C, DISP2:p.F1021S, DNMBP:p.T78P, DOCK8:p.A177fs, DPCR1:p.H383N, DPCR1:p.L768del, EGFR:p.L838M, ENPEP:p.F289C, ESPNP:p.W122fs, FAM105A:p.H126N, FAM186A:p.IPPQAQELEIPL1556del, FAM194B:p.EEEEYL135del, FAM22F:p.S691del, FAM22F:p.P690fs, FAM47A:p.LRPEPPETGVSH235del, FAM47C:p.P388S, FAM78A:p.W192L, FBXO34:p.Q294fs, FGFR3:p.R571fs, FGFR3:p.P716H, FMN2:p.AIPPPPPLPGA956del, FOXD4L4:p.C405fs, FUT6:p.S140fs, GJA1:p.A311fs, GOLGA5:p.L492I, GPM6A:p.A50V, GPRIN1:p.231_239RKEDPGSLR>R, GRAMD1B:p.P356H, GREB1:p.S344Y, GRM6:p.A718fs, GUSB:p.L501V, GUSB:p.C500R, HBB:p.F86C, HDAC6:p.G977D, HEXDC:p.T482P, HNF1B:p.N302K, HNRPLL:p.M327V,HRC:p.P439fs, HSFX2:p.D92E, IL1RAP:p.F50C, IVL:p.EQQEGQLKHP167del, KANK4:p.S253P, KCNJ18:p.E378K, KIAA1751:p.K97N, KRT1:p.SSYGSGG557del, KRT2:p.L299W, KRT4:p.F154fs, KRTAP10-6:p.49_49P>PSCCAP, KRTAP5-7:p.C120Y, KRTAP9-2:p.CCQP140del, LARS:p.P185fs, LCP1:p.P445fs, LOC338651:p.PHRSHSPPWS102del, LRCH2:p.D717G, LTA4H:p.F107L, LYST:p.Q710H, MAFA:p.207_208HH>H, MAGEC1:p.P239del, MAP2K5:p.Q445R, MAPKAPK2:p.T214fs, MARCKS:p.K152fs, MED12L:p.P2071S, MEGF6:p.A582fs, MGST3:p.G143fs, MLXIPL:p.S790R, MOCOS:p.S849P, MST1R:p.M464V, MTOR:p.C1483F, MTOR:p.L1460P, MUC16:p.P11260A, MUC17:p.R1227fs, MUC17:p.H1228fs, MUC2:p.1480_1481insI, MUC6:p.P1569fs, MYO3A:p.N525S, NBPF3:p.D491V, NCOR1P1:p.L52P, NDUFA4L2:p.G3fs, NEFH:p.651_651K>KAKSPEK, NES:p.V611L, NFAT5:p.Q906E, NOXO1:p.G3fs, NR2C1:p.S270I, NSMCE2:p.Q31fs, NUDT21:p.W13fs, ODZ2:p.W628fs, ONECUT1:p.L424M, OR10A3:p.F73V, OR4F4:p.E15G, OR4N2:p.L150fs, OR51B5:p.A66fs, OR7C1:p.F104fs, PABPC1:p.Y408F, PABPC1:p.K333fs, PABPC1:p.A181T, PABPC3:p.P191T, PALLD:p.A996T, PALM2-AKAP2:p.G1118fs, PARD6A:p.G84fs, PASK:p.T62I, PCDH15:p.C1713F, PCNT:p.G136S, PGM5:p.G426fs, PGPEP1L:p.R164fs, PIK3C2B:p.F1473L, PIK3CA:p.N1044K, PIK3R5:p.L371R, PITRM1:p.P816T, PLIN4:p.T347I, PODXL:p.28_30PSP>P, POLR1C:p.K332Q, POTED:p.I214V, PPM1E:p.R311W, PRKCE:p.Q157fs, PROX1:p.V225D, PRRC2C:p.P1883T, PRX:p.P549L, PSD3:p.T563P, PTCH1:p.P689H, RANBP3:p.L386W, RASGEF1C:p.A188T, RGPD6:p.F946L, RHEB:p.Y35N, RIMBP3:p.A396del, RIN3:p.L449V, RLIM:p.S501L, RNF17:p.S351C, RUNX2:p.P466H, SCAF1:p.P208fs, SDK1:p.K508fs, SECISBP2:p.D608E, SERPINB3:p.S209C, SESTD1:p.I306M, SFRP4:p.P325fs, SH3KBP1:p.P563fs, SIPA1L3:p.G777A, SLC13A2:p.L493fs, SLC16A9:p.CVLLGG470del, SLC25A5:p.A118T, SLC44A5:p.V70F, SLC4A8:p.N229K, SLC52A1:p.G370del, SLC52A2:p.G399fs, SLC6A10P:p.K88N, SLC6A14:p.A85fs, SLC9B1:p.V446fs, SON:p.VLESSAVT1359del, SP8:p.G165del, SPAG1:p.353_354insD, SPATA9:p.C189F, SPEG:p.A992fs, SPTB:p.T1864I, SRA1:p.V110L, STAT6:p.P354fs, STK11IP:p.A155E, STXBP3:p.E279G, SVIL:p.M93T, SYNE1:p.R8468S, SYNJ2:p.K832T, SYNPO:p.G619fs, TAOK2:p.Q899fs, TAS2R38:p.I311T, TBC1D12:p.F608Y, TBC1D1:p.H277R, TBC1D3:p.A556fs, TBC1D3C:p.A495fs, TBC1D3F:p.A556fs, TCF7:p.H140P, TDRD10:p.W276C, THRAP3:p.K551R,TMEM102:p.A110P, TMEM161B:p.L142P, TMEM230:p.D140G, TMEM47:p.G87S, TRDN:p.*730Y, TTBK1:p.T1065S, UBE2O:p.R1118fs, UBR5:p.T1306fs, UPK3A:p.G272fs, VHL:p.G39S, VHL:p.S65L, VHL:p.N78D, VHL:p.R79P, VHL:p.W88L, VHL:p.L89P, VHL:p.R107P, VHL:p.S111R, VHL:p.H115N, VHL:p.D121Y, VHL:p.G123fs, VHL:p.D126fs, VHL:p.L128H, VHL:p.L135F, VHL:p.I151T, VHL:p.L153P, VHL:p.L158P, VHL:p.Q164fs, VHL:p.L184P, VHL:p.L188P, WASH6P:p.315_316insAPP, WASH6P:p.T201M, WWP2:p.G458A, ZCCHC6:p.K937N, ZFAND2B:p.I149T, ZFR2:p.Y107N, ZNF273:p.N319K, ZNF462:p.S650T, ZNF516:p.A256D, ZNF519:p.H431Y, ZNF687:p.F858C, ZNF732:p.E227Q, ZNF880:p.Q406R, ZP3:p.V362fs, and ZRANB1:p.*735fs.

30. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 29, wherein at least 6% of subjects in the population have the at least one tumor-specific mutation.

31. The pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 1 to 7, wherein:(a) the population of subjects is suffering from LAML; and(b) the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations selected from the group consisting of NPM1:p.W288fs, DNMT3A:p.R882H, NPM1:p.L287fs, IDH2:p.R140Q, IDH1:p.R132C, FLT3:p.D835Y, DNMT3A:p.R882C, FLT3:p.600_601insFREYEYD, IDH1:p.R132H, NRAS:p.G13D, U2AF1:p.S34F, KIT:p.D816V, FLT3:p.D835E, IDH2:p.R172K, NRAS:p.G12D, WT1:p.S381fs, ABTB1:p.L249fs, DNMT3A:p.R736H, FLT3:p.D835H, KRAS:p.G12D, NPM1:p.L287fs, NRAS:p.Q61H, NRAS:p.Q61K, PHACTR1:p.V251fs, RBBP4:p.E330K, RUNX1:p.R135G, and U2AF1:p.S34Y.

32. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 31, wherein at least 47.45% of subjects in the population have the at least one tumor-specific mutation.

33. The pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 1 to 7, wherein:(a) the population of subjects is suffering from LUAD; and(b) the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations selected from the group consisting of KRAS:p.G12C, KRAS:p.G12V, EGFR:p.L858R, U2AF1:p.S34F, KRAS:p.G12A, TP53:p.R158L, KRAS:p.G12D, PIK3CA:p.E545K, TP53:p.R273L, EGFR:p.ELREA746del, KRAS:p.G13D, A2ML1:p.S654fs,BRAF:p.G469V, CTNNB1:p.S37F, EGFR:p.G719A, KRAS:p.G13C, MYOF:p.G165fs, EGFR:p.S768I, FAM47C:p.G948W, KRAS:p.Q61L, MYH10:p.L1091fs, NRAS:p.Q61L, OR4C3:p.H130fs, PI15:p.V22F, RAD50:p.D69Y, RIT1:p.M90I, TP53:p.C275F, TP53:p.R249M, TP53:p.R249G, TP53:p.R248P, TP53:p.R175H, TP53:p.Y163C, TP53:p.A159P, TP53:p.V157F, TP53:p.G154V, ABCB1:p.R467L, ACBD3:p.R224L, ACTA1:p.G275C, ACTN2:p.D893Y, ADAM30:p.Q741H, ADAMTS14:p.G238C, ADAMTS20:p.R1251S, ADAMTS20:p.R541L, ADAMTS5:p.L549M, ADAMTS9:p.G659W, ADCY2:p.P1016T, ADCY5:p.G623C, AFP:p.A182G, AHDC1:p.P155Q, AKAP1:p.LDRNEEG317del, ALKBH1:p.K137E, ANK2:p.Q3076L, ANKRD44:p.G339C, ANO3:p.A41S, AP1G1:p.R723L, APBB2:p.T243fs, APOB:p.L973M, APOBR:p.R840L, AQP10:p.Q261L, ARAP3:p.R1226L, ARFIP2:p.R86L, ARHGAP36:p.P16H, ARL13B:p.R358L, ASCC2:p.R365L, ASPM:p.S240F, ASXL3:p.P1470Q, ATRN:p.P197Q, AVIL:p.G64W, AXDND1:p.W101R, B3GAT1:p.R125L, BARX2:p.R68P, BCL9L:p.G980C, BCOR:p.N1459S, BEND2:p.P536Q, BMS1:p.G455V, BRAF:p.V600E, BRAF:p.G466V, BRD9:p.G330W, BRF1:p.V469L, BRWD3:p.H160N, BTRC:p.G260W, C11orf68:p.V135L, C15orf2:p.V753F, C15orf2:p.G906W, C18orf8:p.M61I, C1GALT1:p.G299V, C1orf173:p.G1454S, C1orf173:p.S688Y, C1orf87:p.R541L, C2orf53:p.P272H, C3orf20:p.R740L, C7:p.R687S, C7orf58:p.G140W, C7orf58:p.R238L, CACNA1A:p.S772Y, CACNA1D:p.R1073L, CACNA1E:p.R2089Q, CACNA2D1:p.A352E, CACNG3:p.R232W, CADPS:p.R959S, CALB2:p.R258C, CAMK2B:p.G131V, CARD11:p.I1065M, CCDC111:p.R417L, CCDC141:p.E1204V, CCDC19:p.R279L, CCDC19:p.R207L, CCKAR:p.L271M, CD1B:p.W41L, CDH10:p.S577R, CDH10:p.R472C, CDH10:p.R128S, CDH18:p.A721S, CDH20:p.P433H, CDH6:p.Q237K, CDK13:p.R880S, CDK4:p.R24L, CELF4:p.A309P, CFDP1:p.P129fs, CHN1:p.K264N, CHRNA4:p.S396R, CHRNA9:p.P361Q, CLCNKA:p.P124Q, CLEC12B:p.W217L, CLK4:p.R68L, CNTFR:p.D252Y, CNTN6:p.R807M, CNTNAP2:p.F395L, COL19A1:p.P538Q, COL5A2:p.G612W, COL5A2:p.G516W, COL9A1:p.P211Q, CPE:p.P290Q, CPNE8:p.Q127H, CPSF4:p.P219Q, CRIPAK:p.S180fs, CROT:p.Q580H, CRTC3:p.S363L, CSMD2:p.P1855Q, CSMD3:p.T2810N, CSMD3:p.P2727T, CSMD3:p.Q174H, CUBN:p.G596C, CUL4B:p.R91S, CUL7:p.L371F, CXCL9:p.K122N, CXCR4:p.E345Q, CXorf59:p.R198M, CYP11B1:p.R498G, CYP27A1:p.P112Q, CYP2B6:p.A444E, DACH2:p.R539L, DCC:p.R446H, DDX56:p.R329L, DEFA1:p.W90C,DENND2A:p.R688Q, DENND2A:p.R499L, DMBT1:p.R1521L, DNAH5:p.R3822L, DNAH9:p.S2993R, DNAI2:p.V231L, DPP6:p.L757F, DSG4:p.R128L, DST:p.A4410S, DZIP3:p.M322L, EBF3:p.R231S, EFCAB4B:p.E265Q, EHHADH:p.Q704H, ELAVL2:p.L263F, EMR1:p.R493H, ENAH:p.R514L, ENPP1:p.G738E, EPB41L3:p.A896S, EPG5:p.R2289L, EPHA1:p.G111V, EPHB6:p.R337H, EPRS:p.V1151L, ERBB2:p.S310Y, ERBB2:p.774_775insAYVM, ERBB2:p.776_776G>VC, ERN2:p.T295K, FAM120B:p.P467H, FAM127C:p.F52L, FAM135B:p.W240C, FAM210B:p.L112F, FAM47A:p.R690L, FAM47B:p.W163C, FAM47B:p.L567F, FAM5C:p.R457G, FAM70B:p.P277T, FAM71B:p.L583M, FAM75A6:p.R304S, FAM75A6:p.P54L, FAM75D1:p.R1265S, FARP1:p.R299L, FAT1:p.R4359L, FAT3:p.R1266H, FAT3:p.G1899V, FAT3:p.H3574N, FBXO18:p.M144I, FBXO31:p.G443fs, FCGBP:p.A1022S, FCRL2:p.V505L, FERD3L:p.P92H, FGB:p.E339Q, FGFR2:p.E116K, FGFRL1:p.R243L, FGFRL1:p.V274L, FKBPL:p.R320L, FLG2:p.G1545V, FLG2:p.L572F, FLG:p.P3254H, FLG:p.P2466Q, FMN2:p.P992T, FOLH1:p.A643S, FOXRED1:p.R136L, FRAS1:p.C382F, FRG2B:p.D142Y, FRMPD1:p.E1093Q, FSHB:p.T43N, GABRA5:p.Q224K, GADL1:p.L352I, GAL3ST3:p.A271S, GALNT14:p.D234E, GAS8:p.R313S, GATA3:p.M443I, GCDH:p.R82C, GEM:p.R268L, GFRAL:p.Q308K, GIT2:p.R123L, GJB4:p.R22S, GLB1L2:p.I407M, GLOD4:p.Q223fs, GNAO1:p.P283Q, GPNMB:p.I174M, GPR137B:p.G240C, GPR158:p.P762T, GPR98:p.G4307W, GRB7:p.R239L, GRHL1:p.G608W, GRID1:p.R683L, GRIK1:p.R368Q, GRM5:p.P895fs, GTF2E1:p.R192L, H3F3C:p.R131L, HAO2:p.H12N, HCN1:p.P231Q, HECW1:p.A183S, HGF:p.M686T, HIP1:p.R940L, HIST1H1E:p.R25P, HLA- DMA:p.A236fs, HOXA5:p.G11C, HS3ST3A1:p.G399W, HSD17B6:p.F209L, HSPA13:p.V85L, HSPBAP1:p.R282L, HTR5A:p.W298C, IGHMBP2:p.R615S, IL2:p.R103M, IL2RA:p.G61W, IL32:p.P215T, ING1:p.A220S, INMT:p.G56V, ITGA8:p.G616C, ITGAD:p.L528fs, ITGAX:p.R283H, ITIH1:p.G254W, ITIH2:p.L842V, ITK:p.R29L, ITPR2:p.P358Q, JMJD1C:p.R1198S, KCNA1:p.G376C, KCNH8:p.M455I, KCNJ3:p.L430F, KCNK18:p.G23V, KCNK2:p.R166L, KEAP1:p.G603W, KEAP1:p.R260L, KEAP1:p.S144F, KHDRBS2:p.S203L, KIAA1211:p.P1203Q, KIAA1549:p.L1272F, KIAA1755:p.Q108H, KIF15:p.E252Q, KIF9:p.G480R, KIRREL:p.G604C, KLF5:p.E419Q, KRAS:p.Q61H, KRTAP10-12:p.R64P, KRTAP27-1:p.M124I, KRTAP4-5:p.C91F, KRTAP5-1:p.S193Y, L1CAM:p.R632S, L3MBTL4:p.W162L, LAMA1:p.D1030Y, LAMB1:p.T1610fs,LAMB4:p.G1239W, LAMB4:p.G588W, LEF1:p.I53V, LEKR1:p.Q450K, LIM2:p.S150T, LIPJ:p.P236Q, LPHN3:p.E740D, LPPR4:p.R527S, LRFN5:p.N132K, LRP1B:p.G3563C, LRP2:p.M4039I, LRRC4C:p.Q10L, LRRIQ1:p.W792L, LRRTM4:p.S243Y, MAGEA10:p.R7H, MAGEC2:p.W109C, MAGI1:p.G1156V, MAGI2:p.P1044T, MAK:p.P373Q, MAP2K1:p.K57N, MARCH11:p.R193L, MEPE:p.G142C, MKI67:p.R1081S, MKRN3:p.P448H, MLL3:p.N393K, MLL3:p.Q356K, MMRN1:p.A1013S, MOGAT2:p.Q66fs, MXRA5:p.D324Y, MYH4:p.T790M, MYH8:p.R1117C, MYH8:p.H1006N, MYO5B:p.R708L, MYO7B:p.P2040H, MYO9B:p.R94L, MYT1L:p.P351Q, NAA11:p.T184K, NAB1:p.L72F, NAV1:p.R938L, NBPF15:p.G665E, NCAM2:p.G698C, NCAPD2:p.R220L, NDST3:p.V427I, NEK2:p.R239S, NFIA:p.L294F, NLRP3:p.R157C, NOTCH2:p.R2105L, NR4A2:p.R314L, NRG1:p.V481L, NRXN1:p.R813S, NRXN1:p.A660S, NRXN3:p.P23H, NRXN3:p.R103C, NTM:p.G333C, NUAK1:p.G173C, NYAP2:p.P437L, ODZ3:p.P218Q, OIT3:p.R508S, OOEP:p.R101C, OPN1LW:p.P283H, OR10H4:p.M199I, OR10J1:p.L157Q, OR10X1:p.L298I, OR10Z1:p.L205F, OR14A16:p.G160C, OR2A25:p.M80I, OR2AG2:p.G249W, OR2AK2:p.W37C, OR2H2:p.L205F, OR2J2:p.G234W, OR2L13:p.M106I, OR2L13:p.T242A, OR2L3:p.M1I, OR2L3:p.L67I, OR2L8:p.R121C, OR2L8:p.R171S, OR2M2:p.F177L, OR2M2:p.F323L, OR2M5:p.V205L, OR2T12:p.M258L, OR2T27:p.D11Y, OR2T33:p.P165Q, OR2T34:p.C246F, OR2T6:p.V213L, OR4C12:p.D309Y, OR4C12:p.M279I, OR4C16:p.L162M, OR4M2:p.A119S, OR4M2:p.A161S, OR51V1:p.P298T, OR5AS1:p.M39I, OR5B12:p.S289C, OR5B17:p.M266I, OR5D14:p.H246N, OR5D16:p.P264T, OR5D18:p.R123H, OR5F1:p.G44V, OR5J2:p.A36S, OR5L1:p.T275N, OR6C65:p.I154fs, OR6C75:p.G94W, OR6K2:p.P79Q, OR8D2:p.R306M, OR9A2:p.R289W, OR9G9:p.R169L, P2RX7:p.P142Q, P2RY10:p.T10K, P2RY10:p.V196L, PABPC5:p.R99S, PAPPA2:p.P917T, PAPPA2:p.P1706H, PBLD:p.P55Q, PCDH10:p.R587S, PCDH10:p.V986L, PCDH11X:p.R1010I, PCDHAC2:p.A742V, PCDHB5:p.P649S, PCDHGC5:p.K12N, PCDHGC5:p.P684H, PCLO:p.P3946T, PCMTD1:p.R271M, PDPR:p.G793W, PDYN:p.G191W, PDZD2:p.R565S, PDZD8:p.S980G, PFKM:p.R118S, PIGM:p.R225L, PIK3CA:p.E542K, PIK3CG:p.V165I, PILRA:p.S291fs, PLCE1:p.G564C, PLCL1:p.M564I, PLEKHA6:p.R110L, PNKP:p.G174W, POGZ:p.G75W, POLE:p.R573L, POM121L12:p.P231T, POM121L12:p.P242H, POTEE:p.V288M, POTEM:p.S78R, POU3F3:p.D321Y, PPT2:p.R265L, PRDM16:p.P1036L, PRELP:p.D201Y, PRPF40B:p.R160S, PRPF6:p.R763L, PTEN:p.R234L, PTPN11:p.G503V, PTPN13:p.E2067K,PTPRJ:p.G334W, PTPRT:p.R928L, PTPRU:p.P559S, PXDNL:p.P1456T, QSOX1:p.R401L, QSOX2:p.R683L, RAB13:p.R167L, RAB8A:p.G20W, RAPGEFL1:p.R356L, RBM19:p.G390W, RCL1:p.P112Q, REG1B:p.W57L, REG3A:p.S150L, REG4:p.G110V, RIMS2:p.R55L, RIT2:p.R85L, RLN2:p.S138C, RNF20:p.P529Q, RORB:p.G94W, RPL10L:p.K187T, RPRD2:p.R97S, RTN1:p.S103W, RUNX2:p.R337M, RYR2:p.K2413N, RYR2:p.M4334I, RYR3:p.P1670T, S100PBP:p.R5L, S1PR1:p.L104F, SAGE1:p.H298Q, SALL1:p.E965K, SALL1:p.R898W, SALL4:p.R187L, SBSPON:p.G133W, SCAF8:p.G740C, SCG2:p.P252Q, SCML4:p.L261F, SCN2A:p.T155K, SEC24D:p.A50fs, SEC61A2:p.G126V, SERPINA12:p.D253Y, SERPINA9:p.M414I, SERPINC1:p.R45L, SGIP1:p.R502L, SH3GL3:p.R174L, SH3PXD2A:p.S759L, SI:p.V1217F, SKOR1:p.Y883C, SLC1A2:p.F348fs, SLC24A5:p.R35S, SLC25A48:p.R101S, SLC35E2:p.R201L, SLC39A12:p.C628S, SLC39A6:p.R53L, SLC4A5:p.I533V, SLC5A1:p.G53W, SLC5A7:p.G442V, SLC6A11:p.W299L, SLC6A2:p.S354C, SLC8A1:p.G433C, SLIT1:p.R1460L, SLITRK5:p.R68L, SLITRK5:p.R468M, SLITRK6:p.N741K, SORL1:p.R205L, SOS1:p.N233Y, SOX9:p.E75K, SPAG16:p.V439L, SPIN4:p.Y171C, SPRR2D:p.P30fs, SPTA1:p.G2367C, SPTA1:p.D2243Y, SSX3:p.P127T, ST18:p.H778Q, STAC3:p.G117W, STOML3:p.D86Y, STX2:p.R107L, SUMF2:p.G110E, SUN3:p.P339Q, SV2C:p.P60Q, SYNDIG1:p.D135Y, SYNE1:p.K8632E, TARS2:p.E199K, TAS2R16:p.Q177H, TCOF1:p.K264R, TCTE1:p.S127I, TDO2:p.Q197H, THSD7A:p.G810W, THSD7A:p.R801L, TIFAB:p.D43E, TIGD4:p.S312F, TLL1:p.P53Q, TMPRSS11E:p.G259C, TMTC1:p.A864D, TMTC1:p.G212V, TMX3:p.R151C, TNNI1:p.R67L, TNR:p.L692I, TOP2A:p.R736L, TP53:p.R337L, TP53:p.E285K, TP53:p.R283P, TP53:p.D281N, TP53:p.C277F, TP53:p.V274F, TP53:p.R273H, TP53:p.I255F, TP53:p.R249S, TP53:p.M237I, TP53:p.S215I, TP53:p.C176F, TP53:p.R110L, TP53:p.G105C, TP53:p.P72fs, TPO:p.E558K, TRAF6:p.R502S, TRIM42:p.Q127K, TRIM48:p.A93D, TRIM4:p.R398L, TRIM51:p.W131C, TRIM9:p.R337S, TRIML1:p.H399Q, TRPM3:p.G298W, TSC1:p.G378C, TSG101:p.R276S, TSHZ1:p.K501N, TSHZ3:p.G677V, TTF2:p.R761S, TUBA3C:p.Q176fs, UBAC1:p.K330N, UBE2J2:p.G193W, UBR1:p.G1647W, UGT2B7:p.M214I, VMP1:p.E369Q, VPS13B:p.G2575W, VSTM2A:p.G75V, VWA3B:p.R557L, WBP11:p.P227fs, WDR52:p.G612C, WDR59:p.R837S, WDR75:p.P287Q, WDR88:p.G100W, ZCCHC5:p.G335W, ZFHX4:p.L811F, ZFHX4:p.T1663N, ZFHX4:p.H2511Q, ZFP14:p.Q17L, ZIC1:p.A112E, ZNF154:p.T408N, ZNF223:p.G23W,ZNF295:p.S732C, ZNF322:p.K106N, ZNF385D:p.T226S, ZNF454:p.S190I, ZNF492:p.P392H, ZNF521:p.G640C, ZNF521:p.P270H, ZNF536:p.G186C, ZNF536:p.G663W, ZNF644:p.G21W, ZNF716:p.H263L, ZNF71:p.V411L, ZNF782:p.G484W, ZNF831:p.Q617K, ZNF98:p.C492F, and ZSWIM2:p.S214Y.

34. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 33, wherein at least 33.42% of subjects in the population have the at least one tumor-specific mutation.

35. The pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 1 to 7, wherein:(a) the population of subjects is suffering from LUSC; and(b) the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations selected from the group consisting of PIK3CA:p.E545K, TP53:p.R158L, KRTAP5- 5:p.GCG47del, NFE2L2:p.E79Q, CDKN2A:p.D108Y, DHX9:p.V40G, MAFA:p.207_208HH>H, NFE2L2:p.R34Q, PBX2:p.Y262F, PIK3CA:p.E542K, TP53:p.R273L, TP53:p.C242F, TP53:p.R175G, TP53:p.Y163C, TP53:p.V157F, AICDA:p.R131G, ALPK2:p.D53N, ANKFN1:p.M280I, ARPC1A:p.F212L, ASXL2:p.S1081L, C1orf74:p.D254N, C3orf30:p.D227E, CCDC121:p.W397L, CHN2:p.I43M, CLEC4C:p.R179L, CLN3:p.G206S, CNTN5:p.T178N, COL12A1:p.G2753C, CPS1:p.T855K, CSMD3:p.T1094K, CSMD3:p.Q691K, DDX11:p.R167T, EGFR:p.L861Q, EME1:p.D570H, EP300:p.D1399N, ESYT3:p.S574F, FAM135B:p.L648M, FAM135B:p.Q285H, FAM47A:p.G372W, FBXW7:p.R505G, FGFR3:p.S249C, GALNT13:p.G358C, GNL3L:p.K20N, GPC5:p.R347L, HCN1:p.A714S, HCN1:p.R659L, HCN1:p.G499V, HCN1:p.P326T, HERC2P3:p.A803V, HEXDC:p.T482P, HIST1H3B:p.E74K, HIST2H2BE:p.G54D, IFNA10:p.V79A, IL7R:p.S54L, INADL:p.P1340A, ISX:p.C2F, ITGAX:p.R685H, ITPR1:p.E1883Q, KCNN3:p.80_81insQQ, KEAP1:p.G480W, KEAP1:p.R470C, KEAP1:p.V155F, KIAA1751:p.L63F, KIAA2022:p.C345F, KIR3DL2:p.K229E, KLF5:p.E419Q, LAMA4:p.M1293I, LMLN:p.G199C, LRP2:p.A516V, LRRC66:p.F458L, LSG1:p.R517L, LUM:p.R310L, MB21D2:p.Q311E, MCHR1:p.S306F, MKRN3:p.G270V, MUC16:p.N11594K, NFE2L2:p.G81S, NFE2L2:p.G31A, NFE2L2:p.L30F, NFE2L2:p.D29H, OR2B11:p.G10V, OR2T2:p.F13V, OR4K2:p.C254F, OR51F2:p.R67P, OR51S1:p.R159Q, OR5D18:p.T271K, OR8H2:p.L166F, OR8J3:p.S160L, OR8K3:p.K235N, PCDHB1:p.N568K, PHIP:p.I1681M,PIK3CA:p.E726K, PIK3CA:p.H1047R, PLCE1:p.G439C, PRSS57:p.E39Q, PYHIN1:p.G148A, RANBP6:p.I984L, RBMXL1:p.G305C, REG1B:p.M67I, RGS6:p.W366L, RNF5:p.T136I, RP1:p.S1771L, RRP15:p.L214F, RYR2:p.E711K, SAMD3:p.Q206H, SLITRK3:p.R214L, SON:p.S908L, SP4:p.E11del, STK11:p.G279fs, TARBP1:p.L782V, TBCD:p.R476C, TMPRSS11F:p.R274Q, TP53:p.R337L, TP53:p.E271K, TP53:p.R267P, TP53:p.G245V, TP53:p.Y234C, TP53:p.Y220C, TP53:p.H214R, TP53:p.H193L, TP53:p.H179L, TPTE:p.M541I, TRIM7:p.L332I, TTN:p.T32425M, ZFP36L2:p.D240N, ZNF208:p.H883Q, ZNF48:p.R235H, ZNF626:p.K473R, ZNF676:p.P43T, ZZZ3:p.R162Q.

36. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 35, wherein at least 7.87% of subjects in the population have the at least one tumor-specific mutation.

37. The pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 1 to 7, wherein:(a) the population of subjects is suffering from OV; and(b) the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations selected from the group consisting of TP53:p.R273H, TP53:p.Y220C, TP53:p.R248Q, TP53:p.R175H, TP53:p.R273C, TP53:p.I195T, TP53:p.R248W, TP53:p.R282W, TP53:p.C176Y, TP53:p.V157F, TP53:p.S241F, TP53:p.H179R, TP53:p.G245S, TP53:p.H193R, ADCY2:p.V888I, B2M:p.M1V, BAP1:p.R227C, CYP4A11:p.V185F, DNAH5:p.R3197Q, GART:p.K807fs, GRIN2B:p.R519Q, HRNR:p.M1fs, KLHL29:p.L716fs, KRAS:p.G12V, MGA:p.R2435Q, MYO3A:p.N525S, NPAS2:p.Q201R, NRAS:p.Q61R, PDAP1:p.K55fs, PGAP1:p.F565C, TP53:p.S315fs, TP53:p.C275Y, TP53:p.R273L, TP53:p.V272M, TP53:p.G266V, TP53:p.G266R, TP53:p.D259Y, TP53:p.P250L, TP53:p.G245D, TP53:p.G245V, TP53:p.G244C, TP53:p.C238fs, TP53:p.Y236C, TP53:p.Y234C, TP53:p.V216M, TP53:p.S215R, TP53:p.Y205C, TP53:p.L194R, TP53:p.P191del, TP53:p.Y163C, TP53:p.A159V, TP53:p.K132N, TRPC7:p.D210V, UXS1:p.V100L, WNT11:p.C344Y, and ZNF295:p.E885A.

38. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 37, wherein at least 22.78% of subjects in the population have the at least one tumor-specific mutation.

39. The pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 1 to 7, wherein:(a) the population of subjects is suffering from READ; and(b) the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations selected from the group consisting of KRAS:p.G12V, TP53:p.R273H, KRAS:p.A146T, KRAS:p.G12D, TP53:p.R175H, AKAP9:p.L3482I, APBA1:p.E624K, BAG5:p.D439N, C17orf97:p.E230D, CDH23:p.F177L, CERS3:p.E95D, DNAH5:p.R982H, ERBB2:p.V842I, GABRB3:p.D500N, KRAS:p.G13D, KRAS:p.G12C, KRAS:p.G12S, LRP6:p.R675Q, MACF1:p.F722L, MBOAT2:p.R43Q, MYO1D:p.E246K, NLRC4:p.E409K, NRAP:p.E327K, NRAS:p.Q61K, PCDH15:p.R1552I, PIK3CA:p.N345K, PIK3CA:p.E545K, POLE:p.S459F, PPP2R2B:p.P326L, SMAD4:p.R361H, TP53:p.R248W, ZFP2:p.R150I, and ZNF563:p.K26N.

40. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 39, wherein at least 20.51% of subjects in the population have the at least one tumor-specific mutation.

41. The pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 1 to 7, wherein:(a) the population of subjects is suffering from SKCM; and(b) the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations selected from the group consisting of BRAF:p.V600E, NRAS:p.Q61R, NRAS:p.Q61K, HSD17B7P2:p.N175S, BRAF:p.V600K, DISP1:p.G732L, IDH1:p.R132C, NRAS:p.Q61L, MUC16:p.P5119S, RAC1:p.P29S, WASH3P:p.G175S, AGAP9:p.M248V, C15orf23:p.S24F, DNAH5:p.D3236N, SPTLC3:p.R97K, TMC5:p.R276C, CFB:p.R314M, FRG1B:p.A50P, INMT:p.S212F, LOC649330:p.G93E, MAP2K1:p.P124S, RGS7:p.R44C, STK19:p.D89N, ADAM30:p.G97L, ARL16:p.G6R, ARMC4:p.E22K, BRAF:p.K601E, CAPN13:p.P405S, CD1C:p.R89C, CLCC1:p.P406Q, CNTN5:p.S379F, DNAH5:p.R742Q, EEF1B2:p.S43G, FRG1B:p.I59V, GABRG1:p.E205K, IARS2:p.R832C, IL32:p.D218fs, ISX:p.R86C, KLHDC7A:p.E635K, NAP1L4:p.P285Q, NBPF10:p.Q908E, OR2A5:p.S71L, OR4E2:p.R226Q, OR4M1:p.G41E, OR4M2:p.S268F, OR4N2:p.G41E, OR51B2:p.S163L, PCDHGC5:p.R293C, PCLO:p.R4133C, PHGDH:p.G173L, POTEG:p.D51N, PPP6C:p.R301C, PRAMEF11:p.C84S, PSG9:p.E404K, PTPRB:p.D1560N, RNF152:p.P95S, SPAG16:p.P488S, SPATA8:p.E18K, TAF1A:p.R172M, TCEB3C:p.E308K, THSD7B:p.E126K, TTN:p.E12129K, XIRP2:p.D2439N, and ZNF831:p.R1393Q.

42. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 41, wherein at least 90.91% of subjects in the population have the at least one tumor-specific mutation.

43. The pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 1 to 7, wherein:(a) the population of subjects is suffering from UCEC; and(b) the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations selected from the group consisting of RPL22:p.K15fs, PTEN:p.R130G, PTEN:p.R130Q, KRAS:p.G12D, KRAS:p.G12V, PIK3CA:p.H1047R, PIK3CA:p.R88Q, PIK3CA:p.E545K, PTEN:p.V317fs, FGFR2:p.S252W, PIK3CA:p.E542K, CTNNB1:p.S37F, POLE:p.P286R, PPP2R1A:p.P179R, CTNNB1:p.S37C, KRAS:p.G13D, CTNNB1:p.D32N, CTNNB1:p.S33F, CTNNB1:p.G34R, KIAA2026:p.R574C, LIMCH1:p.R806fs, PIK3CA:p.H1047L, ALPK2:p.K523fs, CTNNB1:p.S33C, FBXW7:p.R505C, HPD:p.R284fs, KRAS:p.G12A, PIK3CA:p.R93Q, POLE:p.V411L, TP53:p.R248W, ABCA11P:p.R385I, ABI1:p.K445N, ACSM2B:p.K195N, APOB:p.F3102L, ASCC3:p.R136Q, C12orf4:p.R335Q, CCDC132:p.R838C, CHD4:p.R975H, CSDE1:p.R220C, CTNNB1:p.D32Y, CTNNB1:p.S33Y, CTNNB1:p.T41I, EXOC1:p.R588C, FBXW7:p.R465H, FGFR2:p.N549K, FUBP1:p.R430C, GEN1:p.S509L, IK:p.E90fs, KIF20B:p.E54K, MAX:p.H28R, MBOAT2:p.R43Q, METTL14:p.R298P, MFGE8:p.D170N, MS4A8B:p.S3L, NSMCE1:p.D244N, OXR1:p.E122K, PCDH19:p.E530K, PIK3CA:p.R108H, PIK3CA:p.N345K, PIK3CA:p.C420R, PIK3CA:p.Q546P, PIK3CA:p.Q546R, PTEN:p.R130L, RBL2:p.E127K, RXFP1:p.S223Y, SF3B1:p.R957Q, SLC20A1:p.P328fs, SOX17:p.S403I, TNS1:p.Q659del, TP53:p.R273H, TP53:p.R273C, TP53:p.R248Q, TTN:p.D16823N, TXNL1:p.R234C, ZFHX3:p.R1893fs, ZNF180:p.R625I, ZNF257:p.R392I, ZNF354B:p.D609N, ZNF43:p.R280C, ZNF709:p.R468I, ZNF765:p.S254L, ABCA5:p.R1476Q, ACVR1:p.R206H, ADAD1:p.S11L, ADAM9:p.R256Q, ADD3:p.E570K, ADGB:p.S1124L, AGXT2:p.R502C, AMBN:p.S225Y, ANKDD1A:p.R24H, ARHGEF33:p.R46I, ATP10B:p.L1304I, ATP2C1:p.E724K, ATP9A:p.R290Q, ATR:p.R1814fs, AVL9:p.F34L, BMPER:p.R241Q, BTN3A2:p.E153K, C14orf118:p.R279I, C14orf166B:p.F230L, C3orf23:p.R217C, C3orf62:p.R185Q, CACNA1C:p.S710L, CAGE1:p.E539K, CARD10:p.KE272del, CCDC144A:p.S1264L, CCDC168:p.D5020Y, CCDC36:p.R209I, CD55:p.E156K, CEP44:p.S253L, CIITA:p.E728K, CREBBP:p.P2094L, CTNNB1:p.S37A, CTTNBP2:p.S420L, DCT:p.R532Q, DIAPH2:p.E121K, DLG2:p.S624L,DNAH10:p.R1888Q, DNAH14:p.R1367C, DNAH7:p.R2961Q, DNAH8:p.R1347H, DNAJC13:p.E1248K, DNMT1:p.E51K, DST:p.S1767Y, DYNC2H1:p.E883D, EMR1:p.R631Q, EPHX4:p.R282Q, ERCC6L2:p.L445I, F10:p.E117K, FAM155B:p.E158K, FAM83B:p.R206Q, FARP1:p.S383L, FAT3:p.A4159T, FBXW7:p.R689W, FBXW7:p.R465C, FBXW7:p.G423V, FN1:p.R290C, FZD6:p.R416Q, GABRA3:p.R73H, GABRA4:p.R460Q, GALNTL2:p.E395K, GFAP:p.A233T, GGA2:p.A63V, GIGYF2:p.R227H, GNPTAB:p.R1189Q, GPR112:p.S1283Y, GPR98:p.R4142W, GRIA3:p.S646Y, GRM6:p.E363D, HMCN1:p.S133Y, HSPA4L:p.R483C, HTR2A:p.S219L, INTS7:p.R940C, INTS7:p.R106I, ITM2C:p.E167K, JAKMIP2:p.R283I, KCND3:p.S438L, KCNS2:p.D211N, KDM1B:p.F361L, KIAA0556:p.L330I, KIAA1147:p.A149V, KIF23:p.R150Q, KIF27:p.K925N, KIF9:p.R594Q, KLHL13:p.E213K, KLHL28:p.E33K, LIN9:p.R183W, LRBA:p.E2103K, LRP2:p.R2432I, MAGI2:p.L450M, MC5R:p.A109T, MEGF10:p.S1053L, MKI67:p.T1664fs, MKLN1:p.F485L, MMRN1:p.F917L, MSH4:p.E730K, MTOR:p.S2215Y, MUC7:p.S336L, MYBPC2:p.R646H, N4BP2L2:p.R506C, NAPSA:p.R121Q, NCOA7:p.E369D, NCR1:p.R258W, NEK11:p.R374Q, NHEJ1:p.R109Q, NNMT:p.E233K, NOTCH4:p.15_16LL>L, NPY1R:p.A371T, NRAS:p.Q61R, OGDHL:p.R57C, OMA1:p.R445Q, OPRM1:p.R462C, OR4C12:p.F248L, OR5AK2:p.K89N, OSBPL6:p.R577Q, PCDHAC2:p.K138N, PCDHB12:p.R289C, PCDHGC5:p.A70T, PIK3CA:p.R38H, PIK3CA:p.E39K, PIK3CA:p.E110del, PIK3CA:p.K111E, PIK3CA:p.Q546K, PIK3CA:p.M1043V, PIK3CA:p.M1043I, PLA2G3:p.R201Q, PLXNA1:p.E1295K, PON1:p.R306Q, POTEE:p.R303I, POTEF:p.K674N, PPP2R1A:p.S256F, PPP2R3B:p.F310L, PRAM1:p.A268T, PREX1:p.E1246K, PRKCQ:p.A324V, PTEN:p.R130P, PVRL4:p.A358T, RAI2:p.S385Y, RBM39:p.T353I, RELN:p.F2722L, RFPL1:p.R148Q, ROBO2:p.D1018N, ROS1:p.R245I, RPS6KA6:p.S394Y, RSBN1:p.E572K, RYR1:p.A2576T, SACS:p.R2906Q, SCAPER:p.R366Q, SELP:p.R429W, SENP7:p.S673Y, SEPHS1:p.E13K, SFRP4:p.R232Q, SGK1:p.K367del, SIX1:p.E191K, SLC10A7:p.S261L, SLC12A2:p.R828Q, SLC16A14:p.R495Q, SLC7A2:p.R322W, SMCR8:p.E175K, SOS1:p.N233Y, SPOP:p.E50K, STRN3:p.K218N, STXBP6:p.D92N, SULT1E1:p.R77Q, SUN3:p.L124I, SUSD1:p.R343C, SYNM:p.R516Q, TAF1:p.R843W, TDRD3:p.R322Q, THADA:p.S1941L, TLN2:p.S208L, TMEM161B:p.R315Q, TMPRSS3:p.R16Q, TP53:p.Y220C, TPTE:p.S423L, TRANK1:p.E846K, TRPC5:p.S490L, TRPM3:p.R429W, TSSK1B:p.E301K, TTLL7:p.R751H, TTN:p.S20317L, TTN:p.E6404K, TTN:p.R4434Q, TTN:p.R2506Q, UGT8:p.E102K,USF1:p.R52Q, USP16:p.R455Q, USP25:p.R873H, USP33:p.R36Q, VPRBP:p.R802Q, VPS13B:p.R692Q, WDR65:p.F110C, YTHDC2:p.E185K, ZFYVE1:p.R266Q, ZKSCAN1:p.R541fs, ZNF117:p.R157I, ZNF180:p.R569I, ZNF195:p.R59Q, ZNF254:p.K179N, ZNF263:p.R510I, ZNF333:p.R554Q, ZNF354B:p.R402I, ZNF442:p.R309Q, ZNF454:p.R376I, ZNF485:p.R374I, ZNF488:p.R206Q, ZNF559:p.E284K, ZNF594:p.R287I, ZNF611:p.R390I, ZNF645:p.R154C, ZNF649:p.R338Q, ZNF649:p.R198I, ZNF674:p.R405I, ZNF675:p.R220I, ZNF678:p.R564I, ZNF732:p.R354I, ZNF780A:p.R466Q, ZNF823:p.R547I, ZNF836:p.R854I, ZNF836:p.R630I, ZNF841:p.R757I, and ZNF98:p.R370I.

44. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 43, wherein at least 67.74% of subjects in the population have the at least one tumor-specific mutation.

45. The pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 1 to 7, wherein:(a) the population of subjects is suffering from ACC; and(b) the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations selected from the group consisting of ZFPM1:p.EPL444del, GARS:p.P42A, ZNF517:p.V349A, LRIG1:p.L24V, CCDC102A:p.R96W, OPRD1:p.C27F, SOWAHA:p.R124P, LACTB:p.M5L, TOR3A:p.F13L, ZFPM1:p.E444fs, ZNF787:p.D367del, LRIG1:p.L26V, IRX3:p.L422P, TRIOBP:p.H1300R, TUBA1C:p.L146F, ZFPM1:p.P445fs, ZFPM1:p.446_447LA>P, TPO:p.S398T, USP42:p.R779P, ERCC2:p.D312N, GLTPD2:p.D209E, OTOP1:p.LLW104del, RINL:p.P402L, AMDHD1:p.S3G, ASPDH:p.Q266R, KCNK17:p.S21G, TMEM247:p.Q128E, MUC5B:p.D682G, OBSCN:p.R4516W, FAM184B:p.R784W, SEMA5B:p.V840D, ZNF598:p.E25G, ADAD2:p.G44E, C1orf106:p.R538C, ZAR1:p.Q42H, PANK2:p.G126A, PODXL:p.28_30PSP>P, SALL3:p.L593V, THEM4:p.L17R, C2orf81:p.T315P, CLDN23:p.V210M, FAM109A:p.GGG156del, FPGS:p.I22V, HHIPL1:p.V692A, MUC5B:p.M2869T, PLEC:p.R1386Q, SYT8:p.R373W, TAF5:p.S130A, TMEM189- UBE2V1:p.N6D, UQCRFS1:p.S6A, B3GNT6:p.L316fs, CCDC105:p.P499T, CLIC6:p.Q298E, IDUA:p.T374P, NOTCH2:p.C19W, RGS9BP:p.A96S, RREB1:p.G783V, SP8:p.G165del, WDR34:p.W60G, C19orf10:p.G12R, CELSR2:p.16_17insP, FAM75C1:p.71_71H>HLVSQRH, GPRIN2:p.R446H, KBTBD13:p.A81V, OGFR:p.S557T, PODXL:p.30_30P>PSP,BHLHE22:p.L62Q, C4orf32:p.G32E, C5orf65:p.Q245R, KNDC1:p.V806D, KRTAP10- 6:p.49_49P>PSCCAP, LRP11:p.P92R, MAP1S:p.S411C, NOL9:p.S58A, RASIP1:p.R601C, RGMB:p.S63R, SARM1:p.R23P, TSC22D2:p.A419T, ZNF628:p.T230A, ZNF814:p.A337V, AATK:p.A541T, BTBD11:p.G265A, CRIPAK:p.C143R, KCTD3:p.F9V, KRT8:p.S59A, MUC5B:p.S681G, NCOR2:p.1846_1847insSSG, OGFR:p.E556K, APOE:p.C130R, C10orf95:p.A85S, C13orf33:p.R59G, CRIPAK:p.C174R, FAM18B2:p.C51Y, GLI3:p.P998L, GLTSCR2:p.Q389R, HECTD2:p.P19A, IRF2BPL:p.123_125QQQ>Q, MEX3C:p.179_182AAAA>A, NEFH:p.EE658del, RNF149:p.S9G, RNF222:p.A133T, SEZ6L2:p.R74P, TNIP2:p.R73G, ARRDC4:p.T79A, B3GNT6:p.P330fs, BAG1:p.G45R, C22orf26:p.P28L, CHDH:p.E40A, COQ2:p.V66L, CTGF:p.H83D, DLEU7:p.A83V, EPPK1:p.D2378H, FAM86C1:p.R30P, FZD1:p.93_94insP, GPRIN2:p.V241M, GPX1:p.11_13AAA>A, HES3:p.P96T, JMJD4:p.A11V, KANK3:p.R359H, LPPR2:p.A186S, NEFH:p.665_666insEE, NOM1:p.R24G, RNF39:p.G263C, SCRT1:p.S133A, SNED1:p.L1228P, TTLL11:p.122_123insKA, ZCCHC3:p.A159del, ZNF219:p.QP233del, ASB16:p.T249A, ASB2:p.H515P, ATP9B:p.S39G, AVL9:p.G7fs, C17orf96:p.L63V, C19orf29:p.A499V, CRB2:p.T1110M, CRIPAK:p.P173R, CRIPAK:p.I190L, CSGALNACT2:p.L362F, CTBS:p.LAL31del, CTNNB1:p.S45P, DMRT1:p.S45T, DOK7:p.G461D, FBRSL1:p.A836V, FEZ2:p.P50L, FRG1:p.S169N, HSD17B1:p.G313S, IBA57:p.S130R, KIF1A:p.E917D, KRTAP9-1:p.160_160Q>QPSCGSSCCQ, LURAP1L:p.55_56insGGG, NMU:p.A19E, NMU:p.A18E, NOXA1:p.D6E, NPTX1:p.G100D, PLIN5:p.R306W, TBP:p.95_96insQ, TMEM200C:p.S498G, TNXB:p.V706fs, VARS:p.P51S, ZC3H12D:p.P405S, and ZZEF1:p.V30A.

46. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 45, wherein at least 20% of subjects in the population have the at least one tumor-specific mutation.

47. The pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 1 to 7, wherein:(a) the population of subjects is suffering from CESC; and(b) the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations selected from the group consisting of PIK3CA:p.E545K, PIK3CA:p.E542K, MAPK1:p.E322K, EP300:p.D1399N, ERBB2:p.S310F, ERBB3:p.V104M, KRAS:p.G12D,ANKRD12:p.E721Q, ANKRD36:p.M1144T, MICA:p.G318fs, PIK3CA:p.E726K, PTEN:p.R130Q, ABCD1:p.S606P, ACTL7B:p.E211K, ADAM21:p.F129C, ADAMTS12:p.P1053A, AKT1:p.E17K, ANKLE1:p.V643L, ANO3:p.M956I, AOAH:p.R326T, APOD:p.S115L, ASCC1:p.H207Y, ATM:p.S800F, AURKA:p.S387L, BAG5:p.M286I, C12orf43:p.E28Q, C16orf3:p.G65S, C3orf70:p.S6L, C4orf21:p.E800Q, CALB2:p.K60N, CALCB:p.R81T, CCDC152:p.E153Q, CCDC53:p.R58C, CDC27:p.P242S, CFHR5:p.R441H, CLOCK:p.L123fs, CMYA5:p.E2733K, CNTRL:p.P185S, CSHL1:p.R117Q, CSMD3:p.H952Y, CTNNB1:p.D32G, CTSH:p.E254Q, DHPS:p.F49L, DMPK:p.R44H, DNAH14:p.F622fs, DNAH3:p.E3367Q, DNAH8:p.E587D, DNASE1L1:p.D212N, ECE2:p.D254N, FAM71B:p.H445D, FAM73A:p.G23V, FAS:p.E261K, FBXW7:p.R505G, FBXW7:p.R465C, FEZF2:p.E82K, FKBPL:p.E161Q, FMNL1:p.E927Q, GPATCH3:p.E275Q, GPR142:p.R304T, GPRIN2:p.T100P, GRAMD2:p.I123M, HERC2:p.S329F, HGF:p.G229A, HIF3A:p.A72T, HIST1H1B:p.K188N, HIST1H2AL:p.R30P, HIST2H2AC:p.R30P, HLA-C:p.N104K, HLA- DPB1:p.G114fs, HRNR:p.G2539S, INVS:p.R799K, JPH3:p.Q433H, JUP:p.S627L, KIAA1211:p.R308fs, KIAA1211:p.E309fs, KLK2:p.E161K, KRAS:p.G13D, KRAS:p.G12V, LIN9:p.E231K, LOC151174:p.P90S, LRRC37A3:p.A406D, LRTM2:p.L176V, MEPE:p.S30T, MUC12:p.R2634C, MUC4:p.S2936L, MYOM2:p.D988N, NFE2L2:p.D29H, NOTCH2:p.R2298W, NPIPL1:p.P250L, NR5A2:p.E80K, NYAP2:p.R197Q, OBSL1:p.E1642K, OR13C2:p.L9V, OSBP:p.Q721H, PAOX:p.H107Y, PDILT:p.E500K, PIAS3:p.D460N, PLEKHO2:p.E351Q, PNRC1:p.R73C, PPP4R1:p.L597F, PREP:p.F469L, PRKDC:p.Q3568E, PSME3:p.R231W, RANBP6:p.R915W, RCAN2:p.D440N, RNPC3:p.E116fs, SDHAP1:p.H66Y, SDHAP2:p.S37fs, SERPINA3:p.K158N, SERPINA4:p.R98C, SF1:p.R255W, SGSM1:p.E818K, SIM1:p.V213M, SLC10A4:p.F281L, SLC25A5:p.I79F, SLC35G2:p.K62fs, SLC4A9:p.R617C, SLCO2A1:p.M479I, SND1:p.Q38E, SPATA17:p.R72K, SRSF12:p.S150C, TADA2B:p.E67K, TCTEX1D2:p.S74L, TEDDM1:p.M166I, TEX15:p.E1652Q, TMC2:p.E92D, TMEM131:p.E1319Q, TNKS2:p.T619fs, TNS1:p.Q659del, TP53:p.E285K, TRAF3:p.S9F, TRIM61:p.K98N, TRPM1:p.M996I, TUFT1:p.L101F, U2AF1:p.S34F, UNC93B1:p.V498M, USP4:p.L259V, VCAN:p.S1308C, WDR17:p.P278S, ZBED4:p.S385L, ZEB2:p.E1094K, ZFYVE9:p.M1147I, ZNF16:p.R452W, ZNF677:p.R131T, and ZSWIM4:p.E407K.

48. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 47, wherein at least 23.71% of subjects in the population have the at least one tumor-specific mutation.

49. The pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 1 to 7, wherein:(a) the population of subjects is suffering from CRC; and(b) the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations selected from the group consisting of KRAS:p.G12D, KRAS:p.G12V, BRAF:p.V600E, KRAS:p.G13D, TP53:p.R175H, PIK3CA:p.E545K, FBXW7:p.R465H, KRAS:p.A146T, PIK3CA:p.H1047R, TP53:p.R248W, CDC27:p.D555E, SMAD4:p.R361H, TP53:p.R273H, KRAS:p.G12C, NRAS:p.Q61K, ERBB2:p.V842I, ERBB3:p.V104M, FBXW7:p.R465C, PIK3CA:p.R88Q, PIK3CA:p.E542K, TP53:p.R273C, TP53:p.G245S, AXIN2:p.G665fs, C16orf45:p.T106N, C20orf26:p.R1088Q, DNMT1:p.E432K, FBXW7:p.R505C, HLCS:p.E362K, HPSE2:p.K58N, KIF14:p.R598Q, KIF18A:p.R17C, KIF20B:p.E991K, KLHL5:p.R326C, KLK2:p.P57T, KRAS:p.G12A, KRAS:p.G12S, LPHN3:p.R1183Q, LRP6:p.R675Q, MYH8:p.R1048Q, NRAP:p.E327K, NRAS:p.G12C, PIK3CA:p.N345K, POSTN:p.R508C, PPP2R1A:p.R183W, PTEN:p.R130Q, RAF1:p.S257L, SDK1:p.T1181M, SGSM1:p.F1117L, TCF7L2:p.R482fs, TP53:p.R282W, TRIM23:p.R289Q, UGT8:p.E102K, ZNF491:p.R343Q, A2M:p.R732Q, AADACL4:p.A266T, ABCA8:p.E1158K, ABCA8:p.R842Q, ABCA8:p.A696T, ABCB8:p.R345H, ACACA:p.R1731C, ACADM:p.F48C, ACOT9:p.R50Q, ACPP:p.R105Q, ACTL7B:p.R354H, ACTL9:p.R331H, ACVR1:p.S290L, ADAM30:p.S314Y, ADAM32:p.R559Q, ADAMTS16:p.D817N, ADAMTS4:p.R156W, ADCY5:p.R661H, AGMAT:p.V313M, AGPAT4:p.A212T, AKAP12:p.E1282K, AKAP9:p.L3482I, ALB:p.S294L, ALDH1L1:p.A870T, ALG2:p.S302Y, AMOTL1:p.R676Q, AMPD1:p.K502N, AMPH:p.R292W, ANKRD6:p.R479C, APBA1:p.K730N, APBA1:p.E624K, APC:p.E847fs, APC:p.F1354fs, APC:p.M1413fs, APOB:p.R3136C, APOB:p.A43V, APPL1:p.R668W, AQPEP:p.A309T, ARF4:p.R149H, ARFGEF1:p.D1632N, ARHGAP32:p.E1253K, ARHGAP36:p.R128C, ARHGAP36:p.A147V, ARHGAP5:p.D890fs, ARNTL:p.T395M, ARPP21:p.R338H, ARSG:p.V131I, ASCC3:p.R1197Q, ATP10D:p.R311H, ATP6V0A4:p.R191Q, ATP9B:p.R265Q, AXDND1:p.E930D, AXIN2:p.W663fs, B2M:p.L13fs, B3GALNT1:p.R145Q, BACH1:p.R538Q, BAG5:p.D439N, BBOX1:p.F176V, BCL2L11:p.R91Q, BCL7A:p.T52M, BCLAF1:p.R37fs, BEND5:p.R198C, BICD2:p.R162H,BLVRA:p.S44L, BMP3:p.R344W, BNC2:p.R512W, BRPF1:p.R66C, BRWD3:p.R787C, BTBD7:p.S436L, BUB1B:p.F996L, BZRAP1:p.V1627I, C11orf30:p.R1111C, C14orf101:p.E295K, C14orf102:p.D115N, C14orf105:p.R100I, C15orf2:p.V488I, C15orf33:p.D340N, C16orf87:p.R151I, C1RL:p.L351fs, C22orf40:p.P32fs, C3orf39:p.R333W, C5orf30:p.D4N, C5orf4:p.R114Q, C6orf170:p.K724T, C7orf63:p.A10T, CACHD1:p.S720Y, CACNA1A:p.T665M, CACNA2D3:p.A332T, CACNB2:p.R608H, CACNG3:p.V134I, CACNG3:p.A138V, CACNG5:p.G121R, CADM1:p.S190L, CADPS:p.A1073T, CAPRIN2:p.E13K, CARD11:p.R423Q, CASC1:p.R54Q, CASP14:p.R5W, CBFB:p.E152K, CC2D2A:p.R1284C, CCDC18:p.K615N, CCDC60:p.R230H, CCDC81:p.R259I, CCDC88C:p.P1851fs, CCKBR:p.V236M, CD101:p.D283Y, CD101:p.R594Q, CD180:p.N228T, CDC14B:p.R375C, CDCA7L:p.P405fs, CDH10:p.E349K, CDH12:p.D674N, CDH20:p.A134V, CDH23:p.F177L, CDH2:p.D547Y, CDH9:p.F523L, CDK16:p.R108C, CEACAM5:p.L640I, CEP152:p.E21K, CERS3:p.E95D, CHD4:p.R975H, CHD5:p.A801T, CIZ1:p.V668A, CLEC18A:p.R423H, CLTCL1:p.R481W, CMAS:p.R110Q, CNRIP1:p.R102W, COBLL1:p.K732N, COL14A1:p.R1082I, COL17A1:p.P1004L, COL4A6:p.L550I, COL6A3:p.D2792N, COPB1:p.R425C, CORO2A:p.*526R, COX15:p.L86I, CSMD1:p.S781Y, CTCFL:p.E423K, CTDNEP1:p.E126K, CTTNBP2:p.R164C, CYP4B1:p.E434D, DACH2:p.R539C, DBC1:p.V216I, DBF4B:p.S254Y, DCHS2:p.F2149L, DCLK2:p.S549Y, DDI1:p.R275Q, DENND4A:p.P357H, DENND4C:p.R1081Q, DHTKD1:p.R410Q, DISP1:p.R763C, DKK2:p.R230H, DKK4:p.R203Q, DLC1:p.A350V, DLC1:p.E222D, DMD:p.R3195H, DNAH5:p.R982H, DNAH5:p.R224Q, DNAH9:p.D1547N, DNAJC24:p.E61K, DNM1:p.A251T, DNMT1:p.E1531Q, DNMT3B:p.R92W, DOCK10:p.A1830V, DOCK1:p.E864K, DOCK2:p.G170R, DOCK3:p.R1183C, DOCK5:p.E177K, DOK5:p.R274W, DPP8:p.G165R, DPY19L1:p.F378L, DUOX2:p.F880L, DVL2:p.A601fs, EBAG9:p.E187K, EBF3:p.G255fs, EDNRB:p.L450R, EGR2:p.R390H, EHD3:p.E44K, EIF2C1:p.R139Q, ELF3:p.F305fs, ELMOD2:p.T141M, EMR2:p.S75L, ENAM:p.R373H, ENOX2:p.R356W, ENTPD7:p.E327K, EPG5:p.D369N, EPHB2:p.R392H, ERCC6:p.V780I, ERCC6L:p.R505Q, ERRFI1:p.A421T, ESCO1:p.R300Q, ETV6:p.R369W, F8:p.S2269Y, FAM123B:p.F173fs, FAM135B:p.R884H, FAM169B:p.K165N, FAM170A:p.E56K, FAM171B:p.D459N, FAM181A:p.R109H, FAM5B:p.R402C, FBXO11:p.A432V, FBXW7:p.R689W, FBXW7:p.S582L, FBXW7:p.R14Q, FGF14:p.A236V,FHDC1:p.R254W, FHOD3:p.A225T, FHOD3:p.E813K, FMO3:p.F510L, FNDC1:p.R652H, FOXK1:p.R354W, FOXN3:p.P96fs, FPGT-TNNI3K:p.R455H, FZD3:p.D367N, GABRA4:p.R460Q, GABRA5:p.S126N, GABRB3:p.D500N, GALNTL5:p.R262I, GJA1:p.R362Q, GLRA3:p.L454I, GLRA3:p.F132L, GOLGA4:p.Q1536H, GP2:p.S41L, GPC6:p.A214T, GPLD1:p.R717Q, GPR125:p.R113Q, GPR156:p.F754L, GPR158:p.D566N, GPR21:p.R216H, GPR61:p.A62T, GPR98:p.R4142W, GPRC5A:p.V30I, GRAP2:p.E69D, GRIA1:p.R218C, GRIA2:p.R845Q, GRM7:p.R679Q, GTF3A:p.K306N, HAO1:p.R172C, HARS2:p.R168H, HBB:p.F42L, HCN4:p.R525H, HDAC5:p.A1044T, HGF:p.S467Y, HIPK4:p.R280H, HLA-DMA:p.E84K, HMG20A:p.E248D, HPS3:p.S468L, HRSP12:p.R120Q, HS3ST1:p.E287K, HTR3B:p.R236C, HTR5A:p.R152C, HTT:p.D1548N, HYDIN:p.R1187C, HYDIN:p.R939Q, HYDIN:p.R451Q, HYOU1:p.R158C, IFT172:p.A944V, IGJ:p.R77Q, IL17RA:p.Q803fs, IL1RAPL2:p.T647M, IL3:p.A90T, IL5RA:p.L47I, INPP5D:p.R523Q, INPP5K:p.R263C, IRAK3:p.R267Q, IREB2:p.R419Q, ITGA4:p.T673M, ITGA4:p.F900L, ITIH5:p.A912T, ITK:p.E196K, JAG1:p.A462T, JAK1:p.V310I, KAL1:p.V303I, KBTBD8:p.V549I, KCNA3:p.A415V, KCND3:p.S438L, KCNMB4:p.F209L, KCTD20:p.L314fs, KDELC1:p.L447I, KIAA0528:p.R181Q, KIAA0556:p.R1082W, KIAA1109:p.S4937Y, KIAA1804:p.V474M, KIAA1804:p.R477W, KIF16B:p.R145Q, KIF26B:p.A1114V, KPNA4:p.R29Q, KRAS:p.K117N, KRAS:p.Q61L, KRAS:p.Q61K, KRT6B:p.L197P, L1CAM:p.T186M, LALBA:p.A41T, LAMA4:p.A558V, LBX1:p.R176W, LPAR4:p.R145Q, LRP1B:p.K2623N, LRP2:p.R3043C, LRP2:p.S737L, LRRC18:p.R218W, LRRC31:p.K23T, LRRC7:p.R1389H, LZTS2:p.P100fs, MACF1:p.S292L, MACF1:p.F722L, MAEL:p.R345C, MAGEE1:p.V380M, MAGI1:p.R1198C, MAP1B:p.E2046D, MAP2:p.K530N, MAP2K4:p.R287H, MAP3K4:p.R275Q, MAP7D2:p.R487C, MAPK8IP1:p.L217fs, MBOAT2:p.R43Q, MCF2L2:p.R926Q, MECOM:p.R969C, METTL16:p.R200Q, METTL21A:p.R174Q, METTL6:p.F56L, MFF:p.R162C, MFSD5:p.R280Q, MIA3:p.Q356H, MMAA:p.R326C, MORC1:p.D113Y, MORC2:p.R740H, MPDZ:p.L804I, MR1:p.S46L, MRPL47:p.L234I, MS4A8B:p.S3L, MSH4:p.K464N, MSH6:p.T1085fs, MSH6:p.R1095H, MUC16:p.R8606H, MYH13:p.D311N, MYH7:p.R1689C, MYO1D:p.E246K, MYO3A:p.N525H, MYO6:p.D1180N, MYO9A:p.R2179Q, MYO9A:p.R167Q, MYOZ2:p.E251K, MYT1:p.E226K, NAA25:p.S807Y, NCAM1:p.R474W, NCOA4:p.R562Q, NEB:p.D5434N, NEB:p.L1591I, NEB:p.E1214K, NEDD9:p.A798T,NEDD9:p.A316T, NEK1:p.R608C, NFASC:p.V256I, NINL:p.R1366C, NLRC4:p.D593N, NLRC4:p.E409K, NLRP4:p.V229I, NLRP5:p.R392H, NME9:p.E75K, NOLC1:p.T428M, NPC1:p.E451K, NPSR1:p.R235Q, NRAS:p.Q61L, NRAS:p.G13R, NRAS:p.G12D, NRG2:p.T246M, NTN4:p.E59K, NUB1:p.R373Q, NUDT15:p.S83Y, NUF2:p.S340L, NUP88:p.A302V, ODZ1:p.R2556W, OGDHL:p.A427T, OGFRL1:p.E427K, OLFM4:p.K132N, OPRM1:p.R353H, OR10A3:p.S93Y, OR2M3:p.R235H, OR52W1:p.R133C, OR5AU1:p.R312H, OR5B17:p.R163H, OR8S1:p.A99V, OSTN:p.R115Q, OTOL1:p.V431I, OTUD3:p.R277I, PAN3:p.S580N, PANK3:p.R260I, PAX3:p.T424M, PCBP1:p.L102Q, PCDH10:p.V477M, PCDH15:p.R1552I, PCDHAC2:p.A519T, PCDHAC2:p.E190K, PCDHAC2:p.A266T, PCDHAC2:p.A156V, PCDHAC2:p.E271K, PCDHAC2:p.A736V, PCDHB5:p.D51Y, PCDHB8:p.D235N, PCDHGC5:p.S289L, PCDHGC5:p.V662M, PCNXL2:p.R135Q, PCOLCE2:p.A348V, PCOLCE2:p.R87H, PDE4B:p.S417L, PGAM1:p.R240H, PHF3:p.R1410I, PIAS2:p.S519L, PIGR:p.A580T, PIK3CA:p.D350G, PIK3CA:p.E545A, PIK3CA:p.E545G, PIK3CA:p.Q546K, PIP4K2C:p.R204H, PKHD1L1:p.F1856L, PLA2G4A:p.E443K, PLCG2:p.E544K, PLCG2:p.D973N, PLEKHA6:p.V328fs, PLEKHG4B:p.E384K, PLK1:p.D233G, PLOD3:p.R297fs, PLSCR3:p.E77K, PLXNC1:p.S462L, PLXNC1:p.R819C, POLA1:p.E603D, POLE:p.S459F, POLE:p.V411L, POLQ:p.R860Q, PPP2R2B:p.P326L, PPP2R5C:p.S259Y, PRAMEF4:p.R248H, PREX1:p.V731I, PRKAA2:p.R407Q, PRKAR2B:p.S309L, PRKCI:p.R480C, PRKRA:p.K122N, PSG8:p.R397C, PSG8:p.R320C, PSMD12:p.R201Q, PTPDC1:p.R430W, PTPN12:p.R765Q, PTPN13:p.S887L, PTPRD:p.L1053I, PTPRU:p.D1434N, PXDN:p.P856fs, PXDNL:p.T1312M, QRSL1:p.S226L, RAB7L1:p.R79W, RALGAPA1:p.R398C, RANBP2:p.R1231C, RBBP7:p.E313K, RBBP7:p.E274K, RBFOX2:p.A340T, RBMXL1:p.R331Q, RHOBTB1:p.T464M, RIMS2:p.R599Q, RIN3:p.S708L, RLBP1:p.D281N, RLBP1:p.A72V, RNASET2:p.A127V, RNF113B:p.A172V, RNF150:p.R236Q, RNF150:p.S208L, RNF43:p.S216L, ROR2:p.D672N, RPL6:p.F193C, RPS6KA5:p.E166K, RSPO2:p.R28C, RUVBL1:p.E431K, RUVBL1:p.R117C, RWDD2B:p.R254H, RXFP3:p.R113C, RYR3:p.R2705Q, SAGE1:p.R229C, SCFD2:p.R545W, SCML4:p.R194Q, SCN10A:p.T1570M, SCN11A:p.A1688T, SCN11A:p.V1289I, SCN11A:p.V566I, SCUBE2:p.V342M, SEMA3A:p.D81N, SEMA4D:p.R252Q, SEPHS1:p.R371Q, SEZ6L:p.S207L, SFPQ:p.R611Q, SFSWAP:p.S617Y, SGCG:p.A220V,SGCZ:p.I41M, SH3TC2:p.R89C, SIGLEC11:p.S363F, SIPA1L1:p.R1063Q, SIPA1L1:p.S1227Y, SLC12A1:p.S292L, SLC22A15:p.S201L, SLC24A2:p.A134V, SLC25A40:p.R96Q, SLC2A7:p.A65T, SLC30A9:p.R194H, SLC33A1:p.S542L, SLC35F3:p.A280T, SLC39A7:p.R382C, SLC43A1:p.P133L, SLC43A3:p.R216H, SLC44A5:p.R185H, SLC6A2:p.A562T, SLC8A1:p.R431H, SLFN12L:p.F232fs, SLITRK1:p.R52H, SLITRK3:p.S298L, SMAD2:p.R321Q, SMARCA4:p.R381Q, SOCS5:p.S464L, SORBS1:p.V1156M, SORBS1:p.F570L, SORCS2:p.R320W, SOX6:p.R719W, SPATA22:p.S150L, SPEG:p.A944V, SPTB:p.R86C, SPTBN4:p.A1993V, STIM2:p.R572Q, STT3B:p.D583Y, SULT1C4:p.R85Q, SUN3:p.E128K, SUPT6H:p.A957T, SYNE1:p.I1249L, SYNE1:p.R170W, SYNE2:p.K3103N, SYNGR4:p.R169Q, SYT7:p.T349M, TANK:p.S380L, TAS1R2:p.R270C, TAS2R1:p.F183L, TCF7L2:p.R488C, TDRD10:p.S322L, TECTB:p.L29I, TEKT5:p.R401H, TGFBR1:p.S241L, THAP5:p.S287Y, THSD7B:p.R90H, TLL1:p.T153M, TLL2:p.S872L, TM9SF2:p.R91H, TMCC3:p.R110H, TMEM132A:p.R481C, TMEM132D:p.R578W, TMEM55A:p.R189Q, TMEM74:p.R125Q, TMPRSS11A:p.S288L, TNIP2:p.A139T, TOP2B:p.R656H, TOX:p.S354L, TP53:p.G244D, TP53:p.R175C, TPO:p.A826T, TPR:p.S2155L, TPTE2:p.R258Q, TPTE:p.S423L, TRAK1:p.D627N, TRAPPC11:p.R568Q, TRIM23:p.R396Q, TRIM44:p.D331N, TRIO:p.R661W, TRPA1:p.K54N, TRPC5:p.S490L, TRPM6:p.R995H, TRPM7:p.R1862C, TRPM7:p.R843Q, TRPS1:p.R1125W, TRPV5:p.R492H, TRRAP:p.R3515W, TSHZ1:p.R881M, TTC21A:p.S270Y, TTN:p.R22795C, TTN:p.R3193Q, TTN:p.R328H, TUBA3D:p.R243Q, TUFT1:p.A340T, TXNDC15:p.R343Q, UBE2NL:p.R86I, UBIAD1:p.A97T, UGT2A1:p.N97fs, USH2A:p.F2369L, USP11:p.A286T, USP25:p.R1119Q, USP26:p.R861Q, USP29:p.F81L, USP31:p.D391N, USP40:p.S851L, UTP14A:p.V148I, VAV3:p.E685K, VCAN:p.R1125H, VPS13C:p.D1359Y, WBSCR17:p.R228C, WDR3:p.E841K, WDR52:p.A157T, XKR6:p.R268Q, XPOT:p.R541W, YTHDC1:p.R267Q, YTHDC2:p.E634K, ZBBX:p.R596I, ZBTB24:p.L607I, ZC3H13:p.R103Q, ZCWPW2:p.D144N, ZEB2:p.R156H, ZFHX4:p.E237D, ZFP14:p.R386C, ZFP28:p.R525I, ZFP2:p.R150I, ZFP3:p.R273I, ZFP90:p.R330Q, ZHX2:p.V790I, ZIC4:p.S305L, ZIM3:p.D352N, ZKSCAN4:p.R319Q, ZMYM4:p.R1446Q, ZNF117:p.R185I, ZNF167:p.R683I, ZNF180:p.R401I, ZNF19:p.R349I, ZNF205:p.R384C, ZNF236:p.S1480L, ZNF248:p.R568I, ZNF259:p.R174I, ZNF266:p.R512Q, ZNF266:p.R344Q, ZNF280B:p.E363K, ZNF283:p.R392Q, ZNF32:p.S62L, ZNF345:p.R82Q, ZNF345:p.R334I, ZNF350:p.R310Q,ZNF434:p.R306C, ZNF439:p.E239D, ZNF439:p.R262I, ZNF443:p.R301I, ZNF445:p.L682M, ZNF470:p.R641I, ZNF471:p.R282I, ZNF484:p.R138C, ZNF528:p.R279Q, ZNF563:p.K26N, ZNF573:p.R350I, ZNF583:p.R344I, ZNF585A:p.E638K, ZNF585A:p.E491D, ZNF625:p.R235Q, ZNF652:p.K327N, ZNF677:p.R451I, ZNF678:p.R368I, ZNF699:p.R41I, ZNF70:p.R244I, ZNF770:p.S441P, ZNF774:p.R423Q, ZNF782:p.K247T, ZNF7:p.R337I, and ZNF831:p.E949D.

50. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 49, wherein at least 56.65% of subjects in the population have the at least one tumor-specific mutation.

51. The pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 1 to 7, wherein:(a) the population of subjects is suffering from DLBCL; and(b) the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations selected from the group consisting of EZH2:p.Y641F, MYD88:p.L273P, BCL2:p.G33R, CARD11:p.E626K, ADCY2:p.A87V, BCL2:p.N172S, BCL2:p.H20Q, BRAF:p.K601E, BTG1:p.L31F, CACNA1E:p.R1458C, CARD11:p.E93D, CD79B:p.Y197D, CD79B:p.Y197H, CREBBP:p.R1446H, GRID1:p.E622K, HIST1H1C:p.A65V, HIST1H1E:p.G133A, HIST1H3B:p.A48S, KRAS:p.G13D, MYD88:p.S251N, PABPC1:p.R94C, PIM1:p.L164F, PIM1:p.L184F, POU2F2:p.T239A, POU2F2:p.T239S, RELN:p.R2971Q, SLC25A48:p.A67T, STAT6:p.D468H, TNF:p.L47F, and TRAF7:p.R11H.

52. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 51, wherein at least 13.79% of subjects in the population have the at least one tumor-specific mutation.

53. The pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 1 to 7, wherein:(a) the population of subjects is suffering from KICH; and(b) the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations selected from the group consisting of ACR:p.W279C, AGRN:p.1284_1285VT>A, C7orf25:p.R384fs, CAMSAP1:p.T466fs, CBWD6:p.E102fs, DOCK8:p.L1111fs, EBPL:p.Q196P, EBPL:p.L189V, GFM1:p.A17fs, GOLGA6L6:p.D570E, ITGA5:p.A48D, LUZP2:p.S154fs, MTMR9:p.K193fs, MUC16:p.P10452fs, MUC4:p.S2832P, ODF2L:p.K407fs,RHBDD3:p.G34fs, RILPL1:p.S358R, TAS2R30:p.L236fs, TRRAP:p.A973S, UBR5:p.K2120fs, URGCP:p.G639fs, ZNF98:p.A222T, and ZSWIM6:p.Q610fs.

54. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 53, wherein at least 50% of subjects in the population have the at least one tumor-specific mutation.

55. The pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 1 to 7, wherein:(a) the population of subjects is suffering from KIRP; and(b) the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations selected from the group consisting of FAM18B2:p.C51Y, ZNF598:p.E25G, NEFH:p.E645K, EEF1B2:p.S43G, NEFH:p.AKSPEKEE652del, OBP2B:p.K61N, SKI:p.A62G, C14orf126:p.R6W, KRT8:p.S59A, ACSBG2:p.I250M, ASIC2:p.R46L, CSGALNACT2:p.L362F, FRG1B:p.A50P, IDUA:p.H33Q, KRTAP4-5:p.S74C, SCAF11:p.E926fs, SYN2:p.A34del, ZNF814:p.R322K, BMS1:p.E878D, JMY:p.P822T, KIF1A:p.E917D, KRTAP4-7:p.S57P, LAMA5:p.L2223R, LRP1:p.P1058T, MED16:p.H449Q, MUC2:p.T1488P, MUC5B:p.D682G, NACA2:p.R75K, NEFH:p.665_666insEE, OR2L8:p.S201fs, RGPD5:p.P1760A, RRN3:p.P11S, RRN3:p.R9C, STAG3L2:p.L81fs, ZNF814:p.G320E, ACP6:p.V29G, AHNAK2:p.S2166F, AHNAK2:p.P1215S, AP1G1:p.I782fs, AQP2:p.N68T, BAIAP2L2:p.V396M, BMP6:p.Q118L, BST1:p.G36A, CDR1:p.V31A, CLDN7:p.S172A, CLIP1:p.S1018fs, COL18A1:p.G884fs, CROCC:p.A355P, CTAGE15P:p.A364V, CUBN:p.I2816M, DMRT2:p.T106S, DPY19L1:p.V249L, DSPP:p.D1047N, EBPL:p.L189V, EIF4G1:p.E465del, EXOSC2:p.R11P, FAM216A:p.P36S, FCGR2A:p.V222G, FMOD:p.S331R, FOLR2:p.Q112R, FRG1B:p.L20P, GAGE2B:p.9_10insY, GDPD5:p.G593fs, GIMAP8:p.A544S, GLUD2:p.R300G, GLUD2:p.S496R, GPR135:p.Q5P, HOXD8:p.Q67H, IER5:p.R194G, IL25:p.C168fs, JSRP1:p.V92A, KRAS:p.G12D, KRTAP1- 1:p.Y86C, KRTAP4-11:p.L161V, LTBP1:p.L163P, MAML2:p.Q591K, MAPK7:p.A501D, MEF2A:p.P99S, MET:p.H1094Y, MET:p.M1250T, MST1:p.N435fs, MUC2:p.T1582R, MUC2:p.T1722I, MUC4:p.A4222T, MUC4:p.T2335M, MUC4:p.P1138L, MUC5B:p.S1098A, MUC5B:p.S3431N, MYH7:p.A1487T, NBPF10:p.R39fs, NBPF10:p.Y638S, NEFH:p.654_654S>SPEKAKS, PARG:p.A584T, PBX2:p.Y262F, PIP4K2A:p.R219K, RLIM:p.S471P, RUNX2:p.Q71E, SGK223:p.R63S, SMARCB1:p.L365fs, SRCAP:p.Q1875fs,TBC1D2B:p.R920Q, TCF7L2:p.R482fs, TMEM131:p.K640fs, TMEM60:p.K77fs, TPPP:p.R30K, TRPV3:p.A218E, TTBK2:p.C83W, UBXN11:p.S510G, UGT1A1:p.T4A, UTS2R:p.A289E, YBX1:p.P250L, ZNF514:p.V81G, ZNF516:p.A256D, ZNF681:p.K405Q, ZNF814:p.D404E, ZNF814:p.P323H, ZXDB:p.G206R.

56. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 55, wherein at least 42.24% of subjects in the population have the at least one tumor-specific mutation.

57. The pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 1 to 7, wherein:(a) the population of subjects is suffering from LIHC; and(b) the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations selected from the group consisting of TP53:p.R249S, CTNNB1:p.D32V, CTNNB1:p.D32G, CTNNB1:p.S33P, CTNNB1:p.K335I, CTNNB1:p.H36P, EEF1A1:p.T432L, GNAS:p.R844C, OR2T4:p.V137L, TP53:p.H193R, ATXN1:p.Q217H, CSMD3:p.F2383fs, CTNNB1:p.D32N, CTNNB1:p.S33C, CTNNB1:p.G34V, CTNNB1:p.S45P, CTNNB1:p.N387K, DHRS4:p.I218T, DNM2:p.E378D, F5:p.Q426L, GALNTL5:p.A45T, GPX1:p.P77R, GRM8:p.R852C, IDH1:p.R132C, KIF26B:p.A2033T, KRT8:p.S59A, LOC100132247:p.T532P, NEB:p.D3854H, PIK3CA:p.H1047R, SOLH:p.R714H, TP53:p.R158H, TP53:p.V157F, and ZNF638:p.D400N.

58. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 57, wherein at least 6.57% of subjects in the population have the at least one tumor-specific mutation.

59. The pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 1 to 7, wherein:(a) the population of subjects is suffering from MM; and(b) the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations selected from the group consisting of NRAS:p.Q61R, KRAS:p.Q61H, KRAS:p.G13D, NRAS:p.Q61K, BRAF:p.V600E, NRAS:p.Q61H, NRAS:p.G13R, ZNF717:p.W315C, ATP13A4:p.V431G, DNAJC12:p.R135K, IRF4:p.K123R, KRAS:p.A146T, KRAS:p.Q61R, KRAS:p.G12A, KRAS:p.G12D, ZNF717:p.N594I, ACTG1:p.A22P, ARL6IP1:p.M75L, BEND2:p.E630K, BRAF:p.G469A, CDHR1:p.R218G, DIS3:p.R780K, DMXL2:p.D2412E, DNAJC10:p.I80K, EGR1:p.Q9H, FGFR3:p.*807S, IDH1:p.R132C, IL6ST:p.P216H,INTS12:p.M1V, KRAS:p.K117N, KRAS:p.A59G, KRAS:p.G12R, MAX:p.R36W, MLL5:p.G492E, NBPF1:p.E810K, NRAS:p.Q61L, NRAS:p.G12D, ODF2L:p.E294K, PADI2:p.T114P, PNLIP:p.T37M, PRDM1:p.S588C, PTPN11:p.E76K, PTPN14:p.E286K, RBM6:p.V675G, SCN10A:p.R1142H, SRGAP1:p.T61M, SUSD1:p.T168P, TAS2R16:p.V231I, TINAG:p.E403K, TRIP12:p.L1775P, and ZNF717:p.C844S.

60. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 59, wherein at least 23.9% of subjects in the population have the at least one tumor-specific mutation.

61. The pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 1 to 7, wherein:(a) the population of subjects is suffering from PRAD; and(b) the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations selected from the group consisting of HSD17B7P2:p.N175S, RGPD5:p.P1760A, FRG1B:p.L52S, EEF1B2:p.S43G, FRG1B:p.I10T, FRG1B:p.A53T, LRRC37A2:p.T102S, NBPF10:p.E3455K, PTH2:p.L22V, CYP2D7P1:p.S32A, FAM47C:p.N648D, MAP3K9:p.E38del, MUC4:p.H4205Q, CHEK2:p.K373E, FRG1B:p.A11T, FRG1B:p.A50P, HLA-J:p.R124W, KRTAP1-5:p.I88T, KRTAP4-9:p.D18V, NPIP:p.A271V, PDGFRA:p.R483fs, ZNF780A:p.Q600H, ZNF845:p.R925H, ZNF91:p.R333H, ARFGAP3:p.N299fs, BTN2A3P:p.P3S, FNBP4:p.TT58del, HLA-A:p.Q78R, LOC554223:p.RAPWMEQ147del, PODXL:p.28_30PSP>P, POLI:p.D17del, SPOP:p.F133L, SYN2:p.A34del, TMEM52:p.23_26LLPL>L, UBC:p.L149R, ZNF208:p.I647S, ZNF799:p.E589G, ZNF814:p.D404E, ASTN2:p.L221del, B4GALNT1:p.G88fs, C16orf74:p.S21del, CCDC15:p.H458P, CD209:p.R129W, CNTNAP1:p.S1029I, DBR1:p.541_542DD>D, FAM22F:p.S691del, FRG1B:p.D32V, FRG1B:p.I34T, FRG1B:p.N55D, FRG1B:p.I59V, FRG1B:p.S71N, KIF25:p.W3R, KRTAP4-11:p.L161V, KRTAP4-11:p.M93V, KRTAP4- 11:p.R51K, KRTAP4-6:p.S153Y, LILRB5:p.S598P, LMOD2:p.E124del, LOC645752:p.L40P, LRP1:p.P1058T, LRRIQ3:p.K244fs, LURAP1L:p.55_56insGGG, MLLT10:p.V463E, MYOCD:p.Q310del, NBPF10:p.N1369D, OTUD4:p.T909I, PARG:p.A584T, PEX1:p.I370fs, POTEC:p.K507E, POTEC:p.R477Q, POU4F2:p.68_69insG, PRG4:p.T417P, SDHAP2:p.R31C, SPOP:p.F133C, SPOP:p.W131G, TIMD4:p.T152del, TMEM121:p.P299del, TP53:p.G245S, UBC:p.R73L, UBC:p.I191T, WASH3P:p.G175S, ZMIZ1:p.D1048fs, ZNF709:p.T413I,ACADS:p.R330H, ADAMTS7:p.K1357fs, AFF2:p.R597H, AGAP6:p.S127I, AK302238:p.A44T, AK302879:p.Q191R, ALDH1A2:p.R85C, ANAPC1:p.T537A, ANKRD36C:p.H438R, AP4B1:p.R276W, ARFGAP2:p.S38N, BBS9:p.F268fs, BC139719:p.L133R, BRAF:p.G469A, C22orf43:p.D171del, CANT1:p.K131R, CHD3:p.E35del, CLEC4A:p.R209H, CNOT3:p.E20K, CNPY3:p.17_18LL>L, CNTNAP3B:p.S317T, CNTNAP3B:p.M1247I, CTNNB1:p.T41A, DDX10:p.D788del, DLC1:p.S741T, DPY19L2:p.M210V, EDC4:p.S617del, EFCAB6:p.R379K, ERC2:p.927_928HH>H, FAM111B:p.S269fs, FEM1A:p.L620M, FHOD3:p.A632fs, FLJ43860:p.L850fs, FMN2:p.G59del, FNBP4:p.914_915PP>P, FRG1:p.E86del, FRG1B:p.K13N, FRG1B:p.P42Q, GABRB1:p.R416C, GABRR2:p.A368V, GAGE2B:p.9_10insY, GOLGA8DP:p.N84H, GOT2:p.R355W, GPATCH4:p.K210fs, HDGFL1:p.188_189insA, HLA-DQB2:p.G250S, HLA- DQB2:p.R247H, IDH1:p.R132H, IL27:p.E176del, IRF2BPL:p.123_125QQQ>Q, KANK3:p.DGDS489del, KIAA1462:p.858_859SS>S, KRTAP4-11:p.S48R, KRTAP4-7:p.S57P, KRTAP4-8:p.C95S, LPHN3:p.R826H, LRP10:p.L11del, LRP5:p.S1609P, LRRC16B:p.R787W, MAS1L:p.R324G, MECOM:p.R915Q, MED12:p.L1224F, MED12L:p.Q2115del, MESP2:p.GQGQGQGQ195del, MGAT4C:p.T345M, MLEC:p.E238del, MSLNL:p.T68P, MUC7:p.S173P, MYC:p.Q37del, NBPF10:p.N440D, NLRP6:p.E611del, NOX3:p.C404fs, OR1M1:p.V69I, OR7E24:p.L7fs, OTUD4:p.A153del, PANK2:p.T417fs, PCLO:p.S496P, PCNT:p.S162G, PCSK9:p.23_24insL, PHOSPHO1:p.S32del, POU4F1:p.H108del, PRAMEF8:p.R319H, PRDM7:p.M387L, PRG4:p.T597P, PTPRD:p.R1323C, PTPRF:p.R1174Q, ROBO3:p.RS1367del, ROCK1:p.T518S, RPTN:p.G296S, RTL1:p.152_152E>EE, SIRPA:p.V233I, SLC2A6:p.A230D, SLC8A2:p.E710del, SMG7:p.E846fs, SNAPC4:p.S542del, SP8:p.G165del, SPOP:p.F133I, SPOP:p.F133V, SPOP:p.F102C, SPOP:p.F102V, SRSF11:p.G17fs, SRSF4:p.K396del, SSPO:p.S4198fs, STAG3L2:p.L81fs, STK19:p.R18fs, TBC1D2B:p.R920Q, TBC1D9:p.P1233T, TCHH:p.P1158R, TCOF1:p.K1366del, TNRC18:p.2664_2665SS>S, TP53:p.R248Q, TP53:p.R175H, TP53:p.C141G, TSPAN4:p.L92V, UBXN11:p.GPGPGPSP504del, UTP3:p.E81del, WASH3P:p.L187V, ZAN:p.P717L, ZAN:p.L878P, ZFP90:p.R591fs, ZNF761:p.H373R, and ZNF91:p.H305R.

62. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 61, wherein at least 39.85% of subjects in the population have the at least one tumor-specific mutation.

63. The pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 1 to 7, wherein:(a) the population of subjects is suffering from STAD; and(b) the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations selected from the group consisting of RNF43:p.G659fs, BZRAP1:p.P1416fs, XYLT2:p.Y526fs, LARP4B:p.T163fs, PGM5:p.I98V, ZBTB20:p.P692fs, ARID1A:p.G1848fs, FHOD3:p.P334fs, KIAA0182:p.T120fs, ATP6V1B1:p.Y383fs, PIK3CA:p.H1047R, FRMD4A:p.P1005fs, PIK3CA:p.E545K, CDC14A:p.N123fs, KRAS:p.G13D, MLL2:p.T172fs, BCORL1:p.S1679fs, PLEKHA6:p.V328fs, C9orf131:p.P342fs, CD4:p.Q164fs, FBXW7:p.R465C, GNG12:p.T68fs, IRS4:p.G591fs, JARID2:p.V422fs, KIAA0195:p.I902fs, MBD6:p.P732fs, MVK:p.P138fs, PAMR1:p.G101fs, WNT16:p.W165fs, ZNF43:p.N251fs, ABCA6:p.L306fs, ADAM28:p.K73fs, AOC3:p.L79fs, ATP2A1:p.R819fs, B2M:p.L13fs, C6orf89:p.P58fs, CNTLN:p.K1305fs, CR2:p.V206fs, DYRK4:p.K468fs, ERBB3:p.V104M, GLI1:p.W272fs, KRAS:p.G12D, MLL2:p.T172fs, MSH6:p.T1085fs, NLK:p.C190fs, OR5M3:p.T89fs, PAX6:p.P375fs, PTEN:p.L265fs, RABGAP1:p.K928fs, RAD51AP2:p.T316fs, SVIL:p.G1862fs, TP53:p.R273H, WNK4:p.G606fs, ARID1A:p.P2139fs, AXIN2:p.G665fs, C13orf33:p.R67fs, C1QTNF5:p.P308fs, CELSR1:p.G614fs, CRYGD:p.G159fs, DCHS1:p.R235fs, DDC:p.I433fs, EDNRB:p.Y383fs, EPHA2:p.P460fs, FOXN3:p.P96fs, HDAC4:p.P901fs, INF2:p.S527fs, KIRREL2:p.V649fs, KLF3:p.I104fs, KLHL14:p.P231fs, MAP7D3:p.Q308fs, OTX2:p.R44fs, PAFAH1B1:p.K302fs, PLAGL2:p.P10fs, POLM:p.P97fs, PRPF40B:p.I31fs, RALGAPB:p.T379fs, SBNO1:p.N1139fs, SERPINI1:p.L81fs, SH3KBP1:p.L574fs, SLC12A7:p.H686fs, SLC27A3:p.P643fs, TBX4:p.S370fs, TP53:p.R273C, TP53:p.R175H, TRAM1L1:p.R345fs, WBP1:p.P138fs, ABCC4:p.L883fs, AKAP13:p.K2785fs, ALDH3A1:p.P562fs, ALPK2:p.L356fs, ARFGEF1:p.P1552fs, ARID1A:p.G1848fs, AVPR1A:p.F351fs, BAX:p.M38fs, C14orf43:p.P313fs, C1QTNF5:p.G194fs, C7orf50:p.L179fs, CDC25C:p.K322fs, CETN3:p.K63fs, CHD3:p.P597fs, CTCF:p.K202fs, CTSC:p.F105fs, DDX17:p.G163fs, DLGAP3:p.G377fs, EBF3:p.G255fs, FHDC1:p.F100fs, FILIP1L:p.K749fs, FLNB:p.W529fs, GBP7:p.G431fs, GCC2:p.E700fs, GPR161:p.G517fs, IWS1:p.S802fs, KIAA0240:p.K895fs, KIAA1967:p.P415fs, LRRC43:p.D558fs, MACF1:p.R707fs,MBD6:p.G780fs, MLL3:p.F4496fs, MPRIP:p.A351fs, MUC6:p.2129_2130SS>S, NOX5:p.P467fs, OPTN:p.P24fs, OR4K5:p.F177fs, PIK3CA:p.N345K, PIK3CA:p.E542K, PLXNA1:p.P1016fs, PNPLA7:p.P1199fs, PODN:p.I301fs, PPP2R3B:p.T389fs, PRSS36:p.L680fs, RGL2:p.G203fs, RHOQ:p.V190fs, RNF111:p.R771fs, RTN2:p.P313fs, SALL4:p.V995fs, SBF1:p.P1076fs, SETDB2:p.R715fs, SNAPC2:p.T292fs, SPG20:p.F232fs, SRCAP:p.P1876fs, STAT2:p.P489fs, TCHP:p.E172fs, TP53:p.R282W, TP53:p.R248Q, USP21:p.K474fs, WDR7:p.G262fs, ZBTB7C:p.E157fs, ZFC3H1:p.K385fs, ZNF124:p.T339fs, ZNF626:p.K115fs, ADNP2:p.S322fs, AGAP1:p.G127fs, ALDH2:p.L286fs, ARHGAP5:p.D890fs, ARHGEF17:p.A615fs, ARID1A:p.Y1324fs, ART1:p.I243fs, ASCL4:p.D35fs, ATXN2L:p.G998fs, B3GNT5:p.F30fs, BCKDHA:p.H37fs, BCL9L:p.P1127fs, BEND3:p.D265fs, BNC2:p.S575R, BRD3:p.P24fs, C12orf51:p.P4235fs, C1R:p.P216fs, C7orf49:p.G130fs, CA2:p.I145fs, CABP5:p.R145fs, CASD1:p.F781fs, CASP8:p.R471fs, CCDC153:p.P200fs, CD93:p.D280fs, CROT:p.L32fs, CSF3R:p.P468fs, CTCF:p.K202fs, ERBB2:p.S310F, FAM46D:p.S69R, FBN3:p.G601fs, FBXO21:p.F144fs, GAS6:p.G150fs, GLYR1:p.G380fs, GXYLT1:p.L223fs, HAUS6:p.S530fs, IGF2R:p.T1314fs, ITGB1:p.L378I, KDM3B:p.P1316fs, KIF13A:p.K1115fs, KLF3:p.S224fs, LARP1:p.A223fs, LRP1:p.G1488fs, LRP1:p.G1488fs, MAGEE2:p.Q45fs, MAMSTR:p.P162fs, MAPK15:p.Q511fs, MLL2:p.P647fs, MOCS2:p.P22fs, MTG1:p.L105fs, MTG1:p.H327fs, MTIF2:p.N109fs, NID2:p.R1035fs, PAX2:p.P395fs, PCCA:p.R230H, PDZD2:p.R101fs, PFKP:p.M593fs, PIK3CA:p.R88Q, PLA2G1B:p.L53fs, PLAU:p.R201fs, PMEPA1:p.P208fs, POP1:p.K750fs, PTCH1:p.P1307fs, PTPRT:p.P1075fs, RDBP:p.P6fs, RNMT:p.K392fs, ROBO2:p.P1080fs, RUNDC3B:p.L6fs, SDAD1:p.K275fs, SLC10A6:p.G109fs, SNAPC1:p.D211fs, SPATA5L1:p.C685fs, SPTA1:p.K1732T, STAT5B:p.P367fs, SYT4:p.M1fs, TAF1L:p.K851fs, TAP2:p.L75fs, TBL1XR1:p.N126fs, THEMIS:p.K406fs, TMEM79:p.P161fs, TP53:p.C176F, TP53BP2:p.K69fs, TP53RK:p.L174fs, UBQLN2:p.A523fs, UHRF1BP1:p.I1330fs, VPRBP:p.K939fs, VPS13B:p.T56fs, WASF3:p.P305fs, YLPM1:p.E1178fs, ZC3H13:p.K1006fs, ZC3H18:p.P825fs, ZC3H4:p.E779Q, ZNF48:p.P247fs, ZNF608:p.A465fs, ZNF878:p.S238fs, ZSCAN18:p.P225fs, ABCB1:p.R527fs, ABCB6:p.G318fs, ACACB:p.G255fs, ACP1:p.Q123fs, ACTL6A:p.L88fs, ADAMTSL4:p.G778fs, AGBL5:p.I420fs, AHI1:p.K303fs, AKAP9:p.M3743fs, AKD1:p.R1209fs, ANKRD40:p.D99E, ARHGEF5:p.S1512fs, ARID1A:p.K1071fs, ARID3A:p.S557G, ARPP21:p.I130fs, ASPN:p.F67fs, ASXL3:p.E873fs,ATP6V1C2:p.R312fs, BEST3:p.P444fs, BRAF:p.P403fs, BRMS1:p.G107fs, BTBD11:p.T451fs, BTBD11:p.A561V, C11orf9:p.S261fs, C14orf102:p.R90fs, C14orf43:p.Q36fs, C15orf52:p.G98fs, C19orf21:p.R262C, C19orf70:p.P50fs, C20orf160:p.P46fs, C3:p.P890fs, CADPS2:p.N468fs, CASC3:p.S232F, CASC3:p.P603L, CASC3:p.P645L, CASC3:p.S658L, CASKIN2:p.P727fs, CBLL1:p.E138fs, CBLN3:p.P69fs, CCDC108:p.P1164fs, CCDC148:p.K420fs, CCDC153:p.P200fs, CCDC169-SOHLH2:p.K162R, CCDC88A:p.K677fs, CD1E:p.F85V, CD3EAP:p.K218fs, CDH11:p.K357T, CDH1:p.D254Y, CDH23:p.V403I, CFI:p.K37fs, CHPF2:p.D645fs, CIC:p.R507fs, CIC:p.A1114fs, CIC:p.A1114fs, CLSTN1:p.T615M, CNBD1:p.L396P, CNGA4:p.K510T, CNOT6:p.S248fs, CNTROB:p.R920fs, COL9A1:p.P283fs, CPAMD8:p.P784fs, CR1L:p.L79fs, CRB1:p.F630V, CSMD1:p.L3410V, CTNNA3:p.K856fs, CTNND1:p.I447fs, CTSD:p.P89fs, CUX1:p.A439fs, CYP7B1:p.K332T, DAB2IP:p.D994fs, DNAH11:p.T871fs, DNAH8:p.K1688fs, DNAJC1:p.K193fs, DNM2:p.P791fs, DSTN:p.F101fs, DYRK1B:p.Q545fs, EAF2:p.V109fs, EDNRB:p.A104V, EEA1:p.N570fs, EFHA1:p.F290fs, EGR1:p.P332fs, EIF4G3:p.K563fs, ELK3:p.S173fs, ENTPD2:p.G204fs, EOMES:p.G332fs, EPHA10:p.P868fs, EPHB6:p.G54fs, EPHX1:p.P132fs, EPPK1:p.G2015fs, ERBB4:p.M1fs, ESF1:p.T99fs, EXOSC8:p.L160fs, FAM113B:p.R51fs, FAM116A:p.L441fs, FAM135B:p.S645R, FAM151A:p.P117fs, FAM193A:p.D428fs, FAM193A:p.D428fs, FAM214B:p.A42fs, FAM40B:p.R740C, FAM70B:p.S19L, FASTKD1:p.K3fs, FBXW7:p.R479Q, FBXW9:p.G298fs, FER:p.L474fs, FERMT2:p.K152fs, FGGY:p.G138fs, FIGNL1:p.K309fs, FLG:p.K159fs, FLNB:p.W529fs, FOLH1:p.S501fs, FYB:p.G324fs, GABRD:p.Q412fs, GALNTL1:p.W317fs, GANAB:p.L23fs, GCDH:p.L389fs, GIMAP7:p.V276fs, GIPC3:p.G227fs, GLI3:p.P1033fs, GLIPR1L2:p.G92fs, GNPNAT1:p.F54fs, GON4L:p.M134fs, GPATCH4:p.K210fs, GRK4:p.K22fs, GTF3C1:p.S767fs, GTF3C4:p.E562fs, H2AFY2:p.K144fs, HCFC1R1:p.P83fs, HCRTR2:p.S9fs, HCRTR2:p.S9fs, HDLBP:p.G747fs, HECA:p.R333fs, HIVEP3:p.H554fs, HIVEP3:p.P534fs, HLA-C:p.P209fs, HOOK1:p.L361fs, HOXD8:p.P122fs, HTT:p.G697fs, IBTK:p.K1213fs, IDE:p.K37fs, IFT172:p.A837T, INPPL1:p.A974fs, INPPL1:p.P1154fs, INSM2:p.T533fs, INTS12:p.L14fs, INVS:p.R815fs, IPO11:p.S844fs, IRX6:p.A425V, ISG20L2:p.P288fs, ITGB8:p.A7fs, JARID2:p.G394fs, JHDM1D:p.R97fs, KBTBD6:p.G442fs, KCNC1:p.K455fs, KCNH2:p.G149A, KCNJ10:p.P102fs, KCNMB2:p.N151K, KCTD21:p.T6M, KIAA0586:p.A1592fs, KIAA1009:p.F406fs, KIAA1109:p.E1588fs, KIAA2026:p.K690fs,KIF26B:p.S1065fs, KIF6:p.L204fs, KIRREL:p.P335fs, KLC2:p.T568fs, KRAS:p.Q61H, KRAS:p.G12S, MAN1C1:p.G431fs, MAP1A:p.P2063fs, MAP2:p.K1472fs, MAP3K12:p.R449del, MAP7D1:p.A80fs, MGST2:p.K102fs, MKI67:p.T1664fs, MKL1:p.P307fs, MLL2:p.P2354fs, MLL2:p.L656fs, MLL2:p.P647fs, MLL2:p.L1877fs, MMP3:p.I64fs, MPDZ:p.K1582fs, MTUS2:p.R1005W, MUC16:p.A6156T, MYB:p.R481fs, MYEOV:p.L269fs, MYH11:p.K1263del, MYO18A:p.P209fs, MYO7A:p.I539fs, MYOCD:p.G226fs, NAA16:p.H514fs, NBEA:p.V2247fs, NCAPD3:p.Q909fs, NCAPH:p.T466fs, NCOR2:p.P1308fs, NEFM:p.A213V, NEK8:p.V690fs, NF1:p.T676fs, NHLRC1:p.F204fs, NKD1:p.P286fs, NPR3:p.Y138H, NT5M:p.P206fs, NUFIP2:p.R224fs, NUP210:p.L135fs, NYNRIN:p.G113fs, OBSCN:p.G997fs, OGDH:p.Y948fs, OR4C16:p.S135R, OR51A7:p.L124R, OR7C1:p.C179fs, OSBP2:p.H627fs, OTOF:p.E1304K, P2RX1:p.R20fs, PALB2:p.M296fs, PALB2:p.N280fs, PANK1:p.K400fs, PAPD4:p.C225fs, PAPPA2:p.I1683fs, PARP15:p.K461fs, PARP4:p.K847fs, PCDH10:p.N118fs, PCDH10:p.P225fs, PCGF3:p.H63fs, PELI2:p.G197fs, PHACTR1:p.V251fs, PHACTR2:p.S237fs, PHACTR4:p.S354fs, PHKB:p.K642fs, PIAS3:p.H116fs, PIGO:p.P787fs, PIGT:p.A346fs, PIK3R3:p.M341fs, PITPNM1:p.P295fs, PKN2:p.K76fs, PLA2G15:p.W230fs, PLAG1:p.K184fs, PLEKHO1:p.T254fs, PLOD3:p.R297fs, PLOD3:p.P296fs, PLXNA2:p.P464fs, POLQ:p.L1430fs, PPARGC1B:p.P135fs, PPL:p.P454fs, PPM1H:p.P226fs, PPP1R12C:p.P372fs, PREX2:p.R562fs, PRICKLE4:p.Q109fs, PRKAR1B:p.P87fs, PRKCG:p.R345C, PRMT8:p.S28fs, PROX1:p.F592fs, PRRG3:p.R163fs, PSD2:p.G256fs, PTCHD3:p.F588fs, PTPN4:p.N319fs, PTPRC:p.Q895H, PWWP2B:p.S84fs, PYGO2:p.Q150fs, RABGAP1:p.K928fs, RB1CC1:p.N1171fs, RBM6:p.R96fs, RHOA:p.Y42C, RIMS1:p.R71G, RIMS2:p.V401fs, RING1:p.G171fs, RINT1:p.L107fs, RNF43:p.P116fs, ROBO2:p.K1293fs, RPS6KA6:p.K109fs, RRS1:p.N45fs, RSF1:p.K386fs, RUSC2:p.P486fs, RXFP3:p.A60V, SAFB:p.W798fs, SCARF1:p.R614Q, SCLT1:p.K109fs, SERPINB12:p.Q168fs, SGK3:p.L61fs, SGOL2:p.E407fs, SIGLEC1:p.P318fs, SIK1:p.Q678fs, SLC16A6:p.G98fs, SLC25A17:p.F28fs, SLC26A7:p.I629fs, SLC32A1:p.V494I, SLC4A3:p.L1061fs, SLC7A10:p.P157fs, SLC9A2:p.T746fs, SLITRK1:p.K45fs, SND1:p.H721fs, SOAT1:p.F64fs, SORBS2:p.E1158fs, SOX7:p.L309fs, SPAG17:p.Q1264fs, SPTY2D1:p.P485fs, SRCIN1:p.P865fs, SREBF2:p.H763fs, SRRT:p.G102fs, STAB1:p.P1120fs, STRADA:p.R333fs, STX2:p.K252fs, SV2A:p.E138fs, SYCP2:p.M176fs, SYNJ2:p.P1111fs, TAS2R10:p.L196fs,TBC1D22B:p.A175fs, TEAD2:p.P298fs, TFE3:p.G482fs, TGM6:p.T358fs, TIMM44:p.K83fs, TIMP3:p.A199fs, TLR4:p.L498V, TMEM132D:p.P206fs, TMEM41A:p.F156fs, TMEM41B:p.F230fs, TMTC4:p.R611C, TNK2:p.P632fs, TOPBP1:p.I1381fs, TP53:p.E286K, TP53:p.P152fs, TRIP11:p.K541fs, TRPA1:p.T673fs, TRPM8:p.H765fs, TTF1:p.K336fs, TTI1:p.R707H, TTN:p.E15192D, U2AF2:p.L175fs, UBC:p.G684fs, UBR4:p.P2802fs, UPF2:p.E1033D, UPK2:p.P49fs, USP13:p.I116fs, USP15:p.K782fs, VASH1:p.G3fs, VEZF1:p.355_356insN, VPS13A:p.F2883fs, WAPAL:p.R522fs, WDFY3:p.L1842fs, WDR59:p.N160fs, WDR5:p.N214fs, WDR60:p.Q412fs, WDTC1:p.M287fs, WHSC1L1:p.K418fs, WNT1:p.W167fs, XIRP2:p.E1007D, YBX2:p.P226fs, YIF1A:p.R131fs, ZBBX:p.E151del, ZBTB40:p.L262fs, ZBTB7C:p.G342fs, ZBTB7C:p.D154fs, ZC3H18:p.T701fs, ZDHHC5:p.E651del, ZDHHC7:p.P316fs, ZFHX3:p.R1893fs, ZFHX3:p.E763fs, ZFHX4:p.L408fs, ZHX3:p.N249K, ZIM3:p.I384fs, ZKSCAN5:p.D13fs, ZMYM4:p.K345fs, ZNF236:p.T1410M, ZNF23:p.F122fs, ZNF334:p.K426fs, ZNF358:p.T130fs, ZNF701:p.L296fs, ZNF711:p.L737fs, and ZNF831:p.A49fs.

64. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 63, wherein at least 48.79% of subjects in the population have the at least one tumor-specific mutation.

65. The pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 1 to 7, wherein:(a) the population of subjects is suffering from TGCT; and(b) the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations selected from the group consisting of FAM18B2:p.C51Y, BTN2A3P:p.P3S, MUC2:p.G1715S, NBPF10:p.L44V, SP8:p.G156S, DCP1B:p.Q252H, DEK:p.E41D, ERC1:p.K692R, FAM104B:p.D75H, FRG1B:p.M49V, KRTAP10-10:p.V234M, LRRCC1:p.A6V, NRAS:p.Q61R, PNPLA4:p.L223P, ANKLE1:p.C644fs, ANKLE1:p.C644fs, KIT:p.D816H, KIT:p.D816Y, MUC2:p.T1597I, PSMD11:p.A5V, RHPN2:p.V73M, RUNX2:p.Q71E, SP4:p.E7K, TUBA1C:p.L146F, ZNF814:p.Y324H, ADAMTS17:p.N572T, ATRX:p.K1936R, BCL11B:p.E535D, BMP2K:p.Q460H, BMP2K:p.H487Q, C12orf32:p.D60V, C22orf43:p.K19E, CDC27:p.N571I, CDC27:p.P242S, DDX11:p.K208fs, EBPL:p.L189V, EZH2:p.K510R, FAM86A:p.A141T, GAS2L2:p.D189A, GRID2IP:p.LS754del, HGC6.3:p.E171G, KIT:p.D816V, KIT:p.N822Y, KIT:p.N822K, KRAS:p.Q61R,KRAS:p.G12V, KRTAP1-1:p.I116V, LRRC37BP1:p.Y166D, MEF2A:p.R127Q, MFF:p.S7F, MST1:p.R347W, MUC4:p.S3048L, MUC6:p.H2000Q, MUC6:p.P1977H, NAT10:p.I393T, OPLAH:p.A900D, PIEZO1:p.Q749E, PRAMEF4:p.F300V, RBM10:p.E184D, SERINC2:p.T121P, SPIN2A:p.M150V, SRRM2:p.A2257S, SSBP3:p.K6R, ZNF680:p.R501W, ABCC8:p.Y512C, ABCC9:p.L466P, ABCD1:p.H169Q, ABL2:p.P19T, ACVR2B:p.R48C, AHDC1:p.P33fs, AHNAK2:p.L1640M, ALPPL2:p.W31S, AMMECR1:p.G77C, ANK3:p.D1322E, ANKHD1-EIF4EBP3:p.G60S, ANKRD11:p.Y2015S, ANKRD11:p.K369R, ANKRD50:p.V637M, APBB3:p.L450P, ARHGAP24:p.T35A, ARID4B:p.G1076A, ARMC3:p.A514T, ARRB2:p.T99P, ATAD5:p.I305V, ATXN3:p.305_306insQQQQQQQ, AVPR1B:p.G39R, AXDND1:p.E994Q, BAI2:p.A231G, BEST3:p.P383L, BIRC6:p.V414L, BIRC8:p.A225M, BRWD1:p.K1319R, BTN2A2:p.L15F, C12orf51:p.A2644T, C12orf65:p.K143T, C16orf62:p.L244I, C1QBP:p.T225I, C1orf167:p.S123G, C5orf25:p.Y4F, CACNA1E:p.G2080S, CAPNS1:p.LV303del, CCDC159:p.A332S, CDKAL1:p.P409L, CDYL:p.V48A, CDYL:p.A60G, CELSR2:p.L17P, CHD4:p.E138D, CKAP5:p.G576A, CLCC1:p.K52R, CMTM8:p.S26T, CNKSR2:p.P249L, CNTN5:p.I501T, COG5:p.H617R, COL15A1:p.K708R, COL6A3:p.A2378D, CRYGB:p.R143G, CSGALNACT2:p.L362F, CUL4A:p.I438F, CXXC1:p.Q156H, CYP19A1:p.F406L, DCLRE1B:p.F28I, DDX11:p.A376T, DDX11:p.E680D, DEPDC5:p.R1525Q, DLC1:p.S741T, DNMT1:p.R995Q, DOCK11:p.Q169E, DSPP:p.D1047N, E2F7:p.I91S, EBF1:p.D353G, ECI2:p.K55R, EEF1A2:p.Y418S, EIF3J:p.A8G, EML6:p.K805R, EPAS1:p.S474T, EPRS:p.L1335I, ERICH1:p.E327K, FAM101B:p.L5P, FAM104A:p.M1R, FAM110D:p.R71H, FAM155A:p.Q95R, FAM186A:p.G1492E, FAM194B:p.Y139H, FAM21B:p.P1231S, FAM32A:p.K9R, FAM46B:p.H416R, FAM48B1:p.I499V, FAM48B1:p.A516P, FAM5C:p.S425W, FAM86C2P:p.C120Y, FBXL14:p.V48G, FRMPD3:p.Q832del, FRS2:p.L47S, GDF5:p.E105fs, GPNMB:p.C3fs, GPT2:p.R10P, H2AFV:p.Q125R, HDLBP:p.R503C, HERC2:p.R2129C, HIST1H2BJ:p.K13R, HLX:p.N231K, HMGB3:p.E198D, HSF4:p.R169W, HSF4:p.S491P, HYAL4:p.D222N, INO80E:p.P206fs, INTS4:p.S460A, IQCF6:p.R3H, ITPR1:p.M1569I, ITPR3:p.R1698G, KANSL3:p.G376E, KCNA4:p.E627del, KDM5A:p.P423S, KDM6A:p.Y362fs, KIAA0020:p.K63R, KIDINS220:p.N851S, KIT:p.W557G, KLHDC2:p.W321S, KRAS:p.A146T, KRAS:p.Q61H, KRAS:p.Q61L, KRAS:p.G12A, KRAS:p.G12R, KRBA1:p.R839G, KRTAP4-8:p.T63S, L2HGDH:p.P441del, LAMC3:p.P174Q,LHCGR:p.L16Q, LOC401296:p.L144M, LPHN2:p.F906I, LRP12:p.G310C, LTB4R:p.F73L, LTBP3:p.L35del, LUC7L3:p.S148T, LYPD4:p.T64K, MAMLD1:p.Q572L, MAP4K2:p.R341G, MAPK7:p.A501D, MAT2A:p.E166G, MED12L:p.C1292Y, MESP2:p.Q182E, MEX3C:p.R534S, MIER2:p.L131F, MLL5:p.Y66C, MLLT3:p.177_178SS>S, MMS19:p.D1005N, MRPS25:p.E119del, MSH6:p.D576A, MTIF3:p.G65E, MUC17:p.M1807T, MUC17:p.T2279N, MUC17:p.G2474S, MUC2:p.TTPSPP1475del, MUC2:p.T1568M, MUC2:p.T1580N, MUC2:p.T1704I, MUC2:p.T1706M, MUC4:p.H1117D, MUC5B:p.R1097H, MYEF2:p.K323E, MYEOV:p.L302H, MYH8:p.A785V, MYO1A:p.N584K, NAP1L3:p.P353R, NAV1:p.I1433M, NCAM1:p.E131G, NEB:p.D3107N, NEFH:p.V670E, NELL2:p.G170D, NHS:p.D1561N, NKD2:p.H447del, NSD1:p.T461R, NT5C3:p.A3P, NYAP1:p.P480S, OBSCN:p.A908T, OR10J1:p.R244Q, OR1S2:p.M298I, OR2L3:p.K294R, OR6K6:p.F311L, PABPC3:p.V325fs, PBX2:p.Y262F, PCDHB4:p.P255F, PCMTD1:p.V281A, PCP4L1:p.K64R, PDE3A:p.A98E, PDIA6:p.N56K, PDS5A:p.L1309F, PHLDA2:p.R28S, PIGR:p.V183G, PIK3CA:p.E545K, PIK3CD:p.C381R, PKD1:p.T938M, PLEKHM1:p.A895V, PLEKHN1:p.A600D, PLXND1:p.R367L, PMS2:p.K651R, PNMA3:p.E200G, POTEF:p.S112G, PRAMEF8:p.I448V, PRDM2:p.E278D, PRODH:p.L527V, PRPF31:p.R289W, PSME4:p.N495D, PTGR1:p.E40A, PTPRB:p.Q726H, RABGEF1:p.N207D, RAC1:p.P34R, RANBP17:p.M900I, REV3L:p.A30S, RFC3:p.I82N, RFC3:p.K296N, RIMBP3:p.Q1154R, RPL19:p.R151C, RPL5:p.R58fs, RPTN:p.M538I, RRAD:p.A278E, RYR1:p.D668Y, RYR2:p.L2023F, SAFB:p.G799V, SCRIB:p.G332V, SDK1:p.Y2146C, SEC16A:p.T443K, SEC31B:p.P905S, SELO:p.R565Q, SELP:p.A297T, SI:p.I1681K, SLC2A7:p.H268Q, SLC37A1:p.V528I, SLC38A1:p.G100R, SMARCA2:p.D1158A, SMARCA5:p.T156fs, SMC3:p.E970Q, SMG1:p.P2696H, SNRNP200:p.A2129G, SPIN2B:p.M150V, ST6GALNAC1:p.S354N, STAMBPL1:p.Y143H, STARD8:p.G662A, STON1- GTF2A1L:p.N451S, SYMPK:p.A336G, TAS2R8:p.W98C, TCHH:p.W1016R, TET1:p.T1472S, TIAM1:p.G247M, TNS1:p.P183S, TOR1AIP2:p.G146R, TPRX1:p.S216P, TPRX1:p.S200P, TRMT61A:p.S244I, TSPAN4:p.L92V, TTF1:p.Q530R, UBE2M:p.G131D, UBR5:p.R2517S, UGT2B11:p.R447I, UMODL1:p.M559I, UNC93A:p.V445A, USP46:p.Q137R, VWA2:p.G317D, VWA7:p.V792G, WASH3P:p.L187V, WNT5B:p.K327E, WRN:p.E510D, XDH:p.P410S, ZAN:p.S755P, ZC3H11A:p.I777T, ZC3H7A:p.C575S, ZDHHC11:p.H250Q, ZFHX4:p.D3239N, ZKSCAN3:p.K200A, ZMYM4:p.T367I, ZNF174:p.P353T,ZNF322:p.Y353C, ZNF592:p.K324Q, ZNF592:p.P500T, ZNF782:p.C145F, ZNF799:p.C453R, ZNF804B:p.P644S, and ZNRF3:p.R889W.

66. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 65, wherein at least 51.61% of subjects in the population have the at least one tumor-specific mutation.

67. The pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 1 to 7, wherein:(a) the population of subjects is suffering from THCA; and(b) the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations selected from the group consisting of BRAF:p.V600E, NRAS:p.Q61R, HRAS:p.Q61R, NRAS:p.Q61K, OTUD4:p.T909I, HRAS:p.Q61K, NLRP6:p.E611G, AKT1:p.E17K, ANKMY1:p.N302I, ATP6V1A:p.L237P, CYP19A1:p.S113I, DCUN1D4:p.L275P, DGCR8:p.E518K, DLC1:p.S741T, DNAH10:p.C1853F, EIF1AX:p.G9D, FAM75D5:p.L222P, FCGRT:p.P40A, KRAS:p.Q61K, LMX1B:p.Q285del, MAS1L:p.R324G, MED15:p.S35I, MEGF6:p.Y393C, ODZ2:p.A1529V, OR5L1:p.R122H, OR6K6:p.F311L, OTX1:p.D315N, POTEE:p.S75G, SCN5A:p.D1978H, TOP2A:p.K1199E, and TSG101:p.K265R.

68. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 67, wherein at least 69.88% of subjects in the population have the at least one tumor-specific mutation.

69. The pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 1 to 7, wherein:(a) the population of subjects is suffering from UCS; and(b) the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations selected from the group consisting of TP53:p.R248Q, ZNF814:p.D404E, BTN2A3P:p.P3S, FBXW7:p.R465C, FRG1B:p.G65E, MUC4:p.H4205Q, NBPF10:p.V99F, PIK3CA:p.E545K, PIK3CA:p.H1047R, PPP2R1A:p.P179R, DDX11L2:p.*128Q, FBXW7:p.R479Q, FRG1B:p.K13N, FRG1B:p.L52S, HSD17B7P2:p.N175S, KRAS:p.G12V, LOC283788:p.S37G, TP53:p.R273H, TP53:p.S241Y, ADAMTS12:p.E359K, BCL2L11:p.L187fs, CDC27:p.L460fs, CHEK2:p.K373E, ESPNP:p.W122fs, FBXW7:p.R689W, FBXW7:p.R505G, FBXW7:p.R465H, FCGBP:p.V4019M, FRG1B:p.I10T, FRG1B:p.D32V, FRG1B:p.R37K, KRAS:p.G12D, LOC100233156:p.R21C, LOC283788:p.I46M,LRP1B:p.L1392F, MAMLD1:p.Q572L, MST1P9:p.L319P, MUC4:p.A2390T, MUC4:p.G2172S, NBPF10:p.E3455K, PIK3CA:p.G106V, PODXL:p.28_30PSP>P, POTEC:p.R477Q, PPP2R1A:p.R183W, PPP2R1A:p.S219L, PTPN18:p.TG378del, RGPD3:p.N756D, RPL13AP20:p.G107R, SAMD4B:p.R477W, SMAP1:p.E169fs, TP53:p.H193R, TP53:p.H179R, TP53:p.R175H, TUBBP5:p.R119H, and U2AF1:p.S34F.

70. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 69, wherein at least 16.07% of subjects in the population have the at least one tumor-specific mutation.

71. The pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 1 to 7, wherein:(a) the population of subjects is suffering from PAAD; and(b) the at least one tumor-specific mutation comprises any combination of mutations selected from the group consisting of RBM14:p.AAAAAAA286del, KRAS:p.G12D, JMY:p.PPPPPPPPPPPP811del, RIOK1:p.D69del, LCE2A:p.SSGGCCGSSSGGCC47del, KRAS:p.G12V, C1QB:p.GPKGPMGPKGGPGAPGAP90del, ZFHX3:p.V777del, DBR1:p.541_542DD>D, AEBP1:p.K1133del, KRAS:p.G12R, RBM47:p.495_502AAAAAAAA>A, , AP3S1:p.K41fs, MLL2:p.AEGPHLSPQPEELHLSPQ792del, RFX1:p.386_401GGGGGGGGGGGGGGSG>G, AXDND1:p.EQ991del, HERC2P3:p.A803V, RGPD3:p.N756D, FNDC1:p.D1180del, ANAPC1:p.T537A, IRS4:p.21_22AA>A, GIGYF2:p.Q1005del, NCOA3:p.Q1253fs, SIK3:p.950_951QQ>Q, GPR6:p.AAAAATAAGGPDTGEWGPPA36del, NBPF12:p.D1323fs, SHROOM4:p.1156_1157EE>E, ZMIZ2:p.VAAAAATATATATAT153del, DGKK:p.PAPP41del, LZTS1:p.RTQDLEGALRTKGLEL432del, CASQ2:p.395_396DD>D, DCP1B:p.251_252insH, ESPNP:p.296_317PPPPSFPPPPPPPGTQLPPPPP>P, KBTBD6:p.T403K, NBPF16:p.D449fs, ANKRD36C:p.H438R, ESPN:p.PPPPPPSFPPPPPPPGTQLPP430del, FCGBP:p.A2493V, KRAS:p.Q61H, NCOA3:p.Q1276del, OR2T2:p.C203fs, TMCC1:p.Q565L, BCKDHA:p.G129fs, ESPNP:p.H64fs, GNAS:p.R844H, NBPF14:p.R25C, OGFOD1:p.G477fs, RBM12:p.P693S, SLC38A10:p.1071_1072II>I, SORBS2:p.P866S, TP53:p.R248W, TP53:p.R175H, and UBAC1:p.E269del.

72. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 71, wherein at least 50% of subjects in the population have the at least one tumor-specific mutation.

73. The pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 1 to 72, wherein the composition comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 or 20 neoantigenic peptides.

74. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 73, wherein the composition comprises 15 to 20 neoantigenic peptides.

75. The pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 1 to 74, wherein each neoantigenic peptide is from about 5 to about 50 amino acids in length.

76. The pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 1 to 75, wherein each tumor-specific neoepitope binds to HLA-A, -B or–C with a KDof less than 500 nM.

77. The pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 1 to 76, which is an immunogenic or vaccine composition.

78. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 77, further comprising an immunomodulator or adjuvant.

79. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 78, wherein the immunodulator or adjuvant is selected from the group consisting of poly-ICLC, 1018 ISS, aluminum salts, Amplivax, AS15, BCG, CP-870,893, CpG7909, CyaA, dSLIM, GM-CSF, IC30, IC31, Imiquimod, ImuFact IMP321, IS Patch, ISS, ISCOMATRIX, Juvlmmune, LipoVac, MF59, monophosphoryllipid A, Montanide IMS 1312, Montanide ISA 206, Montanide ISA 50V, Montanide ISA-51, OK-432, OM-174, OM-197-MP-EC, ONTAK, PepTel®, vector system, PLGA microparticles, resiquimod, SRL172, Virosomes and other Virus-like particles, YF-17D, VEGF trap, R848, beta-glucan, Pam3Cys, and Aquila's QS21 stimulon.

80. A method of treating or preventing a tumor in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 1 to 79.

81. The method of claim 80, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is administered as a combination therapy with an additional cancer therapy.

82. The method of claim 81, wherein the additional thereapy is a check point inhibitor.

83. The method of claim 81, wherein the additional therapy is surgery, chemotherapy, or a targeted therapy.

84. A method of prophylactic cancer treatment comprising:(a) selecting a cancer drug for a patient in need thereof, the drug selected from the group consisting of ibrutinib, erlotinib, imatinib, gefitinib, crizotinib, trastuzumab, vemurafenib, RAF / MEK inhibitors, and antiestrogen therapy; and(b) administering prophylactically to the subject, a pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 1 to 79 wherein the at least one neoantigenic peptide is derived from drug resistant mutations associated with the selected cancer drug.

85. A method of treating or preventing a tumor in a population of subjects in need thereof, comprising administering to a subject an agent comprising an extracellular ligand- binding domain recognizing a tumor-specific neoepitope comprising a tumor-specific mutation having an incidence of at least 1% of subjects in the population.

86. The method according to claim 85, wherein the agent comprises an antibody, antibody fragment, antibody drug conjugate, aptamer, CAR, or T cell receptor.

87. The method according to claim 86, wherein the antibody or antibody fragment is humanized, fully humanized, or chimeric.

88. The method according to claims 86 or 87, wherein the antibody fragment comprises a nanobody, Fab, Fab', (Fab')2, Fv, ScFv, diabody, triabody, tetrabody, Bis-scFv, minibody, Fab2, or Fab3 fragment.

89. The method according to any of claims 85 to 88, wherein the tumor-specific mutation comprises a mutation listed for any population in Table 9.

90. The method according to any of claims 85 to 88, wherein the tumor-specific mutation is within a gene containing an extracellular domain.

91. The method according to claim 90, wherein the tumor-specific mutation comprises FGFR3 S249C, ERBB3 V104M, EGFR L858R, MUC4 H4205Q, PDGFRA R483fs, TMEM5223_26LLPL>L, or PODXL 28_30PSP>P.

92. The method according to claim 90, wherein the tumor-specific mutation is within the extracellular domain.

93. The method according to claim 92, wherein the tumor-specific mutation comprises FGFR3 S249C or ERBB3 V104M.