An apparatus for controlling pathogen growth in pipes

Abstract

An apparatus for controlling pathogen growth in a pipe conducting downwards dropping liquid comprises: a) a top opening for liquid to enter the apparatus; b) a bottom opening for the liquid to exit the apparatus; c) a sidewall connected to the top opening and the bottom opening, wherein the sidewall is configured to enable propagation of the liquid from the top opening to the bottom opening; d) at least one liquid deflector; and e) a pathogen sensor configured to detect at least one of a biological organism, biofilm, a microorganism, and a pathogen.

Description

[0001] AN APPARATUS FOR CONTROLLING PATHOGEN GROWTH IN PIPES

[0002] Field of the Invention

[0003] The invention relates generally to systems and methods for controlling pathogen growth in healthcare or food preparation settings or institutions. More particularly, it relates to an apparatus for controlling pathogen growth in health care or food preparation settings or institutions.

[0004] Background of the Invention

[0005] Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs), also referred to as nosocomial infections or Health Care- Associated Infections (HCAIs), affects millions of people a year in developed countries, with the total cost of treating HAIs being billions of dollars per year (higher than all other infectious diseases combined). The number of deaths directly attributed to HAIs is at least 37,000 a year in the EU and upwards of 98,000 in the USA, with an additional 110,000 deaths due to HAI related complications. In high-income countries 7 out of 100 patients will acquire an HAI, rising to 30% when dealing with patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). In low- and middle-income countries 15 out of 100 patients will acquire an HAI, rising to 60% when dealing with patients admitted to the ICU (WHO report of 2022).

[0006] The sink siphon, the pipe connecting the sink to the sewage system, often harbors thick biofilms teeming with dangerous multidrug-resistant pathogens, according to numerous studies. Removing sinks in ICUs has been associated with a 76% reduction in gram-negative healthcare-associated infections. However, this method is challenging to implement. Currently, there is no straightforward, cost-effective solution that integrates easily with existing infrastructure and is scalable and user- friendly.

[0007] Sinks have been linked to numerous HAI outbreaks, due to a colonization by multidrug-resistant bacteria , with sink traps serving as niche for bacterial growth. Models have shown that microbes can grow in pipes at rates of up to 2.5 cm per day, reaching the drain within days to facilitate bacterial spread. Furthermore, when fluid from the faucet hits the biofilm, dispersion happens with varying particulates; some act as droplets, some as aerosols, some as intermediate, and all endanger patient safety.

[0008] P-, U-, S-, and bottle-type traps have been used for preventing odors. However, these traps have not been shown to prevent pathogen growth, or to block the spread of pathogens. Biofilms can resist various disinfection methods, such as UV light, and leave residues that are difficult to remove. These residues can provide a favorable environment for the next pathogens to attach and grow, creating a vicious cycle of contamination. Many attempts to fix this issue, including the usage of various chemicals, have had limited to no success.

[0009] There remains a long and unmet need for a cost-effective system for efficiently preventing pathogen growth and spread in health-care environments.

[0010] Summary of the Invention

[0011] The present invention provides an apparatus for controlling pathogen growth in a pipe conducting downwards dropping liquid. The apparatus may include a top opening for liquid to enter the apparatus, a bottom opening for the liquid to exit the apparatus, a sidewall connected to the top opening and the bottom opening, wherein the sidewall may enable propagation of the liquid from the top opening to the bottom opening; at least one liquid deflector; and a pathogen sensor configured to detect at least one of a biological organism, biofilm, a microorganism, and a pathogen.

[0012] The at least one liquid deflector may include at least one flap extending from an inner surface of the sidewall, wherein an upper face of each flap of the at least one flap is inclined at a first angle with respect to the inner surface of the sidewall and a lower face of each flap of the at least one flap is inclined at a second angle with respect to the inner surface of the sidewall, wherein the upper face faces the top opening and the lower face faces the bottom opening, wherein the first angle is an obtuse angle and the second angle is an acute angle.

[0013] An upper flap from the at least one flap may obstruct a portion of an adjacent lower flap from the at least one flap from receiving the liquid directly from the top opening to prevent a direct flow of the liquid from the top opening to the bottom opening, wherein the upper flap is closer to the top opening than the adjacent lower flap.

[0014] The at least one liquid deflector may include at least one flap extending from the inner surface of the sidewall, wherein each flap of the at least one flap comprises at least one conduit.

[0015] Each conduit from the at least one conduit may include an inlet facing the top opening and an outlet facing the bottom opening, wherein the inlet is configured to receive the liquid from the top opening, wherein the outlet is configured to transfer liquid to the bottom opening, and wherein each flap of the at least one flap is configured to obstruct the direct flow of the liquid from the top opening to the bottom opening.

[0016] Each conduit may be distanced from the inner surface of the sidewall.

[0017] Each conduit may be inclined at an angle relative to the sidewall configured to prevent a free flow of liquid from the top opening to the bottom opening.

[0018] The upper face of each flap of the at least one flap may be a planar surface. The lower face of each flap of the at least one flap may be a planar surface.

[0019] The upper face of each flap of the at least one flap may be a convex surface, and the lower face of each flap of the at least one flap may be a concave surface.

[0020] The upper face of each flap of the at least one flap may be a concave surface, and the lower face of each flap of the at least one flap may be a convex surface.

[0021] The at least one face of the flap may include at least one of an antimicrobial coating, an antibacterial coating, an anti- viral, and an anti-fungal coating.

[0022] Each surface of the at least one flap may have a different coating.

[0023] According to some embodiments, an opening for taking samples from the area of the pipe with the deflectors. According to some embodiments, this opening can be closed or opened at needs. According to some embodiments, the opening allows auto sampler to take samples of the fluid coming from the sink.

[0024] The pathogen sensor may be located below the liquid deflectors

[0025] The pathogen sensor may employ one or more methods to identify the presence of biofilm, microorganisms, or other biological contaminants. These methods may include, but are not limited to: spectroscopy, optical systems, electrochemical sensors, Surface Plasmon Resonance, Biosensors, Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM). In some embodiments the sensor is placed inside the pipe. In some embodiments a suitable sensor that is placed outside the pipe, sense changes inside the pipe.

[0026] The pathogen sensor may include at least one infrared radiation source positioned on a first outer surface of a sidewall of a replaceable segment of the pipe, configured to transmit infrared radiation through the pipe's interior. At least one infrared sensor, located on an opposite outer surface of the sidewall, is configured to receive the transmitted infrared radiation and detect changes caused by the presence of biofilm growth. The system includes a processor that analyzes the sensor signals to detect variations in infrared light intensity, indicative of the presence of at least one biofilm, microorganisms, or other biological contaminants. Upon detection, the processor generates an alert to facilitate timely intervention.

[0027] The apparatus may include an active purification system configured to remove at least one of aerosols, droplets, and particles containing dangerous biological material.

[0028] The apparatus may include at least two valves, wherein a first valve is positioned above the at least one flap and a second valve is positioned below the at least one flap.

[0029] The apparatus may be disposed in a pipe between a drain of a sink, and a pipe connection to the sewage, including the trap

[0030] The apparatus and any part thereof may be at least one of disposable, recyclable, reusable, and re-coatable.

[0031] The apparatus may include a sample collection system. The sample collection system may sample fluid that enters or exits the apparatus. The sample collection system may be active, manual, semi-manual, automatic or semi-automatic. The sample collection system may be an auto sampler. The auto sampler may be designed to collect samples at predetermined intervals or based on specific triggering conditions, such as certain flow rates, flow direction or detected water quality parameters.

[0032] In some embodiments, the apparatus is configured to be attached and removed in a manner that limits dispersion of pathogens, so as to reduce the chance of contaminating the environment by release of pathogens trapped by the apparatus during removal and / or replacement. In some embodiments, the apparatus is configured to be isolated or contained, limiting contamination after use. Limiting contamination can be obtained by restricting the movement of fluids, solids and / or gases.

[0033] In some embodiments, the apparatus contains at least two valves, configured to enable enclosing the apparatus with 2 valves, with the middle part between them being removed and / or replaced. In some embodiments. One part can be blocked with a cap and the other part can be blocked with two valves, one enclosing the apparatus, sealing its content and one blocking the sewage.

[0034] In some embodiments, the apparatus comprises an additional inlet, configured to enable the introduction of a cleaning, sterilizing and / or disinfecting material. The sterilizing or disinfecting material can be a gas, liquid, solution, foam, emulsion, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the apparatus is connected to the pipe system by a set of two valves configured to isolate the device, and the section of the pipe before and after the device.

[0035] According to some embodiments of any of the above apparatus, the apparatus is configured for detecting changes in water flow, such as partial blockage in the pipe or backflow. In some embodiments, blocking can cause backflow of waste or contaminated water from the sewage system. Sensors, such as ultrasonic sensors, capacitive sensors, optical level sensors, pressure level sensors, etc., may be used to detect clogging or blocking.

[0036] The advantages of the present invention are explained as follows. The sink siphon has a U-shaped part, known as the trap, that always contains fluid (typically water). It functions as a barrier to sewage gases, as the sewage foul-smelling gases cannot pass the liquid barrier. The trap is an essential part of the plumbing system that cannot be removed. At the same time, the fluid in the trap allows pathogens, including multidrug-resistant pathogens to grow as biofilm on the walls of the siphon, reaching the drain where they can be carried by the droplets of water that hit them during hand washing and other activities.

[0037] While it may be possible to prevent biofilm growth indefinitely, this invention takes a very different approach by enabling the replacement of the siphon every time the biofilm grows to a certain point where it poses a risk. This approach provides a much cheaper and scalable alternative.

[0038] Since the invention may result in replacing the siphon more frequently than is normally done, a safe replacement mechanism is provided to ensure that harmful bacteria do not escape during replacement and facilitate quick replacement.

[0039] While deciding on the replacement time frequency can be done by measuring the minimal time it takes for the biofilm to grow to that point, the different growth rates of biofilm would result in a lot of waste. This invention provides a biofilm detection system, allowing the user to know when a replacement is needed.

[0040] Another way bacteria can escape the trap is by forming droplets and aerosols. This can happen, for example, when water from the sink hits the water in the trap. To prevent this escape mechanism, the present invention provides passive defense (works against the more common larger particulates and during power outages) and active defense (when power is working against smaller particulates) against this threat. The detection system may be placed below this part of the invention, as particulates are effectively blocked from below, and only growth of biofilm upward from this point may be dangerous. The present invention may provide a sewage-clogging detection system. Sewage blockage, partial or full, results in a rising fluid level in the sink siphon from the trap upwards, sometimes to the sink itself. This allows bacteria to escape.

[0041] Each component of the present invention solves a different aspect of the above mentioned problem. Combined, these components of the present invention provide a powerful defense against the various ways bacteria can escape the sink trap while being very cost-effective, scalable, and easy to use. Furthermore, the present invention enables the replacement of only a portion of the siphon, allowing the relatively expensive components (such as sensors and processors) to be retained for long-term use.

[0042] Brief Description of the Drawings

[0043] FIGS. 1A-1H are schematic illustrations of an apparatus for controlling pathogen growth in a pipe conducting downwards dropping liquid, according to some embodiments of the present invention;

[0044] FIGS. 2A-2D are schematic illustrations of an apparatus for controlling pathogen growth in a pipe conducting downwards dropping liquid, according to some embodiments of the present invention;

[0045] FIGS. 3A-3B are schematic illustrations of an apparatus for controlling pathogen growth in a pipe conducting downwards dropping liquid, according to some embodiments of the present invention;

[0046] FIGS. 3C-3D are 3-dimensional illustrations of a flap and at least one conduit of an apparatus for controlling pathogen growth in a pipe conducting downwards dropping liquid, according to some embodiments of the present invention;

[0047] FIGS. 4A-4B are schematic illustrations of of an apparatus for controlling pathogen growth in a pipe conducting downwards dropping liquid deployed in a piping system, according to some embodiments of the present invention;

[0048] FIG. 4C is a 3-dimensional illustration of an exemplary deployment of an apparatus for controlling pathogen growth in a pipe conducting downwards dropping liquid, according to some embodiments of the present invention;

[0049] FIG. 5A is a schematic illustration of an apparatus for controlling pathogen growth in a pipe conducting downwards dropping liquid, including an active purification system, according to some embodiments of the present invention; FIG. 5B is a 3-dimensional illustration of an apparatus for controlling pathogen growth in a pipe conducting downwards dropping liquid, including an active purification system, according to some embodiments of the present invention;

[0050] FIG. 6A is a schematic illustration of an apparatus for controlling pathogen growth in a pipe conducting downwards dropping liquid, including a pathogen sensor, according to some embodiments of the present invention;

[0051] FIG. 6B is a schematic illustration of a pathogen sensor, according to some embodiments of the present invention;

[0052] FIGS. 7A-7C are schematic representations of an embodiment of the invention comprising a mechanism for containment of the apparatus; and

[0053] FIGS. 8A-8C are schematic (FIGS. 8A-8B) and photographic (FIG. 8C) representations of an embodiment of the invention, having two valves.

[0054] Detailed Description of the Invention

[0055] The present invention is now described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying examples and drawings, in which embodiments of the invention are shown. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art.

[0056] The pipe above the trap is expected to become contaminated at a much slower rate than the trap itself. This is because it is only intermittently exposed to nutrients and water. Additional mechanisms can be implemented to minimize contamination, such as applying antibacterial or anti-biofilm coatings, using UV light (particularly in combination with photocatalytic radical-generating coatings like TiOz), heat treatment, and other methods. These mechanisms can even be monitored, allowing for timely replacement or intervention when necessary.

[0057] The primary concern is particulates and biofilm originating below the trap or the apparatus disclosed in this invention. One-way valves may be employed to prevent the backflow of particulates such as bioaerosols and droplets within a sink siphon. However, these valves often rely on flow restrictions, which can lead to clogging and create surfaces where biofilm may develop, ultimately compromising their reliability. In siphons, dangerous biological particulates can be generated by fluid impacts, typically caused by faucet action. This process produces particulates with varying sizes, shapes, speeds, and masses, resulting in distinct inertial properties. This invention incorporates a labyrinth of liquid deflectors designed to trap particulates with sufficient inertia, causing them to collide with and adhere to the structure's surfaces. Many areas within these labyrinth of liquid deflectors are accessible only to gases and not to the downward-flowing fluid from the sink. This design significantly limits the upward movement of particulates toward the room, as those particulates that are impacted into the gas-only zones cannot be dispersed by the fluid, which is unable to reach these areas.. Additionally, these labyrinth of liquid deflectors may be extended laterally, taking advantage of the available space beneath the sink to enhance their effectiveness.

[0058] This labyrinth of liquid deflectors functions as a passive component of the invention, remaining operational even during power outages and ensuring consistent backflow prevention without relying on external energy sources. Moreover, the design includes zones that are isolated from the natural flow of fluid within the siphon, allowing for the seamless integration of active components.

[0059] Bioaerosols, which are also generated during faucet action, are smaller particulates that can more easily follow airflow through tortuous paths due to their low inertia and higher susceptibility to air currents. While only a limited number of pathogenic bacterial strains are capable of causing infection as bioaerosols, a strain that evolves to bypass the tortuous path described in this invention could potentially become dominant in these siphons.

[0060] The susceptibility of bioaerosols to airflow can be leveraged by manipulating the airflow into a filtration system, such as a HEPA filter or an electrostatic filter.

[0061] The siphon should be replaced when biofilm growth reaches a critical level to prevent biofilm escape from the siphon. Placing the detection area just below the labyrinth of liquid deflectors is effective, as the labyrinth blocks particulates from below. The replacement interval depends on the time it takes for biofilm to grow from the trap to the labyrinth. This interval can be extended with appropriate coatings, UV treatment, heat, or other methods. However, growth rates vary between siphons, making fixed replacement intervals inefficient, wasteful, and prone to neglect.

[0062] The present invention provides an apparatus for controlling pathogen growth in a pipe conducting downwards dropping liquid. The apparatus may include a top opening for liquid to enter the apparatus, a bottom opening for the liquid to exit the apparatus, a sidewall connected to the top opening and the bottom opening, and at least one liquid deflector. The sidewall enables propagation of the liquid from the top opening to the bottom opening. The apparatus may include a pathogen sensor configured to detect at least one of a biological organism, biofilm, a microorganism, and a pathogen.

[0063] The at least one liquid deflector may include at least one flap extending from an inner surface of the sidewall. An upper face of each flap of the at least one flap may be inclined at a first angle with respect to the inner surface of the sidewall and a lower face of each flap of the at least one flap may be inclined at a second angle with respect to the inner surface of the sidewall. The first angle may be an obtuse angle and the second angle may be an acute angle. The upper face may face the top opening and the lower face may the bottom opening.

[0064] An upper flap may obstruct a portion of an adjacent lower flap from receiving liquid directly from the top opening to prevent a vertical free flow of liquid from the top opening to the bottom opening. The upper flap may be closer to the top opening than the adjacent lower flap.

[0065] At least one liquid deflector may include at least one flap extending from the inner surface of the sidewall. Each flap of the at least one flap may include at least one conduit. Each flap of the at least one flap is configured to obstruct the direct flow of the liquid from the top opening to the bottom opening. Each conduit from the at least one conduit may include an inlet facing the top opening and an outlet facing the bottom opening. The inlet may receive the liquid from the top opening. The outlet may transfer liquid to the bottom opening.

[0066] Reference is made to FIGS. 1A-1H. FIGS. 1A-1H are schematic illustrations of an apparatus 10 for controlling pathogen growth in a pipe conducting downwards dropping liquid, according to some embodiments of the present invention. Apparatus 10 may include a sidewall 11, a top opening 12, and a bottom opening 15.

[0067] Reference is made to FIGS. 1A and 1G. Apparatus 10 may include a plurality of flaps 13. Each one of plurality of flaps 13 may be straight. Each one of plurality of flaps 13 may include an upper surface and a lower surface. The upper face may face top opening 12, and the lower face may face bottom opening 15. The upper face of each flap of plurality of flaps 13 may be a planar surface. The lower face of each flap of the plurality of flaps 13 may be a planar surface. Each one of plurality of flaps 13 may include a proximal end 13a and a distal end 13b. Each one of plurality of flaps 13 may be connected at proximal end 13a to an inner surface 11a of sidewall 11. Each one of plurality of flaps 13 may be inclined at an angle relative to inner surface 11a such that distal end 13b is closer to bottom opening 15 than proximal end 13a. Apparatus 10 may have a radius of R. A flap from the plurality of flaps 13 may be connected to sidewall 11 at the angle of 0 between an upper face of the flap and an upper section of sidewall 11 and an angle of a between a lower face of the flap and a bottom section of sidewall 11. The upper face of the flap may face top opening 12. The lower face of the flap may face bottom opening 15. The upper section of sidewall 11 is closer to top opening 12 than the bottom section of sidewall 11. A pathway 7 for a flow of liquid flow from top opening 12 to bottom opening 15 may be formed between a pair of adjacent flaps from the plurality of flaps 13, where one of the pair of adjacent flaps is located closer to top opening 12 than the other flap of the pair. Pathway 7 has an angle (Q) of <180°.

[0068] Reference is made to FIGS. IB and 1C. Apparatus 10 may include plurality of flaps 13 and a plurality of flaps 13'. Each one of plurality of flaps 13' may be straight. Each one of plurality of flaps 13' may include an upper surface and a lower surface. The upper face may face top opening 12, and the lower face may face bottom opening 15. The upper face of each flap of plurality of flaps 13' may be a planar surface. The lower face of each flap of the plurality of flaps 13' may be a planar surface. Each one of the plurality of flaps 13' may include a proximal end 13'a, a distal end 13'b, and an edge 13'c. Each one of plurality of flaps 13' may be connected at edge 13'c to inner surface 11a of sidewall 11. Each one of plurality of flaps 13' may be inclined at an angle relative to top opening 12 such that distal end 13'b is closer to bottom opening 15 than proximal end 13'a.

[0069] Reference is made to FIGS. ID, IE and 1H. Apparatus 10 may include plurality of flaps 13 and a plurality of flaps 14. Each one of plurality of flaps 14 may be straight. Each one of plurality of flaps 14 may include an upper surface and a lower surface. The upper face may face top opening 12, and the lower face may face bottom opening 15. The upper face of each flap of plurality of flaps 14 may be a planar surface. The lower face of each flap of the plurality of flaps 14 may be a planar surface. Each one of plurality of flaps 14 may include a proximal end 14a, a distal end 14b and an edge 14c. Each pair of adjacent flaps from plurality of flaps 14 may be connected at proximal end 14a along a longitudinal axis 14d. Distal ends 14b of each pair of adjacent flaps from plurality of flaps 14 may be displaced at opposite sides of longitudinal axis 14d. Longitudinal axis 14d may be substantially parallel to sidewall 11. Each pair of adjacent flaps from plurality of flaps 14 may be connected at edge 14c to inner surface 11a of sidewall 11. Each one of plurality of flaps 14 may be inclined at an angle relative to longitudinal axis 14d such that distal end 14b is closer to bottom opening 15 than proximal end 14a.

[0070] Apparatus 10 may include a pair of center flaps from a plurality of flaps 14 (e.g., as shown in FIGS. ID and 1H). Longitudinal axis 14d of the pair of center flaps may coincide with a central axis 16 of apparatus 10. The pair of center flaps may be connected to form an angle of 0' with an upper section of longitudinal axis 14d and an angle of a' between a lower face of each one of the pair of center flaps and a bottom section of longitudinal axis 14d. The upper face of each one of the pair of center flaps may face top opening 12. The lower face of each one of the pair of center flaps may face bottom opening 15. The upper section of longitudinal axis 14d is closer to top opening 12 than the bottom section of longitudinal axis 14d.

[0071] A flap from the plurality of flaps 13 may be connected to sidewall 11 at the angle of 0 between an upper face of the flap and an upper section of sidewall 11 and an angle of a between a lower face of the flap and a bottom section of sidewall 11. The upper face of the flap may face top opening 12. The lower face of the flap may face bottom opening 15. The upper section of sidewall 11 is closer to top opening 12 than the bottom section of sidewall 11. A pathway 7 for a flow of liquid flow from top opening 12 to bottom opening 15 may be formed between a pair of adjacent flaps from the plurality of flaps 13, where one of the pair of adjacent flaps is located closer to top opening 12 than the other flap of the pair. Pathway 7 may have an angle (O') of <180°.

[0072] Reference is made to FIG. IF. Apparatus 10 may include plurality of flaps 13, plurality of flaps 13', plurality of flaps 14, and a plurality of flaps 14'. Each one of plurality of flaps 14' may be straight. Each one of plurality of flaps 14' may include an upper surface and a lower surface. The upper face may face top opening 12, and the lower face may face bottom opening 15. The upper face of each flap of plurality of flaps 14' may be a planar surface. The lower face of each flap of the plurality of flaps 14' may be a planar surface. Each one of plurality of flaps 14' may include a proximal end 14'a, a distal end 14'b and an edge 14'c. Proximal ends 14'a of each pair of adjacent flaps from plurality of flaps 14' may be displaced at opposite sides of a longitudinal axis 14'd. Proximal ends 14'a of each pair of adjacent flaps from plurality of flaps 14' may be separated by a distance along a lateral axis 14'e. Lateral axis 14'e may be substantially perpendicular to longitudinal axis 14'd. Distal ends 14'b of each pair of adjacent flaps from plurality of flaps 14' may be displaced at opposite sides of longitudinal axis 14'd. Each pair of adjacent flaps from plurality of flaps 14' may be connected at edge 14'c to inner surface 11a. Each one of plurality of flaps 14' may be inclined at an angle relative to longitudinal axis 14'd such that distal end 14'b is closer to bottom opening 15 than proximal end 14'a.

[0073] Reference is made to FIGS. 2A-2D. FIGS. 2A-2D are schematic illustrations of an apparatus 20 for controlling pathogen growth in a pipe conducting downwards dropping liquid, according to some embodiments of the present invention. Apparatus 20 may include a sidewall 21, a top opening 22, and a bottom opening 25. Reference is made to FIG. 2A. Apparatus 20 may include a plurality of flaps 23. Each one of plurality of flaps 23 may be curved. Each one of plurality of flaps 23 may include an upper surface and a lower surface. The upper face may face top opening 22, and the lower face may face bottom opening 25. The upper face of each flap of plurality of flaps 23 is a convex surface. The lower face of each flap of the plurality of flaps 23 is a concave surface. Each one of plurality of flaps 23 may include a proximal end 23a and a distal end 23b. Each one of plurality of flaps 23 may be connected at proximal end 23a to an inner surface 21a of sidewall 21. Each one of plurality of flaps 23 may be inclined such that distal end 23b is closer to bottom opening 25 than proximal end 23a. Each one of plurality of flaps 23 may face the top opening 22 with a convex surface. Each one of plurality of flaps 23 may face the bottom opening 25 with a concave surface.

[0074] Reference is made to FIG. 2B. Apparatus 20 may include a plurality of flaps 23. Each one of plurality of flaps 23 may be curved. Each one of plurality of flaps 23 may include an upper surface and a lower surface. The upper face may face top opening 22, and the lower face may face bottom opening 25. The upper face of each flap of plurality of flaps 23 is a concave surface. The lower face of each flap of the plurality of flaps 23 is a convex surface. Each one of plurality of flaps 23 may include a proximal end 23a and a distal end 23b. Each one of plurality of flaps 23 may be connected at proximal end 23a to an inner surface 21a of sidewall 21. Each one of plurality of flaps 23 may be inclined such that distal end 23b is closer to bottom opening 25 than proximal end 23a. Each one of plurality of flaps 23 may face the top opening 22 with a concave surface. Each one of plurality of flaps 23 may face the bottom opening 25 with a convex surface.

[0075] Reference is made to FIG. 2C. Apparatus 20 may include plurality of flaps 23 and plurality of flaps 24. Each one of plurality of flaps 24 may be curved. Each one of plurality of flaps 24 may include an upper surface and a lower surface. The upper face may face top opening 22, and the lower face may face bottom opening 25. The upper face of each flap of plurality of flaps 24 is a convex surface. The lower face of each flap of the plurality of flaps 24 is a concave surface. Each one of plurality of flaps 24 may include a proximal end 24a, a distal end 24b and an edge 24c. Each pair of adjacent flaps from plurality of flaps 24 may be connected at proximal end 14a along a longitudinal axis 24d. Distal ends 14b of each pair of adjacent flaps from plurality of flaps 14 may be displaced at opposite sides of longitudinal axis 24d. Longitudinal axis 24d may be substantially parallel to sidewall 21. Each one of plurality of flaps 24 may be connected at edge 24c to inner surface 21a of sidewall 21. Each one of plurality of flaps 24 may be inclined such that distal end 24b is closer to bottom opening 25 than proximal end 24a. Each one of plurality of flaps 24 may face the top opening 22 with a convex surface. Each one of plurality of flaps 24 may face the bottom opening 25 with a concave surface. Each one of plurality of flaps 23 may face the top opening 22 with a convex surface. Each one of plurality of flaps 23 may face the bottom opening

[0076] 25 with a concave surface.

[0077] Reference is made to FIG. 2D. Apparatus 20 may include plurality of flaps 23 and plurality of flaps 24. Each one of plurality of flaps 24 may be curved. Each one of plurality of flaps 24 may include an upper surface and a lower surface. The upper face may face top opening 22, and the lower face may face bottom opening 25. The upper face of each flap of plurality of flaps 24 is a concave surface. The lower face of each flap of the plurality of flaps 24 is a convex surface. Each one of plurality of flaps 24 may include a proximal end 24a, a distal end 24b and an edge 24c. Each pair of adjacent flaps from plurality of flaps 24 may be connected at proximal end 14a along a longitudinal axis 24d. Distal ends 14b of each pair of adjacent flaps from plurality of flaps 14 may be displaced at opposite sides of longitudinal axis 24d. Longitudinal axis 24d may be substantially parallel to sidewall 21. Each one of plurality of flaps 24 may be connected at edge 24c to inner surface 21a of sidewall 21. Each one of plurality of flaps 24 may be inclined such that distal end 24b is closer to bottom opening 25 than proximal end 24a. Each one of plurality of flaps 24 may face the top opening 22 with a concave surface. Each one of plurality of flaps 24 may face the bottom opening 25 with a convex surface. Each one of plurality of flaps 23 may face the top opening 22 with a concave surface. Each one of plurality of flaps 23 may face the bottom opening 25 with a convex surface.

[0078] Plurality of flaps 13, 13', 14, 14', 23 and 24 may be arranged such that plurality of flaps 13, 13', 14, 14', 23, and 24 may partially obstruct the flow of liquid from top opening 12, 22 to bottom opening 15, 25. An upper flap from plurality of flaps 13, 13', 14, 14', 23 and 24 may obstruct a portion of an adjacent lower flap from receiving liquid directly from the top opening of the apparatus (e.g., the apparatus of FIGS. 1A-2D) to prevent a direct flow of liquid from the top opening to the bottom opening of the apparatus (e.g., the apparatus of FIGS. 1A-2D), where the upper flap is closer to the top opening than the adjacent lower flap. Plurality of flaps 13, 13', 14, 14', 23 and 24 may be arranged to slow down the flow of liquid from top opening 12, 22 to bottom opening 15, 25, without significantly altering the overall flow direction. Plurality of flaps 13, 13', 14, 14', 23 and 24 may be arranged to prevent the escape of pathogens from bottom opening 15, 25 towards top opening 12, 22. Plurality of flaps 13, 13', 14, 14', 23 and 24 may be arranged to prevent the escape of pathogens from bottom opening 15, 25 towards top opening 12, 22. to diminish pathogen growth.

[0079] Any two subsequent flaps from plurality of flaps 13, 13', 14, 14', 23 and 24 may have a combined surface area of at least nR2, with R being the radius of apparatus 10, 20. Any three subsequent flaps from plurality of flaps 13, 13', 14, 14', 23 and 24 may have a combined surface area of at least nR2. Each flap from plurality of flaps 13, 13', 14, 14', 23 and 24 may have a surface area of at least 0.5nR2. Any two parallel flaps from plurality of flaps 13, 13', 14, 14', 23 and 24 may have a combined surface area of at least 0.5nR2. Two subsequent flaps from plurality of flaps 13, 13', 14, 14', 23 and 24 may have a combined surface area of at least nR2(>nR2). Three subsequent flaps from plurality of flaps 13, 13', 14, 14', 23 and 24 may have a combined surface area of at least nR2(>nR2). Each flap from plurality of flaps 13, 13', 14, 14', 23 and 24 may have a surface area of at least 0.5n(R / sin(180 - 0))2, where 0 is the angle between the flap and top opening 12, 22.

[0080] Reference is made to FIGS. 3A-3B. FIGS. 3A-3B are schematic illustrations of an apparatus 30 for controlling pathogen growth in a pipe conducting downwards dropping liquid, according to some embodiments of the present invention. Apparatus 30 may include a sidewall 31, a top opening 32, a bottom opening 35, and a flap 33.

[0081] Reference is made to FIG. 3A. Flap 33 may be curved. A concave surface of flap 33 may face top opening 32. A convex surface of flap 33 may face bottom opening 35. Flap 33 may be connected to an inner surface 31a of sidewall 31. Flap 33 may include at least one conduit 34. One of the at least one conduit 34 may be positioned at a location on flap 33 that is closest to bottom opening 35. Liquid may flow from top opening 32 to bottom opening 35 through the at least one conduit 34.

[0082] Flap 33 may obstruct a direct flow of the liquid from top opening 32 to bottom opening 35. Each conduit from at least one conduit 34 may include an inlet 34a facing top opening 32 and an outlet 34b facing bottom opening 35. Inlet 34a may receive the liquid from top opening 32. Outlet 34b may transfer liquid to bottom opening 35.

[0083] Reference is made to FIG. 3B. Flap 33 may be straight. Flap 33 may include an upper surface and a lower surface. The upper face may face top opening 32, and the lower face may face bottom opening 35. The upper face may be a planar surface. The lower face may be a planar surface. Flap 33 may be connected to inner surface 31a. Flap 33 may be inclined at an angle relative to sidewall 31, such that a proximal end 33a of flap 33 may be closer to top opening 32 than a distal end 33a of flap 33. Flap 33 may include at least one conduit 34. One of the at least one conduit 34 may be positioned at a location on flap 33 that is closest to bottom opening 35. One of the at least one conduit 34 may be positioned at distal end 33b. Liquid may flow from top opening 32 to bottom opening 35 through the at least one conduit 34. Flap 33 may obstruct a direct flow of the liquid from top opening 32 to bottom opening 35. Each conduit from at least one conduit 34 may include an inlet 34a facing top opening 32 and an outlet 34b facing bottom opening 35. Inlet 34a may receive the liquid from top opening 32. Outlet 34b may transfer liquid to bottom opening 35.

[0084] The at least one conduit 34 may be a tube, duct, channel, pipe, or any other suitable means of transferring liquid from volume 30a to volume 30b. A conduit of the at least one conduit 34 may have a length of at least 5 mm. A length of the conduit of the at least one conduit 34 may be larger than a width of flap 33. The conduit of the at least one conduit 34 may be positioned at an angle relative to flap 33. The conduit of the at least one conduit 34 may be positioned at an angle of at least 15°. relative to flap 33.

[0085] Reference is made to FIGS. 3C-3D. FIGS. 3C-3D are 3-dimensional illustrations of flap 33 and at least one conduit 34 of apparatus 30 for controlling pathogen growth in a pipe conducting downwards dropping liquid, according to some embodiments of the present invention. FIG. 3C shows flap 33 with 3 conduits 34, where the 3 conduits 34 are inclined at an angle relative to flap 33. FIG. 3D, shows flap 33 with one conduit 34. Flap 33 is inclined at an angle. Conduit 34 is inclined at an angle relative to flap 33. Conduit 34 is positioned at a low point of flap 33.

[0086] Each flap from plurality of flaps 13, 13', 14, 14', 23 and 24 may have one or more coatings on at least one face of the flap. Each flap may have one or more coatings on at least one face of flap 33. Inner surfaces 11a, 21a, and 31a of sidewalls 11, 21, and 31, respectively, may have one or more coatings.

[0087] The one or more coatings may be selected from a group consisting of anti-microbial coating (AMC), anti-bacteria coatings (e.g., based on titanium oxide), anti-viral coatings, anti-fungal coatings, contactactive coatings, antifouling coating (AFC), anti-biofilm coating, fouling resistant coating, fouling releasing coatings, anti-adhesive coatings, nonstick coatings, (super-) hydrophobic coatings, superhydrophobic coating, water-repellent coating, super-oleophobic coating, superomniphobic coatings, slippery liquid-infused coating, (self-renewing) lubricant-impregnated surface (SLIPS) or coatings, selflubricating organogels (SLUGS) self-decontaminating coating, self-cleaning coating, Photocatalytic Radical-Generating Coatings and any combination thereof.

[0088] The one or more coatings may include coatings listed in Recent Advances in Surface Nanoengineering for Biofilm Prevention and Control. Part I: Molecular Basis of Biofilm Recalcitrance. Passive Anti-Biofouling Nanocoatings 2020, Recent Advances in Surface Nanoengineering for Biofilm Prevention and Control. Part II: Active, Combined Active and Passive, and Smart Bacteria-Responsive Antibiofilm Nanocoatings 2020, Recent Advances in the Development of Antimicrobial and Antifouling Biocompatible Materials for Dental Applications, 2021, Recent Developments in Biomimetic Antifouling Materials: A Review 2020, Review on Polymer Based Antimicrobial Coating 2022.

[0089] In some embodiments, the coatings are

[0090] Reference is made to FIGS. 4A-4C. FIGS. 4A-4B are schematic illustrations of an apparatus 40 (e.g., the apparatus of any one of FIGS. 1A-3D) for controlling pathogen growth in a pipe conducting downwards dropping liquid deployed in a piping system, according to some embodiments of the present invention. FIG. 4C is a 3-dimensional illustration of an exemplary deployment of apparatus 40 for controlling pathogen growth in a pipe conducting downwards dropping liquid, according to some embodiments of the present invention.

[0091] Reference is made to FIG. 4A. Apparatus 40 may form a section of a pipe system 46. Apparatus 40 may have a top opening 42 and a bottom opening 45.

[0092] Reference is made to FIG. 4B. Apparatus 40 may be placed inside a section of piping 46 a of pipe system 46. Apparatus 40 may be positioned using a holding mechanism 46b (e.g., a flange). The holding mechanism may block liquid from flowing around apparatus 40.

[0093] Reference is made to FIG. 4C. Apparatus 40 may be placed within pipe 46 (e.g., a siphon). Apparatus 40 may be positioned under a drain 47a of a sink 47. Apparatus 40 may be positioned using holding mechanism 46b (e.g., a flange). Apparatus 40 may be positioned such that the top opening 42 is proximal to drain 47a of sink 45.

[0094] Reference is made to FIGS. 5A-5B. FIG. 5A is a schematic illustration of an apparatus 40 for controlling pathogen growth in a pipe conducting downwards dropping liquid, including an active purification system, according to some embodiments of the present invention. FIG. 5B is a 3-dimensional illustration of an apparatus for controlling pathogen growth in a pipe conducting downwards dropping liquid, including an active purification system 50, according to some embodiments of the present invention.

[0095] Apparatus 40 (e.g., the apparatus of any one of FIGS. 1A-3D) may include active purification system 50. Active purification system 50 may be connected at any point to apparatus 40, including proximal to top opening 42, proximal to bottom opening 45 (e.g., as shown in FIG. 5A), or at any point in between. Active purification system 50 is an aerosol treatment system for removing aerosols, droplets, or any type of particle that may contain dangerous biological material that can amass in areas not accessed by liquid (such as greywater from the sink, washing solution, etc.) that passes through a pathway for liquids to a waste system.

[0096] A pipe 51 may include apparatus 40 (e.g., the apparatus of any one of FIGS. 1A-3D). Pipe 51 may feed a pathway 52 to a waste system. Active purification system 50 may include a plurality of outlets 53, feeding aerosol to a collection pipe 54. Active purification system 50 may include a disinfection unit 55. Collection pipe 54 feeds the aerosol to disinfection unit 55. Disinfection unit 55 may disinfect any aerosolized pathogen(s) in the aerosol. Purified air may be re-introduced to the waste system via pipes 56 and 57. Pipe 57 may, for example, be a siphon, or one or few levels of liquid deflector.

[0097] Disinfection unit 55 may utilize various purification or treatment technologies, including but not limited to: polarized-media electronic air cleaners, ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI), photocatalytic oxidation (PCO), ionizer purifiers, ozone disinfection, ionizing radiation, chlorination, bromination or iodination hydrogen peroxide gas, or any combination thereof.

[0098] Disinfection unit 55 may actively remove vapors, droplets, or aerosols, such as a suction pump. The means for actively removing vapors, droplets or aerosols can direct the removed particles to a storage container or a pipe directed outside of the room, to a lower section of the siphon, the trap or the sewage.

[0099] Disinfection unit 55 may trap droplets and any type of particle, including dangerous biological material. Disinfection unit 55 may include High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) Filters. Disinfection unit 55 may employ Ultraviolet (UV) Germicidal Irradiation.

[0100] Reference is made to FIGS. 6A-6B. FIG. 6A is a schematic illustration of an apparatus 40 for controlling pathogen growth in a pipe conducting downwards dropping liquid, including a pathogen sensor 60, according to some embodiments of the present invention. FIG. 6B is a 3-dimensional illustration of an apparatus for controlling pathogen growth in a pipe conducting downwards dropping liquid, including a pathogen sensor 60, according to some embodiments of the present invention.

[0101] Reference is made to FIG. 6A. Apparatus 40 (e.g., the apparatus of any one of FIGS. 1A-3D) may include pathogen sensor 60. Pipe or syphon 46 may include apparatus 40. Pathogen sensor 60 may be positioned proximal to a top opening 42 of apparatus 40 on an outer surface of pipe or syphon 46. Pipe 46 may be replaceable.

[0102] Reference is made to FIG. 6B. FIG. 6B is a schematic illustration of pathogen sensor 60, according to some embodiments of the present invention. Pathogen sensor 60 may include at least one infrared radiation source 61, at least one infrared sensor 62 and a processor 63. Infrared radiation source 61 may be located on a first outer surface 46a of a sidewall of a replaceable segment of a pipe 46. Pipe 46 may include apparatus 40 (e.g., the apparatus of any one of FIGS. 1A-3D). Infrared radiation source may transmit infrared radiation into the replaceable segment of pipe 46. At least one infrared sensor 62 may be located on a second outer surface 46b of the sidewall of the replaceable segment of pipe 46. First outer surface 46a may be opposite to second outer surface 46b. As biofilm grows, it may reduce the intensity of the infrared radiation passing through replaceable segment of pipe 46.

[0103] At least one infrared sensor 62 may receive infrared radiation from within the replaceable segment of pipe 46. At least one infrared sensor 62 may generate signals based on the infrared radiation from within the replaceable segment of pipe 46. The processor may receive the signals from at least one infrared sensor 62. Processor 63 may determine whether at least one of a biological organism, biofilm, a microorganism, and a pathogen is present based on the signals. Processor 63 may determine whether turbulence, chemicals, or biological matter, is present based on the signals.

[0104] At least one infrared radiation source 61 and at least one infrared sensor 62 may operate at far-infrared wavelengths (7.5-14 pm). Water is a major biofilm component and is opaque in far-infrared wavelengths (7.5-14 pm), making these wavelengths especially useful for detecting thin biofilm layers. According to some embodiments, the sensor has a single pixel. According to some embodiments, the sensor has more than one pixel (e,g thermal camera).

[0105] Processor 63 may send an alert or indicate that at least one of a biological organism, biofilm, a microorganism, and a pathogen has been detected. Processor 63 may send the alert using a light, an alarm, or via a communication interface to a user device (e.g., a computing device, a smartphone, or any other suitable device).

[0106] Pathogen sensor 60 may be placed at any point on apparatus 40, including proximal to top opening 42 (e.g., as shown in FIGS. 6a-6B), proximal to bottom opening 45, or at any point in between. Pathogen sensor 60 may be positioned at a point (referred to as a danger point or zone), from which droplets or aerosols, potentially containing pathogens, microbes, viruses, or bacteria, may reach an area outside of the apparatus.

[0107] Pathogen sensor 60 may be placed in a position in the siphon from which aerosols or droplets containing particles of a pathogen (often resulting from a collision of water from the tap with biofilm) may escape the sink.

[0108] Pathogen sensor 60 may include any suitable optical sensor for detecting biofilm, e.g., , optical sensors (e.g., including but not limited to at visible wavelengths of 420 nm, 492 nm, 570 nm,660 nm, at near infrared (e.g 950nm), mid infrared (3um)) with suitable light emitter, fluorescence sensors, multiple pixel optical sensors, etc. At least one electromagnetic radiation source 61 may include light-emitting diodes, light bulbs, Quantum Cascade Lasers, heated objects or any other suitable electromagnetic radiation source. The biofilm may serve as a blackbody source of infrared radiation, as biofilm has high emissivity and emits infrared radiation efficiently. As biofilm grows, its infrared emission can be distinguished from the background.

[0109] The apparatus (e.g., the apparatus of any one of FIGS. 1A-3D) may include a sample collection system. The sample collection system may sample fluid that enters or exits the apparatus. The sample collection system may be active, manual, semi-manual, automatic or semi-automatic. The sample collection system may be an auto sampler. The auto sampler may be designed to collect samples at predetermined intervals or based on specific triggering conditions, such as certain flow rates, flow direction or detected water quality parameters.

[0110] In some embodiments, the apparatus (e.g., the apparatus of any one of FIGS. 1A-3D) is configured to be attached and removed in a manner that limits dispersion of pathogens, so as to reduce the chance of contaminating the environment by release of pathogens trapped by the apparatus during removal and / or replacement. In some embodiments, the apparatus is configured to be isolated or contained, limiting contamination after use. Limiting contamination can be obtained by restricting the movement of fluids, solids and / or gases.

[0111] When a standard siphon is replaced, the siphon is removed, leaving the sewage pipe open to the room. This exposure can lead to the movement of contaminated material into the room. A straightforward solution is to install a valve such as a gate or ball valve that can be closed before removing the siphon to prevent this contamination.

[0112] Once the valve is closed, safely removing the siphon requires a method to contain the contaminated material within the siphon, preventing its dispersion into the room. The siphon may be sterilized or disinfected using methods such as heating or applying chemicals. The contaminated material may be sealed inside the siphon to transport and dispose of it safely. This sealing involves closing both ends of the siphon. The sink end may be sealed by placing a cap over the drain hole. The first side of the sewage end may be sealed with the initial valve to block the flow from the sewage during replacement. The opposite side may be sealed to prevent dispersion of the siphon's contents during replacement. This may be achieved using an expanding sponge, an additional valve, or materials such as expanding polyurethane foam. In scenarios where two valves are used, while most of the siphon's contents are contained, some material may still escape during the replacement process. This risk may be mitigated by disinfecting or sterilizing the area surrounding the siphon before it is opened. Disinfectants may be applied using a pre-made container. By pulling a plate between the chemical container and the pipe, gravity may be used to distribute the chemicals. After application, the pipe with the container may be pivoted to return the chemicals to the container, and the plate repositioned to reseal the system.

[0113] In some embodiments, the apparatus contains at least two valves, configured to enable enclosing the apparatus with 2 valves, with the middle part between them being removed and / or replaced. In some embodiments, the apparatus comprises 4 valves.

[0114] Reference is made to FIG. 7A, presenting a schematic representation of an embodiment of the apparatus configured to be isolated, comprising an inlet 71, feeding to a pathway 72, leading to an outlet 73. The apparatus further has two separators, with one positioned between the inlet and the pathway 74, and one positioned between the pathway and the outlet 74'. The separators are configured to isolate a pathway contaminated with pathogens. The separators could be any mechanism used for controlling flow or a valve. A non-limiting list of flow control mechanisms includes ball valves, globe valves and butterfly valves. In some embodiments, the separators create a seal around the apparatus.

[0115] In some embodiments, the apparatus comprises an additional inlet, configured to enable the introduction of a cleaning, sterilizing and / or disinfecting material. The sterilizing or disinfecting material can be a gas, liquid, solution, foam, emulsion, or any combination thereof. Reference is made to FIG. 7B, presenting an apparatus, comprising an inlet 71, feeding to a pathway 72, leading to an outlet 73, with two separators, with one positioned between the inlet and the pathway 74, and one positioned between the pathway and the outlet 74'. The apparatus further has two inlets 75' 75".

[0116] In some embodiments, the apparatus can be removed together with the siphon. Reference is made to FIG. 7C, presenting a schematic representation of an embodiment of the apparatus configured to be removed with the syphon, comprising an inlet 71, feeding to a pathway 72, connected to a syphon 75, leading to an outlet 73. The apparatus further has two separators, with one positioned between the inlet and the pathway 74, and one positioned between the syphon and the outlet 74'. The separators are configured to isolate a pathway contaminated with pathogens.

[0117] In some embodiments, the apparatus is connected to the pipe system by a set of two valves configured to isolate the device, and the section of the pipe before and after the device. Reference is made to FIG. 8A, showing a schematic representation of a set of valves, having a section of pipe 81 that feeds to a first valve 82, a section of pipe 83 connecting the first and second valve 84, a section of pipe connecting the second valve to the plumbing system 85.

[0118] Reference is made to FIG. 8B, showing a schematic representation of a set of valves, having a section of pipe 81 that feeds to a first valve 82, a section of pipe 83 connecting the first and second valve 84, a section of pipe connecting the second valve to the plumbing system 85, with an inlet 86 configured to introduce a cleaning product to the section of pipe between the two valves. The cleaning product could be a liquid, an emulsion, a foam, a slurry or any combination thereof. The cleaning product could also be introduced as an expandable form (such as a sponge) that expands to fill the space.

[0119] Reference is made to FIG. 8C, showing a picture representation of a set of valves, having a bottle trap with a pipe 81 that feeds to a first globe valve 87, a section of pipe 83 connecting the first and second globe valve 87, a section of pipe connecting the second valve to the plumbing system 85.

[0120] According to some embodiments, the apparatus is configured for detecting changes in water flow, such as partial blockage in the pipe or backflow. In some embodiments, blocking can cause backflow of waste or contaminated water from the sewage system. Sensors, such as ultrasonic sensors, capacitive sensors, optical level sensors, pressure level sensors, etc., may be used to detect clogging or blocking.

[0121] All the above descriptions and examples have been given for the purpose of illustration and are not intended to limit the invention in any way.

Claims

Claims1) An apparatus for controlling pathogen growth in a pipe conducting downwards dropping liquid, comprising: a) a top opening for liquid to enter the apparatus; b) a bottom opening for the liquid to exit the apparatus; c) a sidewall connected to the top opening and the bottom opening, wherein the sidewall is configured to enable propagation of the liquid from the top opening to the bottom opening; d) at least one liquid deflector; and e) a pathogen sensor configured to detect at least one of a biological organism, biofilm, a microorganism, and a pathogen.2) The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one liquid deflector comprises at least one flap extending from an inner surface of the sidewall, wherein an upper face of each flap of the at least one flap is inclined at a first angle with respect to the inner surface of the sidewall and a lower face of each flap of the at least one flap is inclined at a second angle with respect to the inner surface of the sidewall, wherein the upper face faces the top opening and the lower face faces the bottom opening, wherein the first angle is an obtuse angle and the second angle is an acute angle.3) The apparatus of claim 2, wherein an upper flap from the at least one flap is configured to obstruct a portion of an adjacent lower flap from the at least one flap from receiving the liquid directly from the top opening to prevent a direct flow of the liquid from the top opening to the bottom opening, wherein the upper flap is closer to the top opening than the adjacent lower flap.4) The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one liquid deflector comprises at least one flap extending from the inner surface of the sidewall, wherein each flap of the at least one flap comprises at least one conduit.5) The apparatus of claim 4, wherein each conduit from the at least one conduit comprises an inlet facing the top opening and an outlet facing the bottom opening, wherein the inlet is configured to receive the liquid from the top opening, wherein the outlet is configured to transfer liquid to the bottom opening, and wherein each flap of the at least one flap is configured to obstruct the direct flow of the liquid from the top opening to the bottom opening.6) The apparatus of claim 4, wherein each conduit is distanced from the inner surface of the sidewall.7) The apparatus of claim 4, wherein each conduit is inclined at an angle relative to the sidewall configured to prevent a free flow of liquid from the top opening to the bottom opening.8) The apparatus of claims 2 and 4, wherein the upper face of each flap of the at least one flap is a planar surface, and wherein the lower face of each flap of the at least one flap is a planar surface.9) The apparatus of claims 2 and 4, wherein the upper face of each flap of the at least one flap is a convex surface, and wherein the lower face of each flap of the at least one flap is a concave surface.10) The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the upper face of each flap of the at least one flap is a concave surface, and wherein the lower face of each flap of the at least one flap is a convex surface.11) The apparatus of claims 2 and 4, wherein at least one face of the flap comprises at least one of an antimicrobial coating, an antibacterial coating, an anti- viral, and an anti-fungal coating.12) The apparatus of claims 2 and 4, wherein each surface of the at least one flap has a different coating.13) The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the pathogen sensor comprises a) at least one infrared radiation source located on a first outer surface of a sidewall of a replaceable segment of the pipe configured to transmit infrared radiation into the replaceable segment of the pipe; b) at least one infrared sensor located on a second outer surface of the sidewall of the replaceable segment of the pipe configured to receive infrared radiation from within the replaceable segment of the pipe and generate signals based on the infrared radiation from within the replaceable segment of the pipe; and c) a processor configured to receive the signals from the at least one infrared sensor, determine whether the at least one of a biological organism, biofilm, a microorganism, and a pathogen is present based on the signals, and send an alert indicating that at least one of a biological organism, biofilm, a microorganism, and a pathogen is present.14) The apparatus of claim 1, comprising an active purification system configured to remove at least one of aerosols, droplets, and particles containing dangerous biological material.15) The apparatus of claim 1, comprising at least two valves, wherein a first valve is positioned above the at least one flap and a second valve is positioned below the at least one flap.16) The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus is disposed in a pipe between a drain of the pipe and a trap of a syphon.17) The apparatus of claim 1, wherein any one of the apparatus and any part thereof is at least one of disposable, recyclable, reusable, and re-coatable.

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