Apparatus for sediment transport analysis in a hydraulic flume

Abstract

Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to an apparatus (102) for sediment transport analysis in a hydraulic flume. Water enters through an inlet tank (104) and passes via a flow straightener (106) to ensure uniform flow before reaching a working section (112). Sediment is introduced using a sediment feeder (108) located upstream. The bed slope of the flume is adjusted using the tilting arrangement (110). The working section (112) has one or more transparent sidewalls (116) made of acrylic glass for visual observation. Measurement instruments are mounted on trolley (114) for precise data collection. At the downstream end, a sediment trap (130) collects sediment in a dual-bucket assembly (132), which is moved by a hook (126) and a pulley (128) mounted on a frame (124). A tailgate (118) controls flow depth, and excess water is stored in a collecting tank (120), regulated by one or more butterfly valves (122).

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present disclosure relates to the field of hydraulic engineering.More particularly, the present disclosure relates to an apparatus for sedimenttransport analysis in a hydraulic flume.BACKGROUND

[0002] Conventional hydraulic flumes used for sediment transportexperiments suffer from significant operational inefficiencies. One majorshortcoming is the need to halt water flow in order to manually collect sedimentaccumulated at the downstream end, which disrupts experimental continuity. Thisinterruption prevents the maintenance of fully developed flow conditions, leadingto inconsistent and unreliable data. The manual process of sediment removal is alsotime-consuming and labor-intensive, reducing experimental throughput.Additionally, existing sediment collection mechanisms often induce flowdisturbances, affecting the normal depth and flow uniformity in the flume.Mechanically lifting sediment collection tanks during flow introduces turbulenceand alters sediment transport behavior. These limitations collectively compromisethe accuracy, repeatability, and efficiency of sediment transport experiments in priorart systems.

[0003] To address these limitations, the present disclosure provides a novelsystem and method that overcomes shortcomings of the prior art.OBJECTS OF THE PRESENT DISCLOSURE

[0004] It is an object of the present disclosure to provide an apparatus thatenables continuous sediment collection without disturbing flow conditions duringexperiments.

[0005] It is another object of the present disclosure to provide an apparatusthat maintains a fully developed, uniform flow of water while simulating naturalsediment transport processes.SUMMARY

[0006] The present disclosure relates to the field of hydraulic engineering.More particularly, the present disclosure relates to an apparatus for sedimenttransport analysis in a hydraulic flume environment.

[0007] In an aspect, an apparatus for sediment transport analysis in ahydraulic flume is disclosed. The apparatus may include an inlet tank for supplyingwater flow to at least one working section of the flume. The apparatus may furtherinclude a flow straightener for stabilizing a flow of water entering the flume fromthe inlet tank. The apparatus may further include a sediment feeder to introducesediment into the flow of water within the at least working section of the flume.The apparatus may further include a sediment trap disposed at a downstream endof the flume. The sediment trap may have a width of at least three times width ofthe flume and include a dual-bucket assembly mounted on an assembly of a pulleyand a hook. The dual-bucket assembly may alternately collect and remove sedimentfrom the flow, enabling continuous sediment removal and maintenance of flowcondition in the flume.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0008] FIG.s 1A-1G illustrate exemplary representations of an apparatusfor sediment transport analysis in a hydraulic flume environment, in accordancewith an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0009] FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary representation of an implementationof the apparatus, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0010] FIG.s 1A-1G illustrate exemplary representations of an apparatusfor sediment transport analysis in a hydraulic flume environment, in accordancewith an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0011] Illustrated in Fig. 1A is a representation 100A of an apparatus 102for sediment transport analysis in a hydraulic flume environment. The apparatus102 may include an inlet tank 104. The inlet tank 104 may be a critical componentof the apparatus 102, serving as an entry point for water. Water may flow into theinlet tank 104 from an overhead tank through a gravity-fed pipeline, ensuring asteady and continuous supply. The inlet tank 104 may be typically designed with asubstantial volume to hold a significant amount of water, enabling consistent flowrates and reducing the likelihood of fluctuations. The inlet tank 104 may have alarge capacity that may ensure that the flow entering the main channel remainsstable and uniform. From the inlet tank 104, water may be distributed evenly intothe main channel, aided by carefully positioned flow-straightening devices orbaffles to minimize turbulence and ensure smooth entry into the flume. The inlettank 104 may promote establishment of controlled and turbulent flow conditions,which are essential for conducting precise and repeatable experiments.

[0012] Illustrated in Fig. 1B is a representation 100B of the apparatus 102.The apparatus 102 may include a flow straightener 106, a sediment feeder 108, anda tilting arrangement 110.

[0013] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the flow straightener106 may play a vital role in ensuring the water entering the flume is evenlydistributed and may flow smoothly. After leaving the inlet tank 104, the water maypass through a specialized section equipped with flow straightener 106. Honeycombstructure and baffle plates of the flow straightener 106, which may be perforated orsolid barriers, may help dissipate energy and further stabilize the flow. The flowstraightener 106 may counteract any disturbances, including, but not limited to,waves, fluctuations, or uneven flow patterns, that may arise due to flow entering inthe inlet section. By the time water reaches the main channel, these disturbancesmay be minimized, resulting in a uniform and steady flow across the full width ofthe flume. This even distribution may be crucial for creating controlledexperimental conditions and ensuring the accuracy of measurements in the workingsection.

[0014] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the sediment feeder 108may introduce sediment into the flowing water in a precise and controlled manner.The sediment feeder 108 may be motorized, allowing for consistent and adjustablesediment delivery rates to effectively simulate natural sediment transport processes.The sediment feeder 108 may include a hopper and a belt. The hopper may be acontainer-like structure where the sediments are placed, and release of sedimentonto the belt may be carried out evenly by the motorized mechanism. Further, thismotorized mechanism may also be connected to the belt, which may help establishsediment equilibrium in the working section. By providing consistent sedimentinput, the sediment feeder may enable researchers to replicate real-world sedimentdynamics, analyse sediment transport rates, and observe the formation of scour ordeposition patterns with high accuracy. The sediment feeder 108 may ensure thatsediment distribution aligns with experimental objectives, contributing to reliabilityand repeatability of results.

[0015] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the tilting arrangement110 may enable simulation of various bed slope conditions by adjustinglongitudinal gradient of the flume. Positioned beneath the flume, the tiltingarrangement 110 may be powered by a gearbox coupled with an electric motor,which may be designed to operate in both forward and reverse directions. Thisconfiguration may allow precise control of the flume's tilt angle, enablingresearchers to mimic both positive and negative slopes with ease. The tiltingarrangement 110 may be equipped with one or more synchronized jacks that maywork in unison to raise or lower specific sections of the flume. The jacks may ensuresmooth and uniform tilting along the entire length of the flume, preventing anymisalignment that may compromise the experimental setup.

[0016] Illustrated in Fig. 1C is a representation 100C of the apparatus 102.The apparatus 102 may include a working section 112, at least three trolleys 114,and one or more transparent windows 116.

[0017] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the working section 112may be the central part of the hydraulic flume. In the working section 112, fullyturbulent flow may be developed, ensuring stable and consistent hydraulicconditions necessary for accurate data collection. The working section 112 may bemeticulously designed to create a controlled environment for analysing sedimenttransport, local scour around structures, and flow dynamics. The sidewalls of theworking section 112 may be constructed from transparent materials, such as acrylicor glass, to allow clear visualization of the flow and sediment dynamics. Thistransparency ensured by the transparent windows 116 may be particularly usefulfor observing real-time phenomena, enabling identification and recording of criticalinteractions between water, sediment, and any structures placed within the flume.To facilitate precise measurements, advanced instruments including an AcousticDoppler Vectrino Profiler (ADVP) and an Ultrasonic Ranging System (URS) maybe strategically positioned in the working section 112.

[0018] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the at least three trolleys114 may be integral components of the hydraulic flume, designed to facilitateprecise positioning and movement of various instruments used for measurementsand adjustments during experiments. The at least three trolleys 114 may beincorporated into the apparatus 102, each serving a specific purpose. A first trolleymay be equipped with an Acoustic Doppler Vectrino Profiler (ADVP), asophisticated instrument that may measure flow velocity profiles in threedimensions. This data may be crucial for understanding complex flow patterns andtheir interactions with structures and sediment within the flume. A second trolleymay hold an Ultrasonic Ranging System (URS), which may be used to monitor bedlevel variation and scour processes in real-time. A third trolley may be equippedwith both the point gauge and the bed straightener, combining two essential toolsfor experimental setup and data collection. The point gauge may be used to measurewater surface elevations and scour depths with high accuracy, while the bedstraightener may be employed to level the sediment bed before and duringexperiments, ensuring consistent initial conditions. Each of the at least three trolleys114 may be designed to move smoothly along the length of the flume allowingpositioning of the instruments precisely at the desired locations. This mobility mayensure that measurements can be taken at various points in the flume withoutdisrupting the flow or sediment conditions. The incorporation of the at least threetrolleys 114 may enhance versatility and functionality of the flume, enablingdetailed and accurate data collection for a wide range of experimental scenarios.

[0019] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the transparent windows116 of the working section 112 may allow clear visualization of flow and sedimentbehavior in the flume. As the bed slope is adjusted by the tilting arrangement 110,the transparent windows 116 may help monitor changes in flow dynamics andsediment transport. The movement of instruments mounted on the trolley 114 mayalso be visually tracked with precision. Overall, the transparent windows 116 mayfacilitate real-time monitoring and detailed observation without interfering with thehydraulic conditions inside the flume.

[0020] Illustrated in Fig. 1D is a representation 100D of the apparatus 102.The apparatus 102 may include a tailgate 118, a collecting tank 120, and a butterflyvalve 122.

[0021] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the tailgate 118 may belocated at a downstream end of the flume. The tailgate 118 may be equipped with agate mechanism that may be operated either manually or using a motorized system,offering flexibility and precision in its functionality. A purpose of the tailgate 118may be to regulate water depth within the flume, which may be a critical parameterfor ensuring controlled and accurate experimental conditions. By adjusting theposition of the tailgate 118, different flow depths may be achieved, allowing forreplication of various hydraulic scenarios. This capability may be essential formaintaining steady flow conditions and achieving the desired flow profilethroughout the working section 112 of the flume. The manual operation mayprovide straightforward and immediate control for minor adjustments, while themotorized system may allow for precise and repeatable settings, particularly inexperiments requiring frequent changes in flow depth.

[0022] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the collecting tank 120may be that part of the apparatus 102 which is designed to gather water flowing outof the main channel at the downstream end. The collecting tank 120 may ensureproper water management by acting as a reservoir where water may be temporarilystored before being discharged to an underground tank. The collecting tank 120 maybe equipped with at least three butterfly valves 122, which may be adjusted to drainthe flow into the underground tank. Further, the collecting tank 120 may include atleast two piezometers (marked as 134 in Fig. 1D), which may be essential formonitoring the water level within the collecting tank 120. The at least twopiezometers 134 may provide real-time data on the tank's water level, allowingestimation of the discharge accurately by correlating water height with flow rate.This information may be critical for experiments that require precise flow ratemeasurements and calibration.

[0023] Illustrated in Fig. 1E is a representation 100E of the apparatus 102.The apparatus 102 may include a frame 124, a hook 126, and a pulley 128.

[0024] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the frame 124 may serveas a structural support system for the sediment trap mechanism within the hydraulicflume. The frame 124 may hold and align the hook 126 and the pulley 128 in theircorrect operational positions. The frame 124 may provide stability to the entiresediment collection and removal assembly. The hook 126 may be attached to asediment collection bucket and may assist in lifting and lowering the bucket duringsediment removal. The hook 126 may engage with the pulley 128 to performsmooth vertical movements without disrupting the flow within the flume. The hook126 may also help transfer the bucket laterally from one side of the sediment trapto the other as part of the dual-bucket operation. The pulley 128 may be mountedwithin the frame 124 and may facilitate both lateral and vertical motion of thesediment-laden bucket. The pulley 128 may be driven by a motorized mechanismto ensure automated and consistent bucket movements. The coordinatedfunctioning of the hook 126 and pulley 128 may allow uninterrupted sedimentremoval, preserving flow uniformity. Overall, the frame 124, the hook 126, and thepulley 128 may collectively contribute to the efficient and disturbance-freeoperation of the apparatus 102.

[0025] Illustrated in Fig. 1F is a representation 100F of the apparatus 102.

[0026] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, water may enter theworking section 112 through the inlet tank 104, which may provide a continuousflow source to the channel. From there, water may pass through the flowstraightener 106, which may stabilize the inflow and reduce turbulence beforereaching the experimental section. The sediment feeder 108 may introducesediment into the flow at a controlled rate using the hopper and the motorized beltmechanism. The tilting arrangement 110 located at the base may allow adjustmentof the flume slope to simulate various bed gradients. The flow may then proceedinto the working section 112. The transparent sidewalls 116 may allow visualobservation of sediment dynamics and flow patterns. The at least three trolleys 114may move along the working section to carry sensors like the ADVP and URS forreal-time data collection.

[0027] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, at the downstream end,the tailgate 118 may regulate water depth, helping to maintain desired flow profiles.The sediment trap 130 positioned near the tailgate 118 may collect transportedsediment without disturbing flow. The frame 124 may support the sediment trap'smechanical system, including the hook 126 and the pulley 128, which may lift andmove sediment-laden buckets. The hook 126 may carry the bucket vertically andlaterally, while the pulley 128 may provide the necessary mechanical support formovement. Collected sediment may then be deposited or returned upstream for re-circulation. The flow, after sediment removal, may continue into the collecting tank120, which may temporarily store water. The collecting tank 120 may be monitoredusing piezometers 134 and may include the butterfly valves 122 to control dischargeinto an underground reservoir. The overall layout may be optimized for continuoussediment monitoring, flow stability, and experimental accuracy. Each section maycontribute to maintaining steady hydraulic conditions, essential for reproducibleresults. The integrated mechanical and flow systems may reduce the need for flowstoppage, minimizing disruptions. The transparent walls 116 may aid in capturingvisual data, while the mobile trolleys 114 may allow measurements at variouspoints.

[0028] Illustrated in Fig. 1G is a representation 100G of the apparatus 102.

[0029] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, water may enter thethrough the inlet tank 104, which may serve as a steady supply source to initiateflow into the channel. The incoming flow may pass through the flow straightener106, which may consist of baffles or honeycomb structures to reduce turbulenceand create a uniform flow profile. Following this, the sediment feeder 108 mayintroduce sediment into the flowing water at a controlled rate using a hopper andbelt-driven mechanism. The bed slope of the flume may be adjusted by anunderlying tilting arrangement 110 to simulate different gradient conditions. Theflow may then enter the working section 112, where various hydraulic and sedimenttransport experiments may be conducted. The transparent sidewalls 116 of theworking section may be constructed to allow visual observation and record flowand sediment behavior.

[0030] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the at least trolleys 114may move along the flume to position and operate measurement instruments suchas the Acoustic Doppler Vectrino Profiler and the Ultrasonic Ranging System.These instruments may help collect precise data on velocity fields, bed deformation,and scour formation. At the downstream end, the tailgate 118 may be used toregulate water depth by adjusting the outflow conditions. The tailgate 118 may playa critical role in ensuring the desired flow profile is maintained during experiments.Transported sediment may be collected in the sediment trap 130, which may preventsediment from disturbing the flow while enabling recirculation.

[0031] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the hook 126 may beused to lift sediment-laden buckets vertically within the frame. The pulley 128 maybe mounted to allow smooth lateral and vertical movement of the bucket system.This mechanism may allow sediment to be removed without halting the experimentor disturbing the flow. Water exiting the working section 112 may flow into thecollecting tank 120, where it may be temporarily stored. The collecting tank 120may be equipped with the butterfly valves 122 to control discharge into anunderground tank. The collecting tank 120 may also include sensors like thepiezometers 134 to measure water level and compute discharge. Together, thecomponents shown in the diagram may enable continuous, disturbance-free, andhighly controlled experimentation on sediment dynamics and open-channel flows.The integrated mechanical systems and transparent observation panels may enhanceboth data accuracy and user insight.

[0032] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the apparatus 102 maybe used for sediment transport analysis in a hydraulic flume environment undercontinuous and controlled conditions. The apparatus 102 may include the re-circulating tilting fluvial-hydraulic flume having the at least one working section112, where observations and experiments may be conducted. Water may be suppliedthrough the inlet tank 104, which may serve as the initial reservoir feeding the flumesystem. The water flow from the inlet tank 104 may pass through the flowstraightener 106, which may stabilize the flow and ensure a uniform velocityprofile. Once the flow is stabilized, the sediment feeder 108 may introducecontrolled amounts of sediment into the flowing water to simulate natural sedimenttransport. The bed slope of the flume may be adjusted using the tilting arrangement110, allowing simulation of a variety of slope conditions including positive andnegative gradients. The main testing zone, or the working section 112, may havetransparent sidewalls 116, allowing clear visualization of sediment behavior andflow conditions. Measurement instruments may be positioned on the trolley 114,which may be movable along the flume to take readings at different points. Thesemeasurements may include velocity, bed level, flow depth, and sedimentconcentration. The flume may allow observation of bedforms, scour patterns, andother hydraulic phenomena under varying conditions.

[0033] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, at the downstream end,the apparatus 102 may include the sediment trap 130 that may capture sedimentwithout interrupting the flow. The sediment trap 130 may have a width at least threetimes that of the flume and may be divided into three sections. The sediment trap130 may house the dual-bucket assembly 132 where one bucket may collectsediment while the other is being emptied. The dual-bucket assembly 132 may behandled using the hook 126 and the pulley 128 assembly mounted on the frame 124,allowing the filled bucket to be moved laterally and vertically without disturbingthe flow. Once sediment is collected in the dual-bucket assembly 132, the hook 126may lift it using the pulley 128 and transfer it to the side for removal or analysis.The tailgate 118, located at the downstream end of the working section 112, mayregulate the flow depth to maintain desired experimental conditions. The waterexiting the apparatus 102 may enter the collecting tank 120, which may temporarilystore the outflow before discharge. The collecting tank 120 may include at least onebutterfly valve 122 for controlled drainage into an underground tank. The entireapparatus 102 may be designed for continuous operation, allowing for uninterruptedsediment transport studies. By integrating slope adjustment, sediment recirculation,precise measurement, and observation features, the apparatus 102 may supporthigh-accuracy experimentation in open channel hydraulics. The combination ofmechanical and hydraulic components may make the apparatus 102 versatile forboth academic research and applied engineering analysis.

[0034] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the sediment feeder 108may include the hopper and a motorized belt assembly that may be positioned nearthe upstream end of the working section 112. The hopper may hold a fixed quantityof sediment, which may be released in a controlled manner onto the belt system.This motorized belt may transport the sediment steadily into the water flow initiatedfrom the inlet tank 104. The consistent delivery of sediment may help simulate real-world bed load transport in rivers. The location at the upstream end may allow foreven mixing and distribution along the entire working section 112. The system maybe calibrated to vary the rate of sediment feeding depending on experimentalrequirements. The sediment feeder 108 may ensure equilibrium conditions,especially when studying local scour or morphological changes. By introducingsediment without manual intervention, the apparatus 102 may enhance repeatabilityand efficiency. The integration of the sediment feeder 108 may be crucial inreplicating both steady and dynamic sediment transport scenarios. Thisfunctionality may support long-duration experiments with consistent inputconditions.

[0035] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the working section 112may be equipped with advanced instrumentation, including an Acoustic DopplerVectrino Profiler (ADVP) and an Ultrasonic Ranging System (URS). Theseinstruments may be mounted on the trolleys 114 that can traverse the workingsection both longitudinally and transversely. The ADVP may measure three-dimensional flow velocities within the water column, helping researchersunderstand flow turbulence and velocity gradients. The URS may capture bed levelchanges and scour depth in real-time. These systems may operate without disruptingthe sediment-laden flow observed through acrylic glass walls 116. The integrationof both instruments may allow synchronized collection of hydraulic and sedimentdata. Their position may be adjusted using the trolleys 114 to target specific testzones. These sensors may enhance the precision of the experiment and reducedependency on manual measurements. The use of ADVP and URS may allowvalidation of numerical models with high-resolution experimental data. Overall, theinstrumentation in the working section 112 may improve the accuracy and scope ofhydraulic testing.

[0036] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the working section 112may be integrated with a bed tilting arrangement 110 that includes an electro-mechanical system. This system may use a combination of a gearbox andsynchronized jacks to change the slope of the flume bed. These jacks may operatein unison to ensure smooth and level elevation adjustments across the flume length.The arrangement may allow positive slopes, representing upstream gradients, andnegative slopes to simulate backwater effects. By adjusting the slope, researchersmay replicate different river conditions and flow regimes. This variability may helpstudy how sediment behaves under different hydraulic gradients. The tiltingarrangement 110 may be remotely controlled and precisely calibrated. Adjustmentsto slope may not disturb the measurements taken in the working section 112. Theversatility of the slope settings may enhance the range of experiments, from flatbedsediment transport to steep gradient channel studies. The apparatus 102 maysimulate mountain streams, reservoirs, or backwater zones with high fidelity.

[0037] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the sediment trap 130may be structured into three sections of equal width to efficiently collect sedimentwithout disrupting the water flow. Each section may be the same width as the flume,allowing full-channel sediment capture. This tripartite design may allow a rotationalmechanism for continuous sediment collection using the dual bucket assembly 132.One bucket may occupy the central section while another remains on standby at theside. This configuration may facilitate uninterrupted experimentation even duringsediment removal. As sediment settles in the bucket 132, it may be transported usingthe hook 126 and the pulley 128 assembly mounted on the frame 124. Thesegmented design of the sediment trap 130 may also help balance flow forces andprevent uneven sediment accumulation. The sediment trap 130 may allow thecaptured sediment to be weighed or analyzed before reintroduction. This structuremay also support automatic sediment cycling in long-duration studies. Dividing thesediment trap 130 into three equal sections may enhance operational efficiency andexperimental accuracy.

[0038] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the pulley 128 and thehook 126 may be part of a mechanical assembly that lifts and moves the sediment-laden bucket 132 within the sediment trap 130. Once sediment settles into thebucket, the hook 126 may attach securely to its handle. The pulley 128 may thenenable vertical lifting of the bucket from within the trap. After elevation, the dual-bucket assembly 132 may be moved laterally to the side to make room for the nextbucket. This mechanism may help switch between filled and empty buckets duringcontinuous experiments. The frame 124 may guide and support this motion,ensuring stable operation. This lifting and sliding action may occur withoutdisturbing the flow in the working section 112. The automated system may reducethe need for manual intervention and flow stoppage. The working section 112 mayalso allow real-time sediment removal and measurement.

[0039] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the sediment trap 130may be connected downstream to a collecting tank 120, which may manage wateroverflow and sediment-free discharge. This collecting tank 120 may be equippedwith at least one piezometer to monitor the water level in real time. Based on thisdata, discharge measurements may be computed with high accuracy. Additionally,at least three butterfly valves 122 may be installed at the outlet of the tank to controlthe release of water into an underground storage reservoir. The butterfly valves 122may be adjusted manually or automatically to regulate flow based on experimentalneeds. This controlled discharge system may help maintain a steady flow depthregulated by the tailgate 118. The integration of the collecting tank 120 with thesediment trap 130 may ensure proper separation of sediment and water. Waterleaving the sediment trap 130 may enter the collecting tank without carryingadditional sediment load. This arrangement may help avoid backflow anddisturbance in the working section 112. The apparatus 102 may therefore supportuninterrupted sediment transport experiments with efficient discharge control.

[0040] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the working section 112may include the at least three trolleys 114, each capable of supporting and movingmeasurement instruments. These trolleys 114 may travel longitudinally andtransversely along guide rails positioned on the flume frame. One trolley may carrythe Acoustic Doppler Vectrino Profiler (ADVP) to record flow velocity in threedimensions. Another trolley may carry the Ultrasonic Ranging System (URS) fortracking bed level and scour formation. A third trolley 114 may support a pointgauge and a bed straightener for precise elevation measurement and bedpreparation. These instruments may be repositioned during experiments withoutinterrupting the flow. The movement of each trolley may be manually or motor-driven for smooth and accurate positioning. The trolleys 114 may interactseamlessly with the acrylic glass 116 sidewalls for visual validation. Theirintegration may enhance the spatial resolution of hydraulic and sediment datacollection. This multi-instrument setup may provide comprehensive insights intosediment-flow interactions.

[0041] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the working section 112may be provided with the tailgate 118 at its downstream end. The tailgate 118 maybe used to regulate the depth of flow in the flume. Adjustments to the tailgate 118may increase or decrease the water level, thereby altering hydraulic conditionsupstream. The tailgate 118 may be operated manually or using a motorized systemfor precise depth control. Its primary function may be to maintain normal orbackwater flow conditions depending on experimental requirements. The tailgate118 may also help to simulate downstream obstructions such as weirs or dam gates.The tailgate 118 may work in coordination with the tilting arrangement 110 to fine-tune flow profiles. The tailgate 118 may be essential for controlling critical flowregimes and flow transitions. Its adjustments may influence sediment transportdynamics and bedform development in the working section 112. The tailgate 118may ensure experimental flexibility and flow accuracy.

[0042] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the working section 112may include the one or more transparent sidewalls 116 made of acrylic glass. Thesidewalls 116 may allow visual access to the internal flow and sediment behavior.The transparent sidewalls 116 may be positioned along both sides of the flume forclear observation from multiple angles. This transparency may allow observationof sediment movement, scour formation, and bedform development in real time.The transparent sidewalls 116 may be resistant to impact and abrasion caused byhigh-velocity sediment-laden flows. The transparent sidewalls 116 may also allowfor video documentation or laser-based flow measurement systems to operatethrough them. The transparent sidewalls 116 may reduce the need to haltexperiments for physical inspection. The visibility through the transparent sidewalls116 may complement data collected by the instruments on the trolleys 114. Thetransparent sidewalls 116 may also serve as a teaching aid in academicdemonstrations. Their role may be crucial in verifying simulation accuracy andcapturing high-fidelity experimental data.

[0043] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the apparatus 102 mayallow simulation of various flow scenarios by adjusting the slope using the tiltingarrangement 110, thereby replicating natural water bodies such as rivers andchannels. The apparatus 102 may provide a controlled environment that eliminatesthe unpredictability associated with natural field conditions. By altering the slopeand discharge, researchers may simulate both uniform and non-uniform flows for avariety of research applications. Water may be supplied from the inlet tank 104 andpass through the flow straightener 106 to ensure a stable, uniform flow beforeentering the working section 112. The transparent sidewalls 116 made of acrylicglass may enable clear visualization of flow patterns and sediment transportthroughout the experiments. Advanced instruments mounted on the trolleys 114may collect data on flow velocity, bed level variation, and sediment behavior. Thesediment trap 130 may be located at the downstream end of the working section112 to collect sediment transported by the flow. The sediment may settle in the dual-bucket assembly 132, which may be lifted and moved using the hook 126 and thepulley 128 mounted on the frame 124. This mechanism may allow sedimentremoval without disturbing the flow, thereby supporting continuous operation.

[0044] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the collected sedimentmay be returned to the upstream end via the sediment feeder 108 to maintainsediment equilibrium in the flume. Flow depth within the flume may be adjustedusing the tailgate 118, ensuring that specific hydraulic conditions are maintained.Water exiting the tailgate 118 may flow into the collecting tank 120, which maytemporarily store the water before discharge. The collecting tank 120 may includethe one or more butterfly valves 122 to regulate the outflow to an underground tankor recirculation system. The apparatus 102 may enable the execution of long-duration experiments without the need to halt or reset flow conditions. Theapparatus 102 may support scaling, allowing both small-scale models and largerinstallations that mimic real-world river behavior. Sediment behavior such as rippleformation, dune migration, and scour processes may be studied in detail within theworking section 112. The integration of mechanical and hydraulic control elementsmay ensure that variables such as flow rate, slope, sediment load, and depth areprecisely managed. Real-time visual and sensor-based monitoring may provideaccurate and repeatable results. The apparatus 102 may serve as a versatile andpowerful tool for academic research, engineering design, and environmentalanalysis.

[0045] FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary representation of an implementationof the apparatus, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0046] Illustrated in Fig. 2 is a representation 200 of an implementation ofthe apparatus 102.

[0047] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, water flowing from theinlet tank 104 may pass through the flow straightener 106, be mixed with sedimentfrom the sediment feeder 108, and travel through the sloped flume adjusted by thetilting arrangement 110. In the working section 112, observations may be madethrough the acrylic glass 116, and instruments mounted on the at least three trolleys114 may collect real-time data. At the downstream end, water and sediment mayreach the sediment trap 130. The frame 124 may support the entire mechanicalstructure for lifting and transporting sediment buckets. Within this frame, the hook126 may be connected to the pulley 128 that may enable vertical and lateral motion.

[0048] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the hook 126 mayengage with a dual-bucket assembly 132, which may collect sediment from thecentral zone of the trap. The dual-bucket assembly 132 may be provided withperforations to allow water drainage while retaining sediment. The dual-bucketassembly 132 may be moved laterally from the center to one side after collectionand then lifted vertically using the pulley 128. The pulley 128 may be motor-drivenand coordinated to ensure smooth transitions without disturbing water flow. Oncelifted, the dual-bucket assembly 132 may be carried overhead and placed on theopposite side of the flume to prepare for re-insertion. The apparatus 102 may enablethe next empty bucket to slide into position automatically for uninterruptedsediment collection.

[0049] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, after removal, thesediment may be transferred or analyzed before being reintroduced upstream. Waterexiting the sediment trap may flow into the collecting tank 120, which maytemporarily hold it before discharge. The collecting tank 120 may be equipped withthe butterfly valves 122 to control and regulate water flow to an undergroundstorage system. The butterfly valves 122 may also allow for flow calibration bycoordinating with the piezometers 134. The tailgate 118, not visible here butfunctionally present, may regulate water depth upstream to maintain hydraulicconditions. The sediment trap 130 may operate continuously, mimicking naturalsediment transport while preserving steady flow conditions. The sediment trap 130may minimize disruption and improve the accuracy and repeatability ofexperimental data. The modular design may allow easy access and maintenance ofthe bucket-handling system. Together, the frame 124, the hook 126, the pulley 128,and the dual-bucket assembly 132 may form an integrated mechanism forautomated, disturbance-free sediment removal.

[0050] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the method of using theapparatus 102 may begin by filling the inlet tank 104 with water to initiate andsustain the required flow. The water may then pass through the flow straightener106, which may help reduce turbulence and evenly distribute the flow before itenters the flume. The stabilized water may continue into the working section 112,where hydraulic and sediment experiments may be conducted under controlledconditions. The sediment feeder 108 may release sediment at a controlled rate intothe flow, allowing researchers to simulate natural sediment transport processes.Using the tilting arrangement 110, the slope of the flume bed may be adjusted toreplicate positive or negative gradients as observed in natural streams. Thisflexibility in slope adjustment may help model different flow regimes includingsteep or mild channels. Instruments mounted on the trolleys 114 may be used tocollect measurements such as flow velocity, sediment deposition, or scour depth.These instruments may be moved longitudinally and transversely along the flumefor precision. Observations during experiments may be made visually through theacrylic glass side panels 116, which may offer a clear view of sediment movementand bedform changes. Phenomena like ripple formation, dune migration, or scourdevelopment may be documented in real time using the apparatus 102. Thesediment introduced into the flow may eventually reach the downstream end of theflume, where it may be captured by the sediment trap 130.

[0051] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, within the sediment trap130, the transported sediment may settle into the dual-bucket assembly 132 placedat the central section of the sediment trap 130. Once filled, the hook 126 may latchonto the dual-bucket assembly 132 and lift it using a pulley 128, both supported bythe frame 124. The filled dual-bucket assembly 132 may then be transportedlaterally across the trap to make space for an empty one, ensuring uninterruptedsediment collection. This dual-bucket system may help avoid any need to stop theflow, maintaining steady experimental conditions. The replaced empty bucket maythen continue the collection cycle while the filled one is removed or emptied foranalysis. This mechanism may enable sediment to be collected continuously andefficiently without disturbing the hydraulic profile. Meanwhile, water may continueto flow toward the downstream end, where the tailgate 118 may regulate the flowdepth precisely. Adjustments to the tailgate may help simulate backwater effects ormaintain a specific normal depth for accurate experimentation. The water exitingthe tailgate 118 may enter the collecting tank 120, which may temporarily store theoutflow. The collecting tank 120 may include the butterfly valves 122 that may beadjusted to drain water at desired rates into an underground reservoir orrecirculation system. This drainage system may also support controlled dischargemeasurements by linking water level data with known outflow characteristics. Twopiezometers 134 may be installed in the collecting tank to continuously monitorwater height.

[0052] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the sediment capturedin the dual-bucket assembly 132 may be analyzed for characteristics such as grainsize, volume, and transport rate. Following analysis, the same sediment may bereintroduced into the flume upstream using the sediment feeder 108 to maintainequilibrium conditions for extended experiments. The method may supportrepeated trials under varied slope, sediment load, and flow scenarios. The trolleys114 may be repositioned throughout the working section 112 to performmeasurements at different spatial locations along the flume. This modular approachmay ensure flexibility in experiment design. By adjusting the tilting arrangement110 and sediment feeder 108, researchers may simulate riverine processes with highaccuracy. The apparatus 102 may help in replicating both steady and unsteady flowregimes. Throughout the procedure, the acrylic glass 116 may provide visibility forvisual inspections and video documentation. The apparatus 102 may runcontinuously for long durations without the need to halt for sediment removal. Thismay improve the reliability, repeatability, and efficiency of hydraulic experiments.The integration of the mechanical sediment handling system with flow control andobservation tools may enhance the functionality of the flume. As a result, theapparatus 102 may be especially useful in experimental studies related to sedimenttransport, scour, channel morphology, and hydraulic structure design.

[0053] Experiments conducted using the apparatus 102 are describedherewith. The apparatus 102 was used to conduct several experiments related tosediment transport and open channel flow under controlled laboratory conditions.In one set of experiments, the apparatus 102 helped study sediment transport andbedform dynamics by analyzing the movement of sediments in the channel and theformation of ripples, dunes, and antidunes within the working section 112. This wasmade possible by feeding sediment using the sediment feeder 108 and observingflow behavior through the transparent sidewalls 116. Another set of experimentsfocused on scour around hydraulic structures, where clear water scour and live bedscour were simulated using varying flow conditions controlled by the tiltingarrangement 110. The scoured bed levels were monitored using instrumentsmounted on the trolleys 114, and the sediment was collected at the downstreamsediment trap 130 and lifted using the hook 126 and the pulley 128, and transferredvia the dual-bucket assembly 132. These experiments were crucial forunderstanding scour behavior near bridge piers, abutments, and dykes, enabling thedesign of more resilient structures. The flume bed slope was modified using thetilting arrangement 110, and water entered the system via the inlet tank 104, passedthrough the flow straightener 106, and flowed through the working section 112.Sediment introduced upstream was carried downstream and captured by thesediment trap 130, and water flowed through the tailgate 118 into the collectingtank 120. The collecting tank 120 included the butterfly valves 122 for drainagecontrol and the piezometers 134 for water level monitoring. The dual-bucketassembly 132 collected sediment without disturbing the flow, supported by thestructural frame 124. Depth measurements were taken using a gauge mounted onthe trolleys 114, which had both longitudinal and transverse movement. Throughoutall experiments, the apparatus 102 maintained steady flow profiles using adjustabledepth control via the tailgate 118 and gradient control from the tilting arrangement110. This experimental setup provided highly accurate, repeatable results forstudying complex hydraulic and sediment transport phenomena.

[0054] A use case of the apparatus 102 is described herein. The apparatus102 may be used to simulate sediment transport in an open channel under varyingslope and flow conditions. Water may enter the flume through the inlet tank 104,which may provide a steady flow into the flume. As the water flows through theflow straightener 106, it may become uniform and stabilized before reaching theworking section 112. Sediment may be introduced into the flow using the sedimentfeeder 108, allowing researchers to study the behavior of transported particles. Thetilting arrangement 110 may be adjusted to set different bed slopes, replicatingnatural channel gradients. Flow and sediment interactions may be observed in realtime through the acrylic glass 116, and precise measurements may be taken usinginstruments mounted on the trolleys 114. Sediment carried to the downstream endmay be captured in the sediment trap 130, where it may settle into the dual-bucketassembly 132. The hook 126 and the pulley 128 mounted on the frame 124 may liftand shift the sediment-laden bucket without disturbing the flow. Water flow may beregulated by the tailgate 118 and drained into the collecting tank 120, where thebutterfly valves 122 may control its discharge. This use case may supportcontinuous and repeatable hydraulic experiments essential for river engineering andsediment management research.

[0055] In additional experiments, the apparatus 102 simulated vegetatedchannel conditions to assess how vegetation impacted velocity distribution,turbulence, and sediment transport. The flow patterns under these conditions wereobserved through the transparent sidewalls 116, and measurements were takenusing instruments mounted on the troplleys 114. Another important experimentexamined the morphology of alluvial streams, where the physical characteristics ofwater movement in natural and artificial channels were studied. In addition to thatthe effect of curvature in sinuous channel on flow turbulence can also beinvestigated.ADVANTAGES OF THE INVENTION

[0056] The present disclosure provides an apparatus that enablescontinuous sediment removal without disturbing flow conditions.

[0057] The present disclosure provides an apparatus that maintains fullydeveloped flow for accurate experimental data collection.

Claims

1. An apparatus (102) for sediment transport analysis in a hydraulic flume, the apparatus (102) comprising: an inlet tank (104) for supplying water flow to at least one working section (112) of the flume, the at least one working section (112) being provided with a tailgate (118) at a downstream end; a flow straightener (106) for stabilizing a flow of water entering the flume from the inlet tank (104); a sediment feeder (108) to introduce sediment into the flow of water within the at least working section (112) of the flume; and a sediment trap (130) disposed at a downstream end of the flume, the sediment trap (130) having a width of at least three times width of the flume and comprising a dual-bucket assembly (132) mounted on an assembly of a pulley (128) and a hook (126), wherein the dual-bucket assembly (132) alternately collects and removes sediment from the flow, enabling continuous sediment removal and maintenance of flow condition in the flume.

2. The apparatus (102) as claimed in claim 1, wherein the sediment feeder (108) comprises a hopper and motorized belt assembly that delivers sediment at a controlled rate to an upstream end of the at least one working section (112).

3. The apparatus (102) as claimed in claim 1, wherein the at least one working section (112) comprises an Acoustic Doppler Vectrino Profiler (ADVP) and an Ultrasonic Ranging System (URS).

4. The apparatus (102) as claimed in claim 1, wherein the at least one working section (112) is integrated with a bed tilting arrangement comprising an electro-mechanical system with any or a combination of a gearbox and one or more synchronized jacks operable to produce positive and negative bed slopes.

5. The apparatus (102) as claimed in claim 1, wherein the sediment trap (130) is structured into at least three sections of equal width.

6. The apparatus (102) as claimed in claim 1, wherein the assembly of the pulley (128) and the hook (126) enables movement of the sediment-filled dual-bucket assembly (132) laterally and vertically within the sediment trap (130).

7. The apparatus (102) as claimed in claim 1, wherein the sediment trap (130) is connected to a collecting tank (120) that controls discharge of water to an underground storage tank using at least and at least two piezometers (134) and three butterfly valves (122).

8. The apparatus (102) as claimed in claim 1, wherein the at least one working section (112) is integrated with at least three trolleys (114) that allow positioning of one or more measurement instruments within the at least one working section (112).

9. The apparatus (102) as claimed in claim 1, wherein the at least one working section (112) is provided with one or more transparent sidewalls (116).