Systems, devices and methods for fluid injection - Patents.com

Abstract

In some embodiments, the system can include a fluid delivery assembly and a drive assembly. The fluid delivery assembly is configured to be releasably mechanically and optionally electrically coupled to the drive assembly. When the fluid delivery assembly is releasably coupled to the drive assembly, the drive assembly can control the delivery of fluid from the fluid delivery assembly (e.g., to a patient). For example, the drive assembly can be releasably coupled to the fluid delivery assembly to control the delivery of fluid from the fluid delivery assembly to provide a continuous (e.g., non-pulsatile) fluid flow from the fluid delivery assembly.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] (CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS) This application claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 291,090, entitled "Infusion Mechanism Systems, Apparatus, and Methods of Using the Same," filed in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office on December 17, 2021, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 158,309, entitled "Systems, Apparatus, and Methods for Fluid Infusion," filed in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office on March 8, 2021, the disclosures of each of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties herein. [Background technology]

[0002] Many medical conditions require the delivery of intravenous fluids and / or blood products, and some conditions, such as hemorrhagic shock, require high-speed delivery of fluids and blood products. High-speed injectors are typically bulky and complicated to set up and use. In addition, high-speed injectors are typically limited in the amount of pressure they can generate (e.g., up to 300 mmHg) due to the type of mechanism they use to generate pressure (external pressurization of an intravenous (IV) bag, peristaltic pump). While they may be capable of delivering fluids and blood quickly through large-bore IV access (1000 mL / min or more), typical high-speed injectors have limited flow rates through peripheral IVs. Furthermore, single-syringe pumps used for fluid delivery require periods of zero flow rate between syringe ejections while the syringe is filling with fluid, limiting flow rates and resulting in a highly pulsatile pressure profile with higher pressures during peak flow rates.

[0003] Thus, there is a need for systems, devices, and methods for fluid infusion that allow for easy transport, simple setup and user control, and continuous fluid flow at high rates through peripheral IV sites. Summary of the Invention

[0004] In some embodiments, the system can include a fluid delivery assembly and a drive assembly. The fluid delivery assembly is configured to be releasably mechanically and optionally electrically coupled to the drive assembly. When the fluid delivery assembly is releasably coupled to the drive assembly, the drive assembly can control the delivery of fluid from the fluid delivery assembly (e.g., to a patient). For example, the drive assembly can be releasably coupled to the fluid delivery assembly to control the delivery of fluid from the fluid delivery assembly to provide a continuous (e.g., non-pulsatile) fluid flow from the fluid delivery assembly. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0005] [Figure 1A] 1 is a schematic diagram of a system, according to one embodiment. [Figure 1B] 1 is a schematic diagram of a system, according to one embodiment. [Diagram 2] 1 is a schematic diagram of a system, according to one embodiment. [Diagram 3] 1 is a schematic diagram of a system, according to one embodiment. [Figure 4] 1 is a schematic diagram of a system, according to one embodiment. [Diagram 5] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a drive assembly, according to one embodiment. [Figure 6] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a charger base, according to one embodiment. [Figure 7] 1 is a schematic diagram of a fluid delivery assembly, according to one embodiment. [Figure 8] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a charger base, according to one embodiment. [Figure 9] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a charger base, according to one embodiment. [Figure 10] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a charger base, according to one embodiment. [Figure 11] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a charger base, according to one embodiment. [Figure 12]FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a charger base, according to one embodiment. [Figure 13] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a charger base, according to one embodiment. [Figure 14] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a charger base, according to one embodiment. [Figure 15] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a charger base, according to one embodiment. [Figure 16] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a charger base, according to one embodiment. [Figure 17] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a charger base, according to one embodiment. [Figure 18] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a charger base, according to one embodiment. [Figure 19] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a charger base, according to one embodiment. [Figure 20] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a charger base, according to one embodiment. [Figure 21] 1 is a schematic diagram of a fluid delivery assembly, according to one embodiment. [Figure 22] 1 is a schematic diagram of a fluid delivery assembly, according to one embodiment. [Figure 23] 1 is a graph illustrating an example comparison between the pressure profiles of a single syringe injection system and a dual syringe injector, such as any of the dual syringe injectors described herein, according to one embodiment. [Figure 24] 1 is a schematic diagram of a system, according to one embodiment. [Diagram 25] 1 is a schematic diagram of a system, according to one embodiment. [Figure 26A] 1A-1D are various views of a fluid delivery assembly at various stages of operation, according to one embodiment. [Figure 26B] 1A-1D are various views of a fluid delivery assembly at various stages of operation, according to one embodiment. [Figure 26C] 1A-1D are various views of a fluid delivery assembly at various stages of operation, according to one embodiment. [Figure 26D] 1A-1D are various views of a fluid delivery assembly at various stages of operation, according to one embodiment. [Figure 27A] Top view and perspective view of the front portion of a fluid delivery assembly according to one embodiment. [Figure 27B] Top view and perspective view of the front portion of a fluid delivery assembly according to one embodiment. [Figure 28A] Exemplary perspective view and side view of a drive assembly according to one embodiment. [Figure 28B] Exemplary perspective view and side view of a drive assembly according to one embodiment. [Figure 29A] Side views of a fluid delivery system in a first configuration and a second configuration, respectively, according to one embodiment. [Figure 29B] Side views of a fluid delivery system in a first configuration and a second configuration, respectively, according to one embodiment. [Figure 29C] Perspective view of a fluid delivery system in a second configuration. [Figure 30A] Various views of the drive mechanism of the disposable tubing assembly and the drive transmission mechanism of the drive assembly of the fluid delivery system of FIGS. 29A - 29C. [Figure 30B] Various views of the drive mechanism of the disposable tubing assembly and the drive transmission mechanism of the drive assembly of the fluid delivery system of FIGS. 29A - 29C. [Figure 30C] Various views of the drive mechanism of the disposable tubing assembly and the drive transmission mechanism of the drive assembly of the fluid delivery system of FIGS. 29A - 29C. [Diagram 31] Schematic top view of a drive transmission mechanism engaged with a keyed pinion according to one embodiment. [Figure 32A] Various views of a system according to one embodiment. [Figure 32B] Various views of a system according to one embodiment. [Figure 32C] Various views of a system according to one embodiment. [Figure 33A] Various views of a system according to one embodiment. [Figure 33B] Various views of a system according to one embodiment. [Figure 33C] 1A-1D are various diagrams of a system, according to one embodiment. [Figure 34A] 1A-1D are various diagrams of a system, according to one embodiment. [Figure 34B] 1A-1D are various diagrams of a system, according to one embodiment. [Figure 34C] 1A-1D are various diagrams of a system, according to one embodiment. [Fig. 34D] 1A-1D are various diagrams of a system, according to one embodiment. [Figure 35A] 1A-1D are schematic diagrams of a fluid delivery assembly at various stages of operation, according to one embodiment. [Figure 35B] 1A-1D are schematic diagrams of a fluid delivery assembly at various stages of operation, according to one embodiment. [Figure 35C] 1A-1D are schematic diagrams of a fluid delivery assembly at various stages of operation, according to one embodiment. [Diagram 36] 1 is a schematic diagram of a system, according to one embodiment. [Figure 37] 1 is a schematic diagram of a system, according to one embodiment. [Figure 38A] 1A-1C are schematic diagrams of a system in a first and second configuration, respectively, according to one embodiment; [Figure 38B] 1A-1C are schematic diagrams of a system in a first and second configuration, respectively, according to one embodiment; [Figure 39A] 1A-1C are schematic diagrams of a system in a first and second configuration, respectively, according to one embodiment; [Figure 39B] 1A-1C are schematic diagrams of a system in a first and second configuration, respectively, according to one embodiment; [Figure 40A] 1A-1C are schematic diagrams of a system in a first and second configuration, respectively, according to one embodiment; [Figure 40B] 1A-1C are schematic diagrams of a system in a first and second configuration, respectively, according to one embodiment; [Diagram 41] FIG. 1 illustrates a perspective view of a portion of a system, according to one embodiment. [Figure 42A] FIG. 2 illustrates a perspective view of a portion of a drive assembly according to one embodiment. [Figure 42B] FIG. 42B is a perspective view of an interrupted bevel gear of the drive assembly of FIG. [Figure 43A] 1 illustrates a perspective view of a system, according to one embodiment. [Figure 43B] 1 illustrates a perspective view of a system, according to one embodiment. [Figure 43C] 1 illustrates a perspective view of a system, according to one embodiment. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0006] Systems, devices, and methods for fluid injection are described herein. In some embodiments, the system includes a small, portable, high-speed injector for IV fluid and blood administration. Many medical conditions require the delivery of intravenous fluids and / or blood products, and some conditions, such as hemorrhagic shock, require high-speed delivery of fluids and blood products. Unlike many other high-speed injectors that are bulky and complicated to set up and use, the systems, devices, and methods described herein allow for handheld, portable use, and simple setup with a single-action connection between the reusable portion of the device and disposable IV tubing.

[0007] In some embodiments, the system includes a fluid delivery assembly and a drive assembly. The fluid delivery assembly includes a fluid pump, a first electrical connection, a second electrical connection, fluid inlet tubing, and fluid outlet tubing. The fluid inlet tubing is coupled to the fluid pump and configured to be coupled to a fluid source. The fluid outlet tubing is coupled to the fluid pump and configured to be coupled to a patient. The second electrical connection is configured to be reversibly coupled to an external power storage component. The drive assembly includes an electrical connection configured to be reversibly coupled to the first electrical connection of the fluid delivery assembly. The drive assembly is configured to operate based on power received from the external power storage component via the first electrical connection of the fluid delivery assembly and the electrical connection of the drive assembly to control the fluid pump such that fluid is drawn into the fluid delivery assembly via the fluid inlet tubing and delivered from the fluid delivery assembly via the fluid outlet tubing.

[0008] In some embodiments, the system includes a fluid delivery assembly and a drive assembly. The fluid delivery assembly includes a fluid delivery assembly housing, a drive mechanism, at least one reservoir, at least one piston, fluid inlet tubing, and fluid outlet tubing. The fluid inlet tubing is coupled to the at least one reservoir and configured to be coupled to a fluid source. The fluid outlet tubing is coupled to the at least one reservoir and configured to be coupled to a patient. The drive mechanism is configured to control movement of the at least one piston such that fluid is drawn into the at least one reservoir via the fluid inlet tubing and fluid is delivered from the at least one reservoir via the fluid outlet tubing. At least a portion of the at least one reservoir, the piston, and the drive mechanism are disposed within the fluid delivery assembly housing. The drive assembly includes a drive assembly housing, a power storage component, a motor, and a drive transmission mechanism operably coupled to the motor. The motor is configured to operate based on power provided by the power storage component. At least a portion of the power storage component, the motor, and the drive transmission mechanism are disposed within the drive assembly housing. The drive transmission mechanism is reversibly coupleable to the drive mechanism of the fluid delivery assembly to control movement of the at least one piston of the fluid delivery assembly via the drive mechanism under control of the motor.

[0009] In some embodiments, the method includes coupling a drive mechanism of the fluid delivery assembly to a drive transmission mechanism of the drive assembly; initiating operation of the drive assembly such that the drive assembly uses power received from an external power source coupled to the drive assembly to control movement of at least one piston of the fluid delivery assembly relative to at least one reservoir of the fluid delivery assembly to draw fluid into and deliver fluid from the fluid delivery assembly; and decoupling the drive assembly from the external power source by disconnecting electrical contacts of the external power source from electrical contacts of the drive assembly, wherein the drive assembly continues to control movement of the at least one piston of the fluid delivery assembly relative to the at least one reservoir to draw fluid into and deliver fluid from the fluid delivery assembly when the drive assembly is decoupled from the external power source.

[0010] In some embodiments, the method includes coupling a drive mechanism of the fluid delivery assembly to a drive transmission mechanism of the drive assembly; initiating operation of the drive assembly such that the drive assembly uses power received from an external power source coupled to the drive assembly to control movement of at least one piston of the fluid delivery assembly relative to at least one reservoir of the fluid delivery assembly to draw fluid into and deliver fluid from the fluid delivery assembly; and decoupling the external power source from the charger base by disconnecting electrical contacts of the external power source from electrical contacts of the charger base, wherein the drive assembly continues to control movement of the at least one piston of the fluid delivery assembly relative to the at least one reservoir to draw fluid into and deliver fluid from the fluid delivery assembly when the external power source is decoupled from the charger base.

[0011] FIG. 1A is a schematic diagram of a system 100 (also referred to as an injection mechanism, injector, high-speed injector, or dual reservoir injector). The system 100 can include a fluid delivery assembly 130 (also referred to as a disposable tubing assembly or a disposable cartridge assembly) and a drive assembly 140 (also referred to as a reusable drive unit). The fluid delivery assembly 130 is configured to be releasably mechanically and optionally electrically coupled to the drive assembly 140. For example, the fluid delivery assembly 130 can be coupled to the drive assembly 140 via a mechanical coupling 101A (including a drive engagement component, a retention component, and / or an alignment component) and an electrical coupling 101B (configured for power and / or data transmission). When the fluid delivery assembly 130 is releasably coupled to the drive assembly 140, the drive assembly 140 can control the delivery of fluid from the fluid delivery assembly 130 (e.g., to a patient P). For example, drive assembly 140 can be releasably coupled to fluid delivery assembly 130 to control the delivery of fluid from fluid delivery assembly 130 to provide a continuous (e.g., non-pulsatile) fluid flow from fluid delivery assembly 130. Drive assembly 140 can be structurally and / or functionally the same as or similar to any of the drive assemblies described herein. Fluid delivery assembly 130 can be structurally and / or functionally the same as or similar to any of the fluid delivery assemblies described herein.

[0012] The fluid delivery assembly 130 may be configured to be fluidly coupled to the fluid source 120 via a fluid line 133A (also referred to as a fluid inlet line, tubing, inlet tubing, fluid inlet tubing, and / or tube) such that fluid may be drawn from the fluid source 120. The fluid source 120 may include one or more fluid containers (e.g., fluid bags) containing, for example, saline or blood. In some embodiments, the fluid source 120 may be included within the fluid delivery assembly 130 and / or the system 100. The fluid delivery assembly 130 may also include a fluid line 133B (also referred to as a fluid outlet line, tubing, inlet tubing, fluid inlet tubing, and / or tube) that is coupleable to the patient P such that fluid may be released by the fluid delivery assembly 130 to the patient. Each of the fluid lines 133A and 133B may include or be coupled to any suitable fluid communication component or combination of fluid communication components, such as tubing or tubes, catheters, fluid connectors, valves, filters, etc.

[0013] 1B, the fluid delivery assembly 130 can optionally include a drive mechanism 160 and a fluid pump 131. The fluid pump 131 can include one or more reservoirs (not shown). The drive mechanism 160 is configured to control the fluid pump 131 such that fluid can be drawn into and expelled from the fluid pump 131. In some embodiments, the drive mechanism 160 can control the fluid pump 131 to generate a substantially continuous flow from the fluid line 133B. The flow can be substantially non-pulsatile.

[0014] The fluid delivery assembly 130 may include a set of one-way check valves such that fluid may be drawn into the fluid pump 131 from the fluid source 120 but may not be expelled from the fluid pump 131 towards the fluid source 120 via fluid line 133A, and such that fluid may be expelled from the fluid pump 131 via fluid line 133B to the patient P but may not be drawn into the fluid pump 131 from fluid line 133B. The check valves may be passive valves that do not require an external input or control. Thus, the flow of fluid may be passively controlled and fluid may only flow in one direction through each check valve.

[0015] 1B, the drive assembly 140 includes a controller 141, a motor 142, and a drive transmission mechanism 148. The controller 141 is operably coupled to the motor 142 and configured to control the motor 142 to control the movement of the drive transmission mechanism 148. The drive assembly 140 can also include a display 143, a user interface 144, and a power source 145 (also referred to as a power storage component or an internal power storage component). The display 143 can display information about the pumping operation, such as the amount of fluid delivered and / or the pressure of the delivered fluid. The user interface 144 can enable a user to control the flow of the fluid (e.g., start and stop fluid injection and adjust parameters such as the flow rate). The power source 145 can include, for example, a battery (e.g., a rechargeable battery). In some embodiments, the user can set the amount of fluid to be delivered (e.g., via the user interface 144) as a predetermined injection volume and does not need to continually engage with the system 100 for it to continue delivering fluid (e.g., the user can set the drive assembly 140 and fluid delivery assembly 130 down and walk away during the injection). In some embodiments, the user interface 144 can include a button or trigger that is pressure responsive, such that further pressing of the user interface 144 increases the injection rate. In some embodiments, the injection rate can be preset and does not change regardless of the pressure applied to the button or trigger of the user interface 144.

[0016] The drive transfer mechanism 148 may be configured to engage (e.g., mechanically or magnetically) with the drive mechanism 160 (e.g., when the fluid delivery assembly 130 is coupled to the drive assembly 140) to control the drive mechanism 160 (and thus the operation of the fluid pump 131) under the control of the motor 142. The drive transfer mechanism 148 may include, for example, one or more drive shafts, one or more gears, and / or reciprocating magnets. In some embodiments, the drive transfer mechanism 148 may include or be coupled to strain gauges, torsion load cells, and / or other force sensing mechanisms (e.g., disposed on one or more shafts, such as the one or more drive shafts) such that the controller can identify an increase in resistance to rotation. In some embodiments, a drive shaft of the drive transfer mechanism 148 protrudes from a surface of the drive assembly 140 and is configured to be engaged with a pinion of the drive mechanism 160 of the fluid delivery assembly 130 (e.g., received within a drive shaft receptacle (e.g., an opening) of the pinion such that rotation of the drive shaft by the motor 142 causes rotation of the pinion).

[0017] 1B, the fluid delivery assembly 130 can include one or more retention features or features 137, and the drive assembly 140 can include one or more complementary retention features or features 147. The retention features 137 and the retention features 147 can be configured to mate or engage with one another to ensure that the fluid delivery assembly 130 and the drive assembly 140 are maintained in a coupled orientation relative to one another (e.g., to prevent accidental uncoupling) until the fluid delivery procedure is completed. The retention features 137 and the retention features 147 can include, for example, mechanical latches and complementary detents, one or more magnetic connections, or any other suitable coupling mechanism. In some embodiments, the retention features 137 and / or the retention features 147 can include or function as alignment features to ensure proper alignment between the fluid delivery assembly 130 and the drive assembly 140 for the fluid delivery procedure. In some embodiments, system 100 can include separate alignment features (not shown) configured to facilitate, encourage, and / or maintain proper alignment between fluid delivery assembly 130 and drive assembly 140. In some embodiments, retention features 137, 147 and / or alignment features can include posts and receiving holes for the posts, protrusions and one or more receiving grooves for the protrusions, protrusions that capture a portion of the other assembly between the protrusions, or any other suitable feature that prevents rotation of fluid delivery assembly 130 relative to drive assembly 140 when drive transfer mechanism 148 is providing torque to drive mechanism 160.

[0018] In some embodiments, the fluid delivery assembly 130 may be coupled to a warmer 132 (also referred to as a warmer assembly) via fluid line 133B such that fluid delivered from the fluid delivery assembly 130 may be warmed (e.g., above a threshold temperature or to a temperature within a threshold temperature range) prior to and / or for delivery to the patient. In some embodiments, the warmer 132 may include a heating element and a heat exchanger. In some embodiments, the warmer 132 may include tubing (e.g., disposable tubing) that may be coupled to an end of the fluid line 133B such that fluid may flow from the fluid line 133B into the tubing of the warmer 132 and away from the heating element and / or heat exchanger of the warmer through the tubing of the warmer 132 toward or to the patient. In some embodiments, the fluid line 133B may be coupled or engaged to the warmer 132 such that fluid traveling through the fluid line 133B may be heated by the warmer 132 while in the fluid line 133B before reaching the patient. In some embodiments, the warmer 132 can include a power source (also referred to as a power storage component), which can be, for example, a rechargeable battery. In some embodiments, in addition to or as an alternative to a power source, the warmer 132 can be configured to receive operating power and / or charging power for the power source via an electrical connection (e.g., between mating electrical contacts) with the drive assembly 140, the fluid delivery assembly 130, and / or an alternating current (AC) power source 113, such as a wall outlet. In some embodiments, the system 100 does not include the warmer 132. In some embodiments, any of the systems described herein can include or be coupled to a warmer, such as the warmer 132. In some embodiments, the warmer 132 can be disposed within the fluid delivery assembly 130.

[0019] Optionally, as shown in FIG. 1B, the fluid delivery assembly 130 can include an electrical connection including electrical contacts 136, and the drive assembly 140 can include an electrical connection including electrical contacts 146 configured to align with the electrical contacts 136 when the drive assembly 140 and the fluid delivery assembly 130 are coupled. The electrical contacts 136, 146 can include, for example, pogo pins and plates, pins configured to be received in a receptacle, and / or two metal plates configured to directly contact each other with or without a spring force. In some embodiments, the fluid delivery assembly 130 can be configured to provide operating power and / or charging power to the drive assembly 140 via the electrical contacts 136 and 146. For example, the fluid delivery assembly 130 can be configured to be coupled to an external power source 150 via the electrical connection 134A such that power can be drawn from the power source 150 via the electrical connection 134A and delivered to the drive assembly 140 via the electrical contacts 136 and 146. The power source 150 may include, for example, an AC power source (e.g., a wall outlet) and / or an external battery. Additionally, in some embodiments, data may be transferred between the fluid delivery assembly 130 and the drive assembly 140 via the electrical contacts 136 and the electrical contacts 146, e.g., identification information may be received by the drive assembly 140 and used to determine a motor speed, e.g., based on a pumping parameter associated with the identification information. In some embodiments, the power source 150 may be configured to be coupled to the drive assembly 140 and configured to provide operating power and / or charging power to the drive assembly 140. For example, the power source 150 may be coupled to the drive assembly 140 (e.g., the electrical contacts 146 and / or the power source 145) via electrical connection 134B. In some embodiments, the power source 150 may be configured to be coupled to the warmer 132 via an electrical connection (not shown) and / or via the drive assembly 140 and / or the fluid delivery assembly 130. The electrical connections described herein may be any suitable electrical coupling, such as electrical contacts, wires, and / or power cords.In some embodiments described herein, the electrical connection between two components or assemblies may be described as including electrical contacts or a power cord configured to be coupled to a receiving plug, although the systems and assemblies described herein may include any suitable mating electrical connection components capable of achieving the described power transfer and / or data transfer functions. In some embodiments, the power source 150 may include a charger base 110 (also referred to as a charger base assembly, charger assembly, charger, or base assembly) configured to be electrically and mechanically coupled to the fluid delivery assembly 130, the drive assembly 140, and / or the warmer 132 such that charging power and / or operating power may be provided to the drive assembly 140 (e.g., the power source 145) and / or the warmer 132 (e.g., an internal power storage component of the warmer 132). The charger base 110 may be coupled to an AC power source 113 (e.g., a wall outlet) to increase the stored power level of the power source (also referred to as an internal power storage component) included in the charger base 110 via an electrical connection (e.g., a plug). The charger base 110 may also include electrical contacts and / or electrical connections, such as elongated wires or plugs, configured to electrically couple a power source contained within the charger base 110 with the drive assembly 140 and / or warmer 132 to provide power from the power source in the charger base 110 to the drive assembly 140 and / or warmer 132 (e.g., during and / or prior to use of the system 100). Although described as a "charger base," in some embodiments, such as any of the embodiments described herein, the charger base 110 may be operable to provide operating power rather than or in addition to charging power (and either the drive assembly or warming assembly may be configured to receive and operate based thereon).For example, the charger base 110 may provide operating power to any of the drive assemblies or warmer assemblies described herein that may bypass an internal power storage device of any of the drive assemblies or warmer assemblies described herein (e.g., a rechargeable power storage device configured to provide operating power when the drive assembly 140 and / or warmer 132 are not coupled to the charger base 110).

[0020] In use, the fluid delivery assembly 130 can be coupled to the drive assembly 140 such that the drive transfer mechanism 148 and the drive mechanism 160 are operably coupled. In some embodiments, the fluid delivery assembly 130 can be coupled to the drive assembly 140 such that the electrical contacts 136 are aligned with the electrical contacts 146 and / or the retention mechanism 137 is engaged with the retention mechanism 147. The fluid line 133A can be fluidly coupled to the fluid source 120 (e.g., via a fluid connector such as an IV tubing spike) and can be fluidly coupled to one or more of a plurality of blood filters and / or chambers disposed along the fluid source 120 and the fluid line 133A. The fluid line 133B can be fluidly coupled to a patient (e.g., the patient's vasculature) such as via a luer lock connector attached to the patient's IV access. The drive assembly 140 can then initiate operation of the motor 142 (under the control of a user via a user interface 144) such that the fluid pump 131 operates to dispense fluid through the fluid line 133B. In some embodiments, some or all of the components of system 100 may be included in a kit, such as a kit including a box or bag and including any suitable number of fluid (e.g., blood or saline) bags and components or a subset of components of system 100.

[0021] In some embodiments, the fluid delivery assembly 130 can include a fluid delivery assembly housing, and the drive assembly 140 can include a drive assembly housing. The fluid delivery assembly housing can define an interior space in which at least a portion of the fluid pump 131 and the drive mechanism 160 can be disposed. In some embodiments, the fluid delivery assembly housing can enclose at least a portion of the fluid pump 131 and the drive mechanism and define an opening through which the inlet fluid line 133A and the outlet fluid line 133B can pass, and an opening for engagement between the drive mechanism 160 and the drive transmission mechanism 148. The electrical contacts 136 and the retention mechanism 137 can be disposed on or coupled to an exterior surface of the fluid delivery assembly housing. The fluid delivery assembly housing can also optionally define an opening configured to receive an alignment feature (e.g., a peg) coupled to the drive assembly housing, or vice versa. The drive assembly housing can define an interior space in which at least a portion of the controller 141, the motor 142, the power source 145, and the drive transmission mechanism 148 can be disposed. In some embodiments, the drive assembly housing can enclose the controller 141, the power source 145, the motor 142, and at least a portion of the drive transmission mechanism 148, and can define an opening through which the drive transmission mechanism 148 can engage the drive mechanism 160. The electrical contacts 146 and the retention mechanism 147 can be disposed on or coupled to an exterior surface of the drive assembly housing.

[0022] In some embodiments, the fluid delivery assembly housing and the drive assembly housing can be shaped and sized such that a surface of the fluid delivery assembly housing abuts a surface of the drive assembly housing (e.g., a surface that the drive mechanism 160 and the drive transfer mechanism 148 engage) when the drive assembly 140 and the fluid delivery assembly 130 are appropriately coupled for pumping operations (e.g., the drive mechanism 160 is engaged with the drive transfer mechanism 148 and any electrical contacts and / or retention mechanisms are appropriately engaged). In some embodiments, the electrical contacts 136 and 146 are disposed on respective abutment surfaces of the fluid delivery assembly housing and the drive assembly housing. In some embodiments, the respective abutment surfaces can have substantially the same circumference, shape, size, and / or surface area. For example, each of the abutment surfaces can be disposed in a plane parallel to the plane in which the other abutment surface is disposed, and the abutment surfaces can have the same length and width. In some embodiments, the abutment surfaces are rectangular, circular, oval, square, or any other suitable shape. In some embodiments, the abutment surface of the drive assembly 140 is the upper or top surface of the drive assembly 140, and the abutment surface of the fluid delivery assembly 130 is the lower or bottom surface of the drive assembly. In some embodiments, the fluid delivery assembly housing includes parallel upper and lower surfaces. In some embodiments, the drive assembly housing includes parallel upper and lower surfaces. Thus, in some embodiments, the drive assembly housing and the fluid delivery assembly housing each can have a substantially box-like or disk-like shape, which when coupled together result in a layered combined housing that is taller than when separated, but has the same footprint (e.g., length and width) and coplanar sidewalls. In some embodiments, the external power source 150 can also include an external power source housing, and the drive assembly 140 can have a surface configured to abut a surface of the drive assembly housing in a power transfer arrangement that is electrically coupled to the external power source 150 (e.g., via electrical connection 134B), and the abutment surfaces of the drive assembly housing and the external power source housing can have substantially the same circumference, shape, size, and / or surface area.In some embodiments, the external power supply housing includes parallel upper and lower surfaces. Thus, in some embodiments, the drive assembly housing and the external power supply housing each can have a substantially box-like or disk-like shape that, when coupled together, forms a layered combined housing that is taller than when separated, but has the same footprint (e.g., length and width) and coplanar sidewalls. In some embodiments, the drive assembly housing, the fluid delivery assembly housing, and the external power supply housing all three can have complementary abutment surfaces with the same perimeter as described above and can have a substantially box-like or disk-like shape that, when coupled together, forms a layered combined housing that is taller than when separated, but has the same footprint (e.g., length and width) and coplanar sidewalls (see, e.g., system 3900 shown in FIGS. 43A-C). In some embodiments, the warmer 132 can also include a warmer housing having a surface configured to abut the top of the fluid delivery assembly such that the warmer can be stacked with the fluid delivery assembly 130, the drive assembly, and / or the external power source 150. In some embodiments, the warmer 132 can also have the same or similar footprint as the other housings. In some embodiments, rather than the top and bottom surfaces of the housings of the system 100 being configured to be coupled to each other as described, each of the housings includes sides configured to be coupled to each other in an abutting relationship as described. In some embodiments, one or more of the housings of the system 100 can be held together via any retention mechanism 137 described herein, such as latches, elastic bands, straps, and / or any other suitable releasable retention mechanism.In some embodiments, system 100 can include a carrying case or other container (e.g., a container having a lid, handle, and / or hooks for hanging the container near a patient) configured to receive one or more of the housings of system 100 and to hold two or more of the housings in their coupled abutting configuration during an injection operation of system 100. In some embodiments, charger base 110 can be configured to define an interior space configured to receive one or more of the housings of system 100 and hold them in their coupled abutting configuration during an injection operation of system 100 (e.g., while in electrical contact with one or more of the assemblies that include the housings).

[0023] 2 is a schematic diagram of system 200. System 200 may be structurally and / or functionally the same as or similar to any of the systems described herein, such as system 100. System 200 includes a reusable drive unit 240, a disposable tubing assembly 230, and a charger base 210. Disposable tubing assembly 230 includes a fluid pump 231 and a warmer 232 (also referred to as a warmer assembly). Fluid pump 231 is configured to be fluidly coupled to a fluid source 220 (e.g., a blood or saline source) such that, under the control of reusable drive unit 240, fluid pump 231 can draw fluid from fluid source 220 via fluid line 233 and deliver fluid to a patient via warmer 232. Disposable tubing assembly 230 is configured to be releasably mechanically and electrically coupled to reusable drive unit 240. When the disposable tubing assembly 230 is releasably coupled to the reusable drive unit 240, the reusable drive unit 240 can drive (e.g., mechanically) the fluid pump 231 to draw fluid from the fluid source 220 and deliver the fluid to the patient via the warmer 232. In some embodiments, the disposable tubing assembly 230 can provide electrical operating power and / or charging power to the reusable drive unit 240 and / or the warmer 232. The fluid pump 231 and / or the warmer 232 are also configured to be electrically coupled to the reusable drive unit 240 such that data can be transferred between the reusable drive unit 240 and the fluid pump 231 and / or the warmer 232. In some embodiments, the system 200 does not include a warmer 232.

[0024] As shown in FIG. 2 , the charger base 210 may be configured to be electrically coupled to an AC power source via electrical connection 213 (e.g., via a wall outlet). The charger base 210 may be configured to provide DC power 214 to the reusable drive unit 240 via the disposable tubing assembly 230 (e.g., via an electrical connection of the disposable tubing assembly 230). The charger base 210 may include an external battery charger 211 and a reusable drive unit charger 212. Thus, in some configurations, the reusable drive unit 240 may be directly coupled to the reusable drive unit charger 212 (e.g., when not in use during an injection operation) such that the reusable drive unit 240 may be charged by the charger base 210 (e.g., the power storage supply of the reusable drive unit 240 may be increased) with sufficient operating power for an injection operation (e.g., to drive the fluid pump 231). In some embodiments, the reusable drive unit 240 may provide operating power to the warmer 232. Additionally, in some configurations, the external battery charger 211 of the charger base 210 can charge an external battery (not shown) included in or coupled to the disposable tubing assembly 230 (e.g., when the external battery is coupled to the external battery charger 211) such that the disposable tubing assembly 230 can provide operating power and / or charging power to the reusable drive unit 240 and / or the warmer 232.

[0025] In the configuration of system 200 shown in FIG. 2, system 200 may be used in environments where AC power is readily available (e.g., via a wall outlet) to power the system, such as, for example, a hospital. As shown, charger base 210 can include electrical connection 214 that can be electrically coupled to electrical connection 234 of disposable tubing assembly 230 such that AC power can be drawn from AC power source 213 by charger base 210, and charger base 210 can provide DC power to reusable drive unit 240 via electrical connection 214, electrical connection 234, and fluid pump 231. As shown in FIG. 2, DC power can also be provided from the charger base to warmer 232 via electrical connection 214 and electrical connection 234. Electrical connection 214 can include, for example, an elongated cable (also referred to as a cord or power cord), wires, contacts, and / or any other suitable electrical connection component.

[0026] FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of system 300. System 300 may be structurally and / or functionally the same as or similar to system 200. For example, system 300 includes a reusable drive unit 340, a disposable tubing assembly 330, and a charger base 310, which may be structurally and / or functionally the same as or similar to reusable drive unit 240, disposable tubing assembly 230, and charger base 210 described above. In some embodiments, system 300 may be the same system as system 200, but may be deployed in a portable use configuration as shown in FIG. 3. System 300 may be used in environments where AC power is not readily available, such as during transport to a hospital, or in environments where a user (e.g., a doctor, EMT, or nurse) prefers to have more mobility than would be allowed if reusable drive unit 240 were attached to a wall outlet. 3, the disposable tubing assembly 330 may be coupled to an external battery 350 such that operating power and / or charging power may be provided from the external battery 350 to the reusable drive unit 340 and the warmer 332 via electrical connections 234 (which may be structurally and / or functionally the same as or similar to the electrical connections 334 described above with respect to the disposable tubing assembly 230). If desired, the external battery 350 may be charged via electrical engagement with the external battery charger 311 of the charger base 310.

[0027] FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of system 400. System 400 may be structurally and / or functionally the same as or similar to drive assembly 200 and / or drive assembly 300. For example, system 400 includes a reusable drive unit 440, a disposable tubing assembly 430, and a charger base 410, which may be structurally and / or functionally the same as or similar to reusable drive unit 240, disposable tubing assembly 230, and charger base 210 described above. As shown in FIG. 4, system 400 does not include a warmer on the fluid line to the patient. Also, as shown in FIG. 4, reusable drive unit 440 may be configured to operate based on power stored in an internal power source (not shown) to control the operation of fluid pump 431. As shown, the charger base 410 can include an electrical connection 412 (also referred to as a reusable driving unit charger) that can be electrically coupled to an electrical connection (not shown) of the reusable driving unit 440 such that AC power can be drawn by the charger base 410 from an AC power source 413, and the charger base 410 can provide DC power to the reusable driving unit 440 via the electrical connection 412 and the electrical connection of the reusable driving unit 440. Thus, the power level of the internal power source of the reusable driving unit 440 can be increased by coupling the reusable driving unit 440 to the electrical connection 412 of the charger base 410 (e.g., via mating electrical contacts). The charger base 410 may also include an electrical connection 411 (also referred to as an external battery charger) that may be electrically coupled to an electrical connection of an external battery (not shown) (such as the external battery 350 shown in FIG. 3 ) such that AC power may be drawn by the charger base 410 from the AC power source 413 and the charger base 410 may provide DC power to the external battery via the electrical connection 411.

[0028] 5 is a schematic diagram of a reusable drive unit 540 (also referred to as a drive assembly), which may be structurally and / or functionally the same as or similar to any of the reusable drive units described herein (e.g., reusable drive unit 140, reusable drive unit 240, reusable drive unit 340, and / or reusable drive unit 440). The reusable drive unit 540 may be formed as a small portable (e.g., handheld) device. The reusable drive unit 540 may include a controller 541, a motor 542, a display 543, a user interface 544, an internal power storage component 545 (also referred to as an internal battery), a mechanical drive connection 548 (also referred to as a drive transmission mechanism), one or more electrical contacts 546 for transmitting power, and one or more electrical contacts 547 for transmitting data.

[0029] The motor 542 may be configured to drive a fluid pump of the disposable tubing assembly, such as any of the fluid pumps described herein (e.g., fluid pump 131, fluid pump 231, fluid pump 331, and / or fluid pump 431). In some embodiments, for example, the motor 542 may drive a fluid pump at a pressure greater than 300 mmHg. The controller 541 may be configured to electronically control a fluid pump coupled to the reusable drive unit 540 and a heating function of a warmer (such as any of the warmers described herein) coupled to the reusable drive unit 540. The mechanical drive connection 548 may be configured to reversibly connect the motor 542 to the fluid pump of the disposable tubing assembly.

[0030] The internal battery 545 may be configured to receive power from an external power source reversibly electrically coupled to the one or more electrical contacts 546 such that a power storage level of the internal battery 545 is increased. In some embodiments, the internal battery 545 and the one or more electrical contacts 546 may be configured to provide power to a warmer reversibly electrically coupled to the one or more electrical contacts 546. The controller 541 may be configured to communicate with the disposable tubing assembly (e.g., a sensor included within a disposable tubing assembly, such as any of the disposable tubing assemblies described herein) via the electrical contacts 547 (e.g., by receiving data via the electrical contacts 547). In some embodiments, the sensor may include, for example, a thermocouple, other temperature sensing device, and / or a pressure sensor configured to detect fluid pressure within the inlet and / or outlet tubing of the disposable tubing assembly. In some embodiments, the user interface 544 may be configured to allow a user to control fluid flow and / or warming parameters (e.g., to allow starting and stopping fluid infusion and adjusting parameters such as flow rate and temperature via controlling the speed of the motor 542 and the operation of the warmer, respectively).

[0031] FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a charger base 610, which may be structurally and / or functionally the same as or similar to any of the charger bases described herein (e.g., charger base 110, charger base 210, charger base 310, and / or charger base 410). As shown in FIG. 6, the charger base 610 includes an AC-DC converter 615, an external battery charger 611, and a reusable driver unit charger 612. The charger base 610 can receive an AC input via electrical connection 613 and provide a DC output via electrical connection 614 (also referred to as a DC output cord). Each of the external battery charger 611 and the reusable driving unit charger 612 can include electrical contacts configured to be reversibly electrically coupled to any of the external power sources and reusable driving units described herein, respectively, for example.

[0032] 7 is a schematic diagram of a disposable tubing assembly 730, which may be structurally and / or functionally the same as or similar to any of the processing tubing assemblies described herein (e.g., disposable tubing assembly 130, disposable tubing assembly 230, disposable tubing assembly 330, and / or disposable tubing assembly 430). The disposable tubing assembly 730 may define a fluid path from a fluid source (e.g., a fluid container containing a fluid), through a fluid pump 731, to a patient. The fluid path may be defined at least in part by tubing 733. The disposable tubing assembly 730 may include, for example, at least one spike 737 coupled to the tubing 733. Each spike 737 may be configured to puncture a fluid container (e.g., containing a fluid such as blood or saline) to create a fluid connection between the spike 737 and the fluid container. The disposable tubing assembly 730 can optionally include at least one fluid warmer 732, which can heat the fluid, for example, by converting electrical energy to thermal energy. The warmer 732 can be structurally and / or functionally the same as or similar to any of the warmers described herein.

[0033] Optionally, the disposable tubing assembly 730 can include an integrated power cord 734 (also referred to as an elongated cable). The integrated power cord 734 can include or form a first electrical connection (e.g., near spike 737) configured to connect to an external power source, such as any of the external power sources described herein (e.g., external battery 350 described above) and / or a DC power cord, such as any of the power cords described herein (e.g., DC power cord 214 described above). The disposable tubing assembly 730 optionally includes a second electrical connection configured to reversibly connect to a reusable drive unit (e.g., reusable drive unit 240 described above or any of the reusable drive units described herein) and a third electrical connection coupled to a warmer 732 included within or coupled to the disposable tubing assembly 730.

[0034] Fluid pump 731 may optionally be configured to pump fluid at a pressure greater than about 300 mmHg (about 6 psi). In some embodiments, the upper limit of the pressure of fluid pumped by fluid pump 731 is about 100 psi. In some embodiments, fluid pump 731 includes at least two syringe bodies. In some embodiments, fluid pump 731 includes at least two one-way check valves to prevent fluid from flowing from the patient and / or fluid pump 731 to spike 737, and to always flow from spike 737 to the patient regardless of the position of fluid pump 731 (e.g., regardless of syringe plunger position and / or direction of movement). In some embodiments, tubing 733 may include approximately constant diameter tubing that couples spike 737 to fluid pump 731 and couples fluid pump 731 to the patient (e.g., via warmer 732). In some embodiments, tubing 733 may include a smooth (e.g., tapered) transition between diameter changes. In some embodiments, the tubing 733 can include at least one section of compliant tubing that can expand under transient pressure spikes (e.g., to minimize hemolysis). Optionally, a distal air filter (not shown) can be included in or coupled to the disposable tubing assembly 730 and disposed between the fluid pump 731 and the patient (e.g., between the warmer 732 and the patient).

[0035] 7, a portion of the length of the power cord 734 is coupled to a portion of the length of the tubing 733 such that the portion of the power cord 734 extends parallel to a portion of the length of the tubing 733. As shown, a portion of the tubing 733 can be fluid inlet tubing, and the power supply cord 734 and the tubing 733 can be coupled together from the fluid pump 731 to a location on each of the power cord 734 and the tubing 733 remote from the fluid pump 731 (e.g., a location near the source of fluid or external power to which the tubing 733 and the power cord 734 are respectively coupled). For example, the power cord 734 and the tubing 733 can be coupled together from the fluid pump 731 to a location more than half or three-quarters of the length of the power cord 734 and / or the tubing 733.

[0036] FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of a charger base 810, which may be structurally and / or functionally the same as or similar to any of the charger bases described herein (e.g., charger base 110, charger base 210, charger base 310, charger base 410, and / or charger base 610). The charger base 810 may be a physical support and an electrical charging station. The charger base 810 may include a power cord 813 and a direct current (DC) output cord 814. In addition, the charger base 810 may include an AC-DC converter (not shown) (e.g., AC-DC converter 615 described above). The power cord 813 may couple the charging base 810 to an AC power source (e.g., an AC wall outlet). The DC output cord 814 may be configured to be coupled to a disposable tubing assembly, such as any of the disposable tubing assemblies described herein (e.g., disposable tubing assembly 730), to provide power to the warmer and / or the reusable drive unit via the disposable tubing assembly.

[0037] The charger base 810 may include a physical dock including a receptacle configured to receive and support the reusable drive unit 840, which may be structurally and / or functionally the same as or similar to any of the reusable drive units described herein. The physical dock may be configured to electrically and mechanically connect the reusable drive unit 840 to the AC-DC converter and / or internal power storage components of the charger base 810 such that the internal power storage components of the reusable drive unit 840 may be charged (e.g., the power storage level of the internal power storage components of the reusable drive unit 840 may be increased). The physical dock may also be configured to mechanically support and electrically connect the external battery 811, which may be structurally and / or functionally the same as or similar to any of the external power sources described herein, to the AC-DC converter and / or internal power storage components of the charger base 810 such that the external battery 811 may be charged (e.g., the power storage level of the external battery 811 may be increased). The external battery 811 may be electrically and mechanically coupled to a disposable tubing assembly, such as the disposable tubing assembly 730, to provide power to the disposable tubing assembly while docked with the charger base 810 and / or after being uncoupled from the charger base 810.

[0038] As discussed above with respect to Figures 2-4, any of the systems described herein may be used in a variety of (e.g., three) different usage scenarios, each having a unique usage configuration. The three exemplary usage scenarios include an AC power-based usage scenario (e.g., for stationary hospital use), a portable power-based (e.g., battery-based) usage scenario (e.g., for portable use inside or outside of a hospital environment, such as while traveling between locations), and an infusion-only, non-warming usage scenario.

[0039] For example, FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of system 900 in a first use configuration (e.g., in a configuration in which AC power can be drawn from an AC power source, such as an AC wall outlet, to power operation of reusable drive unit 940 of system 900, such as in a hospital environment). System 900 can be structurally and / or functionally the same as or similar to any of the systems described herein, such as system 200. For example, system 900 can include a disposable tubing assembly 930, a reusable drive unit 940, and a charger base 910. Disposable tubing assembly 930 can include a fluid pump 931, a warmer 932, and a spike 937 configured to fluidly couple tubing of disposable tubing assembly 930 to a fluid source 920 (e.g., any suitable source of fluid, such as saline, fluids including crystalloids, such as 0.9% sodium chloride, blood, and / or blood products). Disposable tubing assembly 930 also includes a power cord 934. The charger base 910 includes a power cord 913 configured to couple the charging base 910 to an AC power source (e.g., an AC wall outlet) and a DC output cord 914 configured to couple to the power cord 934 of the disposable tubing assembly 930 to provide power to the warmer 932 and / or the reusable drive unit 940 via the disposable tubing assembly 930. The charger base 910 is also configured to be reversibly coupled to an external power source 911 such that the charger base 910 supports and charges the external power source 911.

[0040] In some embodiments, to set up the system 900 in a first use configuration, the disposable tubing assembly 930 may be removed from the sterile packaging. The reusable drive unit 940 may be undocked (e.g., separated from mechanical and electrical engagement with the charger base 910) from the charger base 910. The fluid pump 931 may be coupled to the reusable drive unit 940. The disposable tubing assembly 930 may be fluidly coupled to a fluid source 920 (e.g., fluid or blood bag) via a spike 937, similar to any known IV tubing. Optionally, when multiple bags 920 are coupled to the spike 937, a user may control which bag 920 is opened for flow by opening and closing a clamp associated with each bag 920, similar to any known IV tubing. The power cord 934 may be electrically coupled (e.g., plugged into) a DC power cord 914 connected to an AC-DC converter (e.g., AC-DC converter 615) in the charger base 910, and may provide power to the warmer 932 via the power cord 934. The disposable tubing assembly 930 may be fluidly primed. In some embodiments, the fluid pump 931 may be activated via a user interface (e.g., user interface 544) on the reusable drive unit 940 and fluid (e.g., saline and / or blood) is drawn into the disposable tubing 930. After the disposable tubing assembly 930 is fully primed, the distal end of the disposable tubing assembly 930 may be coupled to the patient's vascular system (e.g., the patient's vascular access port). The user may then initiate and control the infusion and / or warming of the fluid into the patient through interaction with the user interface on the reusable drive unit 940.

[0041] When the fluid (e.g., blood or saline) in one or more of the fluid bags 920 is depleted, the fluid bag may be replaced with a new fluid bag to continue the infusion, similar to any other known IV tubing set. After the infusion operation is completed, the disposable tubing assembly 930 may be uncoupled from the patient, the warmer power cord 934 may be uncoupled from the external battery 911 (e.g., via uncoupling the power cord 934 from the DC power cord 914), and the fluid pump 931 may be uncoupled from the reusable drive unit 940. The entire disposable tubing assembly 930 may then be discarded (e.g., thrown away).

[0042] During operation of the system 900, the fluid pump 931 can draw fluid from the fluid source 920 through a fluid inlet line and into the fluid pump 931. In some embodiments, an optional blood filter (not shown) can be present in or coupled to the fluid inlet line of the disposable tubing assembly 930 to filter the blood product prior to infusion. The fluid pump 931 can drive fluid from the fluid pump 931 through a fluid outlet line, through the warmer 932, and into the patient (e.g., via a vascular access port). In some embodiments, an optional air filter can be present in or coupled to the fluid outlet line (e.g., between the warmer 932 and the patient) to remove small air bubbles present in the disposable tubing assembly 930.

[0043] The charger base 910 can be plugged into an AC power source (e.g., an AC wall outlet). The charger base 910 includes an AC-DC converter (e.g., AC-DC converter 615) that provides DC power to the DC power cord 914 based on power received from the AC power source. In some embodiments, current from the DC power cord 914 can flow through the integrated warmer power cord 934 to the fluid pump 931, from where current can flow to both the warmer 932 (e.g., through another portion of the integrated power cord 934) and the reusable drive unit 940 (e.g., through an electrical connection between the fluid pump 931 and the reusable drive unit 940) to power a motor (e.g., infusion motor 542) and / or charge an internal battery (e.g., internal backup battery 545) housed within the reusable drive unit 940. If the warmer power cord 934 is unplugged from the DC power cord 914, heating will be interrupted, although infusion can continue via power from the internal backup battery of the reusable drive unit 940.

[0044] 10 is a schematic diagram of system 1000 in a second use configuration (e.g., a configuration in which AC power is not drawn during an infusion operation such that system 1000 is portable to a wall outlet). System 1000 may be structurally and / or functionally the same as or similar to any of the systems described herein, such as system 300. For example, system 1000 may include a disposable tubing assembly 1030, a reusable drive unit 1040, and a charger base 1010. Disposable tubing assembly 1030 may include a fluid pump 1031, a warmer 1032, and a spike 1037 configured to fluidly couple the tubing of disposable tubing assembly 1030 to a fluid source 1020 (e.g., any suitable source of fluid, such as saline, fluids including crystalloids such as 0.9% sodium chloride, blood, and / or blood products). Disposable tubing assembly 1030 also includes a power cord 1034. The charger base 1010 includes a power cord 1013 configured to couple the charging base 1010 to an AC power source (e.g., an AC wall outlet) and a DC output cord 1014. The system 1000 also includes an external power source 1050 configured to couple to the power cord 1034 of the disposable tubing assembly 1030 and provide power to the warmer 1032 and / or the reusable drive unit 1040 via the disposable tubing assembly 1030. The charger base 1010 is configured to be reversibly coupled to the external power source 1050 via the DC output cord 1014 to provide charging power to the external power source 1050. In some embodiments, the external power source 1050 can be configured to be coupled to the charger base 1010 for charging and support, such as the power source 911 described above with respect to FIG. 9. In some embodiments, the system 1000 can be the same system as the system 900 being transitioned from a first use configuration to a second use configuration.

[0045] In some embodiments, to set up the system 1000 in a second use configuration, the disposable tubing assembly 1030 may be removed from the sterile packaging. The reusable drive unit 1040 may be undocked from the charger base 1010 (e.g., separated from mechanical and electrical engagement with the charger base 1010). The external power source 1050 may be undocked from the charger base 1010. In some embodiments, the external power source 1050 may optionally be suspended from an IV pole such that the fluid source 1020 and the external power source 1050 are in close proximity to minimize cord management needs. The fluid pump 1031 may be coupled to the reusable drive unit 1040. The disposable tubing assembly 1030 may be fluidly coupled to the fluid source 1020 (e.g., a fluid or blood bag) via a spike 1037, similar to any known IV tubing. Optionally, when multiple bags 1020 are coupled to the spike 1037, a user may control which bag 1020 is opened for flow by opening and closing a clamp associated with each bag 1020, similar to any known IV tubing. The power cord 1034 may be electrically coupled (e.g., plugged into) an external power source 1050 such that power may be provided to the warmer 1032 via the power cord 1034. The disposable tubing assembly 1030 may be fluidly primed. In some embodiments, the fluid pump 1031 may be activated via a user interface (e.g., user interface 544) on the reusable drive unit 1040, and fluid (e.g., saline and / or blood) is drawn into the disposable tubing 1030. After the disposable tubing assembly 1030 is fully primed, a distal end of the disposable tubing assembly 1030 may be coupled to the patient's vascular system (e.g., the patient's vascular access port). The user can then initiate and control patient injection and / or fluid warming through interaction with a user interface on the reusable drive unit 1040.

[0046] When the fluid (e.g., blood or saline) in one or more of the fluid bags 1020 is depleted, the fluid bag may be replaced with a new fluid bag to continue the infusion, similar to any other known IV tubing set. After the infusion operation is completed, the disposable tubing assembly 1030 may be uncoupled from the patient, the warmer power cord 1034 may be uncoupled from the external power source 1050, and the fluid pump 1031 may be uncoupled from the reusable drive unit 1040. The entire disposable tubing assembly 1030 may then be discarded (e.g., thrown away).

[0047] During operation of the system 1000, the fluid pump 1031 can draw fluid from the fluid source 1020 through a fluid inlet line and into the fluid pump 1031. In some embodiments, an optional blood filter (not shown) can be present in or coupled to the fluid inlet line of the disposable tubing assembly 1030 to filter the blood product prior to infusion. The fluid pump 1031 can drive fluid from the fluid pump 1031 through a fluid outlet line, through the warmer 1032, and into the patient (e.g., via a vascular access port). In some embodiments, an optional air filter can be present in or coupled to the fluid outlet line (e.g., between the warmer 1032 and the patient) to remove small air bubbles present in the disposable tubing assembly 1030.

[0048] Current from the external power source 1050 can flow to the fluid pump 1031 via the integrated warmer power cord 1034, from where the current can flow to both the warmer 1032 (e.g., via another portion of the integrated power cord 1034) and the reusable drive unit 1040 (e.g., via an electrical connection between the fluid pump 1031 and the reusable drive unit 1040) to power a motor (e.g., the infusion motor 542) and / or charge an internal battery (e.g., the internal backup battery 545) housed within the reusable drive unit 1040. In some embodiments, current can be provided from the external power source 1050 to the warmer 1032, and the reusable drive unit 1040 can operate to drive the fluid pump 1031 using power from an internal power storage component (e.g., an internal backup battery) of the reusable drive unit 1040. Such a configuration may enable the system 100 to maximize fluid warming by the warmer 1032. In some embodiments, electrical current can be provided from an external power source 1050 to the warmer 1032 and the reusable drive unit 1040 via an electrical connection between the fluid pump 1031 and the reusable drive unit 1040 to simultaneously power the infusion motor and the warmer 1032 (e.g., until the external battery 1050 is depleted). In some embodiments, electrical current can be provided from an external power source 1050 to the warmer 1032 and the reusable drive unit 1040 via an electrical connection between the fluid pump 1031 and the reusable drive unit 1040 to simultaneously power the warmer 1032 and charge an internal power storage component of the reusable drive unit 1040 (e.g., until the external battery 1050 is depleted). If the warmer power cord 1034 is unplugged from the external power source 1050 or if the power storage of the external power source 1050 is depleted, injection may continue via power from an internal power storage component of the reusable drive unit 1040 (e.g., an internal backup battery), but warming may be interrupted.

[0049] 11 is a schematic diagram of system 1100 in a third use configuration (e.g., a configuration in which a warmer is not included). System 1100 may be structurally and / or functionally the same as or similar to any of the systems described herein, such as system 400. For example, system 1100 may include a disposable tubing assembly 1130, a reusable drive unit 1140, and a charger base 1110. Disposable tubing assembly 1130 may include a fluid pump 1131 and a spike 1137 configured to fluidly couple tubing of disposable tubing assembly 1130 to a fluid source 1120 (e.g., any suitable source of fluid, such as saline, fluids including crystalloids such as 0.9% sodium chloride, blood, and / or blood products). Charger base 1110 includes a power cord 1113 configured to couple charging base 1110 to an AC power source (e.g., an AC wall outlet) and a DC output cord 1114. The charger base 1110 is also configured to be reversibly coupled to an external power source 1111 such that the charger base 1110 supports and charges the external power source 1111 .

[0050] In some embodiments, to set up the system 1100 in a third use configuration, the disposable tubing assembly 1130 may be removed from the sterile packaging. The reusable drive unit 1140 may be undocked (e.g., separated from mechanical and electrical engagement with the charger base 1110) from the drive unit receptacle 1112 of the charger base 1110. The fluid pump 1131 may be coupled to the reusable drive unit 1140. The disposable tubing assembly 1130 may be fluidly coupled to a fluid source 1120 (e.g., a fluid or blood bag) via a spike 1137, similar to any known IV tubing. The disposable tubing assembly 1130 may be fluidly primed. In some embodiments, the fluid pump 1131 may be activated (e.g., for a priming and / or injection operation) via a user interface (e.g., user interface 544) on the reusable drive unit 1140, and fluid (e.g., saline and / or blood) is drawn into the disposable tubing 1130. After the disposable tubing assembly 1130 is fully primed, the distal end of the disposable tubing assembly 1130 may be coupled to the patient's vascular system (e.g., the patient's vascular access port). A user can then initiate and control the infusion and / or warming of fluids into the patient through interaction with a user interface on the reusable drive unit 1140.

[0051] When the fluid (e.g., blood or saline) in one or more of the fluid bags 1120 is depleted, the fluid bag may be replaced with a new fluid bag to continue the infusion, similar to any other known IV tubing set. After the infusion operation is completed, the disposable tubing assembly 1130 may be decoupled from the patient, and the fluid pump 1131 may be decoupled from the reusable drive unit 1140. The entire disposable tubing assembly 1130 may then be discarded (e.g., thrown away).

[0052] During operation of the system 1100 (e.g., for infusion to treat sepsis and / or other conditions), the fluid pump 1131 can draw fluid from the fluid source 1120 through a fluid inlet line and into the fluid pump 1131. In some embodiments, an optional blood filter (not shown) may be present in or coupled to the fluid inlet line of the disposable tubing assembly 1130 to filter the blood product prior to infusion. The fluid pump 1131 can drive fluid from the fluid pump 1131 through a fluid outlet line and into the patient (e.g., via a vascular access port). In some embodiments, an optional air filter may be present in or coupled to the fluid outlet line (e.g., between the warmer 1132 and the patient) to remove small air bubbles present in the disposable tubing assembly 1130.

[0053] The charger base 1110 can be plugged into an AC power source (e.g., an AC wall outlet). The charger base 1110 includes an AC-DC converter (e.g., AC-DC converter 615) and can provide DC power to the reusable drive unit 1140 for charging an internal power storage component of the reusable drive unit 1140 when the reusable drive unit 1140 is docked with the charger base 1110. After undocking the reusable drive unit 1140 and coupling the reusable drive unit 1140 to the disposable tubing assembly 1130, the internal power storage component of the reusable drive unit 1140 can provide operating power to drive an infusion motor (e.g., infusion motor 542) of the reusable drive unit 1140.

[0054] In some embodiments, any of the warmers described herein may be structurally and / or functionally the same as or similar to any suitable warmer. For example, in some embodiments, any of the warmers described herein may include an elongated metallic conduit having an inlet for receiving a liquid flow at an initial temperature and an outlet for delivering a liquid flow at a desired temperature. The metallic conduit may be in substantially direct thermal contact with the liquid flow. At least one temperature sensing device may be included associated with the conduit and may be included and configured to generate an output indicative of a temperature of the fluid at at least one location along the conduit. A controller associated with the temperature sensing device may be included and configured to generate an electrical current flowing within at least one length of a wall of the metallic conduit, thereby generating heat within the wall to heat the fluid flowing through the wall to reach a desired temperature at the outlet. Such a heating mechanism may be structurally and / or functionally the same as or similar to any of the heating mechanisms described in, for example, U.S. Patent No. 7,846,130, entitled "Portable Intravenous Fluid Heating System," issued December 7, 2010, which is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.

[0055] In some embodiments, any of the warmers described herein may include multiple groups of interconnected tube sections within a housing that carry the intravenous fluid to be warmed between an input port and an output port. Each of the tube sections may have an outer periphery. The warmer may include multiple flexible heating elements within the multiple tube sections for heating the intravenous fluid therein. Each of the flexible heating elements may be wrapped around, in contact with, and surrounding at least a majority of the peripheral surface of the associated tube section. Such a warming mechanism may be structurally and / or functionally the same as or similar to any of the warming mechanisms described in U.S. Patent No. 6,142,974, entitled "Portable IVFluid Warming System," issued November 7, 2000, which is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.

[0056] In some embodiments, any of the warmers described herein can include a tubular segment having an inner sheath defining a hollow cylinder for carrying an infusion fluid therein, an outer sheath disposed about the inner sheath, and a thermal element positioned between the inner and outer sheaths and configured to convert electrical energy into heat for heating or cooling the infusion fluid carried within the hollow cylinder. Such a warming mechanism can be structurally and / or functionally the same as or similar to any of the warming mechanisms described in U.S. Patent No. 10,780,258, entitled "Thermic Infusion System," issued on September 22, 2020, which is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.

[0057] In some embodiments, any of the warmers described herein can include multiple temperature probes (e.g., thermocouples and / or thermistors) to provide feedback for maintaining a target temperature or temperature range. Any of the warmers described herein (e.g., warmer 132) can be controlled by a controller (e.g., controller 541) included in any of the reusable drive units described herein (e.g., reusable drive unit 140), which monitors the fluid temperature at multiple points in the flow path (e.g., through the disposable tubing assembly) and varies the amount of electrical energy delivered to the warmer accordingly to maintain the target temperature or temperature range.

[0058] A warmer, such as any of the warmers described herein, may be disposed in a number of different locations along any of the disposable tubing assemblies described herein (e.g., near a fluid pump, such as any of the fluid pumps described herein). The location of the warmer may depend on the heating mechanism used, as shown in Figures 12 and 13.

[0059] 12 is a schematic diagram of a system 1200. The system 1200 may be structurally and / or functionally the same as or similar to any of the systems described herein. For example, the system 1200 includes a fluid delivery assembly 1230, a reusable drive unit assembly 1240, and a warmer 1232. The fluid delivery assembly 1230 may include a fluid pump 1231 and be fluidly coupled to a fluid source 1220. As shown in FIG. 12, the warmer 1232 may be disposed between the fluid source 1220 and the fluid pump 1231.

[0060] FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram of a system 1300. The system 1300 may be structurally and / or functionally the same as or similar to any of the systems described herein. For example, the system 1300 includes a fluid delivery assembly 1330, a reusable drive unit assembly 1340, and a warmer 1332. The fluid delivery assembly 1330 may include a fluid pump 1331 and be fluidly coupled to the fluid source 1320. As shown in FIG. 13, the warmer 1332 may be disposed between the fluid pump 1331 and the patient. In some embodiments, the system 1300 may include two warmers, such as a warmer 1232 disposed between the fluid source 1220 and the fluid pump 1331, and a warmer 1332 disposed between the fluid pump 1231 and the patient.

[0061] FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram of a system 1400. The system 1400 may be structurally and / or functionally the same or similar to any of the systems described herein. For example, the system 1400 includes a fluid delivery assembly 1430, a reusable drive unit assembly 1440, and a warmer 1432. The system 1400 also includes an external power source 1450 coupled to the warmer 1432 via a power cord 1434. The fluid delivery assembly 1430 may include a fluid pump 1431 and be fluidly coupled to a fluid source 1420 via a spike 1437. As shown in FIG. 14, the warmer 1432 may be integrated into a common housing with the fluid pump 1431 and disposed between the fluid pump 1431 and the fluid source 1420. The warmer power cord 1434 may optionally be integrated into (i.e., run separately from) the tubing of the disposable tubing assembly 1730 (e.g., upstream of the warmer 1432). The warmer power cord 1434 may include at least a portion coupled to a length of tubing of the disposable tubing assembly 1730 (e.g., from the portion connected to the warmer 1432 to a midpoint of the inlet tubing). The external power source 1450 may be suspended from an IV pole that also supports the fluid source 1420.

[0062] FIG. 15 is a schematic diagram of a system 1500. The system 1500 may be structurally and / or functionally the same or similar to any of the systems described herein. For example, the system 1500 includes a fluid delivery assembly 1530, a reusable drive unit assembly 1540, and a warmer 1532. The system 1500 also includes an external power source 1550 coupled to the warmer 1532 via a power cord 1534. The fluid delivery assembly 1530 may include a fluid pump 1531 and be fluidly coupled to the fluid source 1520 via a spike 1537. As shown in FIG. 15, the warmer 1532 may be integrated into a common housing with the fluid pump 1531 and disposed between the fluid pump 1531 and the patient. In some embodiments, the system 1500 may include two warmers, such as a warmer 1432 disposed between the fluid source 1420 and the fluid pump 1531, and a warmer 1532 disposed between the fluid pump 1431 and the patient.

[0063] 16 is a schematic diagram of a system 1600. The system 1600 may be structurally and / or functionally the same or similar to any of the systems described herein. For example, the system 1600 includes a fluid delivery assembly 1630, a reusable drive unit 1640, a warmer 1632, and a charger base 1610 configured to receive the reusable drive unit 1640 in a receptacle 1612 of the charger base 1610. The system 1600 also includes an external power source 1611. The charger base 1610 includes an AC power cord 1613 and a DC power cord 1614 configured to be coupled to the warmer 1632 via a power cord 1634. The fluid delivery assembly 1630 includes a fluid pump 1631 and may be fluidly coupled to a fluid source 1620 via a spike 1637. 16, the warmer 1632 may be integrated into the tubing of the disposable tubing assembly 1630 (e.g., both upstream and downstream relative to the fluid pump 1631). In some embodiments, a small amount of electrical resistance may be included in the cord 1634, allowing the fluid in the inlet tubing of the disposable tubing assembly 1630 to be pre-warmed before reaching the warmer 1632.

[0064] 17-19 are schematic diagrams of a system 1700. The system 1700 may be structurally and / or functionally the same as or similar to any of the systems described herein. For example, the system 1700 includes a fluid delivery assembly 1730, a reusable drive unit 1740, a warmer 1732, and a charger base 1710 configured to receive the reusable drive unit 1740 in a receptacle 1712 of the charger base 1710. The charger base 1710 includes an AC power cord 1713 and a DC power cord 1714. The system 1700 also includes an external power source 1750 configured to be coupled to the warmer 1732 via a power cord 1751 that is separate from the inlet tubing of the fluid delivery assembly 1730. The external power source 1750 is coupleable and decoupleable from the charging base 1710 (as shown in FIG. 22 ) and may be suspended from a hook on an IV pole and placed on a surface such as a patient bed during operation. The power cord 1751 may be releasably electrically coupled to a plug on the reusable drive unit 1740 and to the external power source 1750 or to the DC power cord 1714. The fluid delivery assembly 1730 includes a fluid pump 1731 and may be fluidly coupled to the fluid source 1720 via a spike 1737. As shown in FIG. 17 , the warmer 1732 may be disposed downstream of the fluid pump 1731 in the disposable tubing assembly 1730. In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 19 , the cord 1751, or another cord similar to and / or in addition to the cord 2251, may electrically couple the warmer 1732 directly to the external power source 1750.

[0065] In some embodiments, a user interface, such as any of the user interfaces described herein (e.g., user interface 544), can include one or more controls that, in combination with a controller of the reusable drive unit, allow a user to at least one of: start a continuous infusion, start a bolus of a predetermined size, set the size of the bolus, start heating, stop heating, and / or electronically transmit data to a hospital or medical facility electronic health record. In some embodiments, a user interface, such as any of the user interfaces described herein (e.g., user interface 544), can include a display (e.g., display 543) that allows a user to view at least one of the following: volume infused, elapsed time of infusion, infusion rate, target volume (i.e., size of the bolus if operating continuously), time to completion of the bolus, heating on / off, heating set point, fluid input temperature, fluid output temperature, battery life, and / or error messages.

[0066] In some embodiments, any of the disposable tubing assemblies described herein can include one or more air detection and / or filter features. For example, FIG. 20 is a schematic diagram of a disposable tubing assembly 1830. The system 1830 can be structurally and / or functionally the same as or similar to any of the disposable tubing assemblies described herein, such as, for example, the disposable tubing system 730. For example, the disposable tubing assembly 1830 includes a fluid pump 1831, a warmer 1832, a fluid spike 1837, and a power cord 1834. The disposable tubing assembly 1830 also includes an air filter 1836 and, optionally, a blood filter 1835. The air filter 1836 can be the same as or similar to any of the air filters shown or described in U.S. Patent No. 10,661,029, entitled "Systems, Apparatus, and Methods for Filtering Air from a Fluid Line," issued May 26, 2020, which is incorporated by reference herein. The air filter 1836 can be disposed upstream of the fluid pump 1831 such that if air or a significant volume of air enters the disposable tubing assembly 1830, the air filter 1836 can act as an occlusion mechanism to stop infusion into the fluid pump 1831 until the air is removed and the mechanism is reset. The blood filter 1835 can filter blood product from the fluid from the fluid source prior to infusion.

[0067] As shown in FIG. 20, the oxygenation unit 1838 may be included within the disposable tubing assembly 1830 downstream from the fluid pump 1831 and the warmer 1832. The oxygenator 1838 may be coupled to the gas generator such that the gas flow 1839 moves in the opposite direction to the fluid flow and along a high surface area semipermeable membrane, allowing oxygen to diffuse into the blood moving through the oxygenation unit 1838 to the patient. Thus, the oxygenation unit 1838 disposed along the fluid pathway between the fluid pump 1831 and the patient allows for the infusion of oxygenated blood to the patient, which may be advantageous in the event of cardiac arrest. Although FIG. 20 shows the oxygenator 1838 included within the disposable tubing assembly 1830, in some embodiments the oxygenator 1838 may be separate from the disposable tubing assembly 1830 and connectable thereto (e.g., via a luer lock connection).

[0068] In some embodiments, any of the disposable tubing assemblies described herein may include or be coupled to an ultrasonic air detection sensor. For example, air bubbles in the fluid lines of any of the disposable tubing systems described herein may be detected via ultrasonic detection. The sensor, which includes an ultrasonic transducer, may generate a signal at regular intervals and listen for a reflected signal returning to the sensor. If an air bubble is present, the signal will not return within a predetermined time window, indicating that an air bubble is present in the tubing in front of the sensor. If this occurs, the system may generate an alarm and / or activate a clamp to occlude the fluid path and stop any flow to the patient.

[0069] In some embodiments, any of the disposable tubing assemblies described herein may include or be coupled to an electrical resistance sensing sensor. For example, air bubbles in the fluid lines of any of the disposable tubing systems described herein may be detected via electrical resistance. Two electrodes may be present within a length of tubing and isolated from each other, except for any saline, blood, or other liquid present within the tubing. A small current may be passed between the two electrodes and the resistance of the circuit is measured. If an air bubble is present between the electrodes, the resistance will change and be detected by the sensor. If this occurs, the system may generate an alarm and / or activate a clamp to occlude the fluid path and stop any flow to the patient.

[0070] In some embodiments, any of the disposable tubing assemblies described herein may include or be coupled to a downstream air filter. The air filter may include a hydrophobic membrane. Small air bubbles may be filtered from the disposable tubing assembly by passing in close proximity to the hydrophobic membrane, allowing air to be expelled from the tubing. Fluid may travel through the filter after passing through a fluid pump of the disposable tubing assembly.

[0071] In some embodiments, any of the disposable tubing assemblies described herein may include or be coupled to an upstream air filter. The air filter may include a hydrophobic membrane. Small air bubbles may be filtered from the disposable tubing assembly by passing in close proximity to the hydrophobic membrane, allowing air to be expelled from the tubing. Fluid may travel through the filter before passing through the fluid pump of the disposable tubing assembly.

[0072] In some embodiments, any of the reusable drive units described herein, such as reusable drive unit 140, can be a mechanically powered reusable or disposable drive unit configured to operate a fluid pump, such as fluid pump 131. Rather than electricity being used to power the fluid pump, a user may provide energy to the fluid pump via a lever, crank, or similar mechanical mechanism. For example, reusable drive unit 140 can be structurally and / or functionally the same as or similar to any of the infusion devices described in U.S. Patent No. 10,016,564, entitled "Apparatus and Kits for Fluid Infusion," issued July 10, 2018, which is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.

[0073] In some embodiments, any of the systems described herein can include a temperature sensor at the outlet of the disposable tubing assembly (e.g., disposable tubing assembly 130) that communicates the outlet temperature of the fluid downstream of a warmer, such as any of the warmers described herein, back to a reusable drive unit (e.g., reusable drive unit 140) and can trigger adjustments in flow rate through the fluid pump of the disposable tubing assembly as necessary to maintain the target temperature. Communication between the reusable drive unit and the warmer and / or sensors associated with the warmer can also enable the warmer to respond quickly to changes in flow rate to maintain the target temperature and avoid overshooting or undershooting the temperature as the flow rate changes. When the controller (e.g., controller 541) detects that the warmer is generating maximum power and the fluid temperature is below the desired set point, the controller can reduce the fluid pump speed and reduce the flow of cold fluid through the warmer. If there are multiple temperature readings throughout the length of the warmer, the reduction in fluid flow can occur quickly enough so that the fluid exiting the warmer remains above the set point. Conversely, if the user stops or slows down the fluid pump, the controller may reduce the power sent to the warmer regardless of the temperature sensor readings. As the fluid flow slows, excess heat may begin to build up in the fluid, and by actively reducing the flow of energy, the risk of the blood or fluid exceeding the desired set point may be reduced.

[0074] In an embodiment involving a mechanically powered drive unit, communication between the fluid pump and the warmer can provide one-way communication from the fluid pump or drive unit to the warmer. This provides the controller with the flow rate of fluid exiting the fluid pump to allow the controller to adjust the warming energy appropriately. When the fluid pump begins pumping or increases pumping rate, the controller can begin to increase the energy delivered to the warmer above that indicated by a temperature sensor in the warmer. When the flow rate from the fluid pump decreases or stops, the controller can begin to decrease the energy delivered to the warmer above that indicated by a temperature sensor in the warmer.

[0075] In some embodiments, one or more pressure sensors may be included in any of the systems described herein to provide information regarding the status of the proximal (towards the fluid source) and distal (towards the patient) fluid paths. For example, a clear increase in pressure in the distal tubing may indicate an occlusion in the fluid path towards the patient and may be communicated back to the reusable drive unit (e.g., reusable drive unit 140) to stop the infusion and alert the user of the problem. The pressure sensor may also be used to determine if a vacuum / negative pressure develops in the proximal tubing. This would indicate either that the air filter (e.g., air filter 1836) ball is occluding the tubing, the clamp is stuck on, or the fluid bag is empty, and would also trigger an error message to the user.

[0076] In some embodiments, a reusable drive unit, such as any of the reusable drive units described herein, can be handheld. In some embodiments, the reusable drive unit can include a grip and / or a trigger. In some embodiments, a reusable drive unit, such as any of the reusable drive units described herein, can be non-handheld and can be designed to rest on a patient bed and / or be affixed to an IV pole. For example, FIGS. 21 and 22 are schematic diagrams of a system 1900. FIG. 21 shows the system 1900, which is a portable injector system, in an unattached configuration. FIG. 22 shows the system 1900 attached to an IV pole. The system 1900 includes a disposable tubing assembly 1930, a charger base 1910, a reusable drive unit 1940, an external power source 1950, and a fluid source 1920. The reusable drive unit 1940 includes a user interface 1944. The disposable tubing assembly 1930 includes a fluid pump 1931 and a warmer 1932. The charger base 1910 includes an AC power cord 1913. In the configuration shown in FIG. 22, the external power source 1950 is detachable from the drive unit 1940, and the charger base 1910 contains an AC-DC converter (e.g., AC-DC converter 615) that will charge the external power source 1950 through the drive unit 1940.

[0077] Some high-speed injectors are limited in the amount of pressure they can generate (e.g., limited to 300 mmHg) due to the type of mechanism they use to generate pressure (external pressurization of an IV bag, peristaltic pump). Some injectors may be capable of rapidly delivering fluids and blood through large bore IV access or large bore central venous catheters or other venous access (e.g., 12-16 gauge) (greater than 1000 mL / min), but with maximum pressures (e.g., maximum pressures of 300 mmHg), there is a dramatic reduction in flow rate through peripheral IVs. Portable high-speed injectors, such as the portable high-speed injectors described herein, can utilize syringe-based pumps that allow higher pressures to be generated and thus high flow rates through both large bore IV access and small bore peripheral IV access (e.g., having a gauge range of 18-24 gauge). By utilizing two syringes operating 180° out of phase from each other, a substantially continuous flow of fluid can be generated by allowing one syringe to deliver fluid to the patient while the other syringe is filling with fluid. Single syringe pumps require periods of zero flow between syringe ejections while the syringe is filling with fluid, resulting in a highly pulsatile pressure profile. The ability of the dual syringe pump to deliver a substantially continuous flow allows a lower maximum pressure to be maintained at the IV site compared to a single syringe pump under the same conditions. This reduced pressure minimizes damage to the blood product, potential injury to the patient, stress on the IV tubing, and the instantaneous energy requirements of the injector.

[0078] For example, FIG. 23 shows a graph 2000 illustrating an exemplary comparison of two pressure profiles over time. A first pressure profile 2002 is associated with a single syringe injector and a second pressure profile 2004 is associated with a dual syringe injector, such as any of the systems or devices disclosed herein. For comparison purposes, the single syringe injector and the dual syringe injector can be operated to deliver fluid through the same diameter catheter or tubing, such as, for example, a 20G catheter, and can deliver fluid at a pressure sufficient to result in the same overall fluid flow (e.g., 250 mL / min). As shown, the first pressure profile 2002 associated with fluid delivered from the single syringe injector is highly pulsatile, while the second pressure profile 2004 associated with fluid delivered from the dual syringe injector is substantially continuous (and substantially non-pulsatile) and produces the same or similar overall fluid delivery rate, albeit with a lower maximum pressure, as compared to the single syringe injector. Rather than including sharp pressure peaks associated with momentary fluid flow spikes as shown in the first pressure profile 2002, the second pressure profile 2004 includes plateau pressure portions with short pressure valleys between the plateau pressure portions, resulting in a substantially continuous flow rate from the dual syringe injector. The short pressure valleys included in the second pressure profile 2004 may be associated with transition periods between the first syringe transitioning from a delivery state to a retracting or filling state and the second syringe transitioning from a retracting or filling state to a delivery state, or vice versa. Thus, the first syringe of the dual syringe injector may be operated to deliver approximately the same amount of fluid at a lower pressure over approximately the same duration as the delivery and refill strokes of the syringes of the single syringe injector.Rather than the pressure and flow rate in the output fluid line being reduced while the first syringe is being refilled as in a single syringe injector, the second syringe of the dual syringe injector can be operated to deliver fluid at the same lower pressure as the fluid delivered from the first syringe (for approximately the same duration as the delivery and refill strokes of the syringes of the single syringe injector) while the first syringe of the dual syringe injector is being refilled.

[0079] In some embodiments, the system can include a fluid delivery assembly and a drive assembly. The fluid delivery assembly is configured to be releasably mechanically and optionally electrically coupled to the drive assembly. When the fluid delivery assembly is releasably coupled to the drive assembly, the drive assembly can control the delivery of fluid from the fluid delivery assembly (e.g., to a patient). For example, the drive assembly can be releasably coupled to the fluid delivery assembly to control the delivery of fluid from the fluid delivery assembly to provide a continuous (e.g., non-pulsatile) fluid flow from the fluid delivery assembly.

[0080] In some embodiments, the portable high speed injector is configured to be handheld, allowing for easy transport of the injector during and between uses, and also provides user control of the injection process by allowing the user to control the injection rate via a variable speed controller, In some embodiments, a display on the injector gives the user real-time feedback of the volume of fluid delivered, allowing the user to better treat the patient.

[0081] 24 is a schematic diagram of a system 2100 (also referred to as an injection mechanism, injector, high-speed injector, or dual reservoir injector). The system 2100 can include a fluid delivery assembly 2130 (also referred to as a disposable tubing assembly or a disposable cartridge assembly) and a drive assembly 2140 (also referred to as a reusable drive unit). The fluid delivery assembly 2130 is configured to be releasably mechanically, and optionally electrically, coupled to the drive assembly 2140. When the fluid delivery assembly 2130 is releasably coupled to the drive assembly 2140, the drive assembly 2140 can control the delivery of fluid from the fluid delivery assembly 2130 (e.g., to a patient P). For example, the drive assembly 2140 can be releasably coupled to the fluid delivery assembly 2130 to control the delivery of fluid from the fluid delivery assembly 2130 to provide a continuous (e.g., non-pulsatile) fluid flow from the fluid delivery assembly 2130. Drive assembly 2140 may be structurally and / or functionally the same as or similar to any of the drive assemblies described herein. Fluid delivery assembly 2130 may be structurally and / or functionally the same as or similar to any of the fluid delivery assemblies described herein, such as system 100.

[0082] The fluid delivery assembly 2130 can be configured to be fluidly coupled to the fluid source 2120 via a fluid line 2133A (e.g., tubing) such that fluid can be drawn from the fluid source 2120. The fluid source 2120 can include one or more fluid containers (e.g., fluid bags) containing, for example, saline or blood. In some embodiments, the fluid source 2120 can be included within the fluid delivery assembly 2130 and / or the system 2100. The fluid delivery assembly 2130 can also include a fluid line 2133B (e.g., tubing) that can be coupled to the patient P such that fluid can be released by the fluid delivery assembly 2130 to the patient.

[0083] The fluid delivery assembly 2130 includes a drive mechanism 2160 and a fluid pump including one or more pistons 2162, a first reservoir 2164, and a second reservoir 2166. The drive mechanism 2160 is configured to control the translation of the one or more pistons 2162 such that while fluid is being drawn into one of the first reservoir 2164 or the second reservoir 2166, the other reservoir expels fluid, and vice versa. Thus, the drive mechanism 2160 can control the translation of the one or more pistons 2162 to generate a substantially continuous flow from the fluid line 2133B. The flow may be substantially non-pulsatile.

[0084] The fluid delivery assembly 2130 may include a set of one-way check valves such that fluid may be drawn from the fluid source 2120 into the first reservoir 2164 and the second reservoir 2166, but may not be expelled from the first reservoir 2164 or the second reservoir 2166 towards the fluid source 2120 via the fluid line 2133A, and such that fluid may be expelled from the first reservoir 2164 and the second reservoir 2166 via the fluid line 2133B to the patient P, but may not be drawn from the fluid line 2133B into the first reservoir 2164 or the second reservoir 2166. Additionally, the check valves may be oriented relative to the first reservoir 2164 and the second reservoir 2166 such that fluid is prevented from being drawn from the first reservoir 2164 into the second reservoir 2166 and vice versa. For example, the fluid delivery assembly 2130 may include four one-way check valves, a first check valve disposed along the fluid path from the fluid source 2120 to the first reservoir 2164 (e.g., between the fluid line 2133A and the first reservoir 2164), a second check valve disposed along the fluid path from the fluid source 2120 to the second reservoir 2166 (e.g., between the fluid line 2133A and the second reservoir 2166), a third check valve disposed along the fluid path from the first reservoir 2164 to the patient P (e.g., between the first reservoir 2164 and the fluid line 2133B), and a fourth check valve disposed along the fluid path from the second reservoir 2166 to the patient P (e.g., between the second reservoir 2166 and the fluid line 2133B). The check valves can be passive valves that do not require an external input or control, and thus fluid flow can be passively controlled and fluid can only flow in one direction through each check valve, regardless of the position or translational direction of each of the one or more pistons 2162.

[0085] In some embodiments, the drive mechanism 2160 can be operable to translate a first one of the pistons 2162 to draw fluid from the fluid source 2120 into the first reservoir 2164 via fluid line 2133A and simultaneously translate a second one of the pistons 2162 to expel fluid from the second reservoir 2166 to the patient via fluid line 2133B. The drive mechanism 2160 can also reverse the translation of the first and second pistons of the pistons 2162 to simultaneously draw fluid from the fluid source 2120 into the second reservoir 2166 via fluid line 2133A and expel fluid from the first reservoir 2164 to the patient via fluid line 2133B. For example, in some embodiments, the first reservoir 2164 can be defined by a first syringe and the second reservoir 2166 can be defined by a second syringe. The first syringe can include a first plunger coupled to a first piston, and the second syringe can include a second plunger coupled to a second piston. The drive mechanism 2160 can be configured to interact with (e.g., directly engage or engage with an engaged intermediate transmission component) the first and second plungers to control the translational movement of the first and second plungers, and thus the first and second pistons, to draw fluid into and expel fluid from the first and second reservoirs 2164 and 2166, respectively, and vice versa.

[0086] In some embodiments, the drive mechanism 2160 can include a drive shaft interface, one or more gears (e.g., pinion gears), one or more racks (e.g., rack gears), and / or one or more drive shafts. For example, in some embodiments, the plungers of the first and second syringes can each include or be coupled to a rack gear drivable by a pinion gear. In some embodiments, the fluid delivery assembly 2130 can include a pinion gear coupled to the rack gear of the first syringe and coupled to the rack gear of the second syringe (e.g., disposed between the two rack gears), which can be configured to be rotated (e.g., clockwise and counterclockwise) to drive one of the rack gears in a first direction and drive the second rack gear in a second direction opposite the first direction. The pinion gear can define a drive shaft interface configured to receive a drive shaft (e.g., of the drive assembly 2140) such that rotation of the drive shaft causes rotation of the pinion gear. In some embodiments, the fluid delivery assembly 2130 can include two pinion gears, each coupled to one of two rack gears such that the rack gears can be driven (e.g., forward and rearward) by the respective pinion gear. In some embodiments, as described below, rather than including a drive mechanism 2160 (e.g., pinion gears) within the fluid delivery assembly 2130, the drive mechanism 2160 (e.g., pinion gears) can be included within the drive assembly 2140 and engageable with the rack gears when the fluid delivery assembly 2130 is appropriately coupled to the drive assembly 2140.

[0087] In some embodiments, the first reservoir 2164 and the second reservoir 2166 may be defined by the same container (e.g., a tube), and the fluid delivery assembly 2130 may include only one piston 2162 that defines the boundaries of the first reservoir 2164 and the second reservoir 2166. The drive mechanism 2160 may be operable to translate the piston 2162 to draw fluid from the fluid source 2120 into the first reservoir 2164 via fluid line 2133A while simultaneously expelling fluid from the second reservoir 2166 to the patient via fluid line 2133B, and to translate the piston 2162 in the opposite direction while simultaneously drawing fluid from the fluid source 2120 into the second reservoir 2166 via fluid line 2133A while simultaneously expelling fluid from the first reservoir 2164 to the patient via fluid line 2133B. In some embodiments, rather than only one piston 2162 disposed within a container defining the first reservoir 2164 and the second reservoir 2166, the fluid delivery assembly 2130 can include two pistons within a container coupled together (e.g., via a drive mechanism). In some embodiments, for example, the drive mechanism 2160 can include one or more magnets that can be disposed within the piston 2162 or between the two pistons 2162 within the container such that translation of the one or more pistons 2162 can be controlled via magnetic interaction with one or more magnets of the drive mechanism 2160.

[0088] The drive assembly 2140 includes a controller 2141, a motor 2142, and a drive transmission mechanism 2148. The controller 2141 is operably coupled to the motor 2142 and configured to control the motor 2142 to control movement of the drive transmission mechanism 2148. The drive assembly 2140 can also include a display 2143, a user interface 2144, and a power source 2145. The display 2143 can display information about the pumping operation, such as the amount of fluid delivered and / or the pressure of the delivered fluid. The user interface 2144 can enable a user to control the flow of fluid (e.g., starting and stopping fluid injection and adjusting parameters such as flow rate). The power source 2145 can include, for example, a battery. In some embodiments, the user can set the amount of fluid to be delivered (e.g., via the user interface 2144) as a predetermined injection volume and does not need to continually engage with the system 2100 for it to continue delivering fluid (e.g., the user can set the drive assembly 2140 and fluid delivery assembly 2130 down and walk away). In some embodiments, the user interface 2144 can include a button or trigger that is pressure responsive, such that further pressing of the user interface 2144 increases the injection rate. In some embodiments, the injection rate can be preset and does not change regardless of pressure applied to the button or trigger of the user interface 2144.

[0089] The drive transfer mechanism 2148 may be configured to engage (e.g., mechanically or magnetically) with the drive mechanism 2160 (e.g., when the fluid delivery assembly 2130 is coupled to the drive assembly 2140) to control the drive mechanism 2160 (and thus the translation of the piston 2162) under the control of the motor 2142. The drive transfer mechanism 2148 may include, for example, one or more drive shafts, one or more gears, and / or reciprocating magnets. In some embodiments, the drive transfer mechanism 2148 may include or be coupled to strain gauges, torsional load cells, and / or other force sensing mechanisms (e.g., disposed on one or more shafts, such as one or more drive shafts) such that the controller can identify an increase in resistance to rotation (as described in more detail below with respect to FIGS. 34A-34D ). In some embodiments, a drive shaft of the drive transmission mechanism 2148 protrudes from a surface of the drive assembly 2140 and is configured to be engaged with a pinion of the drive mechanism 2160 of the fluid delivery assembly 2130 (e.g., received within a drive shaft receptacle (e.g., an opening) of the pinion such that rotation of the drive shaft by the motor 2142 causes rotation of the pinion). The controller 2141 can control the motor 2142 to alternately rotate the drive shaft in a first direction and in a second direction opposite the first direction (e.g., by the motor 2142 spinning in a first direction and then in the second direction under the control of the controller 2141). In some embodiments, the drive transmission mechanism includes one or more pinion gears that protrude from a surface of the drive assembly 2140 and are configured to engage with gears (e.g., rack gears) associated with the first reservoir 2164 and the second reservoir 2166, respectively, so that the motor 2142 can control the movement of the rack gears via the pinion gears of the drive transmission mechanism 2148 to control fluid delivery of the fluid delivery assembly 2130.The controller 2141 can control the motor 2142 such that the motor 2142 alternates between rotating one or more pinion gears in a first direction and a second direction opposite the first direction (e.g., by the motor 2142 being operatively coupled to the one or more pinion gears, such as via a drive shaft, and spinning first in a first direction and then in a second direction under the control of the controller 2141). In some embodiments, the drive transmission mechanism 2148 includes an interrupted bevel gear and two driven gears that are coupleable to the interrupted bevel gear and mounted on a drive shaft of the drive transmission mechanism 2148. The interrupted bevel gear can have teeth disposed on only a portion of its circumference (e.g., less than half of its circumference) such that the teeth of the interrupted bevel gear are always engaged with only one of the two driven gears. The motor 2142 can operate to rotate the interrupted bevel gear in one direction, and the teeth of the interrupted bevel gear can alternately contact each of the two driven gears such that the drive shaft of the drive transfer mechanism 2148 is rotated alternately in a first direction and a second direction depending on which driven gear is engaged with the teeth of the interrupted bevel gear. When the drive shaft is coupled or engaged to the drive mechanism 2160 (e.g., coupled or engaged to a pinion of the drive mechanism 2160), a plunger coupled to the drive mechanism 2160 (e.g., via a rack gear) can be translated continuously in alternating directions. In embodiments in which the piston 2162 includes or is coupled to one or more magnets such that the piston can be translationally biased via magnetic interaction, the drive transmission mechanism 2148 can include one or more magnets configured to be reciprocated along a path of travel by the motor 2142 and configured such that when the drive assembly 2140 and the fluid delivery assembly 2130 are coupled, the piston is translated under the control of the one or more magnets of the drive transmission mechanism 2148.

[0090] 24, the fluid delivery assembly 2130 can include a retention feature or feature 2137 and the drive assembly 2140 can include a complementary retention feature or feature 2147. The retention feature 2137 and the retention feature 2147 can be configured to engage with one another to ensure that the fluid delivery assembly 2130 and the drive assembly 2140 are maintained in a coupled orientation relative to one another (e.g., to prevent accidental uncoupling) until the fluid delivery procedure is completed. The retention feature 2137 and the retention feature 2147 can include, for example, mechanical latches and complementary detents, one or more magnetic connections, or any other suitable coupling mechanism. In some embodiments, the retention feature 2137 and / or the retention feature 2147 can include or function as an alignment feature to ensure proper alignment between the fluid delivery assembly 2130 and the drive assembly 2140 for the fluid delivery procedure. In some embodiments, the system 2100 can include separate alignment features (not shown) configured to facilitate, encourage, and / or maintain proper alignment between the fluid delivery assembly 2130 and the drive assembly 2140. In some embodiments, the retention features 2137, 2147 and / or alignment features can include posts and receiving holes for the posts, protrusions and one or more receiving grooves for the protrusions, protrusions that capture a portion of the other assembly between the protrusions, or any other suitable feature that prevents rotation of the fluid delivery assembly 2130 relative to the drive assembly 2140 when the drive transfer mechanism 2148 is providing torque to the drive mechanism 2160.

[0091] In some embodiments, the fluid delivery assembly 2130 may be coupled to a warmer 2132 (also referred to as a warmer assembly) via fluid line 2133B such that fluid delivered from the fluid delivery assembly 2130 may be warmed to a temperature above a threshold temperature or within a threshold temperature range prior to and / or for delivery to the patient. In some embodiments, the warmer 2132 may include a heating element and a heat exchanger. In some embodiments, the warmer 2132 may include tubing (e.g., disposable tubing) that may be coupled to an end of the fluid line 2133B such that fluid may flow from the fluid line 2133B into the tubing of the warmer 2132 and away from the heating element and / or heat exchanger of the warmer through the tubing of the warmer 2132 towards or to the patient. In some embodiments, the fluid line 2133B may be coupled or engaged to the warmer 2132 such that fluid traveling through the fluid line 2133B may be heated by the warmer 2132 while in the fluid line 2133B before reaching the patient. In some embodiments, the warmer 2132 may include a power source, which may be, for example, a rechargeable battery. In some embodiments, in addition to or as an alternative to a power source, the warmer 2132 may be configured to receive operating power for the power source and / or charging power via an electrical connection from the drive assembly 2140, the fluid delivery assembly 2130, and / or an AC power source, such as a wall outlet. In some embodiments, the system 2100 does not include the warmer 2132. In some embodiments, any of the systems described herein may include or be coupled to a warmer, such as the warmer 2132. In some embodiments, the warmer 2132 may be disposed within the fluid delivery assembly 2130.

[0092] Optionally, the fluid delivery assembly 2130 can include electrical contacts 2136 and the drive assembly 2140 can include electrical contacts 2146 configured to align with the electrical contacts 2136 when the drive assembly 2140 and the fluid delivery assembly 2130 are coupled. The electrical contacts 2136, 2146 can include, for example, pogo pins and plates, pins configured to be received in a receptacle, and / or two metal plates configured to directly contact each other with or without a spring force. In some embodiments, the fluid delivery assembly 2130 can be configured to provide operating power and / or charging power to the drive assembly 2140 via the electrical contacts 2136 and 2146. For example, the fluid delivery assembly 2130 can be configured to be coupled to the power source 2150 via the electrical connection 2134A such that power can be drawn from the power source 2150 via the electrical connection 2134A and delivered to the drive assembly 2140 via the electrical contacts 2136 and 2146. The power source 2150 may include, for example, an AC power source (e.g., a wall outlet) and / or an external battery. Additionally, in some embodiments, data may be transferred between the fluid delivery assembly 2130 and the drive assembly 2140 via the electrical contacts 2136 and the electrical contacts 2146, e.g., identification information may be received by the drive assembly 2140 and used to determine a motor speed, e.g., based on a pumping parameter associated with the identification information. In some embodiments, the power source 2150 may be configured to be coupled to the drive assembly 2140 and configured to provide operating power and / or charging power to the drive assembly 2140. For example, the power source 2150 may be coupled to the drive assembly 2140 (e.g., the electrical contacts 2146 and / or the power source 2145) via the electrical connection 2134B. In some embodiments, the power source 2150 may be configured to be coupled to the warmer 2132 via an electrical connection (not shown) and / or via the drive assembly 2140 and / or the fluid delivery assembly 2130. The electrical connections described herein can be any suitable electrical coupling, such as electrical contacts, wires, or power cords.In some embodiments, the power source 2150 can include a charger base configured to be electrically and mechanically coupled to the fluid delivery assembly 2130, the drive assembly 2140, and / or the warmer 2132 such that charging power and / or operating power can be provided to the drive assembly 2140 and / or the warmer 2132. The charger base can be coupled to an AC power source (e.g., a wall outlet) to increase the stored power level of the power source included in the charger base via an electrical connection (e.g., a plug). The charger base can also include electrical contacts and / or electrical connections, such as elongated wires or plugs, configured to electrically couple the power source included within the charger base with the drive assembly 2140 and / or the warmer 2132 to provide power from the power source to the drive assembly 2140 and / or the warmer 2132 (e.g., during and / or before use of the system 2100).

[0093] In use, the fluid delivery assembly 2130 can be coupled to the drive assembly 2140 such that the drive transmission mechanism 2148 and the drive mechanism 2160 are operably coupled. In some embodiments, the fluid delivery assembly 2130 can be coupled to the drive assembly 2140 such that the electrical contacts 2136 are aligned with the electrical contacts 2146 and / or the retention mechanism 2137 is engaged with the retention mechanism 2147. The fluid line 2133A can be fluidly coupled to the fluid source 2120 (e.g., via an IV tubing spike, etc.) and can be fluidly coupled to one or more of a plurality of blood filters and / or chambers disposed along the fluid source 2120 and the fluid line 2133A. The fluid line 2133B can be fluidly coupled to a patient (e.g., the patient's vasculature) such as via a luer lock connector attached to the patient's IV access. The drive assembly 2140 can then initiate operation of the motor 2142 (under control of the user via the user interface 2144), such that the piston 2162 is translated by the drive mechanism 2160 under control of the drive transmission mechanism 2148 to alternately dispense fluid from the first reservoir 2164 and the second reservoir 2166 while alternately drawing fluid into each of the second reservoir 2166 and the first reservoir 2164. In some embodiments, some or all of the components of the system 2100 may be included in a kit, such as a kit including a box or bag and including any suitable number of fluid (e.g., blood or saline) bags and components of the system 2100 or a subset of components.

[0094] FIG. 25 is a schematic diagram of system 2200. System 2200 may be structurally and / or functionally the same as or similar to any of the systems described herein, such as system 22100. For example, system 2200 includes a fluid delivery assembly 2230 and a drive assembly 2240, which may be structurally and / or functionally the same as or similar to any of the fluid delivery assemblies and drive assemblies described herein, respectively. FIG. 25 shows a user U (e.g., a medical professional) holding a grip portion of drive assembly 2240. Fluid delivery assembly 2230 is coupled to a fluid source 2220 suspended from an IV pole 2221 via fluid line 2233A. Although fluid source 2220 is shown to include two fluid bags, in some embodiments, fluid source 2220 may include any suitable number or type of fluid containers. Fluid delivery assembly 2230 is fluidly coupled to a fluid line 2233B through which fluid may be delivered from fluid delivery assembly 2230.

[0095] 25, the fluid delivery assembly 2230 may be coupled to a warmer 2232 (also referred to as a warmer assembly) via fluid line 2233B such that fluid delivered from the fluid delivery assembly 2230 may be warmed to a temperature above a threshold temperature or within a threshold temperature range prior to and / or for delivery to a patient. The warmer 2232 may be structurally and / or functionally the same as or similar to any of the warmers described herein, such as the warmer 22132. In some embodiments, the warmer 2232 may include a heating element and a heat exchanger. In some embodiments, the warmer 2232 may include tubing (e.g., disposable tubing) that may be coupled to an end of the fluid line 2233B such that fluid may flow from the fluid line 2233B into the tubing of the warmer 2232 and away from the heating element and / or heat exchanger of the warmer through the tubing of the warmer 2232 toward or to the patient. In some embodiments, the fluid line 2233B may be coupled or engaged to the warmer 2232 such that fluid traveling through the fluid line 2233B may be heated by the warmer 2232 while in the fluid line 2233B before reaching the patient. As shown in FIG. 25, the warmer 2232 may include a power source 2232A, which may be, for example, a rechargeable battery. In some embodiments, in addition to or as an alternative to the power source 2232A, the warmer 2232 may be configured to receive operating power and / or charging power for the power source 2232A via an electrical connection from the power source 2250, which may include the drive assembly 2240, the fluid delivery assembly 2230, an AC power source such as a wall outlet, and / or a charger base 2210 (described below). In some embodiments, the system 2200 does not include a warmer 2232.

[0096] The power source 2250 may be structurally and / or functionally the same as or similar to any of the power sources described herein. The power source 2250 may include a charger base 2210 configured to be electrically and mechanically coupled to the fluid delivery assembly 2230, the drive assembly 2240, and / or the warmer 2232 such that charging power and / or operating power may be provided to the drive assembly 2240 and / or the warmer 2232. The charger base 2210 may be coupled to an AC power source (e.g., a wall outlet) to increase the stored power level of a power source (e.g., a rechargeable battery) included in the charger base 2210 via an electrical connection 2213 (e.g., a plug). The charger base 2210 may also include electrical contacts and / or electrical connections 2214 (e.g., elongated wires or plugs) configured to electrically couple a power source contained within the charger base 2210 with the drive assembly 2240 and / or the warmer 2232 to provide power from the power source to the drive assembly 2240 and / or the warmer 2232 (e.g., during and / or prior to use of the system 2200). In some embodiments, the charger base 2210 may define a recess configured to receive a portion of the drive assembly 2240 for holding and / or charging the drive assembly 2240 during use. In some embodiments, the charger base 2210 may be mounted on an IV pole 2221, as shown in FIG.

[0097] 26A-D are various views of the fluid delivery assembly 2330 at various stages of operation. Specifically, FIG. 26A is a perspective view of the fluid delivery assembly 2330 in a first configuration, and FIGS. 26B and 26D are perspective and bottom views, respectively, of the fluid delivery assembly 2330 in a second configuration. FIG. 26C is a perspective view of the fluid delivery assembly 2330 in a third configuration. FIG. 26A shows the fluid delivery assembly 2330 having a housing 2370, while in FIGS. 26B-D, the housing 2370 is not shown. The fluid delivery assembly 2330 may be structurally and / or functionally the same as or similar to any of the fluid delivery assemblies described herein, such as the fluid delivery assembly 2130. For example, the fluid delivery assembly 2330 includes a drive mechanism 2360 and a fluid pump including a first piston 2362A, a second piston 2362B, a first reservoir 2364, and a second reservoir 2366.

[0098] The fluid delivery assembly 2330 also includes a fluid inlet 2373A and a fluid outlet 2373B that are configured so that fluid can be drawn into the first and second reservoirs 2364, 2366 from a fluid source (e.g., fluid source 2120) via fluid inlet 2373A (e.g., via a fluid line fluidly coupling the fluid source to fluid inlet 2373A, such as fluid line 2133A) and dispensed to a patient via fluid outlet 2373B (e.g., via a fluid line fluidly coupled to fluid outlet 2373B, such as fluid line 2133B). The fluid inlet 2373A can be coupled to each of the first and second reservoirs 2364, 2366 via any suitable lumen or passageway (e.g., via tubing defining a lumen or passageway). For example, as shown in FIG. 26A, the fluid outlet 2373B may be formed at an end of the outlet passage 2373C that is fluidly coupled to a first end of the first fluid passage 2373D and a first end of the second fluid passage 2373E. A second end of the first fluid passage 2373D may be coupled to an inlet of the first reservoir 2364, and a second end of the second fluid passage 2373E may be coupled to an inlet of the second reservoir 2366. The fluid inlet 2373A may be formed at an end (upstream) of the inlet passage 2373F that is fluidly coupled to the third fluid passage 2373G and the fourth fluid passage 2373H. The third fluid passage 2373G may be coupled to the first fluid passage 2373D, and the fourth fluid passage 2373H may be coupled to the second fluid passage 2373E.

[0099] Although not shown, a set of passive check valves may be disposed (e.g., in the above-mentioned passages) relative to the fluid inlet 2373A and fluid outlet 2373B to control the direction of fluid flow to the fluid source and the patient. For example, a check valve may be disposed in the inlet passage 2373F such that fluid may flow from the fluid inlet 2373A into the first reservoir 2364 (through the end of the third fluid passage 2373G and the first fluid passage 2373D) and into the second reservoir 2366 (through the end of the fourth fluid passage 2373H and the second fluid passage 2373E), but fluid may not flow from the first reservoir 2364 and the second reservoir 2366 out of the fluid inlet 2373A. Alternatively or additionally, check valves may be disposed in the third fluid passage 2373G and the fourth fluid passage 2373H to prevent fluid flow into the inlet passage 2373F. For example, check valves may be disposed in the third fluid passage 2373G and the fourth fluid passage 2373H. Check valves may be disposed in the outlet passage 2373C and / or the first and second fluid passages 2373D and 2373E downstream of the junction with the third and fourth fluid passages 2373G and 2373H to prevent fluid from being drawn from the fluid outlet 2373B into the first and second reservoirs 2364 and 2366.

[0100] 26A, the first reservoir 2364, the second reservoir 2366, the first piston 2362A, the second piston 2362B, and at least a portion of the drive mechanism 2360 may be disposed within a common housing 2370. Additionally, as shown in FIG. 26A, the fluid inlet 2373A and the fluid outlet 2373B may be contained within or defined by the housing 2370 along with passages fluidly coupling the fluid inlet 2373A and the fluid outlet 2373B to the first reservoir 2364 and the second reservoir 2366. In some embodiments, although not shown, the fluid inlet 2373A, the fluid outlet 2373B, and associated passages may be disposed outside the housing 2370 and coupled to the housing 2370 and / or the first reservoir 2364 and the second reservoir 2366. 26A, the housing 2370 may include retention and / or alignment features, such as first and second protruding flanges 2372A, 2372B (also referred to as "fins") protruding from a lower surface of the housing 2370 such that the housing 2370 defines a space between the first and second protruding flanges 2372A, 2372B that is configured to receive a portion of the drive assembly. The first and second protruding flanges 2372A, 2372B may retain the drive assembly between the first and second protruding flanges 2372A, 2372B such that the housing 2370 does not rotate relative to the drive assembly when a pinion gear 2365 (described below) of the fluid delivery assembly 2330 is rotated under control of the drive assembly. The first protruding flange 2372A may be disposed parallel to the second protruding flange 2372B. As shown, in some embodiments, the first protruding flange 2372A and the second protruding flange 2372B can each extend from a first end to a second end of the housing 2370. In some embodiments, the first protruding flange 2372A and the second protruding flange 2372B can extend only a portion of the distance between the first end and the second end of the housing 2370. In some embodiments, the first protruding flange 2372A and the second protruding flange 2372B can each include separate flange portions.

[0101] The drive mechanism 2360 includes a single pinion gear 2365, a first rack gear 2363A, a first plunger 2367A, a second rack gear 2363B, and a second plunger 2367B. The first plunger 2367A is configured to translate the first piston 2362A within the first reservoir 2364, and the second plunger 2367B is configured to translate the second piston 2362B within the second reservoir 2366. The first plunger 2367A is coupled to the first rack gear 2363A and the second plunger 2367B is coupled to the second rack gear 2363B such that movement of the first rack gear 2363A causes corresponding movement of the first plunger 2367A and movement of the second plunger 2367B causes corresponding movement of the second plunger 2367B. For example, as shown in FIG. 26A, the first plunger 2367A can be coupled to the first rack gear 2363A via a proximal end connector 2368A and the second plunger 2367B can be coupled to the second rack gear 2363B via a proximal end connector 2368B. In some embodiments, one or both of the first plunger 2367A and the second plunger 2367B may be coupled to any portion of the first rack gear 2363A and the second rack gear 2363B, respectively, that does not interfere with the engagement between the pinion gear 2365 and the teeth (e.g., the top surfaces) of the first rack gear 2363A and the second rack gear 2363B.

[0102] The teeth of the first rack gear 2363A and the second rack gear 2363B are disposed such that the teeth of the first rack gear 2363A face the teeth of the second rack gear 2363B. The pinion gear 2365 is disposed between the first rack gear 2363A and the second rack gear 2363B such that the pinion gear 2365 is engaged with the teeth of each of the first rack gear 2363A and the second rack gear 2363B and can simultaneously translate each of the first rack gear 2363A and the second rack gear 2363B along parallel translation paths. Thus, the pinion gear 2365 can drive the first plunger 2367A and the second plunger 2367B through engagement with the first rack gear 2363A and the second rack gear 2363B, respectively. The pinion gear 2365 can be rotated in a first direction (e.g., counterclockwise when viewed from the bottom as shown in FIG. 26D) to drive the first rack gear 2363A in a first direction (e.g., proximally) and drive the second rack gear 2363B in a second direction opposite the first direction (e.g., distally), such that the first piston 2362A is pulled proximally to draw fluid into the first reservoir 2364 and simultaneously the second piston 2362B is pushed distally to expel fluid from the second reservoir 2366. The pinion gear 2365 can be rotated in a second direction (e.g., clockwise when viewed from the bottom) to drive the second rack gear 2363B in a first direction (e.g., proximally) and the first rack gear 2363A in a second direction (e.g., distally) such that the second piston 2362B is pulled proximally to draw fluid into the second reservoir 2366 and simultaneously the first piston 2362A is pushed distally to expel fluid from the first reservoir 2364. Thus, while one of the first reservoir 2364 and the second reservoir 2366 is filling, the other of the first reservoir 2364 and the second reservoir 2366 can be expelling, and vice versa.

[0103] For example, in Figure 26C, the fluid delivery assembly 2330 is in a configuration (referred to above as the third configuration) in which the first plunger 2367A and the second plunger 2367B are arranged such that the first reservoir 2364 is at a maximum volume and the second reservoir 2366 is at a minimum volume. In Figures 26B and 26D, the fluid delivery assembly 2330 is in a second configuration in which the first plunger 2367A and the second plunger 2367B are arranged such that the first reservoir 2364 is at a minimum volume and the second reservoir 2366 is at a maximum volume. FIG. 26A shows the fluid delivery assembly 2330 in a configuration (referred to above as the first configuration) in which the first plunger 2367A and the second plunger 2367 are between the ends of their respective translational paths, the first reservoir 2364 and the second reservoir 2366 are between their minimum and maximum volumes, and the first reservoir 2364 is closer to its maximum volume and the second reservoir 2366 is closer to its minimum volume.

[0104] The pinion gear 2365 can be transitioned (e.g., under the control of a drive assembly, such as the drive assembly 2140) between rotation in a first direction and rotation in a second direction at intervals such that the pinion gear 2365 transitions rotational direction when each of the first plunger 2367A and the second plunger 2367B reach the opposite end of their respective strokes. The pinion gear 2365 defines an opening 2365A configured to receive a drive shaft configured to rotate the pinion gear 2365 in the first and second directions. For example, the opening can have an outer periphery shaped to receive a drive shaft having a complementary shape or a shape configured to engage teeth protruding into the opening such that the pinion gear 2365 does not rotate relative to the drive shaft when the drive shaft is disposed in the opening.

[0105] 27A and 27B are top and perspective views of a front portion of a fluid delivery assembly 2430. The fluid delivery assembly 2430 may be structurally and / or functionally the same as or similar to any of the fluid delivery assemblies described herein, such as the fluid delivery assembly 330 described above with respect to FIGS. 26A-26D. For example, the fluid delivery assembly 2430 includes a housing 2470, a first reservoir 2464, a second reservoir 2466, a first piston 2462A, and a second piston 2462B. The housing 2470 may include retention and / or alignment features, such as a first protruding flange 2472A and a second protruding flange 2472B that protrude from a lower surface of the housing 2470. Additionally, the fluid delivery assembly 2430 includes a fluid inlet 2473A and a fluid outlet 2473B configured to allow fluid to be drawn into the first and second reservoirs 2464 and 2466 from a fluid source (e.g., fluid source 2120) via fluid inlet 2473A (e.g., via a fluid line fluidly coupling the fluid source to the fluid inlet 2473A, such as fluid line 2133A) and dispensed to the patient via fluid outlet 2473B (e.g., via a fluid line fluidly coupled to the fluid outlet 2473B, such as fluid line 2133B). The fluid outlet 2473B may be formed at an end of an outlet passageway 2473C that is fluidly coupled to a first end of a first fluid passageway 2473D (also referred to as a fluid path or fluid line) and a first end of a second fluid passageway 2473E (also referred to as a fluid path or fluid line). A second end of the first fluid passage 2473D may be coupled to an inlet of the first reservoir 2464, and a second end of the second fluid passage 2473E may be coupled to an inlet of the second reservoir 2466. The fluid inlet 2473B may be formed at an end of the inlet passage 2473F that is fluidly coupled to a third fluid passage 2473G (also referred to as a fluid path or fluid line) and a fourth fluid passage 2473H (also referred to as a fluid path or fluid line). The third fluid passage 2473G may be coupled to the first fluid passage 2473D, and the fourth fluid passage 2473H may be coupled to the second fluid passage 2473E.

[0106] 27A and 27B include schematic boxes representing the location of one-way check valves 2435A, 2435B, 2435C, 2435D along the fluid flow paths for the first and second reservoirs 2464. The embodiment shown in Figures 27A and 27B includes four one-way check valves, with a first check valve 2435A disposed along fluid path 2473G between fluid inlet 2473A and first reservoir 2464 (e.g., between fluid line 2473F and first reservoir 2464) and a third check valve 2435C disposed along fluid path 2473H between fluid inlet 2473A and second reservoir 2466 (e.g., between fluid line 2473F and second reservoir 2466). The first check valve 2435A functions to allow fluid to flow past the first check valve 2435A through the fluid line 2473G towards the first reservoir 2464 and into the first reservoir 2464, but does not allow fluid to flow from the first reservoir 2464 back through the first check valve 2435A to the fluid inlet 2473A and back into the fluid line 2473G. The third check valve 2435C functions to allow fluid to flow past the third check valve 2435C through the fluid line 2473H towards the second reservoir 2466 and into the second reservoir 2466, but does not allow fluid to flow from the second reservoir 2466 back through the third check valve 2435C to the fluid inlet 2473A and back into the fluid line 2473H. A second check valve 2435B is disposed along the flow path 2473D, and a fourth check valve 2435D is disposed along the flow path 2473E. The second check valve 2435B allows fluid to flow out of the first reservoir 2464 through the fluid outlet 2473B, but prevents fluid from moving from the fluid outlet 2473B or from the second reservoir 2466 to the first reservoir 2464. The fourth check valve 2435D allows fluid to flow out of the second reservoir 2464 through the fluid outlet 2473B, but prevents fluid from moving from the fluid outlet 2473B or from the first reservoir 2464 to the second reservoir 2466. In some embodiments, the check valves 2435A-2435D can function passively and can include flapper valves, ball valves, or other suitable one-way check valves.

[0107] 28A and 28B are perspective and side views of a drive assembly 2540 (also referred to as a portable high-speed injector or injector), with a housing 2590 of the drive assembly 2540 shown as transparent in FIG. 28B. The system 2540 may be structurally and / or functionally the same as or similar to any of the drive assemblies described herein, such as the drive assembly 2140 described above. For example, the drive assembly 2540 includes a controller 2541, a motor 2542, and a drive transmission mechanism 2548 (also referred to as a drive shaft). The motor 2542 is configured to provide mechanical power to rotate the drive transmission mechanism 2548. The controller 2541 is operably coupled to the motor 2542 and configured to control the motor 2542 to control the movement (e.g., rotational direction and speed) of the drive transmission mechanism 2548. The drive assembly 2540 can also include a display 2543 and a power source 2545 (e.g., a battery) configured to provide operating power to other components of the drive assembly 2540 (e.g., the motor 2542, the controller 2541, and the display 2543). The display 2543 can display information about the pumping operation, such as a total amount of fluid delivered updated in real time and / or a pressure of the fluid delivered in real time. The drive assembly 2540 can include one or more user interface features, such as a control 2549 (e.g., a button or dial) and user interface buttons 2544 (e.g., disposed on a surface of the housing 2590 that includes the display 2543). The user interface features can allow a user to control the flow of fluid (e.g., starting and stopping fluid injection and adjusting parameters such as flow rate).

[0108] The drive assembly 2540 is configured to be handheld and portable, allowing the drive assembly 2540 to be easily transported during and between uses. As shown in FIG. 28A , the housing 2590 of the drive assembly 2540 can include a grip portion 2592 extending away from the fluid delivery assembly engagement portion 2594, allowing a user to grip the grip portion 2592 during use of the drive assembly 2540. The control mechanism 2549 can be disposed on a distal portion of the grip portion 2592 such that the user's index finger can rest on the control mechanism 2549 when the user is gripping the grip portion 2592. In some embodiments, a user can initiate operation of the motor 2552 to initiate fluid injection via engagement with the control mechanism 2549 (e.g., via pressing the control mechanism 2549) and can stop operation of the motor 2552 to stop fluid injection via disengagement from the control mechanism 2549 (e.g., via releasing the control mechanism 2549). In some embodiments, the control mechanism 2549 may be a variable speed control mechanism 2549 such that the speed of the motor 2552, and thus the speed of the drive shaft 2548 and the speed of the fluid injection may depend on the amount of engagement between the user's finger and the variable speed control mechanism 2549 (e.g., based on the amount of applied pressure and / or distance the control mechanism 2549 is pressed relative to an initial position). In some embodiments, the user interface button 2544 may be used to set and / or change the rate of the fluid injection, and the control mechanism 2549 may be used to start and stop the fluid injection. Although not shown, in some embodiments, the user interface button 2544 may be accessible by the user's thumb while the user holds the grip portion 2592 and has their index finger in contact with the control mechanism 2549.

[0109] The drive shaft 2548 is operably coupled to the motor 2542 and projects upwardly from an upper surface of the fluid delivery assembly engagement portion 2594 such that the drive shaft 2548 can be engaged with (e.g., received by) a drive mechanism of the fluid delivery assembly, such as by any of the drive mechanisms described herein. For example, the drive shaft 2548 can have any suitable shape such that the drive shaft 2548 can be coupled to (e.g., inserted into an opening of) a pinion gear, such as the pinion gear 2365 described above with respect to the drive mechanism 2360, such that rotation of the drive shaft 2548 rotates under the control of the motor 2542. For example, the drive shaft 2548 can include ribs, teeth, or any suitable non-circular shape (e.g., octagonal, hexagonal, square) such that the drive shaft 2548 can be disposed within an opening of the pinion gear and rotate the pinion gear. Thus, a fluid delivery assembly such as any of the fluid delivery assemblies described herein (e.g., fluid delivery assembly 2130 or fluid delivery assembly 330) may be coupled to the drive assembly 2540 by vertically translating the fluid delivery assembly 2530 to engage an upper surface of the fluid delivery assembly engagement portion 2594 such that the drive shaft 2548 is inserted into an opening in the pinion gear of the fluid delivery assembly to operably couple the motor 2542 to the drive mechanism of the fluid delivery assembly. With the drive shaft 2548 coupled to the drive mechanism of the fluid delivery assembly, the drive assembly 2540 may control the translation of one or more pistons (e.g., first piston 2362A and second piston 2362B) of the fluid delivery assembly relative to a reservoir of the fluid delivery assembly. In some embodiments, the drive assembly 2540 may be formed with minimal crevices in which fluid and / or debris may be trapped such that the drive assembly 2540 is easily cleanable. For example, the exterior surface of the drive assembly 2540 (eg, the housing 2590) may include only flat and / or rounded surfaces and may be devoid of sharp corners.

[0110] The drive assembly 2540 may also include electrical contacts 2546 that are electrically coupled to the controller 2541 and enable the drive assembly 2540 to interface with electrical contacts of a fluid delivery assembly, such as any of the fluid delivery assemblies described herein (e.g., fluid delivery assembly 2130). The electrical contacts 2546 may be located, for example, on a top surface of the fluid delivery assembly engaging portion 2594 such that when the fluid delivery assembly is coupled to the drive assembly 2540, the electrical contacts of the fluid delivery assembly align and contact the electrical contacts 2546. The electrical contacts 2546 enable data and / or power to be transmitted between the drive assembly 2540 and the fluid delivery assembly. The electrical contacts 2546 may include, for example, a pogo pin configured to contact a plate of the fluid delivery device, a plate configured to contact a pogo pin of the fluid delivery device, a pin configured to be received in a receptacle of the fluid delivery device, a receptacle configured to receive a pin of the fluid delivery device, and / or a metal plate configured to directly contact a metal plate of the fluid delivery device with or without a spring force.

[0111] 29A and 29B are side views of fluid delivery system 2600 (also referred to as an injection mechanism) in a first configuration and a second configuration, respectively. FIG. 29C is a perspective view of fluid delivery system 2600 in the second configuration. Fluid delivery system 2600 may be structurally and / or functionally the same as or similar to any of the fluid delivery systems described herein. For example, the fluid delivery system includes a fluid delivery assembly 2630 and a drive assembly 2640. Fluid delivery assembly 2630 may be structurally and / or functionally the same as or similar to fluid delivery assembly 2330, and drive assembly 2640 may be structurally and / or functionally the same as or similar to drive assembly 2540. For example, the fluid delivery assembly 2630 includes a housing 2670, a fluid inlet 2673A, a fluid outlet 2673B, a first reservoir 2646, a second reservoir 2666, a first piston 2662A, a second piston 2662B, a first plunger 2667A, and a second plunger 2667B. The housing 2670 includes a first protruding flange 2672A and a second protruding flange 2672B (also referred to as "fins") that may be structurally and / or functionally the same or similar to any of the protruding flanges described herein. The fluid delivery assembly 2630 also includes an electrical contact 2636. The drive assembly 2640 includes a housing 2690 (including a grip portion 2692 and a fluid delivery assembly engagement portion 2694), a controller 2641, a motor 2642, a drive transmission mechanism 2648 (also referred to as a drive shaft), a display 2643, and a power source 2645. The drive assembly 2640 also includes one or more user interface features, such as a control mechanism 2649 (e.g., a button or dial) and a user interface button 2644 (e.g., disposed on a surface of the housing 2690 that includes the display 2643). The drive assembly 2640 also includes electrical contacts 2646.

[0112] FIG. 29A shows the fluid delivery system 2600 in a first configuration with the fluid delivery assembly 2630 disengaged from the drive assembly 2640, and FIGS. 29B and 29C show the fluid delivery system 2600 in a second configuration with the fluid delivery system 2630 coupled to the drive assembly 2640. The fluid delivery assembly 2630 (also referred to as a disposable tubing assembly or a disposable cartridge assembly) can be easily coupled to, disengaged from and separated from the drive assembly 2640 (also referred to as a reusable drive unit) by a user. Prior to use of the system 2600 to deliver a fluid injection, the fluid delivery assembly 2630 can be releasably coupled to the drive assembly 2640. FIG. 29A shows the system before being coupled. FIG. 29B shows the system after the drive assembly 2640 and the fluid delivery assembly 2630 have been coupled. The coupling of the drive assembly 2640 and the fluid delivery assembly 2630 includes one or more of the following connections: an upper portion of the fluid delivery assembly engagement portion 2694 of the drive assembly 2640 is received within a space defined between the first protruding flange 2672A and the second protruding flange 2672B such that an upper portion of the drive assembly 2640 including the drive transmission mechanism 2648 is enclosed and the housing 2670 is prevented from rotating relative to the drive assembly 2640; a retention mechanism (not shown) on the drive assembly 2640 can be mechanically and releasably coupled to a retention mechanism (e.g., a mechanical latch mechanism) on the fluid delivery assembly 2630; the drive transmission mechanism 2648 of the drive assembly 2640 mechanically couples to the pinion 2665 of the drive mechanism 2660 of the fluid delivery assembly 2630; and an electrical contact 2646 of the drive assembly 2640 electrically connects to the electrical contact 2636 of the fluid delivery assembly 2630. In some embodiments, as shown in FIGS. 29A and 29B, the system 2600 is configured such that unidirectional movement of the fluid delivery assembly 2630 relative to the drive assembly 2640 causes the drive shaft 2648 to couple to the pinion 2665 and the electrical contacts 2646 to couple to the electrical contacts 2636 (e.g., simultaneously or near simultaneously).For example, the fluid delivery assembly 2630 can be translated downward from the position shown in FIG. 29A into contact with the drive assembly 2640, as shown in FIG. 29B, such that the fluid delivery assembly 2630 is mechanically and electrically coupled to the drive assembly 2640.

[0113] 30A-30C are various views of the drive mechanism 2660 of the disposable tubing assembly 2630 and the drive transfer mechanism 2648 of the drive assembly 2640. FIG. 30A is a perspective view of a cross section of the drive transfer mechanism 2648 engaged with and disposed within the aperture 2665A of the pinion 2665. FIG. 30B is a perspective view of a portion of the drive transfer mechanism 2648 extending from a top surface of the drive assembly 2640. FIG. 30C is a top view of a portion of the drive mechanism 2660 of the disposable tubing assembly 2630 mated with the drive transfer mechanism 2648. In some embodiments, as shown, the pinion gear 2665 can define a drive transfer mechanism interface that defines an aperture 2665A configured to receive the drive transfer mechanism 2648 such that rotation of the drive transfer mechanism 2648 causes rotation of the pinion gear 2665. In some embodiments, the cross section of the drive transfer mechanism 2648 is defined by a spline having a plurality of teeth. The drive transfer mechanism interface of the pinion 2665 includes a similarly shaped splined cross section. The splined shape allows the drive transfer mechanism 2648 and the pinion 2665 to couple in multiple relative angular orientations. As shown in FIGS. 30A and 30C, the drive transfer mechanism 2648 can be fitted through the center of the pinion 2665. As shown in FIG. 30B, the drive transfer mechanism 2648 can be shaped to include a lead-in portion 2648A (e.g., a tapered or beveled end portion) to aid (e.g., bias) proper alignment between the drive transfer mechanism 2648 and the pinion 2665 during their coupling.

[0114] In some embodiments, rather than the pinion of the drive mechanism of the fluid delivery assembly being keyed, the pinion may be keyed such that the drive shaft of the drive assembly can mate with the pinion at various relative rotational positions. For example, FIG. 31 is a top view of a drive transmission mechanism 2748 and a keyed pinion 2765. The drive transmission mechanism 2748 and the pinion 2765 may be structurally and / or functionally the same or similar to any of the drive transmission mechanisms and pinions described herein, respectively. The drive transmission mechanism 2748 may be included in any of the drive assemblies described herein, and the pinion 2765 may be included in any of the fluid delivery assemblies described herein. The drive transmission mechanism 2748 and the pinion 2765 may only mate in a single relative angular orientation, rather than multiple relative angular orientations as in the non-keyed interface shown in FIG. 31, the drive transfer mechanism 2748 can have a keyed portion (also referred to as a key) that projects beyond an adjacent sidewall portion of the drive transfer mechanism 2748 in a direction away from a central axis of the drive transfer mechanism 2748, and the pinion 2765 can define an opening 2765A having a single keyway for receiving the key of the drive transfer mechanism 2748. The drive transfer mechanism 2748 and the pinion 2765 mate only in a single angular orientation in which the key of the drive transfer mechanism 2748 is aligned with the keyway of the pinion 2765. In some embodiments, the keyed drive transfer mechanism 2748 can include or be coupled to a spring loaded component that allows a portion of the drive transfer mechanism 2748 to be recessed until the keyed portions of the drive transfer mechanism 2748 and the pinion 2765 are aligned. For example, in some embodiments, the keyed portion of the drive transfer mechanism 2748 can be transitioned to a recessed position such that the key portion does not project beyond an adjacent sidewall portion of the drive transfer mechanism 2748. The spring may be configured to bias the keyed portion towards the protruding configuration.Thus, a disposable tubing assembly including pinion 2765 may be coupled to a drive assembly including drive transmission mechanism 2748 with the pinion 2765 and drive transmission mechanism 2748 out of keyed alignment, and the keyed portion of the drive transmission mechanism 2748 may be biased into a retracted position by an inner wall of the pinion 2765. The drive transmission mechanism 2748 may be free to rotate relative to the pinion 2765 while the spring is depressed until the keyways are rotated into alignment (i.e., the keyed portion of the drive transmission mechanism 2748 is rotated into alignment with the keyways of the pinion 2765). Once aligned, the spring force advances the keyed portion of the drive transmission mechanism 2748 so that it engages the keyways of the pinion 2765, allowing them to rotate together. In some embodiments, the drive transfer mechanism 2748 is configured to be biased by a spring to a fully extended position against the top surface of the drive assembly 2740, and if the drive transfer mechanism 2748 is forced out of alignment with the keyway against the pinion 2765, the drive transfer mechanism 2748 can bias the spring away from its neutral configuration. The drive transfer mechanism 2748 can be free to rotate relative to the pinion 2765 until a key portion of the drive transfer mechanism 2748 is aligned with a keyway of the pinion 2765, at which point the spring can bias the drive transfer mechanism 2748 axially into keyed engagement with the pinion 2765 so that they rotate together.

[0115] In some embodiments, the mechanical coupling between the drive assembly and the fluid delivery assembly can include a double pinion mechanism. For example, FIGS. 32A, 32B, and 32C are various views of a system 2800 including a drive assembly 2840 including a drive transmission mechanism 2848 including a gear 2848A (e.g., attached to a drive shaft of the drive transmission mechanism 2848) and a fluid delivery assembly 2830 including a pinion 2865. The gear 2848A and the pinion 2865 can be coupled to form a double pinion mechanism such that the drive assembly 2840 can control the drive mechanism 2860 of the fluid delivery assembly 2830 including the pinion 2865. The system 2800 can be structurally and / or functionally the same or similar to any of the other systems described herein. For example, the drive assembly 2840 can include a display 2843, a control mechanism 2849, a user interface button 2844, and electrical contacts 2846.

[0116] FIG. 32A is a perspective view of the system 2800 showing the drive assembly 2840 and the fluid delivery assembly 2830 in an uncoupled configuration (e.g., prior to use). FIG. 32B is a perspective view of the drive assembly 2840 and the fluid delivery assembly 2830 in a coupled configuration such that the drive assembly 2840 can be operated to initiate and control fluid delivery by the fluid delivery assembly 2130. FIG. 32C is a perspective view of a cross section of a portion of the system 2800 through the gear 2848A and the pinion 2865, illustrating the double pinion mechanism formed when the drive transfer mechanism 2848 and the pinion 2865 are coupled together. As shown, in some embodiments, the pinion 2865 can be non-concentrically mated with the drive transfer mechanism 2848 on the drive assembly 2840. As shown in FIG. 32A, the gear 2848A can be formed as a spur gear. When the fluid delivery assembly 2830 is coupled to the drive assembly 2840, as shown in FIGS. 32B and 32C, the teeth on the drive transfer mechanism 2848 (e.g., the teeth of the gear 2848A) mesh with the teeth of the pinion 2865. A lead-in on a top of the drive transfer mechanism 2848 (e.g., on a top of the gear 2848A that includes a top of the teeth of the gear 2848) may be included to aid in proper mating between the drive transfer mechanism 2848 and the pinion 2865. As shown in FIG. 32C, the teeth on the drive transfer mechanism 2848 engage with the teeth on the pinion 2865 such that rotation of the gear 2848A causes rotation of the pinion 2865 in the opposite direction when the fluid delivery assembly 2130 is coupled to the drive assembly 2840. As shown, the pinion 2865 is engaged with the first rack gear 2848A and the second rack gear 2863B of the drive mechanism 2860 such that rotation of the gear 2863A causes translation of the first rack gear 2863A and the second rack gear 2863B via rotation of the pinion 2865.

[0117] In some embodiments, the drive transmission mechanism of the drive assembly can be formed as a pinion and configured to directly engage a rack gear of the drive mechanism of the fluid delivery assembly. For example, FIG. 33A is a perspective view of a system 2900 including a drive assembly 2940 and a fluid delivery assembly 2930 in an uncoupled configuration. The system 2900 can be structurally and / or functionally the same as or similar to any of the systems described herein. For example, the drive assembly 2940 can include a drive transmission mechanism 2948, a display 2943, a control mechanism 2949, a user interface button 2944, and electrical contacts 2946. The fluid delivery assembly 2930 may include a drive mechanism 2960 including a first rack gear 2963A and a second rack gear 2963B coupled to a fluid pump including a first plunger 2967A and a second plunger 2967B, respectively, via any suitable coupling, such that translation of the first rack gear 2963A causes translation of the first plunger 2967A and translation of the second rack gear 2963B causes translation of the second plunger 2967B.

[0118] When the fluid delivery assembly 2930 is coupled to the drive assembly 2940 (e.g., via vertical displacement of the fluid delivery assembly 2930 relative to a top surface of the drive assembly 2940), the teeth on the pinion 2948A of the drive transfer mechanism 2948 can mesh with the teeth on the first rack gear 2963A and the second rack gear 2963B, as shown in FIG. 33B. For example, a set of teeth on a first portion of an outer periphery of the pinion 2948A can engage with the teeth on the first rack gear 2963A, and teeth on a second portion of an outer periphery of the pinion 2948A opposite the first portion can engage with the teeth on the second rack gear 2963B. A lead-in on a top of the drive transfer mechanism 2948 (e.g., disposed above and / or including a top of the teeth of the drive transfer mechanism 2948) can be included to aid in proper engagement between the drive transfer mechanism 2948 and the rack gears 2963A, 2963B. 33C shows a bottom view of the rack gears 2963A, 2963B. As shown, the rack gears 2963A, 2963B can also include lead-ins to aid in the engagement between the teeth on the drive transfer mechanism 2948 and the teeth on the rack gears 2963A, 2963B. The rack gears 2963A, 2963B can be arranged parallel and a sufficient distance apart for the pinion 2948A to be received between the first rack gear 2963A and the second rack gear 2963B, such that rotation of the pinion 2948A in a first direction translates the first rack gear 2963A in a first direction and translates the second rack gear 2963B in a second direction opposite the first direction, and rotation of the pinion 2948A in the second direction translates the first rack gear 2963A in the second direction and translates the second rack gear 2963B in the first direction.

[0119] In some embodiments, the drive assembly can include two pinions configured to be engaged with respective rack gears of the fluid delivery assembly. For example, FIGS. 34A-D are various views of a system 3000 having a drive assembly 3040 and a fluid delivery assembly 3030. The system 3000 can be structurally and / or functionally the same as or similar to any of the systems described herein. For example, the drive assembly 3040 includes a drive transmission mechanism 3048 including a first pinion 3048A and a second pinion 3048B, a display 3043, and a control mechanism 3049. The fluid delivery assembly 3030 can include a fluid pump including a first reservoir 3064, a second reservoir 3066, a first piston 3062A, and a second piston 3062B, and a drive mechanism 3060 including a first rack gear 3063A and a second rack gear 3063B that can be coupled or formed to a first plunger 3067A and a second plunger 3067B, respectively, such that translation of the first rack gear 3063A causes translation of the first piston 3062A relative to the first reservoir 3066, and translation of the second rack gear 3063B causes translation of the second piston 3062B relative to the second reservoir 3064. In some embodiments, the first plunger 3067A and the second plunger 3067B can be included within the fluid pump of the fluid delivery assembly 3030.

[0120] The first pinion 3048A and the second pinion 3048B of the drive transmission mechanism 3048 are configured to be engaged with the first rack gear 3063A and the second rack gear 3063B such that the first pinion 3048A and the second pinion 3048B can drive the first piston 3062A and the second piston 3062B, respectively. In some embodiments, the first pinion 3048A and the second pinion 3048B are coaxial. In some embodiments, the first pinion 3048A and the second pinion 3048B can be independently controllable (e.g., by a controller and / or a motor of the drive assembly 3040). In some embodiments, the first pinion 3048A and the second pinion 3048B are configured to rotate in opposite directions and alternate rotation directions.

[0121] 34C, when the fluid delivery assembly 3030 is coupled to the drive assembly 3040, the teeth on the second rack gear 3063B mesh with the teeth on the second pinion 3048B of the drive assembly 3040, and the teeth on the first rack gear 3063A mesh with the teeth on the first pinion 3048A. The first and second pinions 3048A and 3048B can then be rotated in opposite directions to translate the first and second rack gears 3063A and 3063B, and thus the first and second pistons 3063A and 3063B, in opposite directions.

[0122] The drive transmission mechanism 3048 may include one or more shafts coupled to each of the first and second pinions 3048A, 3048B and configured to drive the first and second pinions 3048A, 3048B. Although not shown in FIGS. 34A-34D , in some embodiments, strain gauges, torsion load cells, or other force sensing mechanisms may be disposed on the shafts driving the first and second pinions 3048A, B. The force sensing mechanisms may enable a controller of the drive assembly 3040 to identify an increase in resistance to rotation of the first or second pinions 3048A, B and determine whether the increased resistance to movement was the result of increased force in outlet tubing coupled to a fluid outlet of the fluid delivery assembly 3030 or increased force or resistance in inlet tubing coupled to a fluid inlet of the fluid delivery assembly 3030. If the force sensing mechanism associated with (e.g., coupled to) the first pinion 3048 registered a large force, for example, when the first reservoir 3064 was increasing in size (e.g., when the first pinion 3048A was rotating in a first direction), this would indicate that there was a large resistance in the inlet tubing. This increased force could be, for example, as a result of an empty fluid bag (e.g., an empty blood bag), the first piston 3062A attempting to pull a vacuum from the empty fluid bag into the first reservoir 3064, a clamp closing on the inlet tubing preventing fluid flow, or other similar conditions. Upon determining high resistance associated with the inlet tubing line (e.g., resistance above a threshold or a change in resistance above a threshold), the controller could stop the motor that drives the pinion 3048A and controls the fluid flow, and / or notify the user via a message on the display 3043 that the source fluid bag needs to be checked. Alternatively, if a force sensing mechanism connected to the first pinion 3048A detects high resistance or force when the size of the first reservoir 3064 is decreasing (e.g., when the first pinion 3048A is rotating in a second direction opposite to the first direction), this would indicate that there was an obstruction or constriction in the outlet tubing.An occlusion or stenosis in the outlet tubing can be caused by a variety of sources, including, but not limited to, a wet IV, a clamp inadvertently closed on the outlet tubing, or a patient repositioning the intravenous catheter causing a partial occlusion. Upon determining high resistance associated with the outlet tubing line (e.g., resistance above a threshold or a change in resistance above a threshold), the controller can stop the motor that drives the pinion 3048A and controls the flow, and / or notify the user via a message on the display 3043 to check the patient access, including the outlet tubing and intravenous catheter.

[0123] In some embodiments, only one piston may be included in the fluid delivery assembly to control the flow of fluid into and out of the first and second reservoirs of the fluid delivery assembly. For example, FIGS. 35A-C are schematic diagrams of a fluid delivery assembly 3130 at various stages of operation. The fluid delivery assembly 3130 includes a first reservoir 3164 and a second reservoir 3166 that are defined by the same container 3169 (e.g., a tube) and a single piston 3162 that defines the boundaries of the first reservoir 3164 and the second reservoir 3166. The fluid delivery assembly 3130 may be structurally and / or functionally the same or similar to any of the fluid delivery assemblies described herein. A drive mechanism (not shown) can be operable to translate the piston 3162 within the container 3169 to draw fluid from the fluid source 3120 into the first reservoir 3164 via fluid line 3173G while simultaneously expelling fluid from the second reservoir 3166 to the patient P via fluid line 3173E, as shown in FIG. 35C, and to translate the piston 3162 in the opposite direction to draw fluid from the fluid source 3120 into the second reservoir 3166 via fluid line 3173H while simultaneously expelling fluid from the first reservoir 3164 to the patient P via fluid line 3173D, as shown in FIG. 35B. In some embodiments, rather than only one piston 3162 disposed within a container defining the first reservoir 3164 and the second reservoir 3166, the fluid delivery assembly 3130 can include two pistons within a container coupled together (e.g., via a drive mechanism). In some embodiments, for example, the drive mechanism may include one or more magnets that may be disposed within the pistons 3162 or between two pistons 3162 within the container 3169 such that translation of the one or more pistons 3162 may be controlled via magnetic interaction with one or more magnets of the drive mechanism.Thus, the fluid delivery assembly 3130 may be coupled to a drive assembly, such as any of the drive assemblies described herein, which may include one or more magnets configured to be translated relative to the container 3169 such that the one or more pistons 3162 are translated within the container 3169 due to magnetic interaction between one or more magnets of the drive assembly and one or more magnets of a drive mechanism of the fluid delivery assembly 3130 (e.g., within or coupled to the piston 3162).

[0124] FIG. 36 is a schematic diagram of a system 3200. The system 3200 may be structurally and / or functionally the same as or similar to any of the systems described herein. For example, the system 3200 includes a drive assembly 3240 and a fluid delivery assembly 3230. The fluid delivery assembly 3230 may be structurally and / or functionally the same as or similar to the fluid delivery assembly 21230 described above with respect to FIGS. 35A-C. For example, the fluid delivery assembly includes a fluid inlet 3273A, a fluid outlet 3273, and a fluid pump including a container 3269 and a piston 3262 that define a first reservoir 3264 and a second reservoir 3266. As shown in FIG. 36, the fluid delivery assembly 3230 may be coupled to a drive assembly 3240. The drive assembly 3240 may include a drive transmission mechanism 3260 configured to magnetically interact with a magnet coupled to (e.g., disposed within) the piston 3262. For example, the drive transmission mechanism 3260 may include one or more magnets configured to cause the piston 3262 to be translated parallel to the central axis of the vessel 3269 (e.g., along a track or bar) such that magnetic interaction between the drive transmission mechanism 3260 and magnets associated with the piston 3262 causes the piston 3262 to be translated along the central axis of the vessel 3269 and fluid to be drawn into and expelled from the vessel 3269 on alternating sides of the piston 3262.

[0125] 37 is a schematic diagram of a perspective view of the system 3300 before the fluid delivery assembly 3330 of the system 3300 is coupled to the drive assembly 3340 of the system 3300. The system 3300 may be structurally and / or functionally the same as or similar to any of the systems described herein. For example, the fluid delivery assembly 3330 includes a housing 3370, a fluid inlet 3373A, a fluid outlet 3373B, and a fluid pump including a piston 3362 and a container 3369 (e.g., a tubular container) that houses the piston 3362 and defines a first reservoir 3364 on a first side of the piston 3362 and defines a second reservoir 3366 on a second side of the piston 3362. The piston 3362 includes a magnet (not shown) disposed within or coupled to the piston 3362. The fluid delivery assembly 3330 includes a drive mechanism 3360A that includes or is formed as a magnet configured to magnetically interact with the magnet of the piston 3362 to control the translational position of the piston 3362. The drive mechanism 3360A can be disposed within a space defined between a surface of the housing 3370 and an outer surface of the vessel 3369 such that the drive mechanism 3360A can translate along the outer surface of the vessel 3369 within the space.

[0126] 37, the drive assembly 3340 includes a housing 3390 defining a recess configured to receive a portion of the fluid delivery assembly 3330. For example, the housing 3390 can define a first recess 3396A configured to receive an exposed bottom of the container 3369. The housing 3390 can also define a second recessed portion 3396B configured (e.g., shaped and sized) to receive a larger diameter portion of the housing 3370 such that the fluid delivery assembly 3330 can be securely held by the drive assembly 3340. As shown in FIG. 37, the larger diameter distal portion of the housing 3370 can also be configured to seat against a distal surface of the housing 3390, which can optionally define a space for receiving the fluid inlet 3373A. The drive assembly 3340 also includes a magnet configured to interact with at least one of the magnet of the piston 3362 and the magnet of the drive mechanism 3360A such that translation of the magnet of the drive assembly 3340 causes a corresponding translation of the piston 3362. For example, the drive assembly 3340 may include a semicircular magnet similar in shape to the semicircular magnet of the drive mechanism 3360A such that the piston 3362 (and associated magnet) may be partially received within a recess of the magnet of the drive assembly 3340 and partially received within a recess of the drive mechanism 3360A and thus surrounded by the magnet. Thus, translation of the magnet of the drive assembly 3340 (e.g., under control of the motor of the drive assembly 3340 along a track or bar) causes translation of the piston 3362 such that fluid is drawn into and expelled from the reservoir 3369 on alternating sides of the piston 3362.

[0127] As mentioned above, in some embodiments, the fluid delivery assembly and the drive assembly can include mating retention features such that the fluid delivery assembly can be releasably secured to the drive assembly during use. For example, FIGS. 38A and 38B are perspective views of a system 3400 in an uncoupled and coupled configuration, respectively. The system 3400 can be structurally and / or functionally the same as or similar to any of the systems described herein. For example, the fluid delivery assembly includes a housing 3470 and the drive assembly 3440 includes a housing 3490 and a drive transmission mechanism 3448. As shown in FIG. 38A, the fluid delivery assembly 3430 includes a retention feature 3437 that protrudes from the housing 3470. The drive assembly housing 3490 includes a retention feature 3447 that is configured (e.g., shaped and sized) to mate with the retention feature 3437 on the fluid delivery assembly 3430 and to hold the two assemblies together during use. The retention feature 3447 can include, for example, a protrusion configured to be received within a slot defined by the retention feature 3437. The retention feature 3447 can be, for example, tapered. FIG. 38B shows the two assemblies coupled together during use. After use, the fluid delivery assembly 3430 may be separated from the drive assembly 3440 by squeezing the fluid delivery assembly housing 3470 and / or pulling the retention feature 3437, allowing the fluid delivery assembly retention feature 3437 to be deformed and disengaged from the drive assembly retention feature 3440. Proper alignment between the two assemblies (e.g., proper alignment of the mechanical drive connections and / or electrical contacts) may be achieved by coupling the retention feature 3437 to the retention feature 3447. Thus, the fluid delivery assembly 3430 can be clicked (e.g., with one hand) into proper alignment relative to the drive assembly 3440.

[0128] 39A and 39B are perspective views of the system 3500 in an uncoupled and coupled configuration, respectively. The system 3500 may be structurally and / or functionally the same as or similar to any of the systems described herein. For example, the fluid delivery assembly includes a housing 3570 and the drive assembly 3540 includes a housing 3590 and a drive transmission mechanism 3548. As shown in FIG. 39A, the fluid delivery assembly 3530 includes a separate retention mechanism or latch 3537. The drive assembly housing 3590 includes a retention feature 3547 configured (e.g., shaped and sized) to mate with the retention feature 3537 on the fluid delivery assembly 3530 and to hold the two assemblies together during use. For example, the retention feature 3547 may include a protrusion configured to engage, for example, a flange protruding from an arm included in the retention feature 3537. The retention feature 3547 may be tapered, for example. FIG. 39B shows the two assemblies mated together during use. After use, the fluid delivery assembly 3530 may be removed from the drive assembly 3540 by squeezing the retention feature 3537 above the pivot point of the retention feature 3537, allowing the fluid delivery assembly retention feature 3537 to rotate out of engagement with the drive assembly retention feature 3540. Proper alignment between the two assemblies (e.g., proper alignment of the mechanical drive connection and / or electrical contacts) may be achieved by coupling the retention feature 3537 to the retention feature 3547. In some embodiments, the fluid delivery assembly 3530 and / or the drive assembly 3540 may include separate or additional alignment features, such as any of the alignment features described herein (e.g., a longitudinal flange extending from a bottom surface of the housing 3570 and configured to engage both sides of the housing 3590). Thus, the fluid delivery assembly 3530 may be clicked (e.g., with one hand) into proper alignment with the drive assembly 3540. In some embodiments, the latch retention feature 3537 is located on the drive assembly 3540 and can engage with a retention feature 3547 on the fluid delivery assembly housing 3570 .

[0129] In some embodiments, the fluid delivery assembly and the drive assembly may be coupled using magnetic interaction. For example, FIGS. 40A and 40B are schematic diagrams of a system including a fluid delivery assembly 3630 and a drive assembly 3640. The system 3600 may be structurally and / or functionally the same as or similar to any of the systems described herein. The fluid delivery assembly 3630 and the drive assembly 3640 may be coupled using magnetic interaction between the assemblies. FIG. 40A shows an embodiment in which a magnet 3637 is located in the fluid delivery assembly 3630 and a magnet 3647 is located in the drive assembly 3640. The polarity of the magnet 3637 in the fluid delivery assembly 3630 is oriented relative to the polarity of the magnet 3647 in the reusable drive assembly 3640 such that the two assemblies are attracted to each other and an attractive magnetic interaction holds the two assemblies together during use (i.e., opposite polarities mate with each other). Additional alignment features, such as any of those described herein, may be used to ensure proper alignment between the two assemblies so that the fluid delivery assembly 3630 does not rotate relative to the drive assembly 3640 and / or to provide resistance to torque generated by the drive transmission mechanism of the drive assembly 3640. As shown in FIG. 40B, the polarity of the magnets 3637 in the fluid delivery assembly 3630 and the polarity of the magnets 3647 in the drive assembly 3640 may also be oriented such that an incorrect (e.g., backwards) orientation of the fluid delivery assembly 3630 relative to the drive assembly 3640 results in a repulsive magnetic interaction between the two assemblies, preventing incorrect assembly. Thus, the fluid delivery assembly 3630 may be clicked (e.g., with one hand) into proper alignment relative to the drive assembly 3640.

[0130] In some embodiments, the magnet can be located in only one of the assemblies and a paramagnetic material (e.g., steel, stainless steel, etc.) can be disposed in or coupled to the other assembly. For example, the magnet 3637 can be located in the fluid delivery assembly 3630 and the paramagnetic retaining feature 3647 can be located in the drive assembly 3640. In some embodiments, a motor of the drive assembly 3640 (e.g., a motor such as motor 2142) can be used as the paramagnetic material 3647 to attract the magnet 3637 in the fluid delivery assembly 3630. Alternatively, the magnet 3647 can be located in the drive assembly 3640 and the paramagnetic retaining feature 3637 can be located in the fluid delivery assembly 3630.

[0131] In some embodiments, the direction of translation of the plunger, and therefore the piston, of the fluid delivery assembly may be controlled based in part on the sensor. For example, FIG. 41 is a perspective view of a system 3700. The system 3700 may be structurally and / or functionally the same as or similar to any of the systems described herein. For example, the system 3700 includes a fluid delivery assembly 3730 and a drive assembly 3740. The fluid delivery assembly 3730 includes a first plunger 3767A and a second plunger 3767B. A magnet 3795 is coupled to each plunger 3767A, 3767B, and the drive assembly 3740 includes a sensor 3794 associated with each plunger 3767A, 3767B. Each sensor 3794 may be actuated by the presence of the magnet 3795 (e.g., each sensor 3794 may be a Hall effect sensor). The magnet 3795 and sensor 3794 are positioned such that each sensor 1894 is activated when the respective plunger 3767A, 3767B reaches the end of its path of travel (e.g., the end associated with the maximum volume of the reservoir associated with the respective plunger). For example, plunger 3767A is shown at the end of its path of travel in FIG. 41 with the magnet 3795 of plunger 3767A aligned with the associated sensor 3794. When the sensor 3794 is activated, the drive assembly 3740 (e.g., under the control of a controller of the drive assembly 3740) reverses the direction of translation of the plungers 3767A, 3767B (e.g., by reversing the direction of the drive transmission mechanism of the drive assembly 3740).

[0132] FIG. 42A is a perspective view of a portion of a drive assembly including a drive transmission mechanism 3848 having a drive shaft portion 3848A that is coupled to a drive mechanism of a fluid delivery assembly, such as any of the fluid delivery assemblies described herein, and configured to be mechanically controlled by a motor 3842 such that motion of the drive shaft 3848A can drive a piston in the fluid delivery assembly. The drive assembly portion shown in FIGS. 42A and 42B may be included in any of the drive assemblies described herein. The mechanism coupling the motor 3842 to the drive shaft 3848 includes an interrupted bevel drive gear 3891, two driven bevel gears 3892A and 3892B, a section of the drive shaft 3848B between the two driven bevel gears 3892A and 3892B, and a section of the drive shaft 3848A for engaging the drive mechanism of the fluid delivery assembly. FIG. 42B is a perspective view of an interrupted bevel gear 3819. The interrupted bevel gear 3891 may have teeth arranged on only a portion of its circumference (e.g., less than half of the circumference) such that the teeth of the interrupted bevel gear 3891 engage only one of the two driven gears 3892A and 3892B of the drive mechanism at any one time. The motor 3842 may operate to rotate the interrupted bevel gear 3891 in one direction, and the teeth of the interrupted bevel gear 3891 may alternately contact each of the two driven gears 3892A and 3892B. When the teeth of the interrupted bevel gear 3891 mesh with the driven gear 3892A, the drive shafts 3848A and 3848B rotate in a first direction. When the teeth of the interrupted bevel gear 3891 mesh with the driven gear 3892B, the drive shafts 3848A and 3848B rotate in a second direction opposite the first direction. The drive shaft 3848A may be engaged with a drive mechanism (e.g., pinion 665 or pinion 865) of the fluid delivery assembly such that rotation of the drive shaft 3848A in a first direction translates the first piston in the first direction and translates the second piston in a second direction opposite the first direction, and when the drive shaft 3848A is rotated in the second direction, the first piston is translated in the second direction and the second piston is translated in the first direction.Thus, the fluid delivery assembly coupled to the drive shaft 3848A can generate an uninterrupted delivery of fluid under the control of the motor 3842, with the motor 3842 continuously rotating the interrupted bevel gear 3891 in one direction. As shown in FIG. 42A, the drive shaft 3848A can include a keyed portion for engaging with a keyway of a pinion, such as the pinion 2765 shown in FIG. 31. In some embodiments, the drive shaft 3848A can be coupled to or include a gear, such as the gear 2848A shown in FIG. 32A or the gear 2948A shown in FIG. 33A.

[0133] In some embodiments, rather than the system or drive assembly being handheld, the system may be placed on a surface (e.g., a patient bed or the ground) or attached to an IV pole rather than being held in a user's hand during use. FIGS. 43A-C are perspective views of a non-handheld system 3900 at various stages of operation. The system 3900 may be structurally and / or functionally the same as or similar to any of the systems described herein. For example, the system 3900 includes a fluid delivery assembly 3930 and a drive assembly 3940. The system 3900 also includes an optional housing 3151. The fluid delivery assembly 3930 may include one or more of a fluid pump, mechanical and electrical connections, and / or a fluid warmer (e.g., configured to warm blood and / or saline). The blood and fluid warmers may be configured to convert electrical energy into heat via electrical resistance. The fluid delivery assembly 3930 includes a fluid inlet line 3173A and a fluid outlet line 3973B. The drive assembly 3940 includes a drive transmission mechanism 3948 and an electrical connection 3946 (also referred to as electrical contacts) that are configured to be coupled to the fluid delivery assembly 3930 such that the drive transmission mechanism 3948 controls fluid movement through the fluid delivery assembly 3930 and the electrical connection 3946 is configured to exchange power and / or data with the fluid delivery assembly 3930 via the electrical connection of the fluid delivery assembly. The drive assembly 3940 also includes a display 3943 and user interface features 3944. The system 3900 also optionally includes a power source 3950 (e.g., disposed within the housing 3951) that includes an electrical connection 3952 configured to be coupled to the electrical connection of the drive assembly 3940 to provide power to the drive assembly 3940. The power source 3950 may include, for example, a rechargeable battery and may be configured to receive power (e.g., operating power and / or charging power) from an AC power source, for example, via an optional AC power cord 3934.

[0134] FIG. 43A is a perspective view of the system 3900 with the fluid delivery assembly 3930 decoupled from the drive assembly 3940, which would be immediately prior to assembly by a user. FIG. 43B is a perspective view of the system 3900 with the fluid delivery assembly 3930 coupled to a drive assembly 3940 coupled to a power source 3950. When AC power is available, the system can be powered from AC power in the configuration of FIG. 43B. In the configuration of FIG. 43B, the system 3900 can pump fluid (e.g., saline or blood) from a source bag to a patient using either battery power or AC power. FIG. 43C is a perspective view of the system 3900 in a configuration in which the fluid delivery assembly 3930 is coupled to the drive assembly 3940 and both the fluid delivery assembly 3930 and the drive assembly 3940 are decoupled and separated from the power source 3950 and removed from the housing 3951. In this configuration, the fluid delivery assembly 3930 can be powered by a power source (e.g., a battery) contained within the drive assembly 3940 (e.g., within the housing of the drive assembly 3940). By separating the fluid delivery assembly 3930 and the drive assembly 3940 from the power source 3950, the user has a smaller, lighter, more portable system or subsystem that can continue to pump fluid to the patient via battery power for some time after separation from the power source 3950. For example, the battery of the drive assembly 3940 can have sufficient stored power capacity to provide about 0.5 L to about 4 L of fluid (e.g., saline or blood) flow and / or fluid warming.

[0135] Some embodiments described herein relate to computer storage products that include a non-transitory computer-readable medium (which may also be referred to as a non-transitory processor-readable medium) having instructions or computer code for performing various computer-implemented operations. The computer-readable medium (or processor-readable medium) is non-transitory in the sense that it does not itself include a transitory propagating signal (e.g., a propagating electromagnetic wave that carries information over a transmission medium such as space or cable). The medium and computer code (which may also be referred to as code) may be designed and constructed for a specific purpose. Examples of non-transitory computer readable media include, but are not limited to, magnetic storage media such as hard disks, floppy disks, and magnetic tapes, optical storage media such as Compact Disc / Digital Video Discs (CD / DVDs), Compact Disc-Read Only Memory (CD-ROM), and holographic devices, magneto-optical storage media such as optical disks, carrier wave signal processing modules, and hardware devices that are specifically configured to store and execute program code, such as Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs), Read Only Memory (ROM), and Random Access Memory (RAM) devices. Other embodiments described herein relate to computer program products that may include, for example, the instructions and / or computer code discussed herein.

[0136] Some embodiments and / or methods described herein may be implemented by software (executed on hardware), hardware, or a combination thereof. Hardware modules may include, for example, general-purpose processors, field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), and / or application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs). Software modules (executed on hardware) may be expressed in various software languages ​​(e.g., computer code), including C, C++, Java™, Ruby, Visual Basic™, and / or other object-oriented, procedural, or other programming languages ​​and development tools. Examples of computer code include, but are not limited to, microcode or microinstructions, machine instructions such as those generated by a compiler, code used to generate a web service, and files containing high-level instructions executed by a computer using an interpreter. For example, embodiments may be implemented using an imperative programming language (e.g., C, Fortran, etc.), a functional programming language (Haskell, Erlang, etc.), a logic programming language (e.g., Prolog), an object-oriented programming language (e.g., Java, C++, etc.), or other suitable programming language and / or development tools. Further examples of computer code include, but are not limited to, control signals, encryption code, and compression code.

[0137] While various embodiments have been described above, it should be understood that they are presented by way of example only, and not limitation. Where the methods described above show certain events occurring in a particular order, the order of certain events may be modified. Additionally, certain events may be performed in parallel, in a parallel process, where possible, or may be performed sequentially as described above.

[0138] Where the schematic diagrams and / or embodiments described above show particular components disposed in particular orientations or positions, the arrangement of the components may be modified. While embodiments have been specifically shown and described, it will be understood that various changes in form and details may be made. Any portion of the apparatus and / or methods described herein may be combined in any combination, except mutually exclusive combinations. The embodiments described herein may include various combinations and / or subcombinations of the functions, components, and / or features of the different embodiments described.

Claims

1. a fluid delivery assembly including a fluid delivery assembly housing, a drive mechanism, at least one reservoir, at least one piston, fluid inlet tubing, and fluid outlet tubing; a drive assembly including a drive assembly housing, a power storage component, a motor, and a drive transmission mechanism operably coupled to the motor; the fluid inlet tubing is coupled to the at least one reservoir and is configured to be coupled to a fluid source; the fluid outlet tubing is coupled to the at least one reservoir and is configured to be coupled to a patient; the drive mechanism is configured to control movement of the at least one piston such that fluid is drawn into the at least one reservoir via the fluid inlet tubing and fluid is delivered from the at least one reservoir via the fluid outlet tubing; the at least one reservoir, the piston, and at least a portion of the drive mechanism are disposed within the fluid delivery assembly housing; the motor is configured to operate based on power provided by the power storage component; the power storage component, the motor, and at least a portion of the drive transmission mechanism are disposed within the drive assembly housing; The system, wherein the drive transmission mechanism is reversibly coupleable to the drive mechanism of the fluid delivery assembly to control movement of the at least one piston of the fluid delivery assembly via the drive mechanism under control of the motor.

2. an external power source including an electrical connection; 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the drive assembly includes an electrical connection reversibly couplable to the electrical connection of the external power source such that the power storage component of the drive assembly can receive power from the external power source.

3. a system housing defining an interior space; the external power source and the drive assembly are configured to be disposed within the interior space in a configuration in which the electrical connections of the drive assembly are coupled to the electrical connections of the external power source; 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the drive mechanism of the fluid delivery assembly is configured to be coupled to the drive transmission mechanism of the drive assembly when the external power source and the drive assembly are disposed within the interior space of the system housing.

4. the power storage component of the drive assembly is configured to receive power from the external power source in a first configuration in which the electrical connection of the drive assembly is coupled to the electrical connection of the external power source such that a power storage level of the power storage component is increased; 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the drive assembly is configured to operate based on power stored in the power storage component to control the movement of the at least one piston in a second configuration in which the drive assembly is decoupled from the external power source and the drive transmission mechanism of the drive assembly is coupled to the drive mechanism of the fluid delivery assembly.

5. 5. The system of claim 4, wherein in the first configuration, the drive assembly is configured to operate based on power received from the external power source to control the movement of the at least one piston when the drive mechanism of the fluid delivery assembly is coupled to the drive transmission mechanism.

6. The external power source includes an external power source housing having a top surface; the drive assembly housing having an upper surface and a lower surface; the fluid delivery assembly housing having an upper surface and a lower surface; when the electrical connection of the drive assembly is coupled to the electrical connection of the external power source, the top surface of the external power source housing contacts the bottom surface of the drive assembly housing; The system of claim 3 , wherein when the drive transfer mechanism is coupled to the drive mechanism of the fluid delivery assembly, the upper surface of the fluid delivery assembly housing is coupled to the lower surface of the fluid delivery assembly housing.

7. The system of claim 6 , wherein the upper surface of the external power source, the upper and lower surfaces of the drive assembly, and the lower surface of the fluid delivery assembly each have the same perimeter.

8. the fluid delivery assembly includes a heater subassembly configured to heat fluid moving through the fluid delivery assembly; The system of claim 1 , wherein the warmer subassembly is disposed within the fluid delivery assembly housing.

9. the fluid delivery assembly includes an electrical connection; 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the electrical connection is configured to be coupled to the electrical connection of the drive assembly such that the warmer subassembly can operate based on power supplied to the warmer subassembly from the power storage component of the drive assembly via the electrical connection of the drive assembly and the electrical connection of the fluid delivery assembly.

10. the fluid delivery assembly includes an electrical connection; The system of claim 1 , wherein the drive assembly includes an electrical connection configured to be coupled to the electrical connection of the fluid delivery assembly such that data can be transferred between the fluid delivery assembly and the drive assembly.

11. the fluid delivery assembly includes a first alignment feature; 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the drive assembly includes a second alignment feature configured to be reversibly engaged with the first alignment feature to prevent the fluid delivery assembly from rotating relative to the drive assembly during operation of the motor of the drive assembly.

12. the fluid delivery assembly includes a first retention feature; 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the drive assembly includes a second retention mechanism configured to be reversibly engaged with the first retention mechanism to prevent the fluid delivery assembly from being separated from the drive assembly during operation of the motor of the drive assembly.

13. The system of claim 1 , wherein the fluid comprises at least one of blood or a blood product.

14. The system of claim 1 , wherein the fluid comprises saline.

15. The system of claim 1 , wherein the drive assembly includes a controller configured to operate based on power stored in the power storage component to control operation of the motor.

16. a fluid delivery assembly including a fluid pump, a first electrical connection, a second electrical connection, fluid inlet tubing, and fluid outlet tubing; a drive assembly including an electrical connection configured to be reversibly coupled to the first electrical connection of the fluid delivery assembly; the fluid inlet tubing is coupled to the fluid pump and is configured to be coupled to a fluid source; the fluid outlet tubing is coupled to the fluid pump and is configured to be coupled to a patient; the second electrical connection is configured to be reversibly coupled to an external power storage component; The system, wherein the drive assembly is configured to operate based on power received from the external power storage component via the first electrical connection of the fluid delivery assembly and the electrical connection of the drive assembly to control the fluid pump such that fluid is drawn into the fluid delivery assembly via the fluid inlet tubing and delivered from the fluid delivery assembly via the fluid outlet tubing.

17. coupling a drive mechanism of the fluid delivery assembly to a drive transfer mechanism of the drive assembly; initiating operation of the drive assembly such that the drive assembly uses power received from an external power source coupled to the drive assembly to control movement of at least one piston of the fluid delivery assembly relative to at least one reservoir of the fluid delivery assembly to draw fluid into and deliver fluid from the fluid delivery assembly; and decoupling the drive assembly from the external power source by separating electrical contacts of the external power source from electrical contacts of the drive assembly, wherein the drive assembly continues to control movement of the at least one piston of the fluid delivery assembly relative to the at least one reservoir to draw fluid into and deliver fluid from the fluid delivery assembly when the drive assembly is decoupled from the external power source.

18. coupling a drive mechanism of the fluid delivery assembly to a drive transfer mechanism of the drive assembly; initiating operation of the drive assembly such that the drive assembly uses power received from an external power source coupled to the drive assembly to control movement of at least one piston of the fluid delivery assembly relative to at least one reservoir of the fluid delivery assembly to draw fluid into and deliver fluid from the fluid delivery assembly; and decoupling the external power source from the charger base by separating electrical contacts of the external power source from electrical contacts of the charger base, wherein the drive assembly continues to control movement of the at least one piston of the fluid delivery assembly relative to the at least one reservoir to draw fluid into and deliver fluid from the fluid delivery assembly when the external power source is decoupled from the charger base.

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