Front Panel for Solar Modules

Abstract

The present invention relates to a front substrate for a solar module, in particular for portable applications, such as portable equipment, means of transport, vehicles or manned or unmanned flying objects, said front substrate having an areal density of 500 g / m 2 and at a reference thickness of 100 μm, the lower transmittance T low The higher transmittance T up and a transitional permeability T tr = 50% in the wavelength range of 302 nm to 322 nm.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present invention relates to a front substrate for a solar module, in particular for portable applications. [Background technology]

[0002] A solar module often consists of a back member, which may also be referred to as a back panel, a front member, which may also be referred to as a cover or front substrate, and the solar cells themselves, which are disposed between the back panel and the cover to provide protection from undesirable influences and to increase stability.

[0003] The individual components of the solar module can be optimized with respect to the desired application, whereby the front substrate can be of particular importance, which should also be made transparent for the respective relevant radiation. Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0004] The present invention is based on the problem of providing a front substrate which is optimized for various portable applications and therefore versatile, in particular for portable equipment, means of transport, means of transportation or manned or unmanned flying objects, can be produced as inexpensively as possible and allows for the construction of a solar module or a reduction in the costs of further components of a solar module as cost-effective as possible. One aspect of the problem is also high solarization resistance. [Means for solving the problem]

[0005] In order to solve the above problem, 500g / m 2 With a surface density of less than 100 μm and a reference thickness of 100 μm, the lower transmittance T low The higher transmittance T up and a transitional permeability T trA front substrate for a solar module is disclosed comprising a material having a transmittance curve T(λ) having a transmittance of 0.05% in the wavelength range 302 nm to 322 nm.

[0006] The front substrate is provided in particular for portable applications, such as for portable equipment, means of transport, vehicles or manned or unmanned flying objects.

[0007] 500g / m 2 Due to the surface density of less than 1000 nm, the front substrate can contribute to a weight reduction of the solar module, which can be advantageous for some portable applications. Weight-reduced solar modules can be particularly advantageous for manned or unmanned flying objects, such as passenger planes, gliders, drones, possibly rockets, satellites, etc., and also for vehicles or portable equipment.

[0008] For some of these applications, for example drones or portable equipment, the weight of the battery can be further reduced if the current supply can be partly via a solar module.

[0009] In some applications, especially in the case of aircraft or flying objects, there may additionally be high UV levels or even particle radiation.

[0010] The front substrate has a reference thickness of 100 μm and a lower transmittance T low The higher transmittance T up and a transitional permeability T tr = 50% in the wavelength range 302 nm to 322 nm, which allows a protective effect for solar cells, especially for the short wavelength range. In particular, said transmittance curve T(λ) also ensures a protective effect for applications on aircraft or flying objects which may be subject to high UV radiation. Overall, this allows versatile use for various portable applications.

[0011] By making the transmittance curve T(λ) targetably enable protection against short-wave radiation, it may be possible to eliminate further filters as components of the solar module, thus achieving further weight and cost reductions.

[0012] Optionally, a cost-effective adhesive material can be used in the solar module further comprising an adhesive layer for bonding the front substrate and the solar cells or for laminating the solar cells.

[0013] It is particularly worth mentioning that the combination of the above-mentioned areal density with the transition transmittance defining the relatively high UV edge interacts in such a way that it allows savings in materials for other components of the solar module, such as adhesives, and also reduces its overall weight.

[0014] Basically, the above-mentioned transmittance curves T(λ) refer to a reference thickness of 100 μm. Conversion to other thicknesses is possible by carrying out thickness measurements, transmittance measurements, and dispersion measurements, i.e., determining the wavelength-dependent refractive index for glasses of different thicknesses, from which the internal transmittance and absorption coefficient can be calculated. The internal transmittance for a reference thickness of 100 μm can then be calculated, as well as the transmittance for a reference thickness of 100 μm, taking into account the reflection losses.

[0015] In a further configuration of the invention, the front substrate has an areal density of 400 g / m 2 and preferably less than 300 g / m 2 less than 250 g / m 2 and preferably less than 200 g / m 2 It may be intended to have less than 275 g / m 2 Areal densities of less than 1000 nm may also be preferred.

[0016] Furthermore, in a further configuration, the transition transmittance T tr = 50% is intended to be in the wavelength range 304 nm to 318 nm, advantageously in the wavelength range 306 nm to 314 nm and preferably in the wavelength range 308 nm to 312 nm.

[0017] The front substrate may in particular have a thickness of less than 150 μm, advantageously less than 100 μm, particularly preferably less than 80 μm, still more preferably less than 60 μm, still more preferably less than 40 μm.

[0018] Thus, the front substrate may in particular be formed as ultra-thin glass (UTG).

[0019] Preferably, the transmittance curve T(λ) is greater than or equal to T(λ) at wavelengths in the wavelength range 288 nm to 312 nm, advantageously in the wavelength range 294 nm to 306 nm, particularly preferably in the wavelength range 298 nm to 302 nm. tr It may be intended to fall below a value of =10%.

[0020] More preferably, the transmittance curve T(λ) is greater than or equal to T at wavelengths in the wavelength range 322 nm to 400 nm, advantageously in the wavelength range 330 nm to 380 nm, particularly preferably in the wavelength range 335 to 360 nm. tr It may be intended to rise above the value of =90%.

[0021] Basically, this allows the highest possible transmittance in the typical solar cell operating range to be achieved.For example, the transmittance for VIS and NIR can be 91% or more.High transmittance for VIS and NIR is particularly advantageous for portable applications, especially at higher heights, for example in aircraft or flying objects.This is especially related to the above-mentioned transition transmittance, which allows a relatively high UV edge for short-wave radiation.

[0022] In a further configuration, the lower transmission T low may be less than 5%, advantageously less than 2.5% and particularly preferably less than 1%.

[0023] Alternatively or additionally, the higher transmission T up can be greater than 85%, advantageously greater than 87.5% and particularly preferably greater than 90%.

[0024] In one embodiment, the lower transmittance T low is intended to be present at a wavelength of at least 250 nm, advantageously at a wavelength of at least 275 nm, particularly preferably at a wavelength of at least 285 nm, and still more preferably in a wavelength range of at least 290 nm.

[0025] Alternatively or additionally, in one embodiment, the higher transmittance T up may be intended to be present at a wavelength of at most 375 nm, advantageously at a wavelength of at most 350 nm, particularly preferably at a wavelength of at most 340 nm and still more preferably at a wavelength of at most 335 nm.

[0026] For example, the transmission curve may have at least one position, particularly the lower transmission T low and the higher transmittance T up and advantageously between 10% and 80% transmittance, may have a slope of 2.8 percentage points / nm.

[0027] By selecting a suitable solarization resistance, the glass of the front substrate can remain as transmission-stable as possible under UV irradiation, so that the shift in the transmission curve, in particular the transition transmission, is as small as possible.

[0028] For example, the transmittance curve, especially the transition transmittance T tr = 50% may be understood to mean having a shift of less than 5.0 nm, advantageously having a shift of less than 3.0 nm, particularly preferably having a shift of less than 1.0 nm, and even more preferably having a shift of less than 0.5 nm, after irradiation for 7 hours with light in the wavelength range 250 nm to 600 nm, in particular with a spectrum according to FIG.

[0029] Alternatively or additionally, according to a further definition, the transmittance curve, in particular the transition transmittance T tr = 50% is 210W / m 2 UV-A light, 170W / m 2UV-B light with 250W / m 2 After 100 hours of irradiation with UV-C light having a spectrum according to FIG. 6, in particular with a spectrum according to FIG. 6, it is intended to have a shift of less than 5.0 nm, advantageously less than 3.0 nm, particularly preferably less than 1.0 nm, and still more preferably less than 0.5 nm.

[0030] In one embodiment, the material of the front substrate is LiO 2 Does not contain LiO 2 It is intended to include glasses, especially borosilicate glasses, having a glass composition containing less than 50 ppm of LiO, advantageously less than 10 ppm, particularly preferably less than 5 ppm, and even more preferably less than 1 ppm. 2 is a component in glass that can diffuse relatively easily and thereby damage semiconductors, such as solar cells.

[0031] Furthermore, it may be intended that the glass composition does not contain CaO or contains less than 50 ppm of CaO, advantageously less than 10 ppm, particularly preferably less than 5 ppm, and even more preferably less than 1 ppm, which may be desirable or advantageous, especially with regard to the elastic modulus or flexibility of the glass.

[0032] Furthermore, it may be intended that the glass composition does not contain MgO or contains less than 50 ppm, advantageously less than 10 ppm, particularly preferably less than 5 ppm, and even more preferably less than 1 ppm, which may be desirable or advantageous, especially with regard to the elastic modulus or flexibility of the glass.

[0033] Furthermore, it may be intended that the glass composition does not contain BaO or contains BaO in a proportion of less than 50 ppm, advantageously less than 10 ppm, particularly preferably less than 5 ppm and still more preferably less than 1 ppm.

[0034] Furthermore, it may be intended that the glass composition does not contain SrO or contains less than 50 ppm of SrO, advantageously less than 10 ppm, particularly preferably less than 5 ppm and even more preferably less than 1 ppm.

[0035] Furthermore, the glass composition may be intended to be free of antimony (Sb) or to contain less than 50 ppm of antimony (Sb), advantageously less than 10 ppm, particularly preferably less than 5 ppm, and even more preferably less than 1 ppm. This may be desirable or advantageous, especially in terms of toxicity and occupational safety. Furthermore, it is possible to avoid the use of polyvalent ions, such as Sb 2 O 3 Depending on the glass matrix, this can adversely affect solarization resistance.

[0036] Furthermore, the glass composition may be intended to be free of arsenic (As) or to contain less than 50 ppm of arsenic (As), advantageously less than 10 ppm, particularly preferably less than 5 ppm, and even more preferably less than 1 ppm. This may be desirable or advantageous, especially in terms of toxicity and occupational safety. Furthermore, the glass composition may be free of multivalent ions, such as As. 2 O 3 Depending on the glass matrix, this can adversely affect solarization resistance.

[0037] In one embodiment, the material of the front substrate can be intended to include glass, especially borosilicate glass, with a glass composition that does not contain cerium oxide or contains cerium oxide in a proportion of less than 500 ppm.This can be particularly desirable or advantageous with respect to the position and / or efficiency of the transition transmittance in the VIS-NIR transmission spectrum.In particular, a higher transmittance for blue light can be achieved.

[0038] Although cerium oxide may fundamentally be advantageous in terms of solarization resistance, in order to allow further cost reductions, especially in some applications, it can be purposely omitted, which can be a particularly advantageous compromise in portable applications, especially in the case of time-limited use.

[0039] Cerium oxide is a component which, on the one hand, can oppose the solarization of the glass and, on the other hand, can reduce the transmittance for blue light. Surprisingly, it has been found that a sufficient resistance to solarization against ultraviolet light can be achieved even with glasses which do not contain cerium oxide or which contain less than 500 ppm of cerium oxide.

[0040] In one embodiment, the material of the front substrate is TiO 2 in a proportion of 0.5 to 10 mass percent, advantageously 2 to 8 mass percent, particularly preferably 3 to 5 mass percent.

[0041] Furthermore, the glass composition contains Al 2 O 3 in a proportion of 0 to 15% by weight, advantageously 3.5 to 15% by weight, particularly preferably 3.5 to 4.5% by weight.

[0042] Furthermore, the glass composition is SiO 2in a proportion of 30 to 80 mass percent, advantageously 50 to 75 mass percent, particularly preferably 60 to 70 mass percent.

[0043] Furthermore, the glass composition is 2 O 3 in a proportion of 3 to 20 mass percent, advantageously 5.5 to 9.5 mass percent, particularly preferably 7.5 to 8.8 mass percent.

[0044] The material of the front substrate is 3.25 g / cm 3 and advantageously less than 3 g / cm 3 and particularly preferably less than 2.75 g / cm 3 The ion exchange resin may have a density that is less than 100 nm.

[0045] In one embodiment, the front substrate may have an elastic modulus greater than 68 GPa, advantageously greater than 70 GPa, particularly preferably greater than 72 GPa, and / or a modulus less than 78 GPa, advantageously less than 76 GPa, particularly preferably less than 74 GPa.

[0046] The material of the front substrate is 4×10 -6 K -1 5×10 -6 K -1 More preferably, more than 6×10 -6 K -1 More than 7×10 -6 K -1 The thermal expansion coefficient in the temperature range of 20°C to 300°C may be greater than 1.

[0047] Thus, the thermal expansion coefficient can, for example, be advantageously adapted to that of the solar module, in particular the adhesive layer, the solar cells and / or the backplane, or vice versa, for example in the case of the backplane, where advantageous materials allow for cost savings.

[0048] The front substrate may have one dimension greater than 35 cm, preferably greater than 45 cm, particularly preferably greater than 60 cm, and / or one, in particular a second, e.g. orthogonal, dimension greater than 65 cm, preferably greater than 75 cm, particularly preferably greater than 90 cm. For example, a front substrate with dimensions 55×80 cm is possible.

[0049] The advantage of these relatively large dimensions is that the solar cells in the solar module are covered with as few front substrates as possible, which reduces the handling and gluing effort. These relatively large dimensions can only be realized technically standard and cost-effectively, especially in conjunction with the above glass thicknesses, for example UTG.

[0050] The invention further relates to a front unit for a solar module, in particular for portable applications, such as portable equipment, means of transport, means of transportation or manned or unmanned flying objects, which comprises a front substrate as described above and an adhesive layer applied flat onto the front substrate.

[0051] The invention further relates to a solar module, in particular for portable applications, such as portable equipment, means of transport, means of transportation or manned or unmanned flying objects, which comprises a front substrate as described above, a back element, preferably formed in particular as a frame for the module, solar cells, which are preferably arranged between the back element and the front substrate, and an adhesive layer connecting the front substrate and the solar cells.

[0052] The adhesive layer may include at least one of the following materials: butyl polymer, EVA, PVB, SMP (silyl modified polymer), clear silicone.

[0053] Furthermore, the invention relates to the use of a front substrate as described above or a front unit as described above, in particular for portable applications, such as solar modules for portable equipment, means of transport, means of transportation or manned or unmanned flying objects.

[0054] Finally, the invention further relates to the use of a solar module as described above, in particular for portable applications, such as portable equipment, means of transport, vehicles or manned or unmanned flying objects.

[0055] The invention will now be explained in more detail in connection with the drawings. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0056] [Figure 1] FIG. 2 shows a schematic top view of a front substrate. [Diagram 2] 2 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a front unit having a front substrate and an adhesive layer. [Diagram 3] 1 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a solar module. [Figure 4] 7 shows a graph of the transmittance curves of a front substrate having a thickness of 100 μm before and after solarization irradiation with a light beam having an energy distribution according to FIG. [Diagram 5] 1 shows a graph of the relative spectral energy distribution of light for investigating solarization resistance. [Figure 6] 13 shows a graph of the relative spectral energy distribution of additional light rays to investigate solarization resistance. EXAMPLES

[0057] Figures 1 to 3 show a front substrate 100 (Figure 1), a front unit 10 (Figure 2) having a front substrate 100 and an adhesive layer 110 applied flat on one side of the front substrate 100, and a solar module 1 (Figure 3) having a solar cell 200 arranged between the front substrate 100 (or front unit 10) and a rear component 300, where the front unit 100 is attached flat to the surface of the solar cell 200 using the adhesive layer 110.

[0058] In this case, the front substrate is 500g / m 2 Areal density less than, for example, 251 g / m 2and a thickness of 100 μm. Furthermore, the front substrate has a glass composition having, for example, the following proportions in mass percent: [Table 1]

[0059] Figure 4 shows the 210W / m 2 UV-A light, 170W / m 2 UV-B light with 250W / m 2 The transmittance curves of such an exemplary front substrate having a thickness of 100 μm are shown in FIG. 6 before and after a solarization test in which the substrate was irradiated for 100 hours with UV-C light having a wavelength of 1000 nm. The illumination spectrum is shown in FIG. 6. The transmittance curves and the transition transmittance T tr = 50% are shown to have a shift of less than 1 nm.

[0060] Further exemplary glass compositions have the following proportions in weight percent, where iron impurities are in the range of ≦50 ppm: [Table 2]

[0061] For both glass compositions, furthermore, solarization tests on a front substrate having a thickness of 1 mm were carried out, where instead, irradiation for 7 hours with a spectrum according to FIG. 5 was applied. Again, the transmittance curves and the transition transmittance T tr = 50% are shown to have a shift of less than 1 nm.

[0062] Further exemplary glass compositions have the following proportions in weight percent: [Table 3]

[0063] Further exemplary glass compositions have the following proportions in weight percent: [Table 4]

[0064] Here, glass compositions which in particular have the following proportions in percentages by weight are of interest: [Table 5]

[0065] In particular, the aforementioned glass compositions, and also glass compositions independent of the aforementioned other components, may have a proportion of titanium oxide in the range from 0 to 6, in particular in the range from 3 to 5, for example 4. Furthermore, the glass compositions may have, instead of or in addition to such proportions or the proportions of titanium oxide listed in the table, components which advantageously act as UV absorbers. For example, proportions of one or more of the following components which are effective in terms of UV absorption are conceivable: cerium (e.g. CeO 2 in the form of antimony (e.g. Sb 2 O 3 in the form of tin (wherein the antimony content should preferably not exceed 1 percent by weight), 2 ), niobium (e.g. Nb 2 O 5 (Fe 2 O 3 in the form of Fe 2+ / Fe 3+ Those with redox ratios.

[0066] Still further exemplary glass compositions have the following proportions in weight percent: [Table 6]

[0067] In particular, in the case of the exemplary glasses that do not contain cerium oxide, the cost of the raw glass can be kept low, making it possible to cost-effectively manufacture a front substrate having the above characteristics. 2 Less than 300g / m 2In connection with an areal density of less than 1000 nm, a reduction in the weight as well as the cost of the solar module can be achieved, and furthermore, due to the transition transmittance, a suitable protective effect can be achieved for the components of the solar module, such as the adhesive layer, even under high UV conditions, which in turn allows the use of cost-effective adhesive layers, resulting in overall cost-saving possibilities in several areas and a particularly suitable use for portable applications, such as portable equipment, means of transport, means of transportation or manned or unmanned flying objects.

Claims

1. A front substrate for solar modules, particularly for portable applications, such as portable equipment, means of transport, means of delivery, or manned or unmanned aerial vehicles, The aforementioned front substrate has a surface density of 500 g / m². 2 Having less than and The aforementioned front substrate has a standard thickness of 100 μm and the lower transmittance T low The higher transmittance T up A transition section is formed, and the transition transmittance T is located between them. tr = 50% includes a material having a transmittance curve T(λ) in the wavelength range of 302 nm to 322 nm. The aforementioned front panel.

2. The front substrate has a basis weight of less than 400 g / m 2 and preferably less than 300 g / m 2 and particularly preferably less than 250 g / m 2 and still preferably less than 275 g / m 2 and still preferably less than 200 g / m 2 and / or The migration transmittance T tr = 50% are present in the wavelength range of 304 nm to 318 nm, preferably in the wavelength range of 306 nm to 314 nm, and more preferably in the wavelength range of 308 nm to 312 nm. The front substrate according to claim 1.

3. The front substrate according to claim 1, wherein the front substrate has a thickness of less than 150 μm, more preferably less than 100 μm, particularly preferably less than 80 μm, even more preferably less than 60 μm, and even more preferably less than 40 μm.

4. The transmittance curve T(λ) is defined as having wavelengths in the wavelength range of 288 nm to 312 nm, preferably 294 nm to 306 nm, and particularly preferably 298 nm to 302 nm. tr = Falls below 10% and / or The transmittance curve T(λ) is defined as having wavelengths in the wavelength range of 322 nm to 400 nm, preferably 330 nm to 380 nm, and particularly preferably 335 nm to 360 nm. tr = rises above 90% The front substrate according to claim 1.

5. The lower transmittance T low is less than 5%, preferably less than 2.5%, particularly preferably less than 1%, and / or The higher transmittance T up This is above 85%, preferably above 87.5%, and especially preferably above 90%. The front substrate according to claim 1.

6. The lower transmittance T low It is present at a wavelength of at least 250 nm, advantageously at a wavelength of at least 275 nm, particularly preferably at a wavelength of at least 285 nm, even more preferably at a wavelength of at least 290 nm, and / or The higher transmittance T up It exists at a wavelength of up to 375 nm, advantageously at a wavelength of up to 350 nm, particularly preferably at a wavelength of up to 340 nm, and even more preferably at a wavelength of up to 335 nm. The front substrate according to claim 1.

7. The aforementioned transmittance curve shows, at least one position, particularly the lower transmittance T. low and the higher transmittance T up The front substrate according to claim 1, having a gradient of 2.8 percent points / nm at a position between, and advantageously between transmittances of 10% and 80%.

8. The transmittance curve, in particular the transition transmittance T tr = 50% of the light has a shift of less than 5.0 nm, more preferably less than 3.0 nm, particularly preferably less than 1.0 nm, and / or less than 0.5 nm, after irradiation for 7 hours with light in the wavelength range of 250 nm to 600 nm, especially with the spectrum shown in Figure 5. The transmittance curve, in particular the transition transmittance T tr = 50% is 210 W / m 2 UV-A light having 170 W / m² 2 UV-B light having the following properties, and 250 W / m 2 UV-C light having the following properties, particularly after irradiation for 100 hours with the spectrum shown in Figure 6, having a shift of less than 5.0 nm, advantageously having a shift of less than 3.0 nm, especially preferably having a shift of less than 1.0 nm, and still preferably having a shift of less than 0.5 nm. The front substrate according to claim 1.

9. The material of the aforementioned front substrate is LiO 2 It does not contain or LiO 2 Glass having a glass composition containing less than 50 ppm, preferably less than 10 ppm, particularly preferably less than 5 ppm, and even more preferably less than 1 ppm, especially borosilicate glass, and / or The glass composition contains no CaO, or contains CaO in a proportion of less than 50 ppm, preferably less than 10 ppm, particularly preferably less than 5 ppm, and even more preferably less than 1 ppm, and / or The glass composition either contains no MgO, or contains MgO in a proportion of less than 50 ppm, preferably less than 10 ppm, particularly preferably less than 5 ppm, and even more preferably less than 1 ppm, and / or The glass composition either contains no BaO, or contains BaO in a proportion of less than 50 ppm, preferably less than 10 ppm, particularly preferably less than 5 ppm, and even more preferably less than 1 ppm, and / or The glass composition either contains no SrO, or contains SrO in a proportion of less than 50 ppm, preferably less than 10 ppm, particularly preferably less than 5 ppm, and even more preferably less than 1 ppm, and / or The glass composition contains no antimony (Sb), or contains antimony (Sb) in a proportion of less than 50 ppm, preferably less than 10 ppm, particularly preferably less than 5 ppm, and even more preferably less than 1 ppm, and / or The glass composition described above either does not contain arsenic (As) or contains arsenic (As) in a proportion of less than 50 ppm, preferably less than 10 ppm, particularly preferably less than 5 ppm, and even more preferably less than 1 ppm. The front substrate according to claim 1.

10. The front substrate according to claim 1, wherein the material of the front substrate contains glass having a glass composition that does not contain cerium oxide or contains cerium oxide in a proportion of less than 500 ppm, particularly borosilicate glass.

11. The material of the aforementioned front substrate is TiO 2 The glass comprises a glass composition containing 0.5 to 10 mass percent, preferably 2 to 8 mass percent, and particularly preferably 3 to 5 mass percent, and / or The aforementioned glass composition is Al 2 O 3 It contains in a proportion of 0 to 15 mass percent, preferably 3.5 to 15 mass percent, particularly preferably 3.5 to 4.5 mass percent, and / or The aforementioned glass composition is SiO 2 It contains 30 to 80 mass percent, preferably 50 to 75 mass percent, and particularly preferably 60 to 70 mass percent, and / or The aforementioned glass composition is B 2 O 3 It contains in a proportion of 3 to 20 mass percent, preferably 5.5 to 9.5 mass percent, and particularly preferably 7.5 to 8.8 mass percent. The front substrate according to claim 1.

12. The material of the aforementioned front substrate is 3.25 g / cm³. 3 It is less than 3 g / cm³, and favorably so. 3 It is less than 2.75 g / cm³, and particularly preferably 2.75 g / cm³. 3 The front substrate according to claim 1, having a density of less than [amount missing].

13. The material of the front substrate has an elastic modulus greater than 68 GPa, preferably greater than 70 GPa, and / or The material of the front substrate has an elastic modulus of less than 78 GPa, preferably less than 76 GPa, and particularly preferably less than 74 GPa. The front substrate according to claim 1.

14. The material of the aforementioned front substrate is 4 × 10 -6 K -1 To be more advantageous, 5 x 10 -6 K -1 More than 6 × 10 -6 K -1 A number greater than or equal to 7 x 10 is still preferable. -6 K -1 The front substrate according to claim 1, having a coefficient of thermal expansion in a temperature range of 20°C to 300°C that exceeds [a certain value].

15. The front substrate has one dimension greater than 35 cm, preferably greater than 45 cm, and / or more preferably greater than 60 cm, and / or The front substrate according to claim 1, wherein the front substrate has one, particularly a second, dimension greater than 65 cm, preferably greater than 75 cm, and especially preferably greater than 90 cm.

16. A front unit for a solar module, particularly for portable applications, such as portable equipment, means of transport, means of delivery, or manned or unmanned flying objects, the front unit comprising a front substrate according to any one of claims 1 to 15 and an adhesive layer applied flatly on the front substrate.

17. Solar modules, especially for portable applications, such as portable equipment, means of transport, means of delivery, or manned or unmanned flying objects, A front substrate according to any one of claims 1 to 15, Advantageously, the back member formed as the frame of the module, Advantageously, the solar cell is disposed between the rear member and the front substrate, An adhesive layer that connects the front substrate and the solar cell. The solar module including the solar module.

18. The front unit according to claim 16, wherein the adhesive layer comprises at least one of the following materials: butyl polymer, EVA, PVB, SMP (silyl-modified polymer), and transparent silicone.

19. The use of the front substrate according to any one of claims 1 to 15, particularly for portable applications, such as solar modules for portable equipment, means of transport, means of delivery, or manned or unmanned flying objects.

20. Use of the solar module according to claim 17 for portable applications, such as portable equipment, means of transport, means of delivery, or manned or unmanned flying objects.

Images