Patch antenna array with improved radiation efficiency.

Abstract

The antenna assembly includes an array of patch antennas disposed on a rectangular ground plane, the patch antennas being arranged in an order beginning at a first end of the rectangular ground plane and continuing across the width of the rectangular ground plane to a second end, with the order including the plurality of polarized feeds alternating between adjacent first corners and adjacent second corners of the patch antennas and / or the plurality of via walls alternating orientations along a first edge portion of the rectangular ground plane and along a second edge portion of the rectangular ground plane.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] The present disclosure relates generally to antennas, and more particularly to patch antenna arrays with improved radiation efficiency. [Background technology]

[0002] For wireless systems utilized in the millimeter wavelength (mmW) spectrum (e.g., 24 GHz to 48 GHz for the 5G NR high band, also known as FR2, although higher frequencies may be used), it is desirable to include a multi-band antenna or antenna array in a single device to increase the device's transmit and receive capabilities. The millimeter wave antenna may be a patch antenna. To provide coverage across multiple frequency bands, the patch antenna may be a multi-layer patch antenna. However, patch antenna radiation is based on fringe fields such that conventional multi-layer patch antennas often suffer from reduced gain and radiation efficiency when placed within a mobile device. Summary of the Invention

[0003] The following summarizes some aspects of the present disclosure in order to provide a basic understanding of the discussed technology. This summary is not an extensive overview of all of the contemplated features of the present disclosure, and is not intended to identify key or critical elements of all aspects of the present disclosure or to delineate the scope of any or all aspects of the present disclosure. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of one or more aspects of the present disclosure in summary form as a prelude to the more detailed description presented later.

[0004] According to one aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided an antenna assembly including: a substrate; a first metal layer adjacent a surface of the substrate and configured to form a rectangular ground plane, the first metal layer having a first edge extending across a width of the rectangular ground plane; a first linear array of patch antennas spaced apart from the rectangular ground plane, the first linear array of patch antennas configured to extend across a length substantially equal to the width of the rectangular ground plane, the first metal layer being between the substrate and the second metal layer; a first feed coupled to a first portion of a first patch antenna in the first linear array of patch antennas, the first portion being spaced apart from a center of the first patch antenna towards a first edge; and a first plurality of vias coupled to the first metal layer and configured to form a first via wall extending along only a portion of the first edge adjacent the first patch antenna.

[0005] According to another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method for manufacturing a rectangular ground plane having a first edge and a second edge, both of which extend across a width of the rectangular ground plane; a plurality of patch antennas on the rectangular ground plane, the plurality of patch antennas arranged in a linear array extending across a length substantially equal to the width of the rectangular ground plane, each patch antenna in the plurality of patch antennas including a first portion closer to the first edge and a second portion closer to the second edge; and a plurality of first feeds arranged in a corresponding order to the plurality of patch antennas, the plurality of first feeds being configured to couple to a second portion of the respective patch antenna in response to the preceding first feed in the order being configured to couple to the first portion of the respective patch antenna, and each subsequent first feed in the order being configured to couple to a second portion of the respective patch antenna in response to the preceding first feed in the order being configured to couple to the first portion of the respective patch antenna. and a plurality of via walls coupled to the rectangular ground plane and arranged corresponding to the plurality of patch antennas, the plurality of via walls being configured to alternate in orientation such that each via wall is configured to extend along only a portion of a first edge adjacent to a respective patch antenna in response to the first feed of the respective patch antenna being coupled to the first portion of the respective patch antenna, and each via wall is configured to extend along only a portion of a second edge adjacent to a respective patch antenna in response to the first feed of the respective patch antenna being coupled to the second portion of the respective patch antenna.

[0006] According to yet another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a rectangular ground plane having a first edge and a second edge, both extending from a first end to a second end across a width of the rectangular ground plane, the rectangular ground plane including a first portion extending from the first end to a second portion of the rectangular ground plane; and a first rectangular patch antenna and a second rectangular patch antenna, both spaced apart from the rectangular ground plane by an antenna height, the first rectangular patch antenna adjacent to the first portion and the second rectangular patch antenna adjacent to the second portion, each rectangular patch antenna having a rectangular patch antenna extending from a first corner of the rectangular patch antenna to an opposing second corner of the rectangular patch antenna. an antenna assembly including a first rectangular patch antenna and a second rectangular patch antenna symmetrical about an axis for the antenna, the axis being orthogonal to the first edge and the second edge; a first feed coupled to a first portion of the first rectangular patch antenna spaced from a center of the first rectangular patch antenna toward a first corner of the first rectangular patch antenna; and a first plurality of vias coupled to a rectangular ground plane, each via configured to extend from the rectangular ground plane to substantially the antenna height, the first plurality of vias configured to extend only along a first edge of the rectangular ground plane in the first portion.

[0007] According to yet another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a ground plane having first and second edges, both extending across a width of the ground plane; first and second rectangular patch antennas, both spaced apart from the rectangular ground plane by an antenna height; a plurality of parasitic patches disposed adjacent to each of the first and second rectangular patch antennas, wherein each rectangular patch antenna and its corresponding plurality of parasitic patches are symmetric about an axis of the rectangular patch antenna extending from a first corner of the rectangular patch antenna to an opposing second corner of the rectangular patch antenna, ignoring any feed interfaces, the axis being orthogonal to the first and second edges; a first feed coupled to a first portion of the first rectangular patch antenna spaced apart from a center of the first rectangular patch antenna toward the first corner of the first rectangular patch antenna; and a plurality of parasitic patches disposed adjacent to each of the first and second rectangular patch antennas, wherein each rectangular patch antenna and its corresponding plurality of parasitic patches are symmetric about an axis of the rectangular patch antenna extending from a first corner of the rectangular patch antenna to an opposing second corner of the rectangular patch antenna, ignoring any feed interfaces, the axis being orthogonal to the first and second edges. a first plurality of vias coupled to the ground plane, each via of the first plurality of vias configured to extend from the ground plane to substantially the antenna height, the first plurality of vias configured to extend in a first line along a first edge of the ground plane, the first line intersecting two of the plurality of parasitic patches located adjacent to the first rectangular patch antenna; and a second plurality of vias coupled to the ground plane, each via of the second plurality of vias configured to extend from the ground plane to substantially the antenna height, the second plurality of vias configured to extend in a second line along a second edge of the ground plane, the second line intersecting two of the plurality of parasitic patches located adjacent to the second rectangular patch antenna.

[0008] Other aspects, features, and implementations of the present disclosure will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reviewing the following description of certain exemplary implementations of the present disclosure in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. While features of the present disclosure may be described below with reference to several implementations and drawings, all implementations of the present disclosure may include one or more of the advantageous features discussed herein. In other words, while one or more implementations may be discussed as having several advantageous features, one or more of such features may also be used in accordance with various implementations of the present disclosure described herein. Similarly, while exemplary implementations may be described below as device, system, or method implementations, it should be understood that such exemplary implementations may be implemented in a variety of devices, systems, and methods.

[0009] The accompanying drawings, in which like reference numbers refer to identical or functionally similar elements throughout the separate views, and together with the following detailed description, are incorporated into and form a part of this specification and serve to further illustrate various implementations and explain various principles and advantages according to the present disclosure. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0010] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 is a plan view of a portion of a single-band antenna assembly having an array of patch antennas and including alternating via walls and feeds, according to one aspect of the present disclosure. [Figure 2] FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a portion of the single-band antenna assembly of FIG. 1. [Figure 3] FIG. 2 is a plan view of a portion of a dual-band antenna assembly having two arrays of patch antennas and including alternating via walls and feeds, according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 4] 4 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of the dual-band antenna assembly of FIG. 3. [Figure 5] 1 is a plan view of a portion of a dual-band antenna assembly having two arrays of patch antennas and including vias and alternating feeds, according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. [Figure 6] 1 illustrates a cellular telephone having an antenna assembly disposed along an edge of the cellular telephone and including alternating via walls and feeds, according to one aspect of the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0011] It is advantageous to position millimeter-wave antennas along the edges of a cellular phone housing to reduce user interaction when the user holds the cellular phone or to reduce interaction with other components of the phone. However, modern cellular phones are thin devices with a relatively small device housing height (e.g., 5-6 mm or less). The housing length may also be relatively long, well over 100 mm. Thus, the edges of modern cellular phone housings are defined by relatively long or wide rectangles with relatively short heights. Note that while some phones have rounded edges, the cross section of at least a portion of such phones may be rectangular. In the following discussion, we assume that the length of the rectangle (which may be denoted as the width of the rectangle) is aligned in the Cartesian x-direction and the height is aligned in the Cartesian y-direction. Given this edge shape, millimeter-wave antennas are positioned such that their boresights intersecting the edge are generally constrained to form a linear array aligned or extending in a straight line in the x-direction along the width of the rectangular edge. The ground plane for the linear array must fit within this rectangle and can have the same rectangular shape, and is located below the patch antenna.

[0012] Each patch antenna can be coupled to a vertically polarized feed and a horizontally polarized feed. Depending on which feed is active, the patch antenna transmits (or receives) with the corresponding linear polarization. In the following discussion, we assume that the horizontally polarized electric field excited by the horizontally polarized feed is aligned in the x-direction, and the vertically polarized electric field excited by the vertically polarized feed is aligned in the y-direction. Given this orientation, note that the horizontally polarized electric field is aligned with the relatively long width of the (rectangular) ground plane, while the vertically polarized electric field is aligned with the relatively short height of the (rectangular) ground plane. More generally, a first linear polarization for the patch array has an electric field aligned with the relatively long width of the (rectangular) ground plane, while a second linear polarization for the patch array, orthogonal to the first, has an electric field aligned with the relatively short height of the (rectangular) ground plane. Depending on the frequency of transmission, the asymmetry between the ground plane dimensions aligned with the electric fields for the two linear polarizations can result in a significant difference in radiation efficiency for one linear polarization compared to the other.

[0013] In the following description, without loss of generality, it is assumed that vertical linear polarization has reduced radiation efficiency. This reduced radiation efficiency is related to the height of the rectangular ground plane being significantly smaller than the width of the rectangular ground plane. To improve the radiation efficiency of transmissions using vertical linear polarization, vias are provided. In some examples, alternating via walls are provided along the edges of the rectangular ground plane. An exemplary single-band antenna array 100 (which may also be referred to as an antenna assembly) including patches 105 and 110 on a rectangular ground plane 140 is shown in FIG. 1. The rectangular ground plane 140 has a width extending in the Cartesian x-direction, while its height extends in the Cartesian y-direction.

[0014] Although patches 105 and 110 are both square rectangular, in alternative implementations, non-square rectangular or rounded patches may be used. Array 100 may include additional patches (not shown) that would extend along the width of rectangular ground plane 140. Relative to its width, rectangular ground plane 140 has an upper horizontal edge 155 and a lower horizontal edge 160. The edges of patches 105 and 110 are rotated or tilted 45 degrees relative to horizontal edges 155 and 160. For example, patch 105 has a first corner facing edge 160 and an opposing second corner oriented toward edge 155. Similarly, patch 110 has a first corner oriented toward edge 160 and a second corner oriented toward edge 155. However, other rotations may be used. In some examples, non-square rectangular patches are rotated by an amount of approximately 20-70 degrees.

[0015] Given a 45-degree rotation of patch 105 relative to horizontal edges 155 and 160 in the example shown in FIG. 1 , a vertical center axis 170 extending from a first corner of patch 105 to its opposing second corner is aligned in the y-direction. Patch 110 has the same orientation, but its vertical center axis is not shown for clarity. To excite a vertically polarized electric field aligned in the y-direction, a vertically polarized feed may be located adjacent either the first corner or the opposing second corner along the vertical center axis of each patch. For example, vertically polarized feed 120 couples into patch 105 along vertical center axis 170 adjacent the first corner of patch 105. In some examples, the distance between the first corner and the center of feed 120 is approximately 25% or less (e.g., 20% or 15% or less) of the distance between the first corner and the second corner. The vertically polarized feed 120 extends from a waveguide or trace (not shown) below the ground plane through an aperture (not shown) in the ground plane to an aperture 175 in the patch 105. The vertically polarized feed 120 is thus capacitively coupled to the patch 105, although direct coupling may be used in alternative implementations. Other types of feed structures may also be used.

[0016] The horizontal central axis 180 of patch 105 extends from its third corner to the opposing fourth corner. Due to the 45-degree rotation of patch 105 relative to the horizontal edges 155 and 160 of the rectangular ground plane 140 in the example shown in FIG. 1 , the horizontal central axis 180 extends in the x-direction. A similar horizontal central axis of patch 110 is not shown for clarity. Patches 105, 110 may be symmetric about the point where the horizontal and vertical central axes intersect if feed interfaces are ignored. To excite a horizontally polarized electric field in the x-direction, a horizontally polarized feed may be located adjacent either the third corner or the opposing fourth corner along the horizontal central axis of the patch. For example, a horizontally polarized feed 125 couples to patch 105 along the horizontal central axis 180 adjacent to the third corner of patch 105. In some examples, the distance between the third corner and the center of the feed 120 is about 25% or less (e.g., 20% or 15% or less) of the distance between the third corner and the fourth corner. The center of the patch 105 is at the intersection of the vertical center axis 170 and the horizontal center axis 180. The vertically polarized feed 120 couples to a portion of the patch 105 that is spaced from the center along the vertical center axis toward the first corner. Similarly, the horizontally polarized feed 125 couples to a portion of the patch 105 that is spaced from the center of the patch 105 along the horizontal center axis 180 toward the third portion of the patch 105.

[0017] The height of the rectangular ground plane 140 for the vertically polarized electric field excited by the vertically polarized feed 120 is relatively short compared to the width of the rectangular ground plane 140 for the horizontally polarized electric field excited by the horizontally polarized feed 125. Therefore, as previously mentioned, the vertically polarized radiation efficiency of the patch 105 may be significantly lower than the horizontally polarized radiation efficiency of the patch 105. However, the height of the rectangular ground plane 140 cannot be extended due to the limited form factor along the edges of modern cellular phone housings. To effectively extend the height of the rectangular ground plane 140, vias can be implemented. In the example shown in FIG. 1 , the alternating sequence of via walls includes a via wall 135 aligned along the first edge 160. The via wall 135 extends along only a portion of the first edge 160 adjacent to the patch 105. For example, the via wall 135 may not extend beyond a point halfway between the third corner of the patch 105 and the fourth corner of the patch 110. In other examples, the via walls 135 extend beyond the midpoint, but do not extend beyond a theoretical line that extends perpendicularly from the horizontal edge 160 to the fourth corner of the patch 110 .

[0018] Patch 105 is also shown in FIG. 2 . The remaining patches in array 100 are not shown in FIG. 2 for clarity. Rectangular ground plane 140 is formed in a first metal layer. Similarly, patch 105 is formed in a second metal layer spaced above rectangular ground plane 140 by the antenna height. Additional metal layers may be disposed between the illustrated first and second metal layers. Dielectric layers (not shown) alternate between the various metal layers. Vias 130 extend from the first metal layer to the height of the second metal layer. In some implementations, vias 130 are connected to a ground plane local to antenna 105 or to several adjacent antennas, in addition to or instead of being connected to a ground plane 140 extending under all of the antennas in array 100. The centers of each via 130 may be roughly aligned (e.g., vias 130 may be arranged so that their centers are substantially straight).

[0019] Referring again to FIG. 1 , the dimensions of patches 105 and 110 depend on the desired operating frequency. If the patch is designed for higher frequency operation, the patch dimensions, such as axes 170 and 180, will scale accordingly. Conversely, if the patch is designed for lower frequency operation, the patch dimensions will increase. As the patch dimensions increase, the first and second corners become closer to horizontal edges 155 and 160, respectively. Therefore, via 130 within via wall 135 does not need to reside within central region 137 adjacent to the first corner of patch 105 to avoid electrical contact between via wall 135 and patch 105. Thus, although the first corner of patch 105 is shown as being outside the dotted line defining via wall 135, the first corner may instead extend within the region bounded by the dotted line. Thus, a portion of patch 105 may extend below a theoretical line perpendicular to the top of via 130 in FIG. 1 . In other examples, via 130 is formed within central region 137. For example, the spacing between all vias within via wall 135 may be approximately constant. More or fewer vias 130 may be included in via wall 135 than shown in FIG. 1. In some examples, there are four or more vias (separated into two groups in some implementations) within via wall 135. For example, there may be eight or more vias within via wall 135.

[0020] Note that while the via walls 135 improve the vertically polarized radiation efficiency of patch 105, coupling to adjacent patches, such as patch 110, can reduce or even eliminate this increase in radiation efficiency. To address this coupling, the vertically polarized feeds and via walls alternate from one patch to another in the illustrated example. For example, patch 110 has a vertically polarized feed 145 adjacent to the second corner of patch 110 and thus adjacent to horizontal edge 155. In contrast, the vertical feed 120 of patch 105 is adjacent to the first corner of patch 105 and therefore adjacent to horizontal edge 160. Similarly, the via walls 185 of the vias 130 of patch 110 are aligned with horizontal edge 155, while the via walls 135 of patch 105 are aligned with horizontal edge 160. The via walls 185 extend along only a portion of the edge 155 adjacent to patch 110. Given this alternation of vertically polarized feeds, the RF signal source drives the vertically polarized feed 120 with an RF signal that is 180 degrees out of phase with the RF signal driving the vertically polarized feed 145. Because the rectangular ground plane 140 is wide enough across the array 100, the horizontally polarized feeds do not need to be alternated as is done for the vertically polarized feeds. For example, the horizontally polarized feed 150 of patch 110 is adjacent to the third corner of patch 110, similar to the manner described for the horizontal feed 125 of patch 105. In other examples, the horizontally polarized feeds may be alternated. However, in such examples, the horizontally polarized feeds may be located at the corners nearest to each other in two adjacent patches. For example, (in an example not shown) the feed 125 may be adjacent to the third corner of patch 105, and the feed 150 may be adjacent to the fourth corner of patch 110. In contrast, placing horizontally polarized feeds at all the same corners of the patch (as shown in FIG. 1) can reduce the possibility of coupling between antennas and / or ease space constraints, for example, by separating filters or other components or routing for the horizontally polarized feeds.

[0021] The vias 130 in the via wall 185 may be configured similarly to the vias 130 in the via wall 135, except that the vias 130 in the via wall 185 may be positioned near the horizontal edge 155 and the second corner of the patch 110. For example, the vias 130 in the via wall 185 may be arranged in a straight line, and may or may not be present in a central region of the via wall 185. As another example, the second corner of the patch 110 may extend within the area surrounded by the dotted line defining the via wall 185, or may remain outside it. Furthermore, the vias 130 may be grounded, for example, by being connected to a local ground plane and / or the ground plane 140. More or fewer vias 130 than shown in FIG. 1 may be included in the via wall 185. In some examples, there are four or more vias in the via wall 185 (separated into two groups in some implementations). For example, there may be eight or more vias in the via wall 185.

[0022] Patches 105 and 110 are shown as being offset such that, for example, horizontal center axis 180 is not aligned with the horizontal center axis (not shown) of patch 110. In other examples, the horizontal center axes may be aligned. For example, the centers of all horizontally polarized feeds in array 100 may be located in a straight line.

[0023] In some examples, via walls near adjacent patches may be located on the same side of ground plane 140. For example, via wall 135 and via wall 185 may both be located near horizontal edge 160 or both be located near horizontal edge 155. In some examples, all of the vias 130 in array 100 are located along the same horizontal edge.

[0024] In some examples, via walls may be located in the x-direction along either side of ground plane 140 for a particular antenna(s) or for all antennas in the array. For example, in addition to via walls 135 and 185, via walls may be located along horizontal edge 155 near the second corner of patch 105 and / or along horizontal edge 160 near the first corner of patch 110.

[0025] In some examples, there are no ground vias located between patches 105 and 110 (or between any two adjacent antennas). In some examples, there are no grounded vias that extend to the metal layer on which patches 105, 110 are located and are also located between patches 105, 110 (or between any two adjacent antennas). For example, no grounded vias may be present in the region between patches 105 and 110 defined by a theoretical line connecting a second corner of patch 105 to a second corner of patch 110 and a theoretical line connecting a first corner of patch 105 to a first corner of patch 110.

[0026] In some examples, patches 105 and 110 are not rotated relative to ground plane 140. For example, the edges of patches 105 and 110 may be approximately parallel to the edges of rectangular ground plane 140. In some such examples, the feeds for these patches are located approximately in the center of two abutting edges rather than at two adjacent corners. In this configuration, feeds for one polarization can be maintained in approximately the same location on each patch, while feeds for another polarization can alternate sides between patches.

[0027] The next antenna in array 100 may be configured similarly to patch 105 with feeds, via walls, etc. located in the same relative positions. Furthermore, the fourth antenna in array 100 following this next antenna may be configured similarly to patch 110 with feeds, via walls, etc. located in the same relative positions. In this way, feed locations and / or via wall locations for one polarization may alternate between adjacent antennas in the patch / antenna sequence, while feed locations for another polarization remain consistent.

[0028] Stacked patches may be used to provide dual-band capability. For example, the low-band patch in a stacked pair may be relatively adjacent to the ground plane, while the high-band patch in the stacked pair may be above the low-band patch and thus further separated from the ground plane. The stacking may be reversed so that the high-band patch is interposed between the low-band patch and the ground plane. In some implementations, the radiation efficiency of both horizontal and vertical polarization is sufficient for low-band operation, such that alternating vertically polarized feeds and / or via walls improves the high-band vertically polarized radiation efficiency. However, it will be understood that the low-band vertically polarized radiation efficiency may also benefit from alternating vertically polarized feeds and / or via walls.

[0029] An exemplary dual-band array 300 (which may also be referred to as a dual-band antenna assembly) is shown in FIG. 3. The patches 105 are as described for the array 100 and are accordingly coupled to the vertically polarized feeds 120 and horizontal feeds 125. However, the low-band patches 315 are located between the (rectangular) ground plane 140 and the patches 105. Thus, the patches 105 are the high-band patches 105 in the array 300. For example, the patches 315 may be configured to operate at frequencies between approximately 24 GHz and 30 GHz, and the patches 105 may be configured to operate at frequencies between approximately 37 GHz and 44 GHz (although other frequency configurations are possible). To aid in the operation of the high-band patches 105, the metal layer for the high-band patches 105 is also configured to include a parasitic patch 320 adjacent to the patches 105. In another example, the parasitic patch 320 is located on a different metal layer than the metal layer on which the patches 105 are located. 3, parasitic patch 320 may have the same length as patch 105, but may have a significantly smaller width (e.g., 25% to 35% of the width of patch 105). When parasitic patch 320 is disposed on a metal layer different from the metal layer on which patch 105 is disposed, parasitic patch 320 may overhang patch 105 slightly when viewed from above. In such a configuration, the length and / or width of the parasitic patch may differ from the dimensions described above.

[0030] Just as the vertically polarized feed 120 for the high-band patch 105 is adjacent to the horizontal edge 160, the vertically polarized feed 305 for the low-band patch 315 is adjacent to the horizontal edge 155. Similarly, the horizontally polarized feed 310 is located on the opposite side of the low-band patch 315 compared to the horizontally polarized feed 125.

[0031] Patch 110 is the high-band patch 110 in dual-band array 300. Thus, high-band patch 110 couples to vertically polarized feed 145 and horizontally polarized feed 150 as described for array 100. Parasitic patch 320 assists in the operation of high-band patch 110 as described for high-band patch 105. Via walls 185 align with horizontal edges 155 by alternating from via walls 135. Low-band patch 330 is formed in the same metal layer used to form low-band patch 315. Patch 110 may be configured to operate at the same frequency as patch 105, and patch 330 may be configured to operate at the same frequency as patch 315.

[0032] Just as the vertically polarized feed 145 for the high-band patch 110 is adjacent to the horizontal edge 155, the vertically polarized feed 340 for the low-band patch 330 is adjacent to the horizontal edge 160. Similarly, the horizontally polarized feed 335 is located on the opposite side of the low-band patch 330 compared to the horizontally polarized feed 150. Given this alternation of the vertically polarized feeds of the low-band patches 315, 330, the RF signal source drives the vertically polarized feed 305 with an RF signal that is 180 degrees out of phase with the RF signal driving the vertically polarized feed 340.

[0033] A portion of the dual-band array 300 is shown in cross section (e.g., looking from horizontal edge 160 toward the patch) in FIG. 4 . The ground plane 140 is adjacent to a substrate 410, which may be a semiconductor die or a circuit board substrate. To improve performance, a parasitic low-band patch 405 (not shown in FIG. 3 ) may be formed in a metal layer adjacent to the metal layer forming the low-band patch 315. The parasitic low-band patch 405 may be a similar size and shape to the low-band patch 315, or may be slightly larger. Similarly, a parasitic high-band patch 415 (not shown in FIG. 3 ) may be formed in a metal layer adjacent to the metal layer forming the high-band patch 105. The parasitic high-band patch 415 may be a similar size and shape to the high-band patch 105, or may be slightly larger. Vertically polarized feed 120 and horizontally polarized feed 125 couple to high-band patch 105 through apertures (not shown) in parasitic low-band patch 405, low-band patch 315, and parasitic high-band patch 415. Similarly, horizontally polarized feed 310 and vertically polarized feed 305 ( FIG. 3 ) couple to low-band patch 315 through apertures (not shown) in parasitic low-band patch 405. Parasitic patch 320 for high-band patch 105 is not shown in FIG. 4 for clarity of illustration, but may be formed in the same metal layer that forms high-band patch 105 or in a different layer. Similarly, via 130 is not shown in FIG. 4 for clarity of illustration, but may extend from ground plane 140 (or another ground plane local to patch 105, 415, 315, 405) to the metal layer on which any of patches 105, 415, 315, 405 is located. For example, one or more vias 130 may extend from the ground plane to the metal layer on which patch 315 is located. In another example, one or more vias 130 extend from the ground plane to the metal layer on which patch 105 is located. In some examples, one or more vias 130 extend from the ground plane to the top metal layer. All vias 130 may extend to the same metal layer, or the heights of some of the vias 130 may vary.Photolithography techniques can be used to form various antenna structures such as low band patch 315, parasitic low band patch 405, high band patch 105, parasitic patch 320, and via 130. Patches 105, 315 and parasitic patches 320, 405, 415 can be symmetrical about the point where a horizontal center axis and a vertical center axis (not shown in FIG. 3 or FIG. 4) intersect, if the feed interface is ignored.

[0034] Another exemplary dual-band array 500 (which may be referred to as a dual-band antenna assembly) is shown in FIG. 5. Array 500 is similar to array 300 (FIG. 3), except that the height of (rectangular) ground plane 540 is smaller than the height of ground plane 140. This may allow for a reduced size of array 500 compared to array 300. Furthermore, the width of parasitic patch 520 is larger than the width of parasitic patch 320. However, the width of parasitic patch 520 is still substantially smaller than the width of patches 105 and 110 (e.g., approximately 40% to 45% of the width of patches 105 and 110). Furthermore, one corner of each parasitic patch 520 is truncated to fit within the reduced dimensions of ground plane 540. Patches 105, 315 and parasitic patch 520 (and parasitic patches 405, 415, if included, see FIG. 4) may be symmetrical about a vertical center axis (not shown in FIG. 5) when feed interfaces are ignored.

[0035] Another difference between array 300 and array 500 is that parasitic patch 520, and optionally patches 315 and 330, extend within the area bounded by the dotted lines defining via wall 535. The vias 130 in each via wall 535 may be arranged in a straight line, and a portion of patch 520 (and optionally a portion of patches 315 and 330) may intersect a theoretical line connecting all of the vias in via wall 535. Furthermore, in the illustrated example, there are fewer vias 130 in each via wall 535 than are shown in via walls 135 and 185 (FIG. 3). In the example shown in FIG. 5, each via wall 535 includes four vias divided into two groups. The reduced number of vias may allow for an increased size of via-free central region within via wall 535 so that the vias 130 do not interfere with parasitic patch 520. Furthermore, via walls 535 are arranged along both horizontal edges 155 and 160 of each antenna. However, the vertically polarized feeds alternate between the antennas similar to how they alternate within the array 300 .

[0036] A portion of a cellular telephone 600 including an exemplary array 605 having a plurality of alternating via walls disposed along the edge of the cellular telephone 600 is shown in FIG. 6. For clarity of illustration, corresponding patches are not shown, but may be disposed as described for the dual-band array 300 or the single-band array 100. As noted above, the via walls may instead be disposed along both horizontal edges of the array 605, as shown, for example, for the dual-band array 500. Furthermore, the feeds for one polarization may be alternating in the same manner as the via walls are shown alternating in FIG. 6. The feeds for another polarization may not be alternating in some instances.

[0037] For ease of explanation, the above text has described cellular telephones, but it will be appreciated that the arrays of antennas described herein may be implemented in any device configured to communicate wirelessly. For example, such arrays may be implemented in laptop computers, tablets, augmented reality devices, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, medical devices, etc.

[0038] The present disclosure will now be summarized in the following illustrative clauses.

[0039] Article 1. A substrate; a first metal layer adjacent to a surface of the substrate and configured to form a rectangular ground plane, the rectangular ground plane having a first edge extending across a width of the rectangular ground plane; a first linear array of patch antennas spaced apart from the rectangular ground plane, the first linear array of patch antennas configured to extend over a length substantially equal to a width of the rectangular ground plane, the first metal layer being between the substrate and the second metal layer; and a second metal layer configured to form the first linear array of patch antennas. a first feed coupled to a first portion of a first patch antenna in a first linear array of patch antennas, the first portion being spaced from a center of the first patch antenna toward a first edge; a first plurality of vias coupled to the first metal layer and configured to form first via walls extending along only a portion of the first edge adjacent the first patch antenna; An antenna assembly comprising:

[0040] Clause 2. The rectangular ground plane includes a second edge extending across the width of the rectangular ground plane; a second feed coupled to a first portion of a second patch antenna in the first linear array of patch antennas, the first portion of the second patch antenna being spaced from a center of the second patch antenna toward a second edge thereof; a second plurality of vias coupled to the first metal layer and configured to form second via walls extending along only a portion of the second edge adjacent the second patch antenna; 2. The antenna assembly of claim 1, further comprising:

[0041] Clause 3. An antenna assembly as described in clause 2, wherein the first feed is configured to cause the first patch antenna to transmit and receive according to a first linear polarization, and the second feed is configured to cause the second patch antenna to transmit and receive according to the first linear polarization.

[0042] Article 4. a third feed coupled to a second portion of the first patch antenna, the second portion of the first patch antenna being spaced apart from a center of the first patch antenna in a direction parallel to the first edge and the second edge; a fourth feed coupled to a second portion of the second patch antenna, the second portion of the second patch antenna being spaced apart from the center of the second patch antenna in a direction parallel to the first edge and the second edge; and 4. The antenna assembly of claim 3, further comprising:

[0043] Clause 5. An antenna assembly as described in clause 4, wherein the third feed is configured to cause the first patch antenna to transmit and receive according to a second linear polarization that is orthogonal to the first linear polarization, and the fourth feed is configured to cause the second patch antenna to transmit and receive according to the second linear polarization.

[0044] Clause 6. An antenna assembly according to any one of clauses 3 to 5, wherein the first linear polarization is defined by an electric field orthogonal to the first edge and the second edge.

[0045] Article 7. a third metal layer between the second metal layer and the first metal layer, the third metal layer configured to form a second linear array of patch antennas adjacent to the first linear array of patch antennas; 7. The antenna assembly of any one of clauses 2 to 6, further comprising:

[0046] Clause 8. The antenna assembly of clause 7, wherein the first linear array of patch antennas is configured for a first frequency and the second linear array of patch antennas is configured for a second frequency that is lower than the first frequency.

[0047] Clause 9. An antenna assembly as described in any of clauses 7 to 8, wherein the first linear array of patch antennas is a first linear array of rectangular patch antennas and the second linear array of patch antennas is a second linear array of rectangular patch antennas.

[0048] Clause 10. The antenna assembly of clause 9, wherein the first linear array of rectangular patch antennas is a first linear array of square patch antennas and the second linear array of rectangular patch antennas is a second linear array of square patch antennas.

[0049] Clause 11. The antenna assembly of clause 7, wherein the first patch antenna is a first square patch antenna, and the second linear array of patch antennas includes a second square patch antenna adjacent to the first square patch antenna, the second square patch antenna being larger than the first square patch antenna.

[0050] Clause 12. An antenna assembly as described in any of clauses 2 to 11, wherein the antenna assembly is incorporated into an edge of a cellular telephone, and the width of the rectangular ground plane extends along the width of the edge of the cellular telephone, and the width of the rectangular ground plane defines a longer edge of the rectangular ground plane.

[0051] Article 13. a rectangular ground plane having a first edge and a second edge, both of which extend across a width of the rectangular ground plane; a plurality of patch antennas on a rectangular ground plane, the plurality of patch antennas being arranged in a linear array extending over a length substantially equal to a width of the rectangular ground plane, each patch antenna in the plurality of patch antennas including a first portion closer to a first edge and a second portion closer to a second edge; a plurality of first feeds arranged in a sequence corresponding to the plurality of patch antennas, the plurality of first feeds being configured to alternate orientation such that each subsequent first feed in the sequence is configured to couple to a second portion of its respective patch antenna in response to the preceding first feed in the sequence being configured to couple to the first portion of its respective patch antenna, and such that each subsequent first feed in the sequence is configured to couple to a first portion of its respective patch antenna in response to the preceding first feed in the sequence being configured to couple to the second portion of its respective patch antenna; a plurality of via walls coupled to the rectangular ground plane and arranged corresponding to the plurality of patch antennas, the plurality of via walls being configured to alternate in orientation such that each via wall is configured to extend along only a portion of a first edge adjacent to a respective patch antenna in response to a first feed of the respective patch antenna being coupled to a first portion of the respective patch antenna, and each via wall is configured to extend along only a portion of a second edge adjacent to a respective patch antenna in response to the first feed of the respective patch antenna being coupled to a second portion of the respective patch antenna; An antenna assembly comprising:

[0052] Clause 14. The antenna assembly of clause 13, wherein the rectangular ground plane is defined by a width and a height, and the width of the rectangular ground plane is greater than the height of the rectangular ground plane.

[0053] Clause 15. An antenna assembly described in any of clauses 13 to 14, wherein each first feed in the plurality of first feeds is configured to cause the respective patch antenna to transmit and receive according to a first linear polarization.

[0054] Clause 16. The antenna assembly of clause 15, wherein the first linear polarization has an electric field orthogonal to the first edge and the second edge.

[0055] Article 17. a plurality of second feeds corresponding to the plurality of patch antennas, each second feed in the plurality of second feeds being coupled to a respective patch antenna from the plurality of patch antennas and configured to cause the respective patch antenna to transmit and receive according to a second linear polarization orthogonal to the first linear polarization; 16. The antenna assembly of clause 15, further comprising:

[0056] Clause 18. The antenna assembly of clause 17, wherein the first linear polarization is a vertical linear polarization and the second linear polarization is a horizontal linear polarization.

[0057] Article 19. a radio frequency (RF) transmitter configured to drive each subsequent first feed with an RF signal that is 180 degrees out of phase with the RF signal driving the preceding first feed; 19. The antenna assembly of any of clauses 13 to 18, further comprising:

[0058] Article 20. Substrate adjacent to rectangular ground plane 20. The antenna assembly of any of clauses 13 to 19, further comprising:

[0059] Clause 21. The antenna assembly of clause 20, wherein the substrate is a semiconductor die substrate.

[0060] Article 22. a rectangular ground plane having a first edge and a second edge, both of which extend across a width of the rectangular ground plane from a first end to a second end, the rectangular ground plane including a first portion extending from the first end to the second portion of the rectangular ground plane; a first rectangular patch antenna and a second rectangular patch antenna, both spaced an antenna height from a rectangular ground plane, the first rectangular patch antenna adjacent to a first portion and the second rectangular patch antenna adjacent to a second portion, each rectangular patch antenna being symmetrical about an axis for the rectangular patch antenna extending from a first corner of the rectangular patch antenna to an opposing second corner of the rectangular patch antenna, the axis being orthogonal to the first edge and the second edge; a first feed coupled to a first portion of the first rectangular patch antenna spaced from a center of the first rectangular patch antenna toward a first corner of the first rectangular patch antenna; a first plurality of vias coupled to the rectangular ground plane, each via configured to extend from the rectangular ground plane to substantially the antenna height, the first plurality of vias configured to extend only along a first edge of the rectangular ground plane in a first portion; An antenna assembly comprising:

[0061] Article 23. a second plurality of vias coupled to the rectangular ground plane, each via in the second plurality of vias configured to extend from the rectangular ground plane to substantially the antenna height, the second plurality of vias configured to extend only along a second edge of the rectangular ground plane in a second portion; 23. The antenna assembly of claim 22, further comprising:

[0062] Article 24. a second feed coupled to a first portion of the second rectangular patch antenna spaced from the center of the second rectangular patch antenna toward a second corner of the second rectangular patch antenna; 24. The antenna assembly of claim 23, further comprising:

[0063] Clause 25. The antenna assembly of any of clauses 23-24, wherein the first rectangular patch antenna and the second rectangular patch antenna each comprise a square patch antenna.

[0064] Article 26. a third feed coupled to a second portion of the first rectangular patch antenna spaced from the center of the first rectangular patch antenna toward a third corner of the first rectangular patch antenna; a fourth feed coupled to a second portion of the second rectangular patch antenna spaced from the center of the second rectangular patch antenna toward a third corner of the second rectangular patch antenna; 26. The antenna assembly of any of clauses 23 to 25, further comprising:

[0065] Clause 27. An antenna assembly as described in Clause 26, wherein the first feed and the second feed are both configured to excite a first linear polarization, and the third feed and the fourth feed are both configured to excite a second linear polarization that is orthogonal to the first linear polarization.

[0066] Clause 28. The antenna assembly of clause 27, wherein the first linear polarization is a vertical linear polarization and the second linear polarization is a horizontal linear polarization.

[0067] Article 29. a third rectangular patch antenna disposed between the first rectangular patch antenna and the first portion of the rectangular ground plane; a fourth rectangular patch antenna disposed between the second rectangular patch antenna and the second portion of the rectangular ground plane; 27. The antenna assembly of claim 26, further comprising:

[0068] Clause 30. An antenna assembly as described in Clause 29, wherein the third rectangular patch antenna and the fourth rectangular patch antenna are both configured for a first frequency, and the first rectangular patch antenna and the second rectangular patch antenna are both configured for a second frequency higher than the first frequency.

[0069] Clause 31. An antenna assembly as described in clause 2, wherein a portion of the second edge adjacent to the first patch antenna is free of vias, a portion of the first edge adjacent to the second patch antenna is free of vias, and a region between the first patch antenna and the second patch antenna is free of vias.

[0070] Clause 32. The antenna assembly of clause 7, wherein the first patch antenna is a first square patch antenna, the second patch antenna is a second square patch antenna, the second linear array of patch antennas includes a third square patch antenna adjacent to the first square patch antenna and a fourth square patch antenna adjacent to the second square patch antenna, the third square patch antenna being larger than the first square patch antenna, and the fourth square patch antenna being larger than the second square patch antenna.

[0071] Clause 33. An antenna assembly as described in Clause 32, further comprising a third feed coupled to a third portion of the third square patch antenna, the third portion being spaced away from the center of the third square patch antenna toward a second edge, and a fourth feed coupled to a fourth portion of the fourth square patch antenna, the fourth portion being spaced away from the center of the fourth square patch antenna toward a first edge.

[0072] Article 34. a ground plane having a first edge and a second edge, both of which extend across a width of the ground plane; a first rectangular patch antenna and a second rectangular patch antenna, both spaced apart from a ground plane by an antenna height; a plurality of parasitic patches disposed adjacent each of the first and second rectangular patch antennas, each rectangular patch antenna and its corresponding plurality of parasitic patches being symmetric about an axis of the rectangular patch antenna extending from a first corner of the rectangular patch antenna to an opposing second corner of the rectangular patch antenna, ignoring any feed interface, the axis being orthogonal to the first edge and the second edge; a first feed coupled to a first portion of the first rectangular patch antenna spaced from a center of the first rectangular patch antenna toward a first corner of the first rectangular patch antenna; a second feed coupled to a first portion of the second rectangular patch antenna spaced from a center of the second rectangular patch antenna toward a second corner of the second rectangular patch antenna; a first plurality of vias coupled to the ground plane, each via of the first plurality of vias configured to extend from the ground plane to substantially an antenna height, the first plurality of vias configured to extend in a first line along a first edge of the ground plane, the first line intersecting two of the plurality of parasitic patches located adjacent to the first rectangular patch antenna; a second plurality of vias coupled to the ground plane, each via of the second plurality of vias configured to extend from the ground plane to substantially the antenna height, the second plurality of vias configured to extend in a second line along a second edge of the ground plane, the second line intersecting two of the plurality of parasitic patches disposed adjacent to the second rectangular patch antenna; An antenna assembly comprising:

[0073] Clause 35. An antenna assembly as described in clause 34, wherein there are no vias in a portion of the second edge adjacent to the first rectangular patch antenna, there are no vias in a portion of the first edge adjacent to the second rectangular patch antenna, and there are no vias in the area between the first rectangular patch antenna and the second rectangular patch antenna.

[0074] Clause 36. An antenna assembly as described in clause 34, wherein a via in the first plurality of vias is positioned adjacent to a second rectangular patch antenna, and a via in the second plurality of vias is positioned adjacent to the first rectangular patch antenna, and no vias are present in the region between the first rectangular patch antenna and the second rectangular patch antenna.

[0075] Clause 37. The antenna assembly of any of clauses 34 to 36, wherein the first rectangular patch antenna and the second rectangular patch antenna each comprise a square patch antenna.

[0076] Article 38. a third feed coupled to a second portion of the first rectangular patch antenna spaced from the center of the first rectangular patch antenna toward a third corner of the first rectangular patch antenna; a fourth feed coupled to a second portion of the second rectangular patch antenna spaced from the center of the second rectangular patch antenna toward a third corner of the second rectangular patch antenna; 38. The antenna assembly of any of clauses 34 to 37, further comprising:

[0077] Clause 39. An antenna assembly as described in Clause 38, wherein the first feed and the second feed are both configured to excite a first linear polarization, and the third feed and the fourth feed are both configured to excite a second linear polarization that is orthogonal to the first linear polarization.

[0078] Clause 40. The antenna assembly of clause 39, wherein the first linear polarization is a vertical linear polarization and the second linear polarization is a horizontal linear polarization.

[0079] Article 41. a third rectangular patch antenna disposed between the first rectangular patch antenna and the first portion of the rectangular ground plane; a fourth rectangular patch antenna disposed between the second rectangular patch antenna and the second portion of the rectangular ground plane; 41. The antenna assembly of any of clauses 34 to 40, further comprising:

[0080] Clause 42. An antenna assembly as described in Clause 41, wherein the third rectangular patch antenna and the fourth rectangular patch antenna are both configured for a first frequency, and the first rectangular patch antenna and the second rectangular patch antenna are both configured for a second frequency higher than the first frequency.

[0081] Clause 43. An antenna assembly as described in any of clauses 34 to 42, wherein each of the plurality of parasitic patches has one corner that is truncated to fit within the dimensions of the ground plane.

[0082] Clause 44. An antenna assembly described in any of clauses 2 to 12, wherein the first patch antenna is rectangular and has an axis extending from a first corner of the patch antenna to an opposing second corner of the patch antenna, the axis being perpendicular to the first edge and the second edge.

[0083] The description set forth herein with reference to the accompanying drawings describes exemplary configurations and does not necessarily represent every example that may be implemented or fall within the scope of the claims. The detailed description includes specific details to provide an understanding of the described techniques. However, these techniques may be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form to avoid obscuring the concepts of the described examples. The description herein is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the disclosure. Various modifications of the disclosure will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other variations without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Thus, the disclosure is not limited to the examples and designs described herein, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein. [Explanation of symbols]

[0084] 100 Single Band Antenna Array 105 High Band Patches 110 High Band Patches 120 vertically polarized feed 125 horizontally polarized feed 130 Beer 135 Via Wall 137 Central area 140 (Rectangle) Ground plane 145 vertically polarized feed 150 Horizontally Polarized Feed 155 horizontal edge 160 horizontal edge 170 Vertical center axis 175 aperture 180 horizontal center axis 185 Via Wall 300 Dual Band Array 305 Vertically Polarized Feed 310 horizontally polarized feed 315 Low Band Patches 320 Parasitic Patch 330 Low Band Patches 335 horizontally polarized feed 340 vertically polarized feed 405 Parasitic Low Band Patch 410 board 415 Parasitic High Band Patch 500 Dual Band Array 520 Parasitic Patch 535 Via Wall 540 (Rectangle) Ground plane 600 Cellular Phone 605 Array

Claims

1. The rectangular ground surface has a first edge and a second edge that both extend across the width of the rectangular ground surface, A plurality of patch antennas on the rectangular ground surface, wherein the plurality of patch antennas are configured as a linear array extending over a length substantially equal to the width of the rectangular ground surface, and each patch antenna in the plurality of patch antennas includes a first portion closer to the first edge and a second portion closer to the second edge, A plurality of first feeds arranged in an order corresponding to the plurality of patch antennas, wherein the orientation of the plurality of first feeds alternates such that each subsequent first feed in the order is configured to connect to the second portion of each patch antenna in response to the preceding first feed in the order being configured to connect to the first portion of each patch antenna, and each subsequent first feed in the order is configured to connect to the first portion of each patch antenna in response to the preceding first feed in the order being configured to connect to the second portion of each patch antenna, A plurality of via walls connected to the rectangular ground surface and arranged corresponding to the plurality of patch antennas, wherein the plurality of via walls are configured to alternately face each other such that each via wall extends along only a portion of the first edge adjacent to each patch antenna in response to the first feed of each patch antenna being connected to the first portion of each patch antenna, and each via wall extends along only a portion of the second edge adjacent to each patch antenna in response to the first feed of each patch antenna being connected to the second portion of each patch antenna, and An antenna assembly comprising the following features.

2. The antenna assembly according to claim 1, wherein the rectangular ground surface is defined by the width and height, and the width of the rectangular ground surface is greater than the height of the rectangular ground surface.

3. The antenna assembly according to claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of first feeds is configured to cause each of the patch antennas to transmit and receive according to a first linear polarization.

4. The antenna assembly according to claim 3, wherein the first linear polarization has an electric field perpendicular to the first edge and the second edge.

5. A plurality of second feeds corresponding to the plurality of patch antennas, wherein each second feed in the plurality of second feeds is coupled to each patch antenna from the plurality of patch antennas, and each patch antenna is configured to transmit and receive according to a second linear polarization orthogonal to the first linear polarization. The antenna assembly according to claim 3, further comprising the following:

6. The antenna assembly according to claim 5, wherein the first linear polarization is vertical linear polarization and the second linear polarization is horizontal linear polarization.

7. An RF transmitter configured to drive each subsequent first feed with an RF signal that is 180 degrees out of phase with the radio frequency (RF) signal that is driven for the preceding first feed. The antenna assembly according to claim 1, further comprising the following:

8. Substrate adjacent to the rectangular ground surface The antenna assembly according to claim 1, further comprising the following:

9. The antenna assembly according to claim 8, wherein the substrate is a semiconductor die substrate.

10. The plurality of patch antennas include a first rectangular patch antenna and a second rectangular patch antenna, both of which are spaced from the ground surface by the height of the antenna, A plurality of parasitic patches are arranged adjacent to each of the first rectangular patch antenna and the second rectangular patch antenna, wherein each rectangular patch antenna and its corresponding plurality of parasitic patches are symmetrical with respect to an axis of the rectangular patch antenna extending from a first corner of the rectangular patch antenna to an opposing second corner of the rectangular patch antenna, ignoring any feed interfaces, and the axis comprises a plurality of parasitic patches perpendicular to the first edge and the second edge, The antenna assembly according to claim 1, further comprising:

11. The antenna assembly according to claim 10, wherein no vias are present in a portion of the second edge adjacent to the first rectangular patch antenna, no vias are present in a portion of the first edge adjacent to the second rectangular patch antenna, and no vias are present in the region between the first rectangular patch antenna and the second rectangular patch antenna.

12. The antenna assembly according to claim 10, wherein the first rectangular patch antenna and the second rectangular patch antenna each comprise a square patch antenna.

13. A third rectangular patch antenna is positioned between the first rectangular patch antenna and the ground surface, A fourth rectangular patch antenna is positioned between the second rectangular patch antenna and the ground surface. The antenna assembly according to claim 10, further comprising the following:

14. The antenna assembly according to claim 13, wherein both the third rectangular patch antenna and the fourth rectangular patch antenna are configured for a first frequency, and both the first rectangular patch antenna and the second rectangular patch antenna are configured for a second frequency higher than the first frequency.

15. The antenna assembly according to claim 10, wherein each of the plurality of parasitic patches has a corner that is cut out to fit within the dimensions of the contact surface.

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