Compositions containing 1,3-propanediol for improving the sweetness and / or reducing the bitterness of sweeteners and methods of using same

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to a sweetener composition comprising 1,3-propanediol and a sweetener. Food, beverage, confectionery, or concentrate compositions comprising the sweetener composition, and methods for producing such sweeteners are disclosed.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 407,250, filed September 16, 2022, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

[0002] The present disclosure relates to the field of beverage, food, confectionery, concentrated (caloric, bulk and high potency) sweeteners, providing enhanced sweetness and / or reduced bitterness of the sweetener. [Background technology]

[0003] Natural sugars, such as sucrose, fructose, and glucose, are utilized in the food and beverage industry to provide a pleasant taste to beverages, foods, confectioneries, and concentrates. Furthermore, natural sugars are commonly used in pharmaceuticals, dietary supplements, and oral hygiene / cosmetics to impart a similarly pleasant taste. Sucrose, in particular, imparts a taste that is highly preferred by many consumers. While sucrose offers excellent sweetening properties, it is caloric. High-potency sweeteners have been introduced to address consumer demand for products with a pleasant taste, while also meeting the growing demand for healthier, lower-calorie products. Furthermore, the demand for healthier, lower-calorie products is driven by public policy and regulatory mandates.

[0004] However, high-potency sweeteners differ significantly from natural caloric sugars in that they can frustrate consumers and limit the market penetration of many high-potency sweetener-containing products. In terms of taste, high-potency sweeteners exhibit different time profiles, maximum responses, flavor profiles, mouthfeel, and adaptation behaviors from sugar. Generally, high-potency sweeteners exhibit delayed sweetness onset, a lingering sweet aftertaste, a bitter off-taste, astringency, a cool taste, and / or a licorice-like taste. High-potency sweeteners can be synthetic chemicals, natural substances, physically or chemically modified natural substances, and / or reaction products derived from synthetic and / or natural substances. There remains a high demand for natural high-potency sweeteners with favorable taste characteristics.

[0005] One class of high-potency sweeteners are steviol glycosides, but their use to date has been limited by certain undesirable taste characteristics, such as licorice taste, bitter off-tastes, astringency, and a lingering sweet aftertaste. These undesirable taste characteristics tend to become more pronounced at higher concentrations.

[0006] U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20210127724 discloses the use of 1,3-propanediol to improve the taste and / or off-taste of commercially available energy drinks. The inclusion of 1,3-propanediol in aqueous solutions containing two or more of about 250 ppm to about 4,000 ppm of a bitter additive, about 3,000 ppm to about 15,000 ppm of a sour additive, and about 600 ppm to about 3,000 ppm of a sweetener improved the taste and / or off-taste of the solutions.

[0007] U.S. Patent Nos. 9,408,406, 9,883,691, 10,201,176, and 10,238,135 disclose foods or beverages prepared with 1,3-propanediol having an altered flavor profile. U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2021 / 0127724 discloses a method for improving the taste and / or off-taste of a food, beverage, confectionery, or concentrate composition, comprising providing a food, beverage, confectionery, or concentrate composition comprising two or more of an acidity additive, a bitterness additive, and a sweetener, and adding 1,3-propanediol to the food, beverage, confectionery, or concentrate composition to form a tasteful composition. Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0008] Thus, there remains a need for compositions and methods that improve the sweetness and / or bitterness of sweeteners. [Means for solving the problem]

[0009] One aspect relates to a sweetener composition comprising: (a) about 600 ppm to about 1,000 ppm of 1,3-propanediol; and (b) about 90 ppm to about 400 ppm of a sweetener. In some embodiments, the sweetener is a stevia sweetener, and in some embodiments, the stevia sweetener is Stevia Reb A97 or Stevia Reb M95.

[0010] Another aspect relates to a food, beverage, confectionery or concentrate composition comprising the aforementioned sweetener composition.

[0011] A further aspect relates to a sweetener composition comprising: (a) from about 1 ppm to about 10 ppm of 1,3-propanediol; and (b) from about 18,000 ppm to about 62,000 ppm of a sweetener. In some embodiments, the sweetener is sucrose, high fructose corn syrup, erythritol, allulose, or tagatose.

[0012] A further aspect relates to a food, beverage, confectionery or concentrate composition comprising the aforementioned sweetener composition.

[0013] Another aspect is a method for improving the sweetness and / or reducing the bitterness of a sweetener, comprising: (a) providing about 90 ppm to about 400 ppm of the sweetener; and (b) adding about 600 ppm to about 1,000 ppm of 1,3-propanediol to the sweetener to form a sweetener composition, whereby the sweetener composition has improved sweetness and / or bitterness compared to a sweetener without said amount of 1,3-propanediol. In some embodiments, the sweetener is a stevia sweetener, and in some embodiments, the stevia sweetener is Stevia Reb A97 or Stevia Reb M95.

[0014] A further aspect relates to a sweetener composition produced by the aforementioned method.

[0015] A further aspect relates to a food, beverage, confectionery or concentrate composition comprising the aforementioned sweetener composition.

[0016] Another aspect is a method for improving the sweetness and / or reducing the bitterness of a sweetener, comprising: (a) providing about 18,000 ppm to about 62,000 ppm of the sweetener; and (b) adding about 1 ppm to about 10 ppm of 1,3-propanediol to the sweetener to form a sweetener composition, whereby the sweetener composition has improved sweetness and / or bitterness compared to a sweetener without said amount of 1,3-propanediol. In some embodiments, the sweetener is sucrose, high fructose corn syrup, erythritol, allulose, or tagatose.

[0017] A further aspect relates to a sweetener composition produced by the aforementioned method.

[0018] A further aspect relates to a food, beverage, confectionery or concentrate composition comprising the aforementioned sweetener composition.

[0019] Other objects and advantages will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reference to the detailed description which follows. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0020] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 shows a chart of sweetness, flavor, and bitterness for plain Greek yogurt with and without added Zemea® USP-FCC propanediol. [Figure 2] FIG. 2 shows a chart of sweetness, flavor, and bitterness for vanilla yogurt with and without the addition of Zemea® USP-FCC propanediol. [Figure 3] FIG. 3 shows a chart of sweetness, flavor, and bitterness for orange juice (without pulp) with and without added Zemea® USP-FCC propanediol. [Figure 4] FIG. 4 shows a chart of sweetness, flavor, and bitterness for cranberry juice with and without the addition of Zemea® USP-FCC propanediol. [Figure 5] FIG. 5 shows a chart of sweetness, flavor, and bitterness for grapefruit juice with and without added Zemea® USP-FCC propanediol. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0021] The present inventors have discovered that 1,3-propanediol, in some embodiments biologically produced 1,3-propanediol, can improve the sweetness and / or reduce the bitterness in sweeteners.

[0022] As used herein, "sweetener" refers to a substance that imparts detectable sweetness when present in a food, beverage, confectionery, or concentrate. Accordingly, as used herein, "sweetening amount" refers to the amount of a compound required to impart detectable sweetness when present in a food, beverage, confectionery, or concentrate. Sweeteners may be natural, synthetic, or a combination thereof. Sweeteners may be salts of compounds, acids of compounds, or no salt and / or acid may be present.

[0023] As used herein, the terms "bitter" or "bitter taste" refer to the perception or taste sensation that occurs after the detection of a bitter component. The following flavor attributes can contribute to bitterness: astringency, bitter-astringency, metallic, bitter-metallic, as well as off-taste aftertastes and undesirable tastes, such as, but not limited to, freezer burnt taste, cardboard taste, or combinations thereof.

[0024] As used herein, "concentrate" refers to a liquid or powdered composition that can be diluted with a water-soluble drinking liquid or dry bulk powder to prepare a finished product. It also refers to a beverage or food precursor or "syrup" or "drink syrup" from which the fluid, typically water or other diluent, has been removed, which is then re-added to form instant concentrated beverages or "drinks" or "energy shots" and instant concentrated foods or "foods" or "condiments." Typically, this can be a substance present in a unit amount of a mixture, representing a significant amount of solute dissolved in a given solvent or solution, up to about 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 times or more, or about 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 times or more. An exemplary concentrate is "frozen concentrated" orange juice. The undiluted concentrate has a much stronger flavor and tartness than regular diluted juice, and is sweeter.

[0025] "Natural flavor" or "natural flavoring" means any essential oil, oleoresin, essence or extract, protein hydrolysate, distillate, or product of roasting, heating, or enzymatic degradation, including flavor components obtained from spices, fruits or fruit juices, vegetables or vegetable juices, edible yeast, herbs, bark, sprouts, roots, leaves, or similar plant materials, meat, seafood, poultry, eggs, dairy products, or the fermentation products thereof, whose significant function in foods is flavor rather than nutrition.

[0026] As used herein, the term "about" or "approximately" means within, less than, or more than 20%, 19%, 18%, 17%, 16%, 15%, 14%, 13%, 12%, 11%, 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.9%, 0.8%, 0.7%, 0.6%, 0.5%, 0.4%, 0.3%, 0.2%, or 0.1% of a given value or range.

[0027] The term "comprising" is intended to include embodiments encompassed by the terms "consisting essentially of" and "consisting of." Similarly, the term "consisting essentially of" is intended to include embodiments encompassed by the term "consisting of."

[0028] It should be appreciated that the food, beverage, confectionery, or concentrate compositions obtainable according to the methods of the present disclosure are not limited, and that the step of adding 1,3-propanediol, in some embodiments, biologically produced 1,3-propanediol, to a food, beverage, confectionery, or concentrate composition can be accomplished by any suitable method for each particular food, beverage, confectionery, or concentrate composition. For example, 1,3-propanediol, in some embodiments, biologically produced 1,3-propanediol, can be added directly to a beverage and mixed, for example, by stirring. In one embodiment, 1,3-propanediol, in some embodiments, biologically produced 1,3-propanediol, can be added as an aqueous solution or in a mixture with another additive, for example, an aqueous solution of high-fructose corn syrup, simple syrup, agave nectar, or a sweetener, such as sucralose, sucrose, glucose, sugar, acesulfame potassium, aspartame, erythritol, high-fructose corn syrup, or a combination thereof. These methods of addition may be suitable for preparing beverages such as fruit juices, juice punches, concentrates, dilutions, "ades" and sodas.

[0029] The present inventors have now shown, for the first time, that 1,3-propanediol, in some embodiments, biologically produced 1,3-propanediol, improves the sweetness and / or reduces the bitterness of a sweetener. Surprisingly, the inclusion of about 600 ppm to about 1,000 ppm of 1,3-propanediol, in some embodiments, biologically produced 1,3-propanediol, together with about 90 ppm to about 400 ppm of a sweetener, or about 1 ppm to about 10 ppm of 1,3-propanediol, in some embodiments, biologically produced 1,3-propanediol, together with about 18,000 ppm to about 62,000 ppm of a sweetener, improves the sweetness and / or reduces the bitterness of a sweetener.

[0030] Further aspects of the compositions and methods disclosed herein are set forth in the description that follows.

[0031] In addition to improving the sweetness and / or reducing the bitterness of a sweetener, 1,3-propanediol, in some embodiments, biologically produced 1,3-propanediol, may modulate the taste impression of a food, beverage, confectionery, or concentrate composition. As used herein, the term "modulating the taste impression" means changing at least one aspect of a sensory description obtained using the methods described in the Examples, compared to a composition that does not contain any 1,3-propanediol. In another aspect, 1,3-propanediol, in some embodiments, biologically produced 1,3-propanediol, may mask or reduce one or more tastes reported in a sensory description, compared to a sensory description of a food, beverage, confectionery, or concentrate composition that does not contain any 1,3-propanediol.

[0032] In one embodiment, the sweetener composition disclosed herein can be added to juice. For example, the sweetener composition can reduce the bitterness and enhance the sweetness of grapefruit juice, orange juice, or cranberry juice. Other suitable beverage compositions include coffee, cocoa, tea (e.g., black tea, green tea, oolong tea), or kombucha.

[0033] In one embodiment, the sweetener composition disclosed herein can be added to milk, which is optionally further mixed with coffee, espresso, or tea. In another embodiment, the milk is used to make cheese, yogurt, kefir, butter, pudding, custard, ice cream, or other dairy products. In the case of yogurt, the sweetener composition disclosed herein can be mixed with the yogurt after culturing, rather than being mixed with the milk before the culturing step.

[0034] In one embodiment, the sweetener composition disclosed herein is added to fruit by soaking the fruit in an aqueous liquid or syrup containing the sweetener composition. The fruit may be whole (e.g., berries), pitted (e.g., cherries, peaches, nectarines, plums), peeled (e.g., citrus fruits), and / or sliced. In one embodiment, the sweetener composition disclosed herein is added to a brine used to marinate the fruit, vegetable, or meat. In one embodiment, the fruit or vegetable is washed, and the sweetener composition disclosed herein is added to the fruit or vegetable by spraying a water- or ethanol-based solution containing the sweetener onto the fruit, vegetable, or mixture thereof (e.g., a fruit or vegetable salad). In one embodiment, the sweetener composition disclosed herein is added to a jam or jelly, such as orange marmalade, before or after cooking.

[0035] In one embodiment, the sweetener compositions disclosed herein can be added to dessert or savory sauces to create a tasty composition. For example, dessert sauces, such as chocolate, caramel, butterscotch, strawberry, cherry, pineapple, or other fruit flavors, can contain the sweetener composition. Savory sauces suitable for mixing with the sweetener compositions disclosed herein include barbecue sauce, teriyaki sauce, oyster sauce, spice sauces, and other sauces with high concentrations of sweet, salty, umami, and / or sour additives.

[0036] In one embodiment, the sweetener compositions disclosed herein are added to confectioneries such as chocolate, chewing gum, sour soft candies, and sour hard candies.

[0037] In some embodiments, a food, beverage, confectionery, or concentrate product comprises a sweetener composition disclosed herein and an acidulant additive. In some embodiments, a food, beverage, confectionery, or concentrate product comprises a sweetener composition disclosed herein and a bitter additive. In some embodiments, a food, beverage, confectionery, or concentrate product comprises a sweetener composition disclosed herein, an acidulant additive, and a bitter additive.

[0038] 1. 1,3-Propanediol "1,3-propanediol" or "PDO" refers to biologically produced 1,3-propanediol. The terms "biologically produced 1,3-propanediol," "bioPDO," "biologically produced, biodegradable 1,3-propanediol," "renewable-based 1,3-propanediol," "renewable-based biodegradable 1,3-propanediol," "biogenic," and "biologically produced 1,3-propanediol," and similar terms used herein, refer to 1,3-propanediol derived from microbial metabolism of plant-derived sugars composed of carbon of atmospheric origin and not fossil fuel carbon.

[0039] When selecting food, beverage, and confectionery products, consumers consider product safety, environmental impact, the degree to which ingredients are natural, and the overall aesthetic quality of the product. Biologically produced 1,3-propanediol (e.g., Zemea® Propanediol from Primient Covation LLC) is well suited to meeting these consumer demands. High-purity 1,3-propanediol for incorporation into food, beverage, and confectionery compositions is obtained from a fermentation-based process. This has less of an environmental impact than synthetically produced glycols, as the biodegradation of biologically produced 1,3-propanediol does not contribute to anthropogenic CO2 emissions into the atmosphere.

[0040] 1.1 Environmental impacts Advantageously, biologically produced 1,3-propanediol can be biodegradable and have a zero (0) anthropogenic CO2 emission profile. The term "biodegradable," in contrast to plastics, refers to the ability of a composition or compound to be broken down by living organisms into simple, stable compounds, such as carbon dioxide and water, in a relatively short period of time, e.g., less than a few years or months. "Anthropogenic emission profile" refers to the anthropogenic CO2 emissions that a compound or composition contributes to the atmosphere upon biodegradation.

[0041] Photosynthesis, on the other hand, is the process of creating living matter through the conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (HO) into plant material through the action of sunlight, while biodegradation is the process of converting organic material back into CO2 and HO through the activity of living organisms. There are many published test methods for measuring the biodegradability of organic chemicals, such as glycols. One internationally recognized method is ASTM E1720-01, Standard Test Method for Determining Ready, Ultimate Biodegradability of Organic Chemicals in a Sealed Vessel CO2 Production Test. Chemicals that demonstrate 60% or better biodegradation in this test method biodegrade in most aerobic environments and are classified as readily biodegradable. All of the glycols mentioned in this document meet this criterion.

[0042] Glycols, such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, and 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, are biodegradable compounds useful in compositions ranging from cosmetic and personal care formulations to detergents and heat transfer compositions. Biodegradability is an important factor in protecting the environment, but biodegradation of glycols derived from fossil-based sources inevitably results in the release of previously fixed CO2 into the atmosphere. Thus, while glycols are generally favored for their biodegradability, the global warming potential caused by fossil-based glycols during biodegradation is significant.

[0043] Carbon dioxide is singled out as the largest component of the greenhouse gas ensemble in the atmosphere. Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels have increased by 50% over the past 200 years. Recent reports indicate that current levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide are higher than the peak levels during the Late Pleistocene, a period before modern humans (Siegenthaler, U. et al., Stable Carbon Cycle-Climate Relationship During the Late Pleistocene, Science, Vol. 310, No. 5752 (November 25, 2005), pp. 1313-1317). Therefore, with every additional carbon dioxide added to the atmosphere, greenhouse gas effects are likely to further shift the global temperature toward a more stable and warmer one. Consumer and environmental groups have identified industrial carbon emissions into the atmosphere as the carbon source causing the greenhouse effect.

[0044] Greenhouse gas emissions can occur at any time during a product's lifespan. Consumers and environmental groups consider the entire lifespan of a product when assessing the environmental impact of a product. Consumers want products that do not contribute new carbon to the atmosphere, taking into account the environmental impact of production, use, and decomposition. Only organic products composed of carbon molecules from plant sugars and starches, and ultimately carbon in the atmosphere, are considered to not further contribute to the greenhouse effect.

[0045] In addition to adding carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, current industrial processes for producing glycol generate foreign matter and waste products including, among others, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, phosphoric acid, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, acetic acid, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, and heavy metals including iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, silver, molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium, chromium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, rubidium, and platinum (U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,434,110, 5,034,134, 5,334,778, and 5,103,036).

[0046] 1.1.1 Emissions of fossil fuel-derived carbon raw materials Calculations demonstrating the finding that biodegradation of 1,3-propanediol disclosed herein does not result in anthropogenic CO2 emissions are set forth below. When one molecule of 1,3-propanediol decomposes, three molecules of CO2 are released into the atmosphere. Because all of these molecules of CO2 released during the decomposition of "fermentation-derived" 1,3-propanediol are of atmospheric origin, the net CO2 release to the atmosphere is therefore zero. By comparison, because fossil fuel-derived propylene glycol and fossil-derived 1,3-propanediol contain three carbon atoms that originate from a fixed carbon source (i.e., fossil fuel), the decomposition of one molecule of fossil fuel-derived propylene glycol or 1,3-propanediol results in the net release of three molecules of CO2 into the atmosphere. Similarly, because fossil fuel-derived ethylene glycol contains two carbon atoms that originate from a fixed carbon source, the decomposition of one molecule of fossil fuel-derived ethylene glycol results in the net release of two molecules of CO2 into the atmosphere.

[0047] To quantify the CO2 released per kilogram of each of ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, chemical 1,3-propanediol, and "fermentation-derived" 1,3 propanediol (Bio-PDO™), the weight of the product (1 kg) is divided by its molecular weight. For each carbon atom present in the molecule, one molecule of CO2 is released. The molecules of CO2 are multiplied by the molecular weight of CO2 (44 kg / kmol) to quantify the impact of kg of CO2 released per kg of product.

[0048] Fossil fuel-derived ethylene glycol (EG)

number

[0049] Fossil fuel-derived propylene glycol (PG)

number

[0050] Fossil fuel-derived 1,3-propanediol (PDO)

number

[0051] Biologically produced 1,3-propanediol (Bio-PDO™) carbon feedstock balance

[0052] capture:

number

[0053] Emission:

number

[0054] net:

number

[0055] The results of this biologically produced 1,3-propanediol carbon feedstock balance demonstrate that there are no anthropogenic CO2 emissions from the biodegradation of renewable, biologically produced 1,3-propanediol.

[0056] The term "anthropogenic" means man-made or of fossil origin.

[0057] As used herein, "atmospheric carbon" refers to carbon atoms from carbon dioxide molecules that have been free in the Earth's atmosphere for the last several decades. Such carbon can be collectively identified by the presence of certain radioisotopes as described herein. "Green carbon," "atmospheric carbon," "environmentally friendly carbon," "life cycle carbon," "non-fossil fuel-based carbon," "non-petroleum-based carbon," "atmospheric carbon," and "bio-based carbon" are used interchangeably herein.

[0058] As used herein, "carbon of fossil origin" refers to carbon of petrochemical origin. Such carbon is not exposed to ultraviolet light, whereas atmospheric carbon is, and therefore fossil carbon populations have few radioactive isotopes in their populations. Carbon of fossil origin can be identified by means described herein. "Fossil fuel carbon," "fossil carbon," "pollutant carbon," "petrochemical carbon," "petrocarbon," and carbon of fossil origin are used interchangeably herein.

[0059] The abbreviation "IRMS" refers to the measurement of CO2 by high-precision stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry.

[0060] The term "carbon substrate" means any carbon source that can be metabolized by a microorganism, the substrate containing at least one carbon atom.

[0061] "Renewable-based" indicates that the carbon content of the 1,3-propanediol is from "new carbon" sources as measured by ASTM Test Method D 6866-05, "Determining the Biobased Content of Natural Range Materials Using Radiocarbon and Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry Analysis," which is incorporated herein by reference. This test method measures the C-14 / C-12 isotope ratio in a sample and compares it to the C-14 / C-12 isotope ratio of a standard 100% biobased material to obtain the sample's percent biobased content. "Biobased materials" are organic materials containing carbon derived from recently (on human timescales) fixed CO2 present in the atmosphere using sunlight energy (photosynthesis). On land, this CO2 is captured or fixed by plant life (e.g., agricultural crops or forestry materials). In the oceans, CO2 is captured or fixed by photosynthetic bacteria or phytoplankton. Bio-based materials have a C-14 / C-12 isotope ratio ranging from 1:0 to greater than 0:1. In contrast, fossil-based materials have a C-14 / C-12 isotope ratio of 0:1.

[0062] A small amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is radioactive. This 14C carbon dioxide is created when nitrogen collides with neutrons generated by ultraviolet light, causing the nitrogen to lose a proton and form carbon with a molecular weight of 14, which is immediately oxidized to carbon dioxide. This radioactive isotope represents a small but measurable fraction of atmospheric carbon. Atmospheric carbon dioxide is cycled by green plants to create organic molecules during a process known as photosynthesis. This cycle is completed when green plants or other forms of life metabolize organic molecules, producing carbon dioxide, which is released back into the atmosphere. Virtually all forms of life on Earth depend on green plants to produce organic molecules that generate the chemical energy that fuels growth and reproduction. Therefore, 14C present in the atmosphere is part of all life forms and their biological products. These regenerative organic molecules that biodegrade into CO2 do not contribute to global warming because there is no net increase in carbon released into the atmosphere. In contrast, fossil fuel-based carbon does not have the characteristic radiocarbon ratio of atmospheric carbon dioxide.

[0063] As used herein, atmospheric origin and fixed carbon source are relative terms in that the time when CO2 is of atmospheric origin or fixed origin is relative to the life cycle of 1,3-propanediol. Thus, for purposes of this specification, while it is entirely possible that carbon from fossil fuels is found in the atmosphere (and, as a result, atmospheric CO2 may one day be incorporated into a fixed carbon source), carbon is considered to be from a fixed carbon source, which is released into the atmosphere upon decomposition.

[0064] The assessment of renewable-based carbon in materials can be done through standard test methods. Radiocarbon and isotope ratio mass spectrometry can be used to determine the biobased content of a material. ASTM International, formerly known as the American Society for Testing and Materials, has established a standard method for assessing the biobased content of a material. The ASTM method is ASTM-D6866.

[0065] The application of ASTM-D6866 to derive "biobased content" is based on the same concepts as radiocarbon dating, but without the use of age equations. The analysis is performed by deriving the ratio of the amount of radiocarbon (14C) in an unknown sample to that of a modern reference standard. The ratio is reported as a percentage with the unit "pMC" (percent modern carbon). When the material being analyzed is a mixture of present-day radiocarbon and fossil carbon (which does not contain radiocarbon), the resulting pMC value correlates directly to the amount of biomass material present in the sample.

[0066] The modern reference standard used in radiocarbon dating is the NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) standard, which has a known radiocarbon content roughly equal to 1950 AD. 1950 AD was chosen because it represents a period before thermonuclear weapon tests, which introduced large amounts of excess radiocarbon (called "testogenic radiocarbon") into the atmosphere with each detonation. The 1950 AD standard represents 100 pMC.

[0067] Atmospheric "test carbon" reached nearly double normal levels in 1963, during the peak of testing and before the agreement to halt testing. Its distribution in the atmosphere has been estimated from its appearance, showing values ​​of over 100 pMC in living plants and animals since 1950 AD. This has gradually decreased over time, and today's values ​​are approximately 107.5 pMC. This means that new biomass material, such as corn, may exhibit a radiocarbon signature of approximately 107.5 pMC.

[0068] Combining fossil carbon and present-day carbon into a material dilutes the present-day pMC content. If 107.5 pMC represents present-day biomass material and 0 pMC represents petroleum derivatives, the pMC value measured for this material will reflect the ratio of the two component types. Material derived 100% from present-day soybeans will exhibit a radiocarbon signature of approximately 107.5 pMC. If this material is diluted with 50% petroleum derivatives, it may exhibit a radiocarbon signature of approximately 54 pMC.

[0069] Biomass content results can be derived by assigning 100% the equivalent of 107.5 pMC and 0% the equivalent of 0 pMC. In this regard, a sample measuring 99 pMC would have an equivalent biobased content result of 93%.

[0070] A sample of "fermentation-derived" 1,3-propanediol was submitted by DuPont to Iowa State University for biobased content analysis using ASTM method D 6866-05. Results received from Iowa State University demonstrated that the sample was 100% biobased (ref: Norton, Glenn. Results of Radiocarbon Analyses on samples from DuPont Bio-Based Materials - reported 07-08-05).

[0071] Assessment of the materials described herein was conducted in accordance with ASTM-D6866. Average values ​​quoted in this report account for variation in the radiocarbon signature of the final components and encompass an absolute range of 6% (plus and minus 3% on either end of the biobased content value). It is assumed that all materials are of present-day or fossil origin, and that the desired result is the amount of biobased component "present" in the material, not the amount of biobased material "used" in the manufacturing process.

[0072] 1.2 1,3-propanediol content In one embodiment, the sweetener composition of the present disclosure may contain about 0.1 ppm, about 0.2 ppm, about 0.3 ppm, about 0.4 ppm, about 0.5 ppm, about 0.6 ppm, about 0.7 ppm, about 0.8 ppm, about 0.9 ppm, about 1 ppm, about 1.5 ppm, about 2 ppm, about 2.5 ppm, about 3 ppm, about 3.5 ppm, about 4 ppm, about 4.5 ppm, about 5 ppm, about 5.5 ppm, about 6 ppm, about 6.5 ppm, about 7 ppm, about 7.5 ppm, about 8 ppm, about 8.5 ppm, about 9 ppm, about 9.5 ppm, about 10 ppm, about 11 ppm, about 12 ppm, about 13 ppm, about 14 ppm, or about 15 ppm of 1,3-propanediol, and in some embodiments, biologically produced 1,3-propanediol. These values ​​can also be expressed as ranges. For example, the sweetener compositions of the present disclosure may contain from about 0.1 ppm to about 15 ppm, from about 0.2 ppm to about 14 ppm, from about 0.3 ppm to about 13 ppm, from about 0.4 ppm to about 11 ppm, from about 0.5 ppm to about 10 ppm, from about 0.6 ppm to about 10 ppm, from about 0.7 ppm to about 10 ppm, from about 0.8 ppm to about 10 ppm, from about 0.9 ppm to about 10 ppm, or from about 1 ppm to about 10 ppm of 1,3-propanediol, and in some embodiments, biologically produced 1,3-propanediol.

[0073] In one embodiment, the sweetener composition of the present disclosure has an RI of about 500 ppm, about 510 ppm, about 520 ppm, about 530 ppm, about 540 ppm, about 550 ppm, about 560 ppm, about 570 ppm, about 580 ppm, about 590 ppm, about 600 ppm, about 610 ppm, about 620 ppm, about 630 ppm, about 640 ppm, about 650 ppm, about 660 ppm, about 670 ppm, about 680 ppm , about 690ppm, about 700ppm, about 710ppm, about 720ppm, about 730ppm, about 740ppm, about 750ppm, about 760ppm, about 770ppm, about 780ppm, about 790 ppm, about 800ppm, about 810ppm, about 820ppm, about 830ppm, about 840ppm, about 850ppm, about 860ppm, about 870ppm, about 880ppm, about 890ppm, about 9 00ppm, about 910ppm, about 920ppm, about 930ppm, about 940ppm, about 950ppm, about 960ppm, about 970ppm, about 980ppm, about 990ppm, about 1,000ppm, about 1,010ppm, about 1,020ppm, about 1,030ppm, about 1,040ppm, about 1,050ppm, about 1,060ppm, about 1,070ppm, about 1,080ppm, about 1, The 1,3-propanediol may contain about 1,090 ppm, about 1,100 ppm, about 1,110 ppm, about 1,120 ppm, about 1,130 ppm, about 1,140 ppm, about 1,150 ppm, about 1,160 ppm, about 1,170 ppm, about 1,180 ppm, about 1,190 ppm, or about 1,200 ppm of 1,3-propanediol, in some embodiments biologically produced 1,3-propanediol. These values ​​may also be expressed as ranges. For example, about 500 ppm to about 1,200 ppm, about 550 ppm to about 1,100 ppm, about 600 ppm to about 1,000 ppm, about 650 ppm to about 900 ppm, or about 700 ppm to about 850 ppm of 1,3-propanediol, and in some embodiments, biologically produced 1,3-propanediol, may be included in the sweetener compositions of the present disclosure.

[0074] The food, beverage, confectionery, or concentrate compositions of the present disclosure may include 1,3-propanediol, in some embodiments biologically produced 1,3-propanediol, as part of or in its entirety, the glycol component of the composition. It is contemplated that other renewable-based or biologically produced glycols, such as ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, 1,2 propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, neopentyl glycol, and bisphenol A, among others, may be used in the food, beverage, and confectionery compositions of the present disclosure.

[0075] 1.3 Purity Consumers are seeking products that are comprised of additives from more refined sources and / or all-natural compositions. Individual reactions to such products are also of concern to consumers, particularly those of food products. The incidence of hypersensitivity reactions has increased significantly in the US over the past 20 years. Many of these reactions are due to trace amounts of substances. Other reactions are idiopathic in origin.

[0076] In one embodiment, the biologically produced 1,3-propanediol of the present disclosure can be substantially purified. As used herein, "substantially purified" refers to a product that exhibits the following characteristics: (1) ultraviolet absorption of less than about 0.200 absorbance units at 220 nm, less than about 0.075 absorbance units at 250 nm, and less than about 0.075 absorbance units at 275 nm using a 1 centimeter path length and a dilution of 1,3-propanediol in 1 to 5 dilutions with glass-distilled water; (2) L * a * b * and a b of less than about 0.15 using a 1 centimeter path length and a dilution of 1,3-propanediol in 1 to 5 dilutions with glass-distilled water. *" represents a composition comprising 1,3-propanediol having one or more of the following: (1) a composition having a brightness and an absorbance at 270 nm of less than about 0.075 absorbance units; (2) a composition having a peroxide concentration of less than about 200, 150, 100, 50, 40, 30, 20, 10, 5, 1, or about 0.5 ppm; and (3) a composition having a concentration of total organic impurities of less than about 1,000, 900, 800, 700, 600, 500, 400, 300, 200, 150, 100, 50, or about 10 ppm. Any of these sets of values ​​can be used to define ranges of peroxide compositions, for example, from about 0.5 ppm to about 200 ppm, from about 1 ppm to about 150 ppm, from about 5 ppm to about 100 ppm, from about 10 ppm to about 50 ppm, or from about 20 ppm to about 40 ppm. The concentration of total organic impurities can range from about 10 ppm to about 1,000 ppm, from about 50 ppm to about 900 ppm, from about 100 ppm to about 800 ppm, from about 150 ppm to about 700 ppm, from about 200 ppm to about 600 ppm, or from about 300 ppm to about 500 ppm.

[0077] "b * " values ​​are CIE L * a * b * The measurement is the "Yellow Blue" measurement determined spectrophotometrically as defined by ASTM D6290.

[0078] The terms "color" and "color bodies" refer to the presence of a visible color that can be quantified using a spectrocolorimeter in the visible light range using wavelengths of approximately 400-800 nm and by comparison with pure water. Reaction conditions can have a significant effect on the properties of the color product. Examples of relevant conditions include the temperature, catalyst, and amount of catalyst used. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the color precursor contains trace amounts of impurities, including olefin polymerization, acetals and other carbonyl compounds, peroxides, and the like. At least some of these impurities can be detected by methods such as UV spectroscopy or peroxide titration.

[0079] The peroxide composition in ppm and total organic impurities can be determined by standard analytical techniques including gas chromatography.

[0080] The aforementioned purity level parameters for biologically produced and purified 1,3-propanediol are believed to distinguish such compositions from chemically refined 1,3-propanediol derived from petroleum sources and / or 1,3-propanediol compositions prepared from biologically refined 1,3-propanediol that do not exhibit such purity values.

[0081] The abbreviation "AMS" refers to accelerator mass spectrometry.

[0082] The acronym "NMR" stands for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance.

[0083] "Color index" refers to an analytical method for the electromagnetic radiation absorption properties of a substance or compound.

[0084] The aforementioned purity level parameters for biologically produced and purified 1,3-propanediol (using methods similar or equivalent to those disclosed in U.S. Patent Application No. 2005 / 0069997) are believed to distinguish such compositions from 1,3-propanediol compositions prepared from chemically refined 1,3-propanediol derived from petroleum sources, as per the prior art.

[0085] In some embodiments, the glycol extract or glycol (in some embodiments, 1,3-propanediol) can be used at any purity percentage (e.g., about 25% to 100%, and any increments of 0.5% therein). In another embodiment, when glycol is used as a non-extract, the purity of the glycol can be about 25% to 100%, and any increments of 0.5% therein. According to other embodiments, the purity of the glycol (extract or non-extract) can be about 50% to 100%, about 70% to 100%, about 80% to 100%, about 90% to 100%, about 95% to 100%, about 95% to 99.5%, about 96% to 100%, about 97% to 100%, about 98% to 100%, or about 99% to 100%. According to particular embodiments, the purity of 1,3-propanediol can be about 50% to 100%, about 70% to 100%, about 80% to 100%, about 90% to 100%, about 95% to 100%, about 95% to 99.5%, about 96% to 100%, about 97% to 100%, about 98% to 100%, or about 99% to 100%.

[0086] 1.4 Biologically produced 1,3-propanediol products "Biologically produced" refers to organic compounds produced by one or more species or strains of living organisms, including, among others, strains of bacteria, yeast, fungi, and other microorganisms. "Bio-produced" and biologically produced are used interchangeably herein. Such organic compounds are composed of carbon from atmospheric carbon dioxide, which is converted by green plants into sugars and starches.

[0087] "Biologically derived" means that an organic compound is synthesized from biologically produced organic components. It is further contemplated that the synthesis process disclosed herein can efficiently synthesize other monoesters and diesters from bio-produced alcohols other than 1,3-propanediol, including, among others, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, 1,2-propylene glycol, dipropylene diol, tripropylene diol, 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, neopentyl glycol, and bisphenol A. "Biologically derived" and "bio-derived," "biologically based," "bio-based," and "bio-sourced" are used interchangeably herein.

[0088] In one embodiment, biologically produced 1,3-propanediol is obtained based on the use of a fermentation broth ("fermentation-derived") produced by genetically engineered Escherichia coli (E. coli), as previously disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,686,276. In other embodiments, one or more single organisms or combinations of organisms can be used to biologically produce 1,3-propanediol using genetically engineered organisms according to methods known in the art. "Fermentation" refers to a system that catalyzes a reaction between a substrate and other nutrients to a product through the use of a biocatalyst. The biocatalyst can be a whole organism, an isolated enzyme, or any combination or component thereof that is enzymatically active. Fermentation systems useful for producing and purifying biologically produced 1,3-propanediol are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 7,919,658, incorporated herein by reference.

[0089] 2 Bitter compounds In some embodiments, the bittering additive is a branched amino acid, such as L-leucine, L-valine, or L-isoleucine; caffeine; quinine HCl and its various salts; hesperidin; sucrose octaacetate; quercetin; brucine; quasin; isohumulone; stevia extract; saccharin; naringin; gustducin; catechin; sesquiterpene lactone; aristolochic acid; phenylthiocarbamide; propylthiouracil; flavones; noscapine; humulone; amarogentin; glucosides; limonin; amarogentin; goitrin; cynaropicrin; quasin; cycloheximide; dipeptides; any other bitter compound from vegetables, fruits (e.g., naringin and guarana), cocoa (e.g., chocolate), grains, or spices; or combinations thereof.

[0090] In some embodiments, the composition contains the bitter additive at about 250 ppm, about 275 ppm, about 300 ppm, about 325 ppm, about 350 ppm, about 375 ppm, about 400 ppm, about 425 ppm, about 450 ppm, about 475 ppm, about 500 ppm, about 525 ppm, about 550 ppm, about 575 ppm, about 600 ppm, about 625 ppm, about 650 ppm, about 675 ppm, about 700 ppm, about 725 ppm, about 750 ppm, about 775 ppm, About 800 ppm, about 825 ppm, about 850 ppm, about 875 ppm, about 900 ppm, about 925 ppm, about 950 ppm, about 975 ppm, about 1,000 ppm, about 1,250 ppm, about 1,500 ppm, about 1,750 ppm, about 2,000 ppm, about 2,250 ppm, about 2,500 ppm, about 2,750 ppm, about 3,000 ppm, about 3,250 ppm, about 3,500 ppm, about 3,750 ppm, or about 4,000 ppm. The content of these bittering additives may range, for example, from about 250 ppm to about 4,000 ppm, from about 275 ppm to about 3,750 ppm, from about 300 ppm to about 3,500 ppm, from about 325 ppm to about 3,250 ppm, from about 350 ppm to about 3,000 ppm, from about 375 ppm to about 2,750 ppm, from about 400 ppm to about 2,500 ppm, from about 425 ppm to about 2,250 ppm, from about 450 ppm to about 2,000 ppm, from about 475 ppm to about 1,750 ppm, It can also be expressed as ppm, about 500 ppm to about 1,500 ppm, about 525 ppm to about 1,250 ppm, about 550 ppm to about 1,000 ppm, about 575 ppm to about 975 ppm, about 600 ppm to about 950 ppm, about 625 ppm to about 925 ppm, about 650 ppm to about 900 ppm, about 675 ppm to about 875 ppm, about 700 ppm to about 850 ppm, about 725 ppm to about 825 ppm, or about 750 ppm to about 800 ppm.

[0091] 3. Sweeteners In some embodiments, the sweetener is obtained in pure or less pure form, or as part of a mixture, i.e., a sweetener blend, or a carbohydrate blend, or a carbohydrate / high-intensity sweetener blend, or a high-intensity sweetener blend, or a steviol glycoside blend, or a mogroside blend. Exemplary carbohydrate sweeteners include cane sucrose, beet sucrose, sucrose, isomerized / starch syrup, glucose syrup, glyceraldehyde, dihydroxyacetone, erythrose, threose, erythrulose, arabinose, lyxose, ribose, xylose, ribulose, xylulose, allose, altrose, galactose, glucose, gulose, idose, mannose, talose, fructose, psicose, sorbose, tagatose, mannoheptulose, Examples of suitable sugars include, but are not limited to, sedoheptulose, octolose, fucose, rhamnose, arabinose, turanose, sialic acid, sorbose, lyxose, ribulose, xylose, xylulose, D-allose, L-ribose, D-tagatose, L-glucose, L-fucose, L-arabinose, turanose, erythritol, hydrogenated starch hydrolysates (HSH), isomalt, lactitol, maltitol, mannitol, sorbitol, allulose, xylitol, and combinations thereof.

[0092] Exemplary high-intensity sweeteners include monatin, curculin, glycyrrhizin, thaumatin, modnellin, mabinlin, brazzein, hernandulcin, phyllodulcin, glycyphyllin, phloridzin, trilobatin, bayunoside, osladin, polypodoside A, and the like. A), Pterocaryoside, Cyclocaryoside I, Sucralose, Acesulfame Potassium, Acesulfame Acid, Aspartame, Alitame, Saccharin, Neohesperidin Dihydrochalcone, Cyclamic Acid, Neotame, Advantame, Allulose, Xylitol, Rebaudioside A, Rebaudioside B, Rebaudioside C, Rebaudioside D, Rebaudioside D2, Rebaudioside E, Rebaudioside F, Rebaudioside G, Rebaudioside H, Rebaudioside Rebaudioside I, Rebaudioside J, Rebaudioside K, Rebaudioside L, Rebaudioside M, Rebaudioside M2, Rebaudioside N, Rebaudioside O, Rebaudioside S, Rebaudioside T, Rebaudioside U, Rebaudioside V, Rebaudioside W, Rebaudioside Z1, Rebaudioside Z2, Rebaudioside IX, Dulcoside A, Dulcoside B, Rubusoside, Steviolbioside, Steviolmonoside, Grosmogroside I I), mogroside IA, mogroside IE, 11-oxo-mogroside IA, mogroside II, mogroside IIA, mogroside IIB, mogroside IIE, 7-oxo-mogroside IV, 11-oxo-mogroside IVA, mogroside V, isomogroside V, 11-deoxymogroside V, 7-oxo-mogroside V, 11-oxo-mogroside V, isomogroside V, mogroside VI, mogrol, 11-oxomogrol, siamenoside I, enzymatically glucosylated steviol glycosides, and combinations thereof.

[0093] In one embodiment, the composition contains one or more high intensity sweeteners, excluding advantame, alitame, monatin, neotame, thaumatin, and brazzein, in an amount of about 600 ppm, about 700 ppm, about 800 ppm, about 900 ppm, 1,000 ppm, about 1,100 ppm, about 1,200 ppm, about 1,300 ppm, about 1,400 ppm, about 1,500 ppm, about 1,600 ppm, about 1,700 ppm, about 1,800 ppm, about 1,900 ppm, about 2,000 ppm, about 2,100 ppm, about 2,200 ppm, about 2,300 ppm, about 2,400 ppm, about 2,500 ppm, about 2,600 ppm, about 2,700 ppm, about 2,800 ppm, about 2,900 ppm, about 3,000 ppm, about 3,100 ppm, about 3,100 ppm, about 3,200 ppm, about 3,400 ppm, about 3,500 ppm, about 3,600 ppm, about 3,700 ppm, about 3,800 ppm, about 3,900 ppm, about 4,000 ppm, about 4,100 ppm, about 4,100 ppm, about 4,200 ppm, about 4,300 ppm, about 4,400 ppm, about 4,500 ppm, about 4,600 ppm, about 4,700 ppm, about 4,800 ppm, about 4,900 ppm, about 5,000 ppm, about 5,100 ppm, about 5,100 ppm, about 5,200 ppm, about 5,300 ppm, about 5,400 ppm, about 5,500 ppm, 00 ppm, about 1,500 ppm, about 1,600 ppm, about 1,700 ppm, about 1,800 ppm, about 1,900 ppm, about 2,000 ppm, about 2,100 ppm, about 2,200 ppm, about 2,300 ppm, about 2,400 ppm, about 2,500 ppm, about 2,600 ppm, about 2,700 ppm, about 2,800 ppm, about 2,900 ppm, or about 3,000 ppm. These sweetener content values ​​may also be expressed as a range: about 600 ppm to about 3,000 ppm, 700 ppm to about 2,900 ppm, about 800 ppm to about 2,800 ppm, about 900 ppm to about 2,700 ppm, about 1,000 ppm to about 2,600 ppm, about 1,100 ppm to about 2,500 ppm, about 1,200 ppm to about 2,400 ppm, about 1,300 ppm to about 2,300 ppm, about 1,400 ppm to about 2,200 ppm, about 1,500 ppm to about 2,100 ppm, about 1,600 ppm to about 2,000, or about 1,700 ppm to about 1,900 ppm.

[0094] In one embodiment, the composition contains one or more high intensity sweeteners, alitame, monatin, thaumatin, and brazzein, in an amount of about 120 ppm, about 220 ppm, about 320 ppm, about 420 ppm, 520 ppm, about 620 ppm, about 720 ppm, about 820 ppm, about 920 ppm, about 1020 ppm, about 1120 ppm, about 1220 ppm, about 1320 ppm, about 1420 ppm, about 1520 ppm, about 1620 ppm, about 1720 ppm, about 1820 ppm, about 1920 ppm, about 2020 ppm, about 2120 ppm, about 220 ppm, about 2320 ppm, about 2420 ppm, about 2520 ppm, about 2620 ppm, about 2720 ppm, about 2820 ppm, about 2920 ppm, about 3020 ppm, about 3120 ppm, about 320 ppm, about 3320 ppm, about 3420 ppm, about 3520 ppm, about 3620 ppm, about 3720 ppm, about 3820 ppm, about 3920 ppm, about 4020 ppm, about 4120 ppm, about 420 ppm, about 4320 ppm, about 4420 ppm, about 4520 ppm, about 4620 ppm, about 4720 ppm, about 4820 ppm, about 4920 ppm, about 5020 ppm, about 5120 ppm, about 520 ppm, about 5320 ppm, about 5420 ppm, about 5520 ppm, about 5620 ppm, about 5720 ppm, about 5820 ppm, about 5920 ppm, about 6020 ppm, about 61 about 1,020 ppm, about 1,120 ppm, about 1,220 ppm, about 1,320 ppm, about 1,420 ppm, about 1,520 ppm, about 1,620 ppm, about 1,720 ppm, about 1,820 ppm, about 1,920 ppm, about 2,020 ppm, about 2,120 ppm, about 2,220 ppm, about 2,320 ppm, or about 2,420 ppm. These sweetener content values ​​may also be expressed as a range: about 120 ppm to about 2,420 ppm, 220 ppm to about 2,320 ppm, about 320 ppm to about 2,220 ppm, about 420 ppm to about 2,120 ppm, about 520 ppm to about 2,020 ppm, about 620 ppm to about 1,920 ppm, about 720 ppm to about 1,820 ppm, about 820 ppm to about 1,720 ppm, about 920 ppm to about 1,620 ppm, or about 1,020 ppm to about 1,520 ppm.

[0095] In one embodiment, the composition contains one or more high-intensity sweeteners, advantame and neotame, in the composition at about 13 ppm, about 23 ppm, about 33 ppm, about 43 ppm, 53 ppm, about 63 ppm, about 73 ppm, about 83 ppm, about 93 ppm, about 103 ppm, about 113 ppm, about 123 ppm, about 133 ppm, about 143 ppm, about 153 ppm, about 163 ppm, about 173 ppm, about 183 ppm, about 193 ppm, about 203 ppm, about 213 ppm, about 223 ppm, about 233 ppm, or about 243 ppm, depending on the sweetness potency of each sweetener. These sweetener content values ​​may also be expressed as a range: about 13 ppm to about 243 ppm, 23 ppm to about 233 ppm, about 33 ppm to about 223 ppm, about 43 ppm to about 213 ppm, about 53 ppm to about 203 ppm, about 63 ppm to about 193 ppm, about 73 ppm to about 183 ppm, about 83 ppm to about 173 ppm, about 93 ppm to about 163 ppm, or about 103 ppm to about 153 ppm.

[0096] In one embodiment, the composition contains one or more carbohydrate sweeteners in an amount of about 15,000 ppm, about 15,500 ppm, about 16,000 ppm, about 16,500 ppm, about 17,000 ppm, about 16,500 ppm, about 18,000 ppm, about 18,500 ppm, about 19,000 ppm, about 19,500 ppm, about 20,000 ppm, about 21,000 ppm, approx. 22,000ppm, approx. 23,000ppm, approx. 24,000ppm, approx. 25,000ppm, approx. 26,000ppm, approx. 27,000ppm, approx. 28,000ppm, approx. 29,000ppm, approx. 30, 000ppm, approximately 31,000ppm, approximately 32,000ppm, approximately 32,000ppm, approximately 33,000ppm, approximately 34,000ppm, approximately 35,000ppm, approximately 36,000ppm, approximately 37,000ppm m, approx. 38,000ppm, approx. 39,000ppm, approx. 40,000ppm, approx. 41,000ppm, approx. 42,000ppm, approx. 43,000ppm, approx. 44,000ppm, approx. 45,000ppm, approx. 4 6,000ppm, approx. 47,000ppm, approx. 48,000ppm, approx. 49,000ppm, approx. 50,000ppm, approx. 51,000ppm, approx. 52,000ppm, approx. 53,000ppm, approx. 54,000 ppm, about 55,000 ppm, about 56,000 ppm, about 57,000 ppm, about 58,000 ppm, about 59,000 ppm, about 60,000 ppm, about 61,000 ppm, about 62,000 ppm, about 63,000 ppm, about 64,000 ppm, about 65,000 ppm, about 66,000 ppm, about 67,000 ppm, about 68,000 ppm, about 69,000 ppm, or about 70,000 ppm. These sweetener content values ​​may also be expressed as a range: about 15,000 ppm to about 70,000 ppm, about 15,500 ppm to about 68,000 ppm, about 16,500 ppm to about 66,000 ppm, about 17,000 ppm to about 65,000 ppm, about 17,500 ppm to about 64,500 ppm, about 18,000 ppm to about 62,000 ppm, about 19,000 ppm to about 60,000 ppm, about 25,000 ppm to about 55,000 ppm, about 30,000 ppm to about 45,000 ppm, or about 35,000 ppm to about 45,000 ppm.

[0097] 4. Other additives 4.1 Vitamins In any of the embodiments disclosed above, the composition may further comprise a vitamin selected from the group consisting of vitamin A (retinoids, carotenes), vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin D (calciferol, as well as D2, D3, D4, and D5), vitamin E (α-tocopherol), vitamin K (as well as K2 and K3), vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B7 (biotin), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B9 (folic acid, folate, folacin), vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin), and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the food, beverage, confectionery, or concentrate composition may include "vitamin-like" additives such as choline, carnitine, myo-inositol, para-aminobenzoic acid, and lipoic acid. Contemplated compositions include one, two, three, four, five, or more vitamins. For example, the composition may include niacin, pyridoxine, folic acid, and cyanocobalamin. In another exemplary embodiment, the composition may include niacin, pyridoxine, and cyanocobalamin. In a further embodiment, the composition may include niacin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, and cyanocobalamin. In some embodiments, the composition may include riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, and cyanocobalamin. In other embodiments, the composition may include riboflavin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, and cyanocobalamin. In a further embodiment, the composition may include pyridoxine and cyanocobalamin. In yet a further embodiment, the composition may include riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, and cyanocobalamin.

[0098] In any of the foregoing embodiments, the composition may contain about 0.5 mg, about 1.0 mg, about 1.5 mg, about 2.0 mg, about 2.5 mg, about 3.0 mg, about 3.5 mg, about 4.0 mg, about 4.5 mg, about 5.0 mg, about 5.5 mg, about 6.0 mg, about 6.5 mg, about 7.0 mg, about 7.5 mg, about 8.0 mg, about 8.5 mg, about 9.0 mg, about 9.5 mg, about 10.0 mg, about 11 mg, about 12 mg, about 13 mg, about 14 mg, about 15 mg, about 16 mg, about 17 mg, about 18 mg, about 19 mg, about 20 mg, about 21 mg, about 22 mg, about 23 mg, about 24 mg g, approx. 25 mg, approx. 26 mg, approx. 27 mg, approx. 28 mg, approx. 29 mg, approx. 30 mg, approx. 31 mg, approx. 32 mg, approx. 33 mg, approx. 34 mg, approx. mg, approx. 46 mg, approx. 47 mg, approx. 48 mg, approx. 49 mg, approx. 50 mg, approx. 51 mg, approx. 52 mg, approx. 53 mg, approx. 54 mg, approx. 55 mg, approx. 6 mg, about 67 mg, about 68 mg, about 69 mg, about 70 mg, about 71 mg, about 72 mg, about 73 mg, about 74 mg, about 75 mg, about 76 mg, about 77 mg, about 78 mg, about 79 mg, about 80 mg, about 81 mg, about 82 mg, about 83 mg, about 84 mg, about 85 mg, about 86 mg, about 87 mg, about 88 mg, about 89 mg, about 90 mg, about 91 mg, about 92 mg, about 93 mg, about 94 mg, about 95 mg, about 96 mg, about 97, about 98 mg, about 99 mg, about 100 mg, about 110 mg, about 120 mg, about 130 mg, about 140 mg, about 150 mg, about 160 mg, about 170mg, about 180mg, about 190mg, about 200mg, about 210mg, about 220mg, about 230mg, about 240mg, about 250mg, about 260mg, about 270mg, about 280mg, about 290mg, about 300mg, about 310mg, about 320mg, about 330mg, about 340mg, About 350mg, about 360mg, about 370mg, about 380mg, about 390mg, about 400mg, about 410mg, about 420mg, about 430mg, about 440mg, about 450mg, about 460mg, about 470mg, about 480mg, about 490mg, about 500mg, about 510mg, about 520mg,The amount may be about 530 mg, about 540 mg, about 550 mg, about 560 mg, about 570 mg, about 580 mg, about 590 mg, about 600 mg, about 610 mg, about 620 mg, about 630 mg, about 640 mg, about 650 mg, about 660 mg, about 670 mg, about 680 mg, about 690 mg, about 700 mg, about 710 mg, about 720 mg, about 730 mg, about 740 mg, about 750 mg, about 760 mg, about 770 mg, about 780 mg, about 790 mg, about 800 mg, about 810 mg, about 820 mg, about 830 mg, about 840 mg, about 850 mg, about 860 mg, about 870 mg, about 880 mg, about 890 mg, or about 900 mg.

[0099] The riboflavin content may range, for example, from about 0.5 mg to about 900 mg, from about 1 mg to about 900 mg, from about 2 mg to about 900 mg, from about 5 mg to about 900 mg, from about 10 mg to about 900 mg, from about 25 mg to about 900 mg, from about 50 mg to about 900 mg, from about 100 mg to about 900 mg, from about 150 mg to about 900 mg, from about 200 mg to about 900 mg, from about 300 mg to about 900 mg, from about 400 mg to about 900 mg, from about 500 mg to about 900 mg, from about 600 mg to about 900 mg, from about 700 mg to about 900 mg, from about 800 mg to about 900 mg, from about 0.5 mg to about 850 mg, about 0.5 mg to about 800 mg, about 0.5 mg to about 750 mg, about 0.5 mg to about 600 mg, about 0.5 mg to about 500 mg, about 0.5 mg to about 400 mg, about 0.5 mg to about 300 mg, about 0.5 mg to about 200 mg, about 0.5 mg to about 100 mg, about 0.5 mg to about 50 mg, about 0.5 mg to about 25 mg, about 0.5 mg to about 10 mg, about 0.5 mg to about 5 mg, about 0.5 mg to about 2.5 mg, about 0.5 mg to about 2 mg, about 0.5 mg to about 1.5 mg, or about 0.5 mg to about 1 mg.

[0100] In any of the foregoing embodiments, the composition may contain about 2 mg, about 3 mg, about 4 mg, about 5 mg, about 6 mg, about 7 mg, about 8 mg, about 9 mg, about 10 mg, about 11 mg, about 12 mg, about 13 mg, about 14 mg, about 15 mg, about 16 mg, about 17 mg, about 18 mg, about 19 mg, about 20 mg, about 21 mg, about 22 mg, about 23 mg, about 24 mg, about 25 mg, about 26 mg, about 27 mg, about 28 mg, about 29 mg, about 30 mg, about 31 mg, about 32 mg, about 33 mg, about 34 mg, about 35 mg, about 36 mg, about 37 mg, about 38 mg, about 39 mg, about 40 mg, about 41 mg, about 42 mg, about 43 mg, about 44 mg, about 45 mg, about 46 mg, about 47 mg, about 48 mg, about 49 mg, about 50 mg, about 51 mg, about 52 mg, about 53 mg, about 54 mg, about 55 mg, about 56 mg, about 57 mg, about 58 mg, about 59 mg, about 60 mg, about 61 mg, about 62 mg, about 63 mg, about 64 mg, about 65 mg, about 66 mg, about 67 mg, about 68 mg, about 69 mg, about 70 mg, about 71 mg, about 72 mg, about 73 mg, about 74 mg, about 75 mg, about 76 mg, about 77 mg, about 78 mg, about 79 mg, about 80 mg, about 81 mg, about 82 mg, about 83 mg, about 84 mg, about 85 mg, about 86 mg, approx. 41 mg, approx. 42 mg, approx. 43 mg, approx. 44 mg, approx. 45 mg, approx. 46 mg, approx. 47 mg, approx. 48 mg, approx. 49 mg, approx. 50 mg, approx. g, approx. 62 mg, approx. 63 mg, approx. 64 mg, approx. 65 mg, approx. 66 mg, approx. 67 mg, approx. 68 mg, approx. 69 mg, approx. 70 mg, approx. 71 mg, approx. 72 mg, approx. mg, approx. 83 mg, approx. 84 mg, approx. 85 mg, approx. 86 mg, approx. 87 mg, approx. 88 mg, approx. 89 mg, approx. 90 mg, approx. 90 mg, approx. 91 mg, approx. 92 mg, approx. 93 mg, approx. About 120mg, about 130mg, about 140mg, about 150mg, about 160mg, about 170mg, about 180mg, about 190mg, about 200mg, about 210mg, about 220mg, about 230mg, about 240mg, about 250mg, about 260mg, about 270mg, about 280mg, about 290mg , about 300mg, about 310mg, about 320mg, about 330mg, about 340mg, about 350mg, about 360mg, about 370mg, about 380mg, about 390mg, about 400mg, about 410mg, about 420mg, about 430mg, about 440mg, about 450mg, about 460mg, about 470m g, approx. 480 mg, approx. 490 mg, approx. 500 mg, approx. 550 mg, approx. 600 mg, approx. 650 mg, approx. 700 mg, approx. 750 mg, approx. 800 mg, approx.It may contain about 200 mg, about 1,250 mg, about 1,300 mg, about 1,350 mg, about 1,400 mg, about 1,450 mg, about 1,500 mg, about 1,550 mg, about 1,600 mg, about 1,650 mg, about 1,700 mg, about 1,750 mg, or about 1,800 mg.

[0101] The pantothenic acid content ranges, for example, from about 2 mg to about 1,800 mg, from about 3 mg to about 1,800 mg, from about 4 mg to about 1,800 mg, from about 5 mg to about 1,800 mg, from about 7.5 mg to about 1,800 mg, from about 10 mg to about 1,800 mg, from about 15 mg to about 1,800 mg, from about 20 mg to about 1,800 mg, from about 25 mg to about 1,800 mg, from about 50 mg to about 1,800 mg, from about 100 mg to about 1,800 mg, from about 200 mg to about 1,800 mg, from about 30 0mg to about 1,800mg, about 400mg to about 1,800mg, about 500mg to about 1,800mg, about 600mg to about 1,800mg, about 700mg to about 1,800mg, about 800mg to about 1,800mg, about 900mg to about 1,800mg, about 1,000mg to about 1,800mg, about 1,100mg to about 1,800mg, about 1,200mg to about 1,800mg, about 1,300mg to about 1,800mg, about 1,400mg to about 1,800mg, about 1, 500mg to about 1,800mg, about 1,600mg to about 1,800mg, about 1,000mg to about 1,800mg, about 2mg to about 1,750mg, about 2mg to about 1,700mg, about 2mg to about 1,600mg, about 2mg to about 1,500mg, about 2mg to about 1,400mg, about 2mg to about 1,300mg, about 2mg to about 1,200mg, about 2mg to about 1,100mg, about 2mg to about 1,000mg, about 2mg to about 900mg, about 2mg to about 800mg, about It may also be expressed as 2 mg to about 700 mg, about 2 mg to about 600 mg, about 2 mg to about 500 mg, about 2 mg to about 400 mg, about 2 mg to about 300 mg, about 2 mg to about 200 mg, about 2 mg to about 100 mg, about 2 mg to about 75 mg, about 2 mg to about 50 mg, about 2 mg to about 25 mg, about 2 mg to about 20 mg, about 2 mg to about 15 mg, about 2 mg to about 10 mg, about 2 mg to about 7.5 mg, about 2 mg to about 5 mg, about 2 mg to about 4 mg, or about 2 mg to about 3 mg.

[0102] In any of the foregoing embodiments, the composition may contain about 0.75 mg, about 1 mg, about 2 mg, about 3 mg, about 4 mg, about 5 mg, about 6 mg, about 7 mg, about 8 mg, about 9 mg, about 10 mg, about 20 mg, about 30 mg, about 40 mg, about 50 mg, about 60 mg, about 70 mg, about 80 mg, 90 mg, about 100 mg, about 150 mg, about 200 mg, about 250 mg, about 300 mg, 350 mg, or about 400 mg of pyridoxine. g, about 400mg, about 450mg, about 500mg, about 550mg, about 600mg, about 650mg, about 700mg, about 750mg, about 800mg, about 850mg, about 900mg, about 950mg , 1,000mg, about 1,500mg, 2,000mg, about 2,500mg, about 3,000mg, about 3,500mg, about 4,000mg, about 4,500mg, about 5,000mg, about 5,500 mg, approximately 6,000mg, approximately 6,500mg, approximately 7,000mg, approximately 7,500mg, approximately 8,000mg, approximately 8,500mg, approximately 9,000mg, approximately 9,500mg, approximately 10,000mg, approx. 10,500mg, approx. 11,000mg, approx. 11,500mg, approx. 12,000mg, approx. 12,500mg, approx. 13,000mg, approx. 13,500mg, approx. 14,000mg, approx. 14,5 100 mg, about 15,000 mg, about 15,500 mg, 16,000 mg, about 16,500 mg, about 17,000 mg, about 17,500 mg, about 18,000 mg, about 18,500 mg, about 19,000 mg, about 19,500 mg, about 20,000 mg, about 25,000 mg, about 30,000 mg, about 35,000 mg, about 40,000 mg, or about 45,000 mg.

[0103] The pyridoxine content may range, for example, from about 0.75 mg to about 45,000 mg, from about 1 mg to about 45,000 mg, from about 2 mg to about 45,000 mg, from about 3 mg to about 45,000 mg, from about 4 mg to about 45,000 mg, from about 5 mg to about 45,000 mg, from about 10 mg to about 45,000 mg, from about 15 mg to about 45,000 mg, from about 20 mg to about 45,000 mg, from about 25 mg to about 45,000 mg, from about 50 mg to about 45,000 mg, from about 100 mg to about 45,000 mg, from about 250 mg to about 45,000 mg. 0mg, about 500mg to about 45,000mg, about 1,000mg to about 45,000mg, about 2,500mg to about 45,000mg, about 5,000mg to about 45,000mg, about 7,500mg to about 45,000mg, about 10,000mg to about 45,000mg, about 15,000mg to about 45,000mg, about 20,000mg to about 45,000mg, about 25,000mg to about 45,000mg, about 30,000mg to about 45,000mg, about 35,000mg to about 45,000mg, about 40,000 mg~about 45,000mg, about 0.25mg~about 40,000mg, about 0.25mg~about 35,000mg, about 0.25mg~about 30,000mg, about 0.25mg~about 25,000mg, about 0.25mg~about 20,000mg, about 0.25mg Approximately 15,000mg, approximately 0.25mg to approximately 10,000mg, approximately 0.25mg to approximately 7,500mg, approximately 0.25mg to approximately 5,000mg, approximately 0.25mg to approximately 2,500mg, approximately 0.25mg to approximately 1,000mg, approximately 0.25mg to approximately 750mg, approximately It may also be expressed as 0.25 mg to about 500 mg, about 0.25 mg to about 250 mg, about 0.25 mg to about 100 mg, about 0.25 mg to about 75 mg, about 0.25 mg to about 50 mg, about 0.25 mg to about 25 mg, about 0.25 mg to about 20 mg, about 0.25 mg to about 15 mg, about 0.25 mg to about 10 mg, about 0.25 mg to about 7.5 mg, about 0.25 mg to about 5 mg, about 0.25 mg to about 2.5 mg, about 0.25 mg to about 2 mg, about 0.25 mg to about 1 mg, or about 0.25 mg to about 0.5 mg.

[0104] In any of the foregoing embodiments, the composition may contain about 0.015 mg, about 0.020 mg, about 0.025 mg, about 0.030 mg, about 0.035 mg, about 0.040 mg, about 0.045 mg, about 0.050 mg, about 0.055 mg, about 0.060 mg, about 0.065 mg, about 0.070 mg, about 0.075 mg, about 0.080 mg, about 0.085 mg, about 0.090mg, about 0.095mg, about 1mg, about 2mg, about 3mg, about 4mg, about 5mg, about 6mg, about 7mg, about 8mg, about 9mg, about 10mg, about 20mg, about 30mg, about 40mg, about 50mg, about 60mg, about 70, about 80mg, 90mg, about 100mg, about 150mg, about 200mg, about 250mg, about 300mg, 350mg, about 400mg, about 450mg, about 500mg, about 550mg, about 600mg, about 650mg, about 700mg, about 750mg, about 800mg, about 850mg, about 900mg, about 950mg, 1,00 0mg, about 1,500mg, 2,000mg, about 2,500mg, about 3,000mg, about 3,500mg, about 4,000mg, about 4,500mg, about 5,000mg, about 5,500 mg, about 6,000 mg, about 6,500 mg, about 7,000 mg, about 7,500 mg, about 8,000 mg, about 8,500 mg, about 9,000 mg, about 9,500 mg, about 10,000 mg, about 10,500 mg, about 11,000 mg, about 11,500 mg, about 12,000 mg, about 12,500 mg, about 13,000 mg, or about 13,500 mg.

[0105] The biotin content may range, for example, from about 0.015 mg to about 13,500 mg, from about 0.025 mg to about 13,500 mg, from about 0.05 mg to about 13,500 mg, from about 0.075 mg to about 13,500 mg, from about 0.1 mg to about 13,500 mg, from about 0.2 mg to about 13,500 mg, from about 0.5 mg to about 13,500 mg, from about 0.75 mg to about 13,500 mg, from about 1 mg to about 13,500 mg, from about 2 mg to about 13,500 mg, from about 5 mg to about 13,500 mg, and from about 10 mg to about 13,500 mg. 0mg, about 25mg to about 13,500mg, about 50mg to about 13,500mg, about 100mg to about 13,500mg, about 250mg to about 13,500mg, about 500mg to about 13,500mg, about 1,000mg to about 13,500mg, about 2, 500mg to about 13,500mg, about 5,000mg to about 13,500mg, about 7,500mg to about 13,500mg, about 10,000mg to about 13,500mg, about 11,000mg to about 13,500mg, about 12,000mg to about 13,50 0mg, about 13,000mg to about 13,500mg, about 0.015mg to about 13,000mg, about 0.015mg to about 12,000mg, about 0.015mg to about 11,000mg, about 0.015mg to about 10,000mg, about 0.015mg to about Approximately 7,500mg, approximately 0.015mg to approximately 5,000mg, approximately 0.015mg to approximately 2,500mg, approximately 0.015mg to approximately 1,000mg, approximately 0.015mg to approximately 750mg, approximately 0.015mg to approximately 500mg, approximately 0.015mg to approximately 250mg , about 0.015 mg to about 100 mg, about 75 mg to about 13,000 mg, about 0.015 mg to about 50 mg, about 0.015 mg to about 25 mg, about 10 mg to about 13,000 mg, about 0.015 mg to about 5 mg, about 0.015 mg to about 2.5 mg, about 0.015 mg to about 1 mg, about 0.015 mg to about 0.75 mg, about 0.015 mg to about 0.5 mg, about 0.015 mg to about 0.1 mg, about 0.015 mg to about 0.05 mg, or about 0.015 mg to about 0.025 mg.

[0106] In any of the foregoing embodiments, the composition may contain niacin in an amount of about 7 mg, about 8 mg, about 9 mg, about 10 mg, about 11 mg, about 12 mg, about 13 mg, about 14 mg, about 15 mg, about 18 mg, about 19 mg, about 20 mg, about 21 mg, about 22 mg, about 23 mg, about 24 mg, about 25 mg, about 26 mg, about 27 mg, about 28 mg, about 30 mg, about 30 mg, about 31 mg, about 32 mg, about 33 mg, about 34 mg, about 35 mg, about 36 mg, about 37 mg, about 38 mg, about 39 mg, about 40 mg, about 41 mg, about 42 mg, about 43 mg, about 44 mg, about 45 mg, about 46 mg g, approx. 47 mg, approx. 48 mg, approx. 49 mg, approx. 50 mg, approx. 51 mg, approx. 52 mg, approx. 53 mg, approx. 54 mg, approx. 55 mg, approx. 56, approx. , about 68mg, about 69mg, about 70mg, about 71mg, about 72mg, about 73mg, about 74mg, about 75mg, about 76mg, about 77mg, about 78mg, about 79mg, about 80mg, about 81mg, about 82mg, about 83mg, about 84mg, about 85mg, about 86mg, about 87mg, about 88m g, approx. 89 mg, approx. 90 mg, approx. 90 mg, approx. 91 mg, approx. 92 mg, approx. 93 mg, approx. 94 mg, approx. 95 mg, approx. 96 mg, approx. 97 mg, approx. 170mg, about 180mg, about 190mg, about 200mg, about 210mg, about 220mg, about 230mg, about 240mg, about 250mg, about 260mg, about 270mg, about 280mg, about 290mg, about 300mg, about 310mg, about 320mg, about 330mg, about 340mg, About 350mg, about 360mg, about 370mg, about 380mg, about 390mg, about 400mg, about 410mg, about 420mg, about 430mg, about 440mg, about 450mg, about 460mg, about 470mg, about 480mg, about 490mg, about 500mg, about 550mg, about 600mg , approx. 650 mg, approx. 700 mg, approx. 750 mg, approx. 800 mg, approx. 850 mg, approx. 900 mg, approx. 950 mg, approx. 1,000 mg, approx. 1,050 mg, approx. 1,100 mg, approx.400mg, about 1,450mg, about 1,500mg, about 1,550mg, about 1,600mg, about 1,650mg, about 1,700mg, about 1,750mg, about 1,800mg, about 1,850mg, about 1,9000mg, about 1,950mg, about 2,000mg, about 2,100m g, approximately 2,200mg, approximately 2,300mg, approximately 2,400mg, 2,500mg, 2,600mg, 2,700mg, approximately 2,800mg, approximately 2,900mg, approximately 3,000mg, approximately 3,100mg, approximately 3,200mg, approximately 3,300mg, approximately 3,400mg, 3,500mg , 3,600 mg, 3,700 mg, about 3,800 mg, about 3,900 mg, about 4,000 mg, about 4,100 mg, about 4,200 mg, about 4,300 mg, about 4,400 mg, 4,500 mg, 4,600 mg, 4,700 mg, about 4,800 mg, about 4,900 mg, about 5,000 mg, about 5,200 mg, about 5,300 mg, about 5,400 mg, about 5,500 mg, about 5,600 mg, about 5,700 mg, about 5,800 mg, about 5,900 mg, about 6,000 mg, about 6,100 mg, about 6,200 mg, or about 6,300 mg.

[0107] The niacin content ranges, for example, from about 7 mg to about 6,300 mg, from about 8 mg to about 6,300 mg, from about 9 mg to about 6,300 mg, from about 10 mg to about 6,300 mg, from about 12.5 mg to about 6,300 mg, from about 15 mg to about 6,300 mg, from about 20 mg to about 6,300 mg, from about 25 mg to about 6,300 mg, from about 50 mg to about 6,300 mg, from about 75 mg to about 6,300 mg, from about 100 mg to about 6,300 mg, Approximately 6,300mg, approximately 250mg to approximately 6,300mg, approximately 500mg to approximately 6,300mg, approximately 750mg to approximately 6,300mg, approximately 1,000mg to approximately 6,300mg, approximately 2,500mg to approximately 6,3 00mg, about 3,500mg to about 6,300mg, about 4,000mg to about 6,300mg, about 5,000mg to about 6,300mg, about 6,000mg to about 6,300mg, about 7mg to about 6,200 mg, about 7mg to about 6,100mg, about 7mg to about 6,000mg, about 7mg to about 5,750mg, about 7mg to about 5,500mg, about 7mg to about 5,250mg, about 7mg to about 5,000mg, Approximately 7mg to approximately 4,000mg, approximately 7mg to approximately 3,000mg, approximately 7mg to approximately 2,000mg, approximately 7mg to approximately 1,000mg, approximately 7mg to approximately 900mg, approximately 7mg to approximately 800mg, approximately 7mg to approximately 70 It may also be expressed as 0 mg, about 7 mg to about 600 mg, about 7 mg to about 500 mg, about 7 mg to about 400 mg, about 7 mg to about 300 mg, about 7 mg to about 200 mg, about 7 mg to about 100 mg, about 7 mg to about 75 mg, about 7 mg to about 50 mg, about 7 mg to about 25 mg, about 7 mg to about 15 mg, about 7 mg to about 12.5 mg, about 7 mg to about 10 mg, about 7 mg to about 9 mg, or about 7 mg to about 8 mg.

[0108] In any of the foregoing embodiments, the composition may comprise about 0.2 mg, about 0.3 mg, about 0.4 mg, about 0.5 mg, about 0.6 mg, about 0.7 mg, about 0.8 mg, about 0.9 mg, about 1 mg, about 2 mg, about 3 mg, about 4 mg, about 5 mg, about 6 mg, about 7 mg, about 8 mg, about 9 mg, about 10 mg, about 11 mg, about 12 mg, about 13 mg, about 14 mg, about 15 mg, about 18 mg, about 19 mg, about 20 mg, about 21 mg, or about 22 mg of folic acid. mg, about 22mg, about 23mg, about 24mg, about 25mg, about 26mg, about 27mg, about 28mg, about 30mg, about 30mg, about 31mg, about 32mg, about 33mg, about 34mg, about 35mg, about 36m g, about 37mg, about 38mg, about 39mg, about 40mg, about 41mg, about 42mg, about 43mg, about 44mg, about 45mg, about 46mg, about 47mg, about 48mg, about 49mg, about 50mg, about 51mg , about 52mg, about 53mg, about 54mg, about 55mg, about 56, about 57mg, about 58mg, about 59mg, about 60mg, about 61mg, about 62mg, about 63mg, about 64mg, about 65mg, about 66mg, about 67mg, about 68mg, about 69mg, about 70mg, about 71mg, about 72mg, about 73mg, about 74mg, about 75mg, about 76mg, about 77mg, about 78mg, about 79mg, about 80mg, about 81mg, about 8 The amount may be 2 mg, about 83 mg, about 84 mg, about 85 mg, about 86 mg, about 87 mg, about 88 mg, about 89 mg, about 90 mg, about 90 mg, about 91 mg, about 92 mg, about 93 mg, about 94 mg, about 95 mg, about 96 mg, about 97 mg, about 98 mg, about 99 mg, about 100 mg, about 110 mg, about 120 mg, about 130 mg, about 140 mg, about 150 mg, about 160 mg, about 170 mg, or about 180 mg.

[0109] The folic acid content may range, for example, from about 0.2 mg to about 180 mg, from about 0.3 mg to about 180 mg, from about 0.4 mg to about 180 mg, from about 0.5 mg to about 180 mg, from about 0.75 mg to about 180 mg, from about 1 mg to about 180 mg, from about 2.5 mg to about 180 mg, from about 5 mg to about 180 mg, from about 10 mg to about 180 mg, from about 15 mg to about 180 mg, from about 25 mg to about 180 mg, from about 50 mg to about 180 mg, from about 75 mg to about 180 mg, from about 100 mg to about 180 mg, from about 125 mg to about 180 mg, from about 150 mg to about 180 mg, from about 160 mg to about 180 mg, from about 170 mg to about 180 mg, from about 175 mg to about 180 mg, from about 0.2 mg to about 170 mg, from about 0.5 mg to about 180 mg, from about 0.75 mg to about 180 mg, from about 1 mg to about 180 mg, from about 2.5 mg to about 180 mg, from about 5 mg to about 180 mg, from about 10 mg to about 180 mg, from about 15 mg to about 180 mg, from about 25 mg to about 180 mg, from about 50 mg to about 180 mg, from about 75 mg to about 180 mg, from about 100 mg to about 180 mg, from about 125 mg to about 180 mg, from about 150 mg to about 180 mg, from about 160 mg to about 180 mg, from about 17 It may also be expressed as about 0.2mg to about 160mg, about 0.2mg to about 150mg, about 0.2mg to about 140mg, about 0.2mg to about 130mg, about 0.2mg to about 120mg, about 0.2mg to about 110mg, about 0.2mg to about 100mg, about 0.2mg to about 75mg, about 0.2mg to about 50mg, about 0.2mg to about 25mg, about 0.2mg to about 10mg, about 0.2mg to about 7.5mg, about 0.2mg to about 5mg, about 0.2mg to about 4mg, about 0.2mg to about 3mg, about 0.2mg to about 2mg, about 0.2mg to about 1mg, about 0.2mg to about 0.75mg, about 0.2mg to about 0.5mg, about 0.2mg to about 0.4mg, or about 0.2mg to about 0.3mg.

[0110] In any of the foregoing embodiments, the composition may contain about 0.001 mg, about 0.002 mg, about 0.003 mg, about 0.004 mg, about 0.005 mg, about 0.006 mg, about 0.007 mg, about 0.008 mg, about 0.009 mg, about 0.010 mg, about 0.011 mg, about 0.012 mg, about 0.013 mg, about 0.014 mg, about 0.015 mg, about 0.016 mg, about 0.017 mg, about 0.018 mg, about 0.019 mg, about 0.020 mg, about 0.25 mg , about 0.30mg, about 0.35mg, about 0.40mg, about 0.45mg, about 0.50mg, about 0.55mg, about 0.65mg, about 0.70mg, about 0.75mg, about 0.80mg, about 0.85mg, about 0.90mg, about 0.95mg, about 1m g, about 1.5 mg, about 2 mg, about 2.5 mg, about 3 mg, about 3.5 mg, about 4 mg, about 4.5 mg, about 5 mg, about 5.5 mg, about 6 mg, about 6.5 mg, about 7 mg, about 7.5 mg, about 8 mg, about 8.5 mg, about 9 mg, about 9.5 mg, 10.0 mg, about 11 mg, about 12 mg, about 13 mg, about 14 mg, about 15 mg, about 16 mg, about 17 mg, about 18 mg, about 19 mg, about 20 mg, about 21 mg, about 22 mg, about 23 mg, about 24 mg, about 25 mg, about 26 mg, about 27 mg, about 28 mg, about 29 mg, about 30 mg, about 31 mg, about 32 mg, about 33 mg, about 34 mg, about 35 mg, about 36 mg, about 37 mg, about 38 mg, about 39 mg, about 40 mg, about 41 mg, about 42 mg, about 43 mg, about 44 mg, about 45 mg, about 46 mg, about 47 mg, about 48 mg, about 49 mg, about 50 mg, about 51 mg, about 52 mg, about 53 mg, about 54 mg, about 55 mg, about 56 mg, about 57 mg, about 58 mg, about 59 mg, about 60 mg, about 61 mg, about 62 mg, about 63 mg, about 64 mg, about 65 mg, about 66 mg, about 67 mg, about 68 mg, about 69 mg, about 70 mg, about 71 mg, about 72 mg, about 73 mg, about 74 mg, about 75 mg, about 76 mg, about 77 mg, about 78 mg, about 79 mg, about 80 mg, about 81 mg, about 82 mg, about 83 mg, about 84 mg, about 85 mg, about 86 mg, about 87 mg, about 88 mg, about 89 mg, About 90 mg, about 91 mg, about 92 mg, about 93 mg, about 94 mg, about 95 mg, about 96 mg, about 97, about 98 mg, about 99 mg, about 100 mg, about 150 mg, about 200 mg, about 250 mg, about 300 mg, 350 mg, about 400 mg, about 450 mg, about 500 mg, about 510 mg, about 520 mg, about 530 mg, about 540 mg, about 550 mg, about 560 mg, about 570 mg, about 580 mg, about 590 mg, about 600 mg, about 610 mg, about 620 mg, about 630 mg, about 640 mg, about 650 mg, about 660 mg, about 670 mg, The amount may be about 680 mg, about 690 mg, about 700 mg, about 710 mg, about 720 mg, about 730 mg, about 740 mg, about 750 mg, about 760 mg, about 770 mg, about 780 mg, about 790 mg, about 800 mg, about 810 mg, about 820 mg, about 830 mg, about 840 mg, about 850 mg, about 860 mg, about 870 mg, about 880 mg, about 890 mg, about 900 mg, about 1,010 mg, about 1,020 mg, about 1,030 mg, about 1,040 mg, about 1,050 mg, about 1,060 mg, about 1,070 mg, or about 1,080 mg.

[0111] The cyanocobalamin content may range, for example, from about 0.001 mg to about 1,080 mg, from about 0.0025 mg to about 1,080 mg, from about 0.005 mg to about 1,080 mg, from about 0.0075 mg to about 1,080 mg, from about 0.01 mg to about 1,080 mg, from about 0.025 mg to about 1,080 mg, from about 0.05 mg to about 1,080 mg, from about 0.075 mg to about 1,080 mg, from about 0.1 mg to about 1,080 mg, from about 0.25 mg to about 1,080 mg, from about 0.5 mg to about 1,080 mg, from about 0.75 mg to about 1,080 mg, from about 1 mg to about 1,080 mg, 2mg to about 1,080mg, about 2.5mg to about 1,080mg, about 5mg to about 1,080mg, about 10mg to about 1,080mg, about 25mg to about 1,080mg, about 50mg to about 1,080mg, about 75mg to about 1,080mg, about 100mg to about 1,080mg, about 200mg to about 1,080mg, about 500mg to about 1,080mg, about 750mg to about 1,080mg, about 800mg to about 1,080mg, about 900mg to about 1,080mg, about 1,000mg to about 1,080mg, about 1,025mg to about 1,080mg, about 1,050mg to about 1,080mg 80mg, about 1,060mg to about 1,080mg, about 1,070mg to about 1,080mg, about 1,075mg to about 1,080mg, about 0.001mg to about 1,050mg, about 0.001mg to about 1,000mg, about 0.001mg to about 900mg, about 0.001mg to about 800mg, about 0.001mg to about 700mg, about 0.001mg to about 600mg, about 0.001mg to about 500mg, about 0.001mg to about 400mg, about 0.001mg to about 300mg, about 0.001mg to about 200mg, about 0.001mg to about 100mg, about 0.001mg It may also be expressed as about 0.001 mg to about 75 mg, about 0.001 mg to about 50 mg, about 0.001 mg to about 25 mg, about 0.001 mg to about 10 mg, about 0.001 mg to about 5 mg, about 0.001 mg to about 2.5 mg, about 0.001 mg to about 1 mg, about 0.001 mg to about 0.5 mg, about 0.001 mg to about 0.1 mg, about 0.001 mg to about 0.05 mg, about 0.001 mg to about 0.01 mg, about 0.001 mg to about 0.0075 mg, about 0.001 mg to about 0.005 mg, about 0.001 mg to about 0.0025 mg, or about 0.001 mg to about 0.002 mg.

[0112] In any of the foregoing embodiments, the composition may comprise thiamine in an amount of about 0.55 mg, 0.60 mg, about 0.65 mg, 0.70 mg, about 0.75 mg, about 0.80 mg, about 0.85 mg, about 0.90 mg, about 0.95 mg, about 1 mg, about 2 mg, about 3 mg, about 4 mg, about 5 mg, about 6 mg, about 7 mg, about 8 mg, about 9 mg, about 10 mg, about 11 mg, about 12 mg, about 13 mg, about 14 mg, about 15 mg, about 18 mg, about 19 mg, about 20 mg, about 21 mg, about 22 mg, about 23 mg, about 24 mg, about 25 mg, about 26 mg, about 27 mg, about 28 mg, about 29 mg, about 30 mg, about 31 mg, about 32 mg, about 33 mg, about 34 mg, about 35 mg, about 36 mg, about 37 mg, about 38 mg, about 39 mg, about 40 mg, about 41 mg, about 42 mg, about 43 mg, about 44 mg, about 45 mg, about 46 mg, about 47 mg, about 48 mg, about 49 mg, about 50 mg, about 51 mg, about 52 mg, about 53 mg, about 54 mg, about 55 mg, about 56 mg, about 57 mg, about 58 mg, about 59 mg, about 60 mg, about 61 mg, about 62 mg, about 63 mg, about 64 mg, about 65 mg, about 66 mg, about 67 mg, about 68 mg, about 69 mg, about 70 mg, about 71 mg, about 72 mg, about 73 mg, about 74 mg 7mg, about 28mg, about 30mg, about 30mg, about 31mg, about 32mg, about 33mg, about 34mg, about 35mg, about 36mg, about 37mg, about 38mg, about 39mg, about 40mg, about 41mg, about 42mg, about 43mg, about 44mg, about 45mg, about 46mg, about 47mg, about 48mg, about 49mg, about 50mg, about 51mg, about 52mg, about 53mg, about 54mg, about 55mg, about 56, about 57mg, about 58mg, about 59mg, about 60mg, about 61mg, about 62mg, about 63mg, about 64mg, about 65mg, about 66 mg, about 67mg, about 68mg, about 69mg, about 70mg, about 71mg, about 72mg, about 73mg, about 74mg, about 75mg, about 76mg, about 77mg, about 78mg, about 79mg, about 80mg, about 81mg, about 82mg, about 83mg, about 84mg, about 85mg , 86mg, 87mg, 88mg, 89mg, 90mg, 90mg, 91mg, 92mg, 93mg, 94mg, 95mg, 96mg, 97mg, 98mg, 99mg, 100mg, 110mg, 120mg, 130m g, about 140 mg, about 150 mg, about 160 mg, about 170 mg, about 180 mg, about 190 mg, about 200 mg, about 210 mg, about 220 mg, about 230 mg, about 240 mg, about 250 mg, about 260 mg, about 270 mg, about 280 mg, about 290 mg, about 300 mg, about 310 mg, about 320 mg, about 330 mg, about 340 mg, about 350 mg, about 360 mg, about 370 mg, about 380 mg, about 390 mg, about 400 mg, about 410 mg, about 420 mg, about 430 mg, about 440 mg, or about 450 mg.

[0113] The thiamine content may range, for example, from about 0.55 mg to about 450 mg, from about 0.6 mg to about 450 mg, from about 0.7 mg to about 450 mg, from about 0.8 mg to about 450 mg, from about 0.9 mg to about 450 mg, from about 1 mg to about 450 mg, from about 2.5 mg to about 450 mg, from about 5 mg to about 450 mg, from about 7.5 mg to about 450 mg, from about 10 mg to about 450 mg, from about 25 mg to about 450 mg, 50mg to about 450mg, about 75mg to about 450mg, about 100mg to about 450mg, about 150mg to about 450mg, about 200mg to about 450mg, about 250mg to about 450mg, about 30 0mg to about 450mg, about 350mg to about 450mg, about 400mg to about 450mg, about 410mg to about 450mg, about 420mg to about 450mg, about 430mg to about 450mg, about 1mg ~450mg, approximately 440mg~450mg, approximately 445mg~450mg, approximately 0.55mg~425mg, approximately 0.55mg~400mg, approximately 0.55mg~375mg, approximately 0. 55mg to about 350mg, about 0.55mg to about 325mg, about 0.55mg to about 300mg, about 0.55mg to about 200mg, about 0.55mg to about 100mg, about 0.55mg to about 75mg , about 0.55 mg to about 50 mg, about 0.55 mg to about 25 mg, about 0.55 mg to about 10 mg, about 0.55 mg to about 5 mg, about 0.55 mg to about 2.5 mg, about 0.55 mg to about 2 mg, about 0.55 mg to about 1 mg, about 0.55 mg to about 0.9 mg, about 0.55 mg to about 0.8 mg, about 0.55 mg to about 0.7 mg, or about 0.55 mg to about 0.6 mg.

[0114] In any of the foregoing embodiments, the composition may comprise about 0.35 mg, about 0.40 mg, about 0.45 mg, about 0.50 mg, about 0.55 mg, about 0.60 mg, about 0.65 mg, about 0.70 mg, about 0.75 mg, about 0.80 mg, about 0.85 mg, about 0.90 mg, about 0.95 mg, about 1 mg, about 2 mg, about 3 mg, about 4 mg, about 5 mg, about 6 mg, about 7 mg, about 8 mg, about 9 mg, about 10 mg, about 10.5 mg, about 11 mg, about 11.5 mg, about 12 mg, about 12.5 mg, about 13 mg, about 13.5 mg, about 14 mg, about 14.5 mg, about 15 mg, about 15.5 mg, about 16 mg, about 16.5 mg, about 17 mg, or about 17.5 mg of vitamin A.

[0115] The vitamin A content ranges, for example, from about 0.35 mg to about 17.5 mg, from about 0.4 mg to about 17.5 mg, from about 0.5 mg to about 17.5 mg, from about 0.6 mg to about 17.5 mg, from about 0.7 mg to about 17.5 mg, from about 0.8 mg to about 17.5 mg, from about 0.9 mg to about 17.5 mg, from about 1 mg to about 17.5 mg, from about 2 mg to about 17.5 mg, from about 3 mg to about 17.5 mg, from about 4 mg to about 17.5 mg, 7.5mg, about 5mg to about 17.5mg, about 6mg to about 17.5mg, about 7mg to about 17.5mg, about 8mg to about 17.5mg, about 9mg to about 17.5mg, about 10mg to about 17.5mg, Approximately 11 mg to approximately 17.5 mg, approximately 12 mg to approximately 17.5 mg, approximately 13 mg to approximately 17.5 mg, approximately 14 mg to approximately 17.5 mg, approximately 15 mg to approximately 17.5 mg, approximately 16 mg to approximately 17.5 mg, approximately 1 7mg to about 17.5mg, about 0.35mg to about 17mg, about 0.35mg to about 16mg, about 0.35mg to about 15mg, about 0.35mg to about 14mg, about 0.35mg to about 13mg, about 0. 35mg~about 12mg, about 0.35mg~about 11mg, about 0.35mg~about 10mg, about 0.35mg~about 9mg, about 0.35mg~about 8mg, about 0.35mg~about 7mg, about 0.35mg~ It may also be expressed as about 6 mg, about 0.35 mg to about 5 mg, about 0.35 mg to about 4 mg, about 0.35 mg to about 3 mg, about 0.35 mg to about 2 mg, about 0.35 mg to about 1 mg, about 0.35 mg to about 0.9 mg, about 0.35 mg to about 0.8 mg, about 0.35 mg to about 0.7 mg, about 0.35 mg to about 0.6 mg, about 0.35 mg to about 0.5 mg, or about 0.35 mg to about 0.4 mg.

[0116] In any of the foregoing embodiments, the composition may contain about 37.5 mg, about 38 mg, about 38.5 mg, about 39 mg, about 39.5 mg, about 40 mg, about 40.5 mg, about 41 mg, about 41.5 mg, about 42 mg, about 42.5 mg, about 43 mg, about 43.5 mg, about 44 mg, about 44.5 mg, about 45 mg, about 45.5 mg, about 46 mg, about 46.5 mg, about 47 mg, about 47.5 mg, about 48 mg, about 48.5 mg, about 49 mg, about 49.5 mg, about 50 mg, about 50.5 mg, about 60 mg, about 60.5 mg, about 70 mg, about 70.5 mg About 80mg, about 80.5, about 90mg, about 90.5, about 100mg, about 110mg, about 111mg, about 112mg, about 113mg, about 114mg, about 115mg, about 116mg, about 117 mg, about 118 mg, about 119 mg, about 120 mg, about 130 mg, about 140 mg, about 150 mg, about 200 mg, about 250 mg, about 300 mg, 350 mg, about 400 mg, about 450 mg , about 500mg, about 550mg, about 600mg, about 650mg, about 700mg, about 750mg, about 800mg, about 850mg, about 900mg, about 950mg, 1,000mg, about 1,50 0mg, 2,000mg, about 2,500mg, about 3,000mg, about 3,500mg, about 4,000mg, about 4,500mg, about 5,000mg, about 5,500mg, about 6,000mg, about 6,500mg, approximately 7,000mg, approximately 7,500mg, approximately 8,000mg, approximately 8,500mg, approximately 9,000mg, approximately 9,500mg, approximately 10,000mg, approximately 11,000mg, approximately 12,000mg, approximately 13,000mg, approximately 14,000mg, approximately 15,000mg, approximately 16,000mg, approximately 17,000mg, approximately 18,000mg, approximately 19,000mg, approximately 20,000 mg, about 21,000 mg, about 22,000 mg, about 23,000 mg, about 24,000 mg, about 25,000 mg, about 26,000 mg, about 27,000 mg, about 28,000 mg, about 29,000 mg, about 30,000 mg, about 31,000 mg, about 32,000 mg, about 33,000 mg, about 34,000 mg, about 35,000 mg, or about 36,000 mg.

[0117] The vitamin C content ranges, for example, from about 37.5 mg to about 36,000 mg, from about 38 mg to about 36,000 mg, from about 39 mg to about 36,000 mg, from about 40 mg to about 36,000 mg, from about 42.5 mg to about 36,000 mg, from about 45 mg to about 36,000 mg, from about 47.5 mg to about 36,000 mg, from about 50 mg to about 36,000 mg, from about 75 mg to about 36,000 mg, from about 100 mg to about 36,000 mg, from about 250 mg to about 36,000 mg, from about 500 mg to about 36,000 mg, from about 750 mg to about 36,000 mg, and from about 1,000 mg to about 36,000 mg. 000mg, about 1,000mg to about 36,000mg, about 2,000mg to about 36,000mg, about 3,000mg to about 36,000mg, about 5,000mg to about 36,000mg, about 7,500mg to about 36,000mg, about 10,000mg to about 36,000mg, about 12,500mg to about 36,000mg, about 15,000mg to about 36,000mg, about 20,000mg to about 36,000mg, about 25,000mg to about 36,000mg, about 30,000mg to about 36,000mg, about 31,000mg to about 36,000mg, about 32,000mg ~36,000mg, 33,000mg~36,000mg, 34,000mg~36,000mg, 35,000mg~36,000mg, 35,500mg~36,000mg, 37.5mg~35,000mg, 37.5mg~34,000m g, about 37.5mg to about 32,500mg, about 37.5mg to about 30,000mg, about 37.5mg to about 25,000mg, about 37.5mg to about 20,000mg, about 37.5mg to about 15,000mg, about 37.5mg to about 10,000mg, about 37.5mg to about 7,500m g, about 37.5 mg to about 5,000 mg, about 37.5 mg to about 2,500 mg, about 37.5 mg to about 1,000 mg, about 37.5 mg to about 900 mg, about 37.5 mg to about 800 mg, about 37.5 mg to about 700 mg, about 37.5 mg to about 600 mg, about 37.5 mg to about 500 mg, approx. 37.5 mg ~ approx. 400 mg, approx. 37.5 mg ~ approx. 300 mg, approx. 37.5 mg ~ approx. 200 mg, approx. 37.5 mg ~ approx. 100 mg, approx. 37.5 mg ~ approx. 75 mg, approx.It may also be expressed as 5 mg to about 40 mg, about 37.5 mg to about 39 mg, or about 37.5 mg to about 38 mg.

[0118] In any of the foregoing embodiments, the composition may contain about 0.01 mg, about 0.02 mg, about 0.03 mg, about 0.04 mg, about 0.05 mg, about 0.06 mg, about 0.07 mg, about 0.08 mg, about 0.09 mg, about 0.1 mg, about 0.5 mg, about 1 mg, about 2 mg, about 3 mg, about 4 mg, about 5 mg, about 6 mg, about 7 mg, about 8 mg, about 9 mg, about 10 mg, about 11 mg, about 12 mg, about 13 mg, about 14 mg, about 15 mg, about 18 mg, about 19 mg, about 20 mg, about 21 mg, about 22 mg, about 23 mg, about 24 mg, about 25 mg, about 26 mg, about 27 mg, about 28 mg, about 29 mg, about 30 mg, about 31 mg, about 32 mg, about 33 mg, about 34 mg, about 35 mg, about 36 mg, about 37 mg, about 38 mg, about 39 mg, about 40 mg, about 41 mg, about 42 mg, about 43 mg, about 44 mg, about 45 mg, about 46 mg, about 47 mg, about 48 mg, about 49 mg, about 50 mg, about 51 mg, about 52 mg, about 53 mg, about 54 mg, about 55 mg, about 56 mg, about 57 mg, about 58 mg, about 59 mg, about 60 mg, about 61 mg, about 62 mg, about 63 mg, about 64 mg, about 65 mg, about 66 mg, about 67 mg, about 68 mg, about 69 mg, about 70 mg, about 71 mg, about 72 mg, about 7 7mg, about 28mg, about 30mg, about 30mg, about 31mg, about 32mg, about 33mg, about 34mg, about 35mg, about 36mg, about 37mg, about 38mg, about 39mg, about 40mg, about 41mg, about 42mg, about 43mg, about 44mg, about 45mg, about 46mg, about 47mg, about 48mg, about 49mg, about 50mg, about 51mg, about 52mg, about 53mg, about 54mg, about 55mg, about 56, about 57mg, about 58mg, about 59mg, about 60mg, about 61mg, about 62mg, about 63mg, about 64mg, about 65mg, about 66mg, about 67mg, about 68mg, about 69mg, about 70mg, about 71mg, about 72mg, about 73mg, about 74mg, about 75mg, about 76mg, about 77mg, about 78mg, about 79mg, about 80mg, about 81mg, about 82mg, about 83mg, about 84mg, about 85mg, about 86mg, about 87mg, about 88mg, about 89mg, about 90mg, about 90mg, about 91mg, about 92mg, about 93mg, about 94mg, about 95mg, about 96mg, about 97mg, about 98mg, about 99mg, about 100mg, about 110mg, about 120mg, about 130mg, about 140mg, about 150mg, about 160mg, about 170mg, 80mg, approx. 190mg, approx. 200mg, approx. 210mg, approx. 220mg, approx. 230mg, approx. 240mg, approx. 250mg, approx. 260mg, approx. 270mg, approx. 280mg, approx. 290mg, approx. 360mg, about 370mg, about 380mg, about 390mg, about 400mg, about 410mg, about 420mg, about 430mg, about 440mg, about 450mg, about 460mg, about 470mg, about 480mg, about 490mg, about 500mg, about 550mg, about 600mg, about 650mg,Approximately 700mg, approximately 750mg, approximately 800mg, approximately 850mg, approximately 900mg, approximately 950mg, approximately 1,000mg, approximately 1,050mg, approximately 1,100mg, approximately 1,150 mg, approximately 1,200mg, approximately 1,250mg, approximately 1,300mg, approximately 1,350mg, approximately 1,400mg, approximately 1,450mg, approximately 1,500mg, approximately 1,550mg, approximately 1,600mg, about 1,650mg, about 1,700mg, about 1,750mg, about 1,800mg, about 1,850mg, about 1,900mg, about 1,950mg, about 2,00 0mg, about 2,100mg, about 2,200mg, about 2,300mg, about 2,400mg, 2,500mg, 2,600mg, 2,700mg, about 2,800mg, about 2, 900mg, approx. 3,000mg, approx. 3,100mg, approx. 3,200mg, approx. 3,300mg, approx. 3,400mg, 3,500mg, 3,600mg, 3,700mg, approx. 3,800mg, approx. 3,900mg, approx. 4,000mg, approx. 4,100mg, approx. 4,200mg, approx. 4,300mg, approx. 4,400mg, 4,500mg, 4,600m g, 4,700 mg, about 4,800 mg, about 4,900 mg, about 5,000 mg, about 5,200 mg, about 5,300 mg, about 5,400 mg, about 5,500 mg, about 5,600 mg, about 5,700 mg, about 5,800 mg, about 5,900 mg, about 6,000 mg, about 6,100 mg, about 6,200 mg, or about 6,300 mg.

[0119] The vitamin D content may range, for example, from about 0.01 mg to about 6,300 mg, from about 0.025 mg to about 6,300 mg, from about 0.05 mg to about 6,300 mg, from about 0.075 mg to about 6,300 mg, from about 0.1 mg to about 6,300 mg, from about 0.2 mg to about 6,300 mg, from about 0.3 mg to about 6,300 mg, from about 0.4 mg to about 6,300 mg, from about 0.5 mg to about 6,300 mg, from about 0.6 mg to about 6,300 mg, from about 0.7 mg to about 6,300 mg, from about 0.8 mg to about 6,300 mg, from about 0.9 mg to about 6,300 mg, from about 1 mg to about 6,300 mg, Approximately 2 mg to approximately 6,300 mg, approximately 3 mg to approximately 6,300 mg, approximately 4 mg to approximately 6,300 mg, approximately 5 mg to approximately 6,300 mg, approximately 6 mg to approximately 6,300 mg, approximately 7 mg to approximately 6,300 mg, approximately 8 mg to approximately 6,300 mg, approximately 9 mg to approximately 6,300 mg, approximately 10 mg to approximately 6,300 mg, approximately 12.5 mg to approximately 6,300 mg, approximately 15 mg to approximately 6,300 mg, approximately 20 mg to approximately 6,300 mg, approximately 25 mg to approximately 6,300 mg, approximately 50 mg to approximately 6,300 mg, approximately 75 mg to approximately 6,300 mg, approximately 100 mg to approximately 6,300 mg, approximately 250 mg to approximately 6,300 mg, approximately 500mg to approximately 6,300mg, approximately 750mg to approximately 6,300mg, approximately 1,000mg to approximately 6,300mg, approximately 2,500mg to approximately 6,300mg, approximately 3,500mg to approximately 6,300mg, approximately 4,000mg to approximately 6,300mg, approximately 5,000mg to approximately 6,300mg , about 6,000mg to about 6,300mg, about 0.01mg to about 6,200mg, about 0.01mg to about 6,100mg, about 0.01mg to about 6,000mg, about 0.01mg to about 5,750mg, about 0.01mg to about 5,500mg, about 0.01mg to about 5,250mg, about 0. 0.01mg to about 5,000mg, about 0.01mg to about 4,000mg, about 0.01mg to about 3,000mg, about 0.01mg to about 2,000mg, about 0.01mg to about 1,000mg, about 0.01mg to about 900mg, about 0.01mg to about 800mg, about 0.01mg to about 700mg, about 0.01mg to about 600mg, about 0.01mg to about 500mg, about 0.01mg to about 400mg, about 0.01mg to about 300mg, about 0.01mg to about 200mg, about 0.01mg to about 100mg, about 0.01mg to about 75mg, about 0.01mg to about 50mg, about 0.It may also be expressed as about 0.01 mg to about 25 mg, about 0.01 mg to about 15 mg, about 0.01 mg to about 12.5 mg, about 0.01 mg to about 10 mg, about 0.01 mg to about 9 mg, about 0.01 mg to about 8 mg, about 0.01 mg to about 7 mg, about 0.01 mg to about 6 mg, about 0.01 mg to about 5 mg, about 0.01 mg to about 4 mg, about 0.01 mg to about 3 mg, about 0.01 mg to about 2 mg, about 0.01 mg to about 1 mg, about 0.01 mg to about 0.1 mg, about 0.01 mg to about 0.075 mg, about 0.01 mg to about 0.05 mg, or about 0.01 mg to about 0.025 mg.

[0120] In any of the foregoing embodiments, the composition may contain about 7.5 mg, about 8.0 mg, about 8.5 mg, about 9.0 mg, about 9.5 mg, about 10 mg, 11 mg, about 12 mg, about 13 mg, about 14 mg, about 15 mg, about 18 mg, about 19 mg, about 20 mg, about 21 mg, about 22 mg, about 23 mg, about 24 mg, about 25 mg, about 26 mg, about 27 mg, about 28 mg, about 30 mg, about 30 mg, about 31 mg, about 32 mg, about 33 mg, about 34 mg, about 35 mg, about 36 mg, about 37 mg, about 38 mg, about 39 mg, about 40 mg, about 41 mg, about 42 mg, about 43 mg, about 44 mg, about 45 mg, about 46 mg, about 47 mg, about 48 mg, about 49 mg, about 50 mg, about 51 mg, about 52 mg, about 53 mg, about 54 mg, about 55 mg, about 56 mg, about 57 mg, about 58 mg, about 59 mg, about 60 mg, about 61 mg, about 62 mg, about 63 mg, about 64 mg, about 65 mg, about 66 mg, about 67 mg, about 68 mg, about 69 mg, about 70 mg, about 71 mg, about 72 mg, about 73 mg, about 74 mg, about 75 mg, about 76 mg, about 77 mg, about 78 mg, about 79 mg, about 80 mg, about 81 mg, about 82 mg, about 83 mg, about 84 mg, about 85 mg, about 86 mg, about 87 mg, about 88 mg, about 89 mg, approx. 44 mg, approx. 45 mg, approx. 46 mg, approx. 47 mg, approx. 48 mg, approx. 49 mg, approx. 50 mg, approx. 51 mg, approx. 52 mg, approx. 53 mg, approx. g, approx. 65 mg, approx. 66 mg, approx. 67 mg, approx. 68 mg, approx. 69 mg, approx. 70 mg, approx. 71 mg, approx. 72 mg, approx. 73 mg, approx. 74 mg, approx. 75 mg, approx. mg, approx. 86 mg, approx. 87 mg, approx. 88 mg, approx. 89 mg, approx. 90 mg, approx. 90 mg, approx. 91 mg, approx. 92 mg, approx. 93 mg, approx. 94 mg, approx. mg, approx. 150 mg, approx. 160 mg, approx. 170 mg, approx. 180 mg, approx. 190 mg, approx. 200 mg, approx. 210 mg, approx. 220 mg, approx. 230 mg, approx. 240 mg, approx. 0mg, approx. 330mg, approx. 340mg, approx. 350mg, approx. 360mg, approx. 370mg, approx. 380mg, approx. 390mg, approx. 400mg, approx. 410mg, approx. 420mg, approx. 00mg, approx. 550mg, approx. 600mg, approx. 650mg, approx. 700mg, approx. 750mg, approx. 800mg, approx. 850mg, approx. 900mg, approx. 950mg, approx. 1,000mg, approx.The amount may be about 300 mg, about 1,350 mg, about 1,400 mg, about 1,450 mg, about 1,500 mg, about 1,550 mg, about 1,600 mg, about 1,650 mg, about 1,700 mg, about 1,750 mg, about 1,800 mg, about 1,850 mg, about 1,9000 mg, about 1,950 mg, about 2,000 mg, about 2,100 mg, about 2,200 mg, about 2,300 mg, about 2,400 mg, 2,500 mg, 2,600 mg, 2,700 mg, about 2,800 mg, about 2,900 mg, or about 3,000 mg.

[0121] The vitamin E content ranges, for example, from about 7.5 mg to about 3,000 mg, from about 8 mg to about 3,000 mg, from about 9 mg to about 3,000 mg, from about 10 mg to about 3,000 mg, from about 25 mg to about 3,000 mg, from about 50 mg to about 3,000 mg, from about 75 mg to about 3,000 mg, from about 100 mg to about 3,000 mg, from about 250 mg to about 3,000 mg, from about 500 mg to about 3,000 mg, from about 750 mg to about 3,000 mg, from about 1,000 mg to about 3,000 mg, and from about 1,500 mg. ~ about 3,000mg, about 2,000mg to about 3,000mg, about 2,100mg to about 3,000mg, about 2,200mg to about 3,000mg, about 2,300mg to about 3,000mg, about 2,400mg to about 3,000mg, about 2,500mg to about 3,000mg, about 2,600mg to about 3,000mg, about 2,700mg to about 3,000mg, about 2,800mg to about 3,000mg, about 2,900mg to about 3,000mg, about 2,950mg to about 3,000mg, about 7.5mg ~2,900mg, 7.5mg~2,800mg, 7.5mg~2,700mg, 7.5mg~2,600mg, 7.5mg~2,500mg, 7.5mg~2,400mg, 7.5mg~2,300mg, Approximately 7.5mg to approximately 2,200mg, approximately 7.5mg to approximately 2,100mg, approximately 7.5mg to approximately 2,000mg, approximately 7.5mg to approximately 1,750mg, approximately 7.5mg to approximately 1,500mg, approximately 7.5mg to approximately 1,250mg, approximately 7.5mg to approximately 1,0 It may also be expressed as about 7.5 mg to about 750 mg, about 7.5 mg to about 500 mg, about 7.5 mg to about 250 mg, about 7.5 mg to about 100 mg, about 7.5 mg to about 75 mg, about 7.5 mg to about 50 mg, about 7.5 mg to about 25 mg, about 7.5 mg to about 15 mg, about 7.5 mg to about 14 mg, about 7.5 mg to about 13 mg, about 7.5 mg to about 12 mg, about 7.5 mg to about 11 mg, about 7.5 mg to about 10 mg, about 7.5 mg to about 9 mg, or about 7.5 mg to about 8 mg.

[0122] In any of the foregoing embodiments, the composition may contain about 0.045 mg, about 0.046 mg, about 0.047 mg, about 0.048 mg, about 0.049 mg, about 0.050 mg, about 0.051 mg, about 0.052 mg, about 0.053 mg, about 0.054 mg, about 0.055 mg, about 0.056 mg, about 0.057 mg, 0.058 mg, about 0.059 mg, about 0.060 mg, about 0.061 mg, about 0.062 mg, about 0.063 mg, about 0.064 mg, about 0.065 mg, about 0.066 mg, about 0.067 mg, 0.068 mg, or about 0. 0.069mg, approximately 0.070mg, approximately 0.071mg, approximately 0.072mg, approximately 0.073mg, approximately 0.074mg, approximately 0.075mg, approximately 0.076mg, approximately 0.077mg, 0.078mg, approximately 0.079mg, approximately 0.080mg, approximately 0.091mg, approximately 0.092mg, approximately 0.093mg, approximately 0.094mg, approximately 0.095mg, approximately 0.096mg, approximately 0.097mg, 0.098mg, approximately 0.099mg, approximately 0.1mg, approximately 0.2mg, approximately 0.3mg, approximately 0.4mg, approximately 0.5mg, approximately 0.6mg, approximately 0.7mg, approximately 0.8mg, approximately 0.9mg, about 1mg, about 2mg, about 3mg, about 4mg, about 5mg, about 6mg, about 7mg, about 8mg, about 9mg, about 10mg, about 20mg, about 30mg, about 40mg, about 50mg, about 6 0mg, about 70, about 80mg, 90mg, about 100mg, about 150mg, about 200mg, about 250mg, about 300mg, 350mg, about 400mg, about 450mg, about 500mg, About 550mg, about 600mg, about 650mg, about 700mg, about 750mg, about 800mg, about 850mg, about 900mg, about 950mg, 1,000mg, about 1,500mg, 2 ,000mg, about 2,500mg, about 3,000mg, about 3,500mg, about 4,000mg, about 4,500mg, about 5,000mg, about 5,500mg, about 6,000mg, about 6, 500mg, about 7,000mg, about 7,500mg, about 8,000mg, about 8,500mg, about 9,000mg, about 9,500mg, about 10,000mg, about 10,500mg, about 11,000mg, about 11,500mg, about 12,000mg, about 12,500mg, about 13,000mg, about 13,500mg, about 14,000mg, about 14,500mg, about 15 The composition may contain about 1,000 mg, about 15,500 mg, 16,000 mg, about 16,500 mg, about 17,000 mg, about 17,500 mg, about 18,000 mg, about 18,500 mg, about 19,000 mg, about 19,500 mg, about 20,000 mg, about 25,000 mg, about 30,000 mg, about 35,000 mg, about 40,000 mg, or about 45,000 mg.

[0123] The vitamin K content may range, for example, from about 0.045 mg to about 40,500 mg, from about 0.05 mg to about 40,500 mg, from about 0.075 mg to about 40,500 mg, from about 0.1 mg to about 40,500 mg, from about 0.25 mg to about 40,500 mg, from about 0.5 mg to about 40,500 mg, from about 0.75 mg to about 40,500 mg, from about 1 mg to about 40,500 mg, from about 12.5 mg to about 40,500 mg, from about 15 mg to about 40,500 mg, from about 20 mg to about 40,500 mg, from about 50 mg to about 40,500 mg, from about 100 mg to about 40,500 mg, or from about 500 mg to about 40,500 mg. g ~ approx. 40,500 mg, approx. 1,000 mg ~ approx. 40,500 mg, approx. 2,500 mg ~ approx. 40,500 mg, approx. 5,000 mg ~ approx. 40,500 mg, approx. 7,500 mg ~ approx. 0mg, about 15,000mg to about 40,500mg, about 17,500mg to about 40,500mg, about 20,000mg to about 40,500mg, about 22,500mg to about 40,500mg, about 25,000mg to about 40,500mg, about 27,500mg to about 40,500mg, Approximately 30,000mg to approximately 40,500mg, approximately 31,000mg to approximately 40,500mg, approximately 32,000mg to approximately 40,500mg, approximately 33,000mg to approximately 40,500mg, approximately 34,000mg to approximately 40,500mg, approximately 35,000mg to approximately 40,500mg, approximately 36, 000mg~about 40,500mg, about 37,000mg~about 40,500mg, about 38,000mg~about 40,500mg, about 39,000mg~about 40,500mg, about 39,250mg~about 40,500mg, about 39,500mg~about 40,500mg, about 39,750m g ~ approx. 40,500 mg, approx. 40,000 mg ~ approx. 40,500 mg, approx. 40,100 mg ~ approx. 40,500 mg, approx. 40,200 mg ~ approx. 40,500 mg, approx. ,000mg, about 0.045mg to about 39,000mg, about 0.045mg to about 38,000mg, about 0.045mg to about 37,000mg, about 0.045mg to about 35,000mg, about 0.045mg to about 32,500mg, about 0.045mg to about 30,000mg, about 0.045mg to about 25,000mg, about 0.045mg to about 20,000mg, about 0.045mg to about 10,000mg, about 0.045mg to about 7,500mg, about 0.045mg to about 5,000mg, about 0.045mg to about 2, 500mg, about 0.045mg to about 2,000mg, about 0.045mg to about 1,000mg, about 0.045mg to about 750mg, about 0.045mg to about 500mg, about 0.045mg to about 250mg, about 0.045mg to about 10 It may also be expressed as 0 mg, about 0.045 mg to about 75 mg, about 0.045 mg to about 50 mg, about 0.045 mg to about 25 mg, about 0.045 mg to about 10 mg, about 0.045 mg to about 5 mg, about 0.045 mg to about 1 mg, about 0.045 mg to about 0.75 mg, about 0.045 mg to about 0.5 mg, about 0.045 mg to about 0.25 mg, about 0.045 mg to about 0.1 mg, about 0.045 mg to about 0.075 mg, or about 0.045 mg to about 0.05 mg.

[0124] In any of the foregoing embodiments, the composition may comprise about 212.5 mg, about 213 mg, about 213.5 mg, about 214 mg, about 214.5 mg, about 215 mg, about 215.5 mg, about 216 mg, about 216.5 mg, about 217 mg, about 217.5 mg, about 218 mg, about 218.5 mg, about 219 mg, about 219.5 mg, 220 mg, about 221 mg, about 222 mg, about 223 mg, about 224 mg, about 225 mg, about 226 mg, about 227 mg, about 228 mg, about 229 mg, about 230 mg, about 240 mg, about 250 mg, about 260 mg, about 270 mg, about 280 mg, about 290 mg, about 300 mg , 350 mg, about 400 mg, about 450 mg, about 500 mg, about 550 mg, about 600 mg, about 650 mg, about 700 mg, about 750 mg, about 800 mg, about 850 mg, about 900 mg, about 950 mg, 1,000 mg, about 1,500 mg, 2,000 mg, about 2,500 mg, about 3,000 mg, about 3,500 mg, about 4,000 mg, about 4,500 mg, about 5,000 mg, about 5,500 mg, about 6,000 mg, about 6,500 mg, about 7,000 mg, about 7,500 mg, about 8,000 mg, about 8,500 mg, about 9,000 mg, about 9,500 mg, or about 10,000 mg.

[0125] The choline content may range, for example, from about 212.5 mg to about 10,000 mg, from about 212 mg to about 10,000 mg, from about 213 mg to about 10,000 mg, from about 214 mg to about 10,000 mg, from about 215 mg to about 10,000 mg, from about 220 mg to about 10,000 mg, from about 225 mg to about 10,000 mg, from about 250 mg to about 10,000 mg, from about 275 mg to about 10,000 mg, from about 300 mg to about 10,000 mg, from about 400 mg to about 10,000 mg, from about 500 mg to about 10,000 mg, from about 750 mg to about 10,000 mg, or from about 1,000 mg. ~ about 10,000mg, about 2,000mg to about 10,000mg, about 3,000mg to about 10,000mg, about 4,000mg to about 10,000mg, about 5,000mg to about 10,000mg, about 6,000mg to about 10,000mg, about 7,000mg to about 10,000mg, about 8,000mg to about 10,000mg, about 9,000mg to about 10,000mg, about 9,100mg to about 10,000mg, about 9,200mg to about 10,000mg, about 9,300mg to about 10,000mg, about 9,400mg to about 10,000mg, about 9,500mg to about 10,000mg, about 9,600mg to about 10,000mg, about 9,700mg to about 10,000mg, about 9,800mg to about 10,000mg, about 9,900mg to about 10,000mg, about 9,950mg to about 10,000mg, about 212.5mg to about 9,900mg, about 2 12.5mg to about 9,800mg, about 212.5mg to about 9,700mg, about 212.5mg to about 9,600mg, about 212.5mg to about 9,500mg, about 212.5mg to about 9,400mg, about 212.5mg to about 9,300mg, about 212.5mg to about 9,200mg, Approximately 212.5mg to approximately 9,100mg, approximately 212.5mg to approximately 9,000mg, approximately 212.5mg to approximately 8,000mg, approximately 212.5mg to approximately 7,000mg, approximately 212.5mg to approximately 6,000mg, approximately 212.5mg to approximately 5,000mg, approximately 212.5mg to approximately 4,000m g, approx. 212.5 mg ~ approx. 3,000 mg, approx. 212.5 mg ~ approx. 2,000 mg, approx. 212.5 mg ~ approx. 1,000 mg, approx. 212.5 mg ~ approx. 750 mg, approx. 212.5 mg ~ approx.It may also be expressed as 5 mg to about 290 mg, about 212.5 mg to about 280 mg, about 212.5 mg to about 270 mg, about 212.5 mg to about 260 mg, about 212.5 mg to about 250 mg, about 212.5 mg to about 240 mg, about 212.5 mg to about 230 mg, about 212.5 mg to about 220 mg, about 212.5 mg to about 219 mg, about 212.5 mg to about 218 mg, about 212.5 mg to about 217 mg, about 212.5 mg to about 216 mg, about 212.5 mg to about 215 mg, about 212.5 mg to about 214 mg, or about 212.5 mg to about 213 mg.

[0126] 4.2 Additives In some embodiments, the composition may further comprise a sugar acid (e.g., glucuronic acid) and / or a sugar alcohol (e.g., inositol). The sugar acid may be selected from, for example, glyceric acid, xylonic acid, gluconic acid, ascorbic acid, neuraminic acid, keto-deoxyoctulosonic acid, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, iduronic acid, tartaric acid, meso-galactaric acid, D-glucaric acid, or a combination thereof. The sugar alcohol may be selected from, for example, mannitol, sorbitol, arabitol, threitol, xylitol, ribitol, galactitol, fruitol, iditol, inositol, volemitol, lactitol, malitol, or a combination thereof.

[0127] In some embodiments, the amino acids L-phenylalanine, L-leucine, L-isoleucine, L-valine, L-arginine, L-histidine, L-aspartic acid, L-glutamic acid, L-serine, L-threonine, L-asparagine, L-glutamine, L-cysteine, L-selenocysteine, glycine, L-proline, L-alanine, L-methionine, L-tyrosine, and / or L-tryptophan may also be included in the composition.

[0128] In some embodiments, the composition may include an amino acid derivative. Examples of such amino acid derivatives include N-acetyl-L-tyrosine, taurine, ornithine, sarcosine, citrulline, norvaline, norleucine, α-aminobutyric acid, hydroxyproline, tert-leucine, cycloleucine, α-aminoisobutyric acid (2-methylalanine), penicillamine, homoserine, or a combination thereof. Additionally, any of the various amino acid derivatives, including those mentioned above, may also be included in the composition. Examples of these amino acid derivatives include, for example, non-standard amino acids, unnatural amino acids, amino alcohols, and amino acids in which one or more functional groups, such as the terminal carbonyl group, the terminal amino group, and, in the case of cysteine, the thiol group, are substituted with one or more of a variety of substituents. Specific examples of substituents include, for example, alkyl groups, acyl groups, hydroxyl groups, amino groups, alkylamino groups, nitro groups, sulfonyl groups, and various protecting groups. Specific examples of these amino acid derivatives include, for example, N-γ-nitroarginine, S-nitrocysteine, S-methylcysteine, S-allylcysteine, valinamide, 2-amino-3-methyl-1-butanol (valinol), methionine sulfoxide, and S-methylcysteine ​​sulfoxide.

[0129] Some embodiments may include natural and / or artificial flavors. Natural flavors may be essential oils, oleoresins, essences or extracts, protein hydrolysates, distillates, or any product of roasting, fermentation, heating, or enzymatic degradation, containing flavor components derived from spices, fruits or fruit juices, vegetables or vegetable juices, edible yeast, herbs, bark, sprouts, roots, leaves, or similar plant materials, meat, seafood, poultry, eggs, dairy products, or fermentation products thereof, where the primary function of the flavor components in food is flavor, not nutrition. Artificial flavors are any substances whose function is to impart flavor and that are not derived from spices, fruits or fruit juices, vegetables or vegetable juices, edible yeast, herbs, bark, sprouts, roots, leaves, or similar plant materials, meat, fish, poultry, eggs, dairy products, or fermentation products thereof. Traditional artificial flavors such as sodium citrate, ascorbic acid, diacetyl, acetylpropynyl, acetoin, isoamyl acetate, benzaldehyde, cinnamaldehyde, ethyl propionate, methyl anthranilate, limonene, ethyl decadienoate, allyl hexanoate, ethyl maltol, ethyl vanillin, methyl salicylate, manazanate, or combinations thereof may be used.

[0130] Preservatives may also be included in the composition. For example, in some embodiments, sodium citrate, potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate, potassium benzoate, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), calcium EDTA disodium, sorbic acid, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite, sodium nitrite, propylparaben, butylhydroxyanisole, butylhydroxytoluene, citric acid, vitamin E, vitamin C, and / or benzoic acid may be included in the composition.

[0131] In some embodiments, the composition may further comprise a pH buffer, such as potassium phosphate, dipotassium phosphate, potassium hydrophosphate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium citrate, sodium phosphate, disodium phosphate, sodium hydrophosphate, sodium tripolyphosphate, potassium citrate, magnesium citrate, or a combination thereof.

[0132] Contemplated compositions include magnesium carbonate, potassium phosphate dibasic, ascorbic acid, "supercreatine," coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), citicoline, omega-3 fatty acids (e.g., alpha-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, hexadecatrienoic acid, stearidonic acid, eicosatrienoic acid, eicosatetraenoic acid, heneicosapentaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, tetracosapentaenoic acid, tetracosahexaenoic acid), omega-6 fatty acids (e.g., linoleic acid, gamma- Nutritional supplements may also be included, including, but not limited to, linolenic acid, calendic acid, eicosadienoic acid, dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, docosadienoic acid, adrenic acid, osbondoic acid, tetracosatetraenoic acid, tetracosapentaenoic acid), lutein, zeaxanthin, L-theanine, fish oil, beta-alanine, D-ribose, reduced L-glutathione, citrulline, L-alanyl-L-glutamine, L-hydroxyproline, or combinations thereof.

[0133] In some embodiments, the composition includes herbal supplements such as ginseng, milk thistle, guarana, ginkgo biloba, saw palmetto, green tea, black tea, hoodia gordonii, passionflower, epimedium, skullcap, echinacea, dandelion leaf, St. John's wort, green tea, chamomile, or peppermint, or extracts thereof, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the composition includes hypoxic exercise recovery supplements such as L-carnitine L-tartrate, creatine, whey protein, citrulline, curcumin, beta-hydroxybutyrate, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the composition includes detoxifying agents such as D-glucuronolactone, milk thistle, magnesium, diatomaceous earth, glutathione, alpha lipoic acid, superoxide dismutase, N-acetylcysteine, selenium, or combinations thereof.

[0134] In some embodiments, the composition comprises an electrolyte such as sodium chloride, sodium acetate, acid sodium citrate, acid sodium phosphate, sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bromide, sodium citrate, sodium lactate, sodium molybdate, sodium phosphate, anhydrous sodium sulfate, sodium sulfate, sodium tartrate, sodium benzoate, sodium selenite, potassium chloride, potassium acetate, potassium bicarbonate, potassium bromide, potassium citrate, potassium-D-gluconate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, potassium tartrate, potassium sorbate, potassium iodide, magnesium carbonate, magnesium citrate, magnesium oxide, magnesium phosphate, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, calcium carbonate, calcium chelate, calcium diphosphate, calcium lactate, tricalcium phosphate, or a combination thereof.

[0135] In some embodiments, the composition may contain a colorant (e.g., Yellow #5, Yellow #6, Blue #1, Blue #2, Green #3, Red #3, Red #40, Citrus Red 2, Orange B, caramel color, quinolone yellow (E104), carmoisine (E122), Ponceau 4R (E124), patent blue V (E131), green S (E142), annatto extract, dried beets, beta-carotene, grape skin extract, or a combination thereof), a gum (e.g., xanthan gum, gum arabic, ester gum, guar gum, carob gum, gellan gum, cellulose gum, tara gum, or combinations thereof), and / or emulsifiers (e.g., sodium dihydrogen phosphate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, dipotassium phosphate, trisodium phosphate, sodium metaphosphate (sodium hexametaphosphate), sodium acid pyrophosphate, tetrasodium pyrophosphate, sodium aluminum phosphate, sodium citrate, potassium citrate, calcium citrate, sodium tartrate, potassium sodium tartrate, or combinations thereof).

[0136] In some embodiments, the composition comprises a bitter additive, such as a branched amino acid, such as L-leucine, L-valine, or L-isoleucine; quinine HCl and its salts; hesperidin; sucrose octaacetate; quercetin; brucine; quasin; isohumulone; stevia extract; saccharin; naringin; gustducin; catechin; sesquiterpene lactone; aristolochic acid; phenylthiocarbamide; propylthiouracil; flavones; noscapine; humulone; amarogentin; glucosides; limonin; amarogentin; goitrin; cynaropicrin; quasin; cycloheximide; dipeptides; any other bitter compound from vegetables, fruits (e.g., naringin and guarana), cocoa (e.g., chocolate), grains, or spices; or combinations thereof.

[0137] 5. Food, beverage and confectionery applications The following are non-limiting examples of foods, beverages, and confectioneries that may contain the sweetener compositions disclosed herein: For example, processed fruits and fruit juices, including commercially processed fruits, citrus fruits, berries, and blends; salads; juices and juice punches; concentrates; dilutions; "ades"; and drink substitutes made therefrom, may contain up to about 0.25% (2,500 ppm) by weight of 1,3-propanediol, in some embodiments biologically produced 1,3-propanediol.

[0138] Other suitable compositions include beverages such as coffee, cocoa, tea (e.g., black tea, green tea, oolong tea); dairy-containing beverages such as milk, coffee drinks, milk tea, fruit milk drinks or drinking yogurt; or kombucha.

[0139] Contemplated compositions further include dairy products, including butter, yogurt, cheese, cottage cheese, sour cream, whipped cream, and frozen desserts (e.g., ice cream). For example, Greek yogurt containing biologically produced 1,3-propanediol was found to be less bitter and sweeter than yogurt without biologically produced 1,3-propanediol. Vanilla yogurt with biologically produced 1,3-propanediol was found to be less bitter and slightly sweeter than yogurt without biologically produced 1,3-propanediol.

[0140] Packaged foods, such as drink mixes, dressings, dried soups, cake mixes, soft drinks, popcorn, food coloring, fast food, and breads, can also include 1,3-propanediol, and in some embodiments biologically produced 1,3-propanediol, to improve taste and / or off-flavors or otherwise modify the taste of these products.

[0141] In other embodiments, the composition is a sorbet. Confectioneries, such as cakes, crackers, biscuits, mochi, and snacks, are also contemplated. Chewing gum, hard candy, soft candy, mints, nougat, jelly beans, and other candies may also be used in the methods disclosed herein. Sauces, including fruit-flavored sauces, chocolate sauces, and the like, may also be used in the compositions. For example, jams, including strawberry jam, raspberry jam, blackberry jam, and marmalade, may contain biologically produced 1,3-propanediol as a taste modifier. Biologically produced 1,3-propanediol may improve the taste and / or off-flavors in condiments, including soy sauce, tomato ketchup, mustard, and savory sauces. Broths, canned or frozen vegetables, canned meat or seafood, processed meat products (e.g., sausages), pickles, simmered preserves, snacks (e.g., potato chips, cookies), or grain products are all contemplated.

[0142] Food compositions may further comprise a food or food ingredient consisting of one or more food additives.Furthermore, food compositions include human foods, substances that migrate into foods from food contact articles, beverages, pet foods, and animal feed compositions.

[0143] "Food additive" includes any additive that can be used in a food composition. In some embodiments, the additive is of suitable food grade and is prepared, handled, and / or added to a food product in an amount that does not exceed that reasonably required to accomplish its intended physical, nutritional, or other technical effect in the food product.

[0144] Additionally, esters may perform many of the functions of the additives described above. While one skilled in the art can readily determine which ester is most suitable to achieve a particular desired function, the esters used may include esters made using organic carboxylic acids, including all suitable conjugated mono- and diesters from 1,3-propanediol, and in some embodiments, biologically produced 1,3-propanediol. Specifically, some esters produced include propanediol distearate and monostearate, propanediol dilaurate and monolaurate, propanediol dioleate and monooleate, propanediol divalerate and monovalerate, propanediol dicaprylate and monocaprylate, propanediol dimyristate and monomyristate, propanediol dipalmitate and monopalmitate, propanediol dibehenate and monobehenate, propanediol diadipate, propanediol dimaleate, propanediol dioxalate, propanediol dibenzoate, propanediol diacetate, and mixtures thereof.

[0145] The food compositions may contain any natural additives where appropriate, including any natural or naturally occurring additives similar in composition or function to any of the additives listed above.

[0146] While the present disclosure has been particularly shown and described with reference to exemplary embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details can be made therein without departing from the scope encompassed by the appended claims.

[0147] The applicant specifically incorporates the entire contents of all references cited in this disclosure. Furthermore, when an amount, concentration, or other value or parameter is presented as a range, a preferred range, or a list of a preferred upper value and a preferred lower value, this should be understood to specifically disclose all ranges formed from any pair of any upper range or preferred value and any lower range or preferred value, regardless of whether the ranges are separately disclosed. When a range of numerical values ​​is recited herein, unless otherwise specified, the range is intended to include the endpoints thereof and all integers and fractions within the range. When a range is defined, it is not intended that the range be limited to the specific values ​​recited.

[0148] The following examples are intended for illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope defined by the claims.

[0149] [Example] [Example 1] Panel Leader Instructions for Flash Profiling Method*: 1. Panelists: Recruit at least 5, preferably 12, staff members who are not allergic to the 8 major food allergens. 2. Prototype: a. Freshly made items of the same age (preferably within the last week). b. Serve all samples the same size (beverages > 1 oz) and at the same temperature (food > 70°F, beverages > 40°F). 3. Randomly coded (3 digits) and randomly ordered up to 5 samples. 4. Keep to less than 5 samples per panel session. Less than 4 panels per day. 5. For each panelist, shipping (due to COVID-19): a. 5 samples per set b. Instructions (this page), ballot (Attachment 1), and sample ballot (Attachment 2). c. One bottle of water (Aquafina or equivalent, no added minerals; panelists must bring their own due to COVID-19 restrictions). 6. Panelists should be told only that the sample is a prototype for Project XYZ (see allergy warning above) and should not disclose anything else about the sample or the purpose of the project. 7. Instruct panelists on how to conduct the blind tasting on the day of receipt, following the panelist instructions below. 8. To avoid peer, leader, order and sample bias, ask panelists not to talk to other panelists during the tasting. 9. Ask each panelist to scan a photo of their completed ballot and send it to the panel leader, who will conduct at least a "directional analysis" (1 day) and may include a PCA (3 days) to reach a conclusion and recommendation.

[0150] Flash Profiling Panelist Instructions: 1. Please refrain from eating, drinking or smoking 30 minutes before this panel. 2. Please taste in the morning (9:00-12:00) or mid-afternoon (2:00-4:00) whenever possible. 3. Arrange the five samples in front of you in any order. 4. On your flash profiling ballot, write today's date, your name, and the sample(s) as "project xxx- Round x samples." 5. Taste each sample and note the attributes you perceived / evaluated (see Appendix 1 and 2 for examples) according to the scale definition (line 1). Write down your rating for the first sample and mark it with the sample code. 6. Don't forget to rate your overall likes and dislikes (the last line) based on the likes and dislikes scale (the top line). 7. Drink or gargle water between samples until there is no taste / aftertaste in your mouth. 8. Repeat steps 5, 6, and 7 above once for each of the four samples. 9. Scan and send photos of the ballots to the panel leader for data analysis. 10. Please look forward to the results, conclusions and recommendations of the panel leaders.

[0151] Experimental materials Cane Sugar (Sucrose) (Domino, Premium Pure Cane, Yellow Box Granulated Sugar) HFCS55, Cargill, Lot#D050744, 3 / 21 / 22, Isoclear 55 HFCS Agave Syrup, Iidea Organic Premium Light, 75 brix, 80% Fructose + 15% Glucose, LP160920 RA97%, Sweet Green Field / T&L, Sweetesse, Lot 3100071, 2 / 5 / 21) Stevia Reb M95%, manufactured by Amyris (Amyris RM95 Lot P0521-STD, 12 / 21 / 2020) Monk Fruit Mogroside-V 55%, manufactured by Layn (Lot# MOV03-21111901) Sucralose Syrup 25% (T&L, 25% sucralose by weight, Lot# 21193011. 1g syrup = 0.25g pure sucralose) Erythritol (Cargill, STD Gran, 3 / 14 / 22, 3 years, Batch No. 0022289921) Allulose syrup 95% (T&L, 95% so 1g = 0.95g allulose, lot number YQ21L91243, manufactured September 1, 2021) (3.5% recommended as a drinking limit of at least 1 GRN) Tagatose (Bonumose, 97%, Lot No. 19-HN9705-TAG25, Date of Manufacture: 2020 / 03 / 23, 250g) (CCC = 3.3g / serving or 1.4% = Zero Calories Claim)

[0152] Spiking drinks: Bai Antioxidant Infusion Mango (Erythritol + Stevia + 0.2% Natural Sugars in Juice) Harmless Harvest Coconut Water (Natural Sugars) Trop 50 No Pulp Calcium Orange Juice Drink (4.2% fruit sugar, stevia leaf extract), expiration date: July 31, 2022. Zevia Grapefruit Citrus (Stevia, possibly Erythritol) (05-12-23 / F3) 12 oz (355 ml) Red Bull Original (11.3% sugar) (designed to enhance sweetness but not block bitterness) 8.4 oz 250 ml. Gatorade Lemon Lime (6% Carbohydrates + Dextrose) Ripple Original (3% sugar)

[0153] [Example 2] The absolute threshold for Zemea® USP-FCC PDO in water is between 690 ppm and 940 ppm, close to 690 ppm. Zemea® USP-FCC PDO is tasteless at 690 ppm (FEMA, #4753, beverage use limit). Zemea® USP-FCC Propanediol reduced the bitterness of individual ingredients and beverages, making them more palatable. Flash profiles were used in blind tastings with N>6, as described in Example 1.

[0154] [Table 1]

[0155] [Example 3] Six panelists skilled in food and beverage evaluation evaluated Zemea® USP-FCC at 5, 20, and 100 ppm in reduced-sugar stevia-sweetened orange juice. Reduced-sugar stevia-sweetened orange juice without Zemea® USP-FCC served as a control. Trained panelists tasted the beverages with and without Zemea® USP-FCC and discussed their flavor perceptions, indicating whether the test or control was sweeter, more bitter, or had a stronger overall flavor. The sample containing 5 ppm Zemea® USP-FCC was identified as having the lowest perceived bitterness and was used in a paired comparison test with a larger panel against the control without Zemea® USP-FCC.

[0156] A paired comparison test for bitterness was conducted with 40 untrained panelists. Reduced-sugar stevia-sweetened orange juice was used as the control and prepared with 0.0005% Zemea® USP-FCC (5 ppm) as the test variable. Products were served at refrigerated temperatures in 2-ounce soufflé cups labeled with a 3-digit code. Panelists were asked to identify the more bitter sample. Bottled water and unsalted crackers were available for panelists to cleanse their palates before and during the test.

[0157] result Reduced-sugar stevia-sweetened orange juice without added Zemea® USP-FCC was statistically more bitter than orange juice containing Zemea® USP-FCC (p-value 0.04, one-tailed). Based on these results, it is hypothesized that Zemea® USP-FCC has a significant differential effect on the perception of bitterness in the beverage, resulting in lower bitterness levels.

[0158] [Table 2]

[0159] Zemea® USP-FCC added directly to a reduced-sugar orange juice matrix with stevia at a 5 ppm level was statistically less bitter (p-value) than the control without Zemea® USP-FCC. As a flavor carrier, Zemea® USP-FCC interacts with components in the flavor system, affecting the perceived bitterness of the beverage. Zemea® USP-FCC at a 5 ppm level is not expected to have an organoleptic effect by itself.

[0160] [Example 4] Nine panelists, experts in food and beverage evaluation, tasted three juices and two yogurts with and without Zemea USP-FCC propanediol. The nine panelists tasted each product and discussed their flavor perceptions. They indicated whether the test or control product in each pair was sweeter, more bitter, or had a stronger overall flavor.

[0161] [Table 3]

[0162] Plain Greek yogurt and grapefruit juice containing Zemea USP-FCC Propanediol were less bitter and significantly sweeter than their corresponding controls. Vanilla yogurt and orange juice containing Zemea USP-FCC Propanediol were less bitter and slightly sweeter than their corresponding controls. Cranberry juice containing Zemea USP-FCC Propanediol was less bitter and significantly sweeter than their corresponding controls (Figures 1-5).

[0163] [Example 5] Six panelists skilled in food and beverage evaluation tasted sweetened and commercial beverages with and without Zemea USP-FCC propanediol. The six panelists tasted the products and discussed their flavor perceptions. They indicated whether the test or control product in each pair was sweeter, less bitter, and / or less sour.

[0164] [Table 4]

[0165] [Table 5]

Claims

1. (a) 1,3-propanediol in a concentration of approximately 1 ppm to 10 ppm; and (b) Sweeteners selected from the group consisting of sucrose, high-fructose corn syrup, erythritol, allulose, and tagatose, in a concentration of approximately 18,000 ppm to approximately 62,000 ppm. A sweetener composition containing [the specified ingredient].

2. A food, beverage, confectionery, or concentrate composition comprising the sweetener composition described in claim 1.

3. A food, beverage, confectionery, or concentrate composition containing a sweetener composition, wherein the sweetener composition is (a) 1,3-propanediol in concentrations of approximately 600 ppm to 1,000 ppm; and (b) Sweeteners selected from the group consisting of stevia Reb A97 and stevia Reb M95, in a concentration of approximately 90 ppm to approximately 400 ppm. A food, beverage, confectionery, or concentrate composition comprising essentially the sweetener composition, wherein the sweetener composition is present in the food, beverage, confectionery, or concentrate composition in an amount ranging from 600 ppm to 3,000 ppm.

4. A method for improving the sweetness of a sweetener and / or reducing its bitterness, (a) A step of providing a sweetener selected from the group consisting of stevia Reb A97 and stevia Reb M95 in a concentration of approximately 90 ppm to approximately 400 ppm; and (b) A step of adding 1,3-propanediol in an amount of approximately 600 ppm to approximately 1,000 ppm to a sweetener to form a sweetener composition consisting of 90 ppm to approximately 400 ppm of sweetener and approximately 600 ppm to approximately 1,000 ppm of 1,3-propanediol. A method comprising, thereby, the sweetener composition having improved sweetness and / or bitterness compared to a sweetener that does not contain the aforementioned amount of 1,3-propanediol.

5. A method for improving the sweetness of a sweetener and / or reducing its bitterness, (a) A step of providing a sweetener selected from the group consisting of sucrose, high-fructose corn syrup, erythritol, allulose, and tagatose, in a concentration of approximately 18,000 ppm to approximately 62,000 ppm; and (b) A step of adding 1,3-propanediol in an amount of approximately 1 ppm to approximately 10 ppm to the sweetener to form a sweetener composition. A method comprising, wherein the sweetener composition has improved sweetness and / or bitterness compared to a sweetener that does not contain the aforementioned amount of 1,3-propanediol.

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