Method and device for shared distribution of IP multicast.

Abstract

This provides a method that is executed by the first network node. [Solution] The method includes sending a first request for modification of an MBS (Multicast Broadcast Service) related PDU (Packet Data Unit) session to a first functional node, and receiving a first acknowledgment for modification of the MBS related PDU session and an AS (Access Layer) PDU session parameter message from a second network node. This solution enables AN distribution multicast to be combined with a 5G control plane to enable personalized policies and billing.

Description

Technical Field

[0006] ,

[0007] ,

[0001] The present disclosure relates generally to the field of communications, and more particularly, to methods and devices for the shared distribution of IP (Internet Protocol) multicast.

Background Art

[0002] This section introduces aspects that may facilitate a better understanding of the present disclosure. Accordingly, the description of this section should be read from this perspective and should not be construed as an admission as to what is in the prior art or what is not in the prior art.

[0003] Wireless Wireline Convergence (WWC) attempts to converge wired access onto the 5G core network.

[0004] One aspect that has not been fully addressed to date by the WWC standardization effort is the delivery of linear IPTV. In existing wired networks, this can be delivered using multicast from a Broadband Network Gateway (BNG) or via multicast delivered from an Access Node (AN). Multicast from the AN is the most efficient solution and is deployed by multiple operators.

[0005] 5MBS (5G Multicast Broadcast Service) aims to provide multicast and broadcast services to the 5G system. In the case of fixed wireless access using 5G wireless as an alternative access to a wired line, it is also the only mechanism available for multicast services.

[0006] 5MBS (TS 23.247) uses the following terms:

[0007] 5GC (5th Generation Core) Individual MBS Traffic Distribution: The 5G CN (Core Network) receives a single copy of MBS data packets and distributes separate copies of those MBS data packets to individual UEs (User Equipment) via per-UE PDU (Packet Data Unit) sessions. Therefore, for each such UE, one PDU session needs to be associated with the multicast session.

[0008] 5GC Shared MBS Traffic Distribution: The 5G CN receives a single copy of MBS data packets and distributes that single copy of MBS data packets to the RAN nodes.

[0009] In the case of WWC with AN-based multicast and PON, there is a possibility of shared and individual distribution at access nodes, and therefore the use of these terms in this disclosure is in the spirit of TS 23.247, but is generalized and used outside the 5GS context as well: Shared delivery - A single copy is transmitted over a physical or virtual (tunnel) link that can ultimately be delivered to multiple subscribers; Individual delivery - A copy for each subscriber is transmitted over a physical or virtual link.

[0010] In existing deployments, wired operators deploy AN or BNG-based multicast using IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) signaling to support linear IPTV services.

[0011] The general operating modes for AN-based multicast are as follows: - IGMP requests transmitted by an STB (set-top box) and relayed by an RG (residential gateway); - After basic access control checks, AN uses industry-standard IGMP proxy behavior to snoop requests, perform access control, and aggregate valid requests into a multicast VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network). - Aggregated IGMP loses its identity; -AN can send proxy reports to BNG to support "bandwidth adjustment" on a per-subscriber basis. - This requires some means of communicating RG identity and multicast groups to the BNG so that the BNG can recognize the subscriber and associated bandwidth profile.

[0012] BNG-based multicast simply treats the BNG as a multicast router that terminates subscriber IGMP requests.

[0013] 5GS Release 16 provides an equivalent to BNG-based multicast. UPF (User Plane Function) terminates STB-originating IGMP messages.

[0014] Figure 1 shows the current architecture of AN or BNG-based multicast.

[0015] With regard to linear IPTV and 5G systems, operators want to include IPTV access node distribution multicast as part of the convergence on 5G systems.

[0016] However, this request also includes not changing the deployed equipment.

[0017] The primary motivation is efficiency, which involves significantly offloading traffic from the BNG, and this, in turn, applies to the AGF (Access Gateway Function) / UPF deployment.

[0018] 5MBS, defined by 3GPP® (Third Generation Partner Project) for Release 17, provides an opportunity to do this. It also introduces additional components into the architecture, which are common to FWA (Fixed Wireless Access), eMBB (Enhanced Mobile Broadband), and WWC.

[0019] It is desirable to have a solution that maximizes commonality between wired access and FWA access, is easily adaptable to future expansion to 5G systems, and can leverage AN distribution multicast in existing access networks without diminishing the value of the policy and billing capabilities provided by 5G systems. [Overview of the project]

[0020] One consideration driven by business requirements is that converged access to 5G systems can be retrofitted to existing and unchanged access networks. This includes DSLAMs (Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexers) for DSL access and OLTs (Optical Line Terminals) for PON (Passive Optical Network)-fiber access. Many of these devices in access networks are either aging or have limited footprint implementations (e.g., pluggable modules), making them unsuitable for upgrades. Further linear IPTV is a declining business that limits the business case for system upgrades.

[0021] The existing system is based on IGMP originating from a set-top box connected to the home LAN, which is relayed to the core network by the RG.

[0022] Several proposals have been discussed that do not use 5MBS but aim to achieve similar characteristics. However, all of them had significant operational drawbacks.

[0023] This solution uses both 5GS signaling procedures and legacy procedures in parallel so that legacy components within the system can be coupled to 5G procedures in the access gateway function (AGF) without actually changing the legacy devices.

[0024] A solution for integrating legacy AN-based IPTV delivery into a 5G system using 5MBS is proposed herein. This solution functions regardless of whether 5MBS is deployed wired. This solution can operate using ATSSS (Access Traffic Steering Splitting and Switching) or using multi-access handover, has common NAS procedures using FWA that minimize variations in RG implementation, and limits changes to the wired network (there are no changes to the 5GS N1, N2, or N3 interfaces).

[0025] According to a first aspect of the present disclosure, a method executed by a first network node is provided. The method includes transmitting a first request for a change of an MBS (Multicast Broadcast Service) related PDU (Packet Data Unit) session to a first functional node, and receiving a first positive response for a change of the MBS related PDU session and an AS (Access Stratum) PDU session parameter message from a second network node.

[0026] In an alternative embodiment of the first aspect, the AS PDU session parameter message may indicate the use of IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) and IPoE (Internet Protocol over Ethernet) encapsulation.

[0027] In another alternative embodiment of the first aspect, the AS PDU session parameter message can be a multicast parameter message including a multicast discriminator type, a multicast discriminator value, and an auxiliary sequence.

[0028] In another alternative embodiment of the first aspect, the method may further include transmitting a second request for establishment of an MBS-related PDU session to a first functional node before transmitting the first request, and receiving a second positive response for establishment of the MBS-related PDU session from a second network node.

[0029] In another alternative embodiment of the first aspect, the method may further include transmitting a third request for IGMP participation to a third network node after receiving the first positive response. In another alternative embodiment of the first aspect, the first network node may be a home gateway, the first functional node may be a session management function, and the second network node may be an access gateway function.

[0030] According to a second aspect of the present disclosure, a method executed by a second network node is provided. The method includes adding a subscriber to an MBS (Multicast Broadcast Service) shared distribution session, and transmitting a first positive response for change of an MBS-related PDU (Packet Data Unit) session and an AS (Access Stratum) PDU session parameter message to a first network node. In an alternative embodiment of the second aspect, the AS PDU session parameter message may indicate the use of IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) and IPoE (Internet Protocol over Ethernet) encapsulation. In another alternative embodiment of the second aspect, the AS PDU session parameter message may be a multicast parameter message that includes a multicast discriminator type, a multicast discriminator value, and an auxiliary procedure. In an alternative embodiment of the second aspect, if there is no MBS shared distribution session to the second network node, an MBS shared distribution session may be established between the second network node and the second functional node. In an alternative embodiment of the second aspect, the method may further include receiving a second acknowledgment for establishing an MBS-related PDU session from a first functional node and transmitting the second acknowledgment to a first network node. In an alternative embodiment of the second aspect, the method may further include receiving an aggregated IGMP join request for a multicast group from a third network node, mapping the aggregated IGMP join request to an MBS shared distribution session, checking whether there are valid clients for the multicast group, and, if so, establishing a shared distribution session with the third network node. In an alternative embodiment of the second aspect, the second network node may be integrated with a third network node which is an access node. In an alternative embodiment of the second aspect, the first network node may be a residential gateway.

[0031] A third aspect of this disclosure provides a method performed by a third network node. This method includes receiving an IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) join request for a multiple group from a first network node and adding a subscriber drop as a new leaf. In an alternative embodiment of the third aspect, the method may further include sending an aggregated IGMP join request for the multiple group to the second network node if the third network node does not have the multicast group. In an alternative embodiment of the third aspect, the method may further include receiving a shared distribution session from the second network node. In an alternative embodiment of the third aspect, the third network node may be an access node, and the first network node may be a residential gateway.

[0032] A fourth aspect of this disclosure provides a first network node. The first network node includes a processor and a memory communicatively coupled to the processor and configured to store instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the first network node to perform the operation of the method according to the first aspect.

[0033] A fifth aspect of this disclosure provides a first network node, which is configured to perform the method according to the first aspect.

[0034] A sixth aspect of this disclosure provides a second network node, the second network node comprising a processor and a memory communicatively coupled to the processor and configured to store instructions, when executed by the processor, causing the second network node to perform the operation of the method according to the second aspect.

[0035] According to a seventh aspect of this disclosure, a second network node is provided. The second network node is configured to perform the method according to the second aspect.

[0036] An eighth aspect of the present disclosure provides a third network node. The third network node includes a processor and a memory communicatively coupled to the processor and configured to store instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the third network node to perform the operation of the method according to the third aspect.

[0037] According to a ninth aspect of this disclosure, a third network node is provided. The third network node is configured to perform the method according to the third aspect.

[0038] A communication system is provided according to a tenth aspect of the present disclosure. The communication system includes a first network node according to the fourth or fifth aspect, a second network node according to the sixth or seventh aspect that communicates with at least the first network node, and a third network node according to the eighth or ninth aspect that communicates with at least the first and second network nodes.

[0039] According to an eleventh aspect of this disclosure, a non-temporary computer-readable medium is provided on which a computer program is stored. When the computer program is executed by one or more sets of processors of a first network node, the computer program causes the first network node to perform the operation of the method according to the first aspect.

[0040] According to a twelfth aspect of this disclosure, a non-temporary computer-readable medium on which a computer program is stored is provided. When the computer program is executed by one or more sets of processors of a second network node, the computer program causes the second network node to perform the operation of the method according to the second aspect.

[0041] According to a thirteenth aspect of this disclosure, a non-temporary computer-readable medium on which a computer program is stored is provided. When the computer program is executed by one or more sets of processors of a third network node, the computer program causes the third network node to perform the operation of the method according to the third aspect.

[0042] This solution enables AN distribution multicast to be combined with the 5G control plane, allowing for personalized policies and billing. It further provides a common NAS (Non-Access Layer) stack and procedures in 5G-RG for FWA, wired, or hybrid access, with procedure modifications limited to wired access layer handling only. [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0043] This disclosure can be best understood by referring to the following description and accompanying drawings used to illustrate embodiments of the invention. In the drawings:

[0044] [Figure 1] Figure 1 shows the current architecture of AN or BNG-based multicast. [Figure 2] Figure 2 shows an exemplary architecture of AN-based multicast according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 3] Figure 3 is a sequence diagram showing the call flow of shared delivery according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 4A] Figure 4A shows the current access layer (AS) messages. [Figure 4B] Figure 4B shows a further type of AS message according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 4C] Figure 4C shows the contents of a multicast parameter message according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 5]Figure 5 is a flowchart showing a method executed on a first network node according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 6] Figure 6 is a flowchart showing a method implemented on a second network node according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 7] Figure 7 is a block diagram showing a method implemented on a third network node according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 8] Figure 8 is a block diagram showing a first network node according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 9] Figure 9 is another block diagram showing a first network node according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 10] Figure 10 is a block diagram showing a second network node according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 11] Figure 11 is another block diagram showing a second network node according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 12] Figure 12 is a block diagram showing a third network node according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 13] Figure 13 is another block diagram showing a third network node according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 14] Figure 14 is a block diagram showing a communication system according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 15] Figure 15 is a block diagram schematically showing a communication network connected to a host computer via an intermediate network. [Figure 16] Figure 16 is a generalized block diagram of a host computer communicating with user equipment over a partial wireless connection via a base station. [Figure 17] , [Figure 18] , [Figure 19] , [Figure 20]Figures 17 to 20 are flowcharts showing the methods implemented in a communication system including a host computer, base station, and user equipment. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0045] The following detailed description describes methods and devices for shared distribution of IP multicast. The following detailed description includes numerous specific details, such as logic implementations, types of system components, and their interrelationships, to provide a more detailed understanding of the disclosure. However, those skilled in the art should understand that the disclosure can be implemented without such specific details. In other examples, control structures, circuits, and instruction sequences are not shown in detail to avoid obscuring the disclosure. Those skilled in the art should be able to implement the appropriate functions without excessive experimentation, including through the descriptions.

[0046] In this specification, references to “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” “an exemplary embodiment,” etc., indicate that the embodiments described may include certain features, structures, or characteristics, but not all embodiments necessarily include such specific features, structures, or characteristics. Furthermore, such phrases do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment. Moreover, if certain features, structures, or characteristics are described in relation to an embodiment, it is within the knowledge of those skilled in the art that such features, structures, or characteristics will be affected in relation to other embodiments, whether or not they are explicitly described.

[0047] Bracketed text and blocks with dashed borders (e.g., large dash, small dash, dot dash, and dot) may be used herein to indicate optional behaviors that add additional features to embodiments of the present disclosure. However, such notation should not be construed to mean that they are the only optional or optional behaviors, and / or that blocks with solid borders are not optional in certain embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0048] In the following detailed description and claims, the terms “combined” and “connected” may be used together with their derivatives. It should be understood that these terms are not intended to be synonymous with one another. “Combined” is used to indicate that two or more elements cooperate or interact with each other, whether or not they are in direct physical or electrical contact with each other. “Connected” is used to indicate the establishment of communication between two or more elements that are combined with each other.

[0049] Electronic devices store and transmit code and / or data (composed of software instructions and which may be called computer program code or computer programs) (internally and / or via a network together with other electronic devices) using machine-readable media (also called computer-readable media), such as machine-readable storage media (e.g., magnetic disks, optical disks, read-only memory (ROM), flash memory devices, phase-change memory) and machine-readable transmission media (e.g., electrical, optical, radio, acoustic, or other forms of propagating signals such as carrier waves, infrared signals, etc.). Thus, an electronic device (e.g., a computer) includes hardware and software, such as a set of one or more processors coupled to one or more machine-readable storage media for storing code to be executed on a set of processors and / or for storing data. For example, an electronic device may have non-volatile memory containing code, so that even when the electronic device is turned off (power is removed), the non-volatile memory can persist the code / data. While the electronic device is turned on, that portion of the code to be executed by the electronic device's processor is typically copied from the slower non-volatile memory to the electronic device's volatile memory (e.g., dynamic random-access memory (DRAM), static random-access memory (SRAM)). A typical electronic device further includes a set of one or more physical network interfaces for establishing network connections with other electronic devices (for transmitting and / or receiving code and / or data using propagating signals). One or more parts of embodiments of this disclosure may be implemented using different combinations of software, firmware, and / or hardware.

[0050] Figure 2 shows an exemplary architecture of AN-based multicast according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0051] It should be noted that AN can be integrated into AGF, as there are deployment scenarios in which AN can be 5G "aware." Furthermore, it is possible to share distribution between AN and STB using a PON system.

[0052] Artifacts from attempts to integrate AN-based multicast with 5GS need to be local to the wired system to avoid complicating 5GS.

[0053] Joining and leaving a 5MBS multicast group requires the use of procedures and concepts common to wireless access.

[0054] 5MBS for wired connections will also need to support ATSSS and handover (HO) in the future, and therefore maximizing compatibility with the 5MBS procedure should simplify the addition of this functionality.

[0055] In the future, AGF functionality may be integrated into access nodes (ANs) that suggest different implementations, so flexibility is required in any design.

[0056] This disclosure is relevant in deployments where shared distribution is not available or where AGF does not support the 5MBS procedure.

[0057] While it is possible to provide IPoE (Internet Protocol over Ethernet) FN-RG (Fixed Network RG) support, the full personalization offered by 5GS is not required. This is a result of IGMP aggregation from AN to AGF, and there is no visibility into individual FN-RGs; therefore, individual subscriber management uses existing procedures.

[0058] In the broad brush configuration, the AGF has a proxy ID to request 5MBS services instead of the set of FN-RGs being served. The AGF splices shared distribution from 5GS to the multicast VLAN and joins it to the AN. The AGF receives aggregated IGMP from the AN. The AGF retrieves multicast content by performing the 5MBS procedure using its proxy subscription to 5GS. The AGF provides the shared distribution feed to the AN, which replicates it to individual RGs / STBs. The RGs use their normal PDU sessions to access the FCC (Fast Channel Change) server.

[0059] The deployed access nodes do not have 5G capabilities. Multicast "joining" in the AN is the result of STB-initiated IGMP messages relayed by the RG. Leaf-initiated join (LIJ) exists via the user plane. There is no root-initiated join (RIJ) capability that would allow the network to control multicast.

[0060] IGMP can only be recognized by legacy ANs when delivered as raw IPoE frames. Since legacy ANs only perform multicast replication of IPoE frames downstream, 5G metadata such as QFI and UP session ID does not exist. However, each multicast stream has a unique multicast address.

[0061] IGMP signaling uses IP multicast addresses to identify the target multicast group.

[0062] Most IPTV systems are implemented using IPv4. Because access is local, there was no impetus to define an IPv6 version.

[0063] This disclosure may be a fully valid embodiment of MLD for IPv6, but will only refer to the IGMP procedure.

[0064] Prior to 5MBS, numerous proposals were submitted to the WWC review to achieve joint distribution to the AGF. The common form used a single subscriber PDU session as a shared access session for multicast, but this involved a very complex procedure for selecting another subscriber session on which a particular subscriber should leave the multicast group.

[0065] Since then, the use of IGMP from 5G-RG and having AGF interworking IGMP with 5MBS has been considered. This presents many problems: there are wired implementations that differ from wireless (undesirable), and AGF acting as a proxy does not have 5G-RG authentication credentials (which are considered showstoppers).

[0066] In a preferred embodiment, when the 5G RG uses the 5MBS NAS procedure according to the 5MBS architecture and multicast distribution is set up, the access layer portion of the session setup (where the access-specific aspects of the communication channel configuration are communicated) will indicate to the 5G-RG that supplementary procedures and different encapsulation are required to establish access to the shared distribution between the AGF and AN. Therefore, the successful response to joining the multicast group will include additional information encoded as additional information in the access layer signaling from the AGF to the 5G-RG: 1. Indication to use IGMP (IPv4) or MLD (dIPv6) encapsulated as IPoE as an additional non-5G signaling step; 2. Multicast traffic is delivered as IPoE and is not encapsulated in 5WE.

[0067] As a prerequisite, legacy access nodes (ANs) are typically pre-provisioned with access control lists for subscribers to indicate the TV channels / multicast groups that subscribers are entitled to access.

[0068] This provisioning needs to be coordinated with 5G system subscriber management.

[0069] Figure 3 is a sequence diagram showing the call flow of shared delivery according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0070] In Step 1, subscribers are provisioned with a set of multicast TV channels they are permitted to view. In Step 2, lists are provisioned for 5GS and legacy ANs.

[0071] In step 3, the 5G-RG receives IGMP from the set-top box (STB). In step 4, the 5G-RG generates a 5MBS PDU associate session initiation procedure. In step 5, the 5G-RG requests multicast using session change with the IP multicast address obtained from IGMP. If it does not already exist, in step 6, a 5MBS shared distribution session is set up for the AGF.

[0072] In step 7, the subscriber is added to the 5MBS shared distribution session at AGF. In step 8, AGF instructs 5G-RG to use IGMP with the AS PDU session parameter, and its session enclosure (ecap) is raw IPoE.

[0073] In step 9, the 5G-RG issues an IGMP to the multicast group.

[0074] In step 10, the AN receives the IGMP and then performs one of the following two actions: If you do not have a multicast group, issue a join request upstream and add the subscriber drop as a new leaf; If you have a multicast group, add subscriber drops as new leaves.

[0075] In step 11, when AGF receives a new IGMP join, it maps it to the relevant (which should already exist at that point) 5MBS session. Before adding a shared distribution to AN, AGF must check whether there is a valid client UE for the 5MBS multicast group.

[0076] Additional steps, such as the STB accessing a high-speed channel change server to prefill the playout buffer, may be performed in parallel with some of these procedures.

[0077] In step 12, multicast distribution begins.

[0078] Non-5G AN distribution multicast is merely a localized optimization for access, and it will be recognized that the solution needs to support both shared and individual distribution.

[0079] This enables the use of common procedures in 5G systems, allowing for desirable scenarios where any changes to integrate non-5G components can be localized to specific access types. It is limited to access layer procedures for configurations that are purely local matters between 5G-RG and AGF. In a typical case (FWA and possibly AGF integrated with AN), step 8 above simply indicates the details of multicast distribution (individual distribution direct from AGF) and does not indicate that additional steps (9 and 10) are required to initiate multicast distribution and that there are specific protocol details to be configured (use of IPoE).

[0080] Figure 4A shows the current AS message. The AS message can be one of the five defined TLVs (Type Length Values).

[0081] Figure 4B shows a further type of AS message according to embodiments of the present disclosure. The sixth type of AS message includes multiple parameter messages.

[0082] Figure 4C shows the contents of a multicast parameter message according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The multicast parameter message includes the multicast discriminator type, the multicast discriminator value, and supplementary procedures.

[0083] The multicast discriminator type is as follows: • 5WE (Integrated AGF / AN distribution from individual UPF distribution to 5G-RG and, in some cases, to AN / AGF with shared distribution) • IPoE (AN distribution).

[0084] The multicast discriminator values ​​are as follows: • Existing Associate PDU session 5WE session ID for individual distribution • New 5WE session ID for AN / AGF integrated shared distribution • IP multicast address for IPoE (AN-based shared distribution).

[0085] The auxiliary procedure is as follows: • 0 = None (for individual distribution and AN / AGF integrated shared distribution) • 1 = IGMP (for AN-based shared distribution).

[0086] Figure 5 is a flowchart of Method 500 executed on a first network node according to several embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, the operation of this flowchart may be performed by an RG such as the RG in Figure 3, but is not limited thereto. The operation in this flowchart and other flowcharts will be explained with reference to exemplary embodiments in other figures. However, it should be understood that the operation of the flowchart may be performed by embodiments of the present disclosure other than those discussed with reference to other figures, and these embodiments of the present disclosure discussed with reference to other figures may perform different operation from the operation discussed with reference to the flowchart.

[0087] In one embodiment, a first network node may send a first request for modification of an MBS-related PDU session to a first functional node (block 501). The first network node may receive a first acknowledgment (ACK) for modification of an MBS-related PDU session and an AS PDU session parameter message from a second network node (block 502).

[0088] For example, the first functional node may be an SMF, and the second network node may be an AGF.

[0089] For example, AS PDU session parameter messages may indicate the use of IGMP and IPoE encapsulation.

[0090] For example, an AS PDU session parameter message can be a multicast parameter message that includes the multicast discriminator type, multicast discriminator value, and auxiliary procedures.

[0091] As an example, method 500 further includes: Before sending the first request, send a second request to the first functional node for the establishment of an MBS-related PDU session; and Receive a second ACK from the second network node to establish an MBS-related PDU session.

[0092] As an example, method 500 further includes: After receiving the first ACK, send a third request to the third network node for IGMP participation.

[0093] As a further example, the third network node may be an AN.

[0094] Furthermore, this disclosure provides a first network node adapted to perform Method 500.

[0095] Figure 6 is a flowchart of a method 600 executed on a second network node according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, the operation of this flowchart may be performed by an AGF such as the AGF in Figure 3.

[0096] In one embodiment, a second network node may add subscribers to an MBS shared distribution session (block 601). The second network node may send a first ACK for a change in an MBS-related PDU session and an AS PDU session parameter message to the first network node (block 602).

[0097] For example, the first network node may be an RG (Regional Gateway).

[0098] For example, AS PDU session parameter messages may indicate the use of IGMP and IPoE encapsulation.

[0099] For example, an AS PDU session parameter message can be a multicast parameter message that includes the multicast discriminator type, multicast discriminator value, and auxiliary procedures.

[0100] For example, if there is no MBS shared distribution session to the second network node, an MBS shared distribution session can be established between the second network node and the second functional node.

[0101] As a further example, the second functional node may be an MB-SMF.

[0102] As an example, method 600 further includes: Receiving a second ACK from the first functional node for the establishment of an MBS-related PDU session; and Send a second ACK to the first network node.

[0103] As a further example, the first functional node may be an SMF.

[0104] As an example, method 600 further includes: Receiving an aggregated IGMP join request for a multicast group from a third network node; Mapping aggregated IGMP participation requests to MBS shared distribution sessions; Check whether there are valid clients for the multicast group; and If present, establish a shared distribution session with the third network node.

[0105] As a further example, the third network node may be an AN.

[0106] For example, the second network node may be integrated with the AN.

[0107] Furthermore, the present disclosure provides a second network node adapted to perform Method 600.

[0108] Figure 7 is a flowchart of Method 700 executed on a third network node according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, the operation of this flowchart may be performed by an AN such as the AN in Figure 3.

[0109] In one embodiment, a third network node may receive an IGMP join request for a multicast group from the first network node (block 701). The third network node may add subscriber drops as new leaves (block 702).

[0110] For example, the first network node may be an RG (Regional Gateway).

[0111] As an example, method 700 further includes: If the third network node does not have a multicast group, it sends a summarized IGMP join request for the multicast group to the second network node.

[0112] As a further example, the second network node may be an AGF.

[0113] As a further example, Method 700 further includes: Receiving a shared distribution session from a second network node.

[0114] Furthermore, the present disclosure provides a third network node adapted to perform Method 700.

[0115] Figure 8 is a block diagram showing a first network node 800 according to several embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, the first network node 800 may, but is not limited to, operate as an RG such as the RG in Figure 3. It should be understood that the first network node 800 may be implemented using components other than those shown in Figure 8.

[0116] Referring to Figure 8, the first network node 800 may include at least a processor 801, memory 802, a network interface 803, and a communication medium 804. The processor 801, memory 802, and network interface 803 may be coupled to communicate with each other via the communication medium 804.

[0117] The processor 801 may include one or more processing units. A processing unit may be a physical device or product comprising one or more integrated circuits that read data and instructions from a computer-readable medium such as memory 802 and selectively execute instructions. In various embodiments, the processor 801 may be implemented in various ways. For example, the processor 801 may be implemented as one or more processing cores. In another example, the processor 801 may include one or more separate microprocessors. In yet another example, the processor 801 may include application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) that provide specific functions. In yet another example, the processor 801 may provide specific functions by using ASICs and / or by executing computer-executable instructions.

[0118] Memory 802 may include one or more computer-usable or computer-readable storage media capable of storing data and / or computer-executable instructions. It should be understood that the storage media are preferably non-temporary storage media.

[0119] The network interface 803 may be a device or product that enables the first network node 800 to transmit data to or receive data from other devices. In various embodiments, the network interface 803 may be implemented in various ways. For example, the network interface 803 may be implemented as an Ethernet® interface, a Token Ring network interface, a fiber optic network interface, a network interface (e.g., Wi-Fi, WiMAX, etc.), or another type of network interface.

[0120] The communication medium 804 can facilitate communication between the processor 801, the memory 802, and the network interface 803. The communication medium 804 can be implemented in various ways. For example, the communication medium 804 may include a Peripheral Component Interconnection (PCI) bus, PCI Express bus, Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) bus, Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA) interconnect, Parallel ATA interconnect, Fibre Channel interconnect, USB bus, Small Computing System Interface (SCSI) interface, or another type of communication medium.

[0121] In the example shown in Figure 8, the instructions stored in memory 802 may include instructions that, when executed by processor 801, cause the first network node 800 to perform the method described with respect to Figure 5.

[0122] Figure 9 is another block diagram showing a first network node 900 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, the first network node 900 may, but is not limited to, operate as an RG such as the RG in Figure 3. It should be understood that the first network node 900 may be implemented using components other than those shown in Figure 9.

[0123] Referring to Figure 9, the first network node 900 may comprise at least a transmitting unit 901 and a receiving unit 902. The transmitting unit 901 may be adapted to perform at least the operation described in block 501 of Figure 5. The receiving unit 902 may be adapted to perform at least the operation described in block 502 of Figure 5.

[0124] Figure 10 is a block diagram showing a second network node 1000 according to several embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, the second network node 1000 may be an AGF such as the AGF in Figure 3, but is not limited thereto. It should be understood that the second network node 1000 may be implemented using components other than those shown in Figure 10.

[0125] Referring to Figure 10, the second network node 1000 may include at least a processor 1001, a memory 1002, a network interface 1003, and a communication medium 1004. The processor 1001, the memory 1002, and the network interface 1003 are coupled to each other via the communication medium 1004 so that they can communicate with one another.

[0126] The processor 1001, memory 1002, network interface 1003, and communication medium 1004 are structurally similar to the processor 801, memory 802, network interface 803, and communication medium 804, respectively, and will not be described in detail in this specification.

[0127] In the example of Figure 10, the instructions stored in memory 1002 may include instructions that, when executed by processor 1001, cause the second network node 1000 to perform the method described with respect to Figure 6.

[0128] Figure 11 is another block diagram showing a second network node 1100 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, the second network node 1100 may be an AGF such as the AGF in Figure 3, but is not limited thereto. It should be understood that the second network node 1100 may be implemented using components other than those shown in Figure 11.

[0129] Referring to Figure 11, the second network node 1100 may comprise at least an additional unit 1101 and a transmitting unit 1102. The additional unit 1101 may be adapted to perform at least the operation described in block 601 of Figure 6. The transmitting unit 1102 may be adapted to perform at least the operation described in block 602 of Figure 6.

[0130] Figure 12 is a block diagram showing a third network node 1200 according to several embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, the third network node 1200 may be an AN like the AN in Figure 3, but is not limited thereto. It should be understood that the third network node 1200 may be implemented using components other than those shown in Figure 12.

[0131] Referring to Figure 12, the third network node 1200 may comprise at least a processor 1201, a memory 1202, a network interface 1203, and a communication medium 1204. The processor 1201, the memory 1202, and the network interface 1203 are connected to each other via the communication medium 1204 so as to be able to communicate with each other.

[0132] The processor 1201, memory 1202, network interface 1203, and communication medium 1204 are structurally similar to the processor 801 or 1001, memory 802 or 1002, network interface 803 or 1003, and communication medium 804 or 1004, respectively, and will not be described in detail herein.

[0133] In the example shown in Figure 12, the instructions stored in memory 1202 may include instructions that, when executed by processor 1201, cause the third network node 1200 to perform the method described with respect to Figure 7.

[0134] Figure 13 is another block diagram showing a third network node 1200 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, the third network node 1300 may be an AN like the AN in Figure 3, but is not limited thereto. It should be understood that the third network node 1300 may be implemented using components other than those shown in Figure 13.

[0135] Referring to Figure 13, the third network node 1300 may comprise at least a receiving unit 1301 and an additional unit 1302. The receiving unit 1301 may be adapted to perform at least the operation described in block 701 of Figure 7. The additional unit 1302 may be adapted to perform at least the operation described in block 702 of Figure 7.

[0136] The units shown in Figures 9, 11, and 13 may constitute machine-executable instructions that, when executed by a machine, cause the machine to perform the described operation, and which are then embodied within the machine (e.g., a readable medium). Furthermore, any of these units may be implemented as hardware such as an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a digital signal processor (DSP), or a field-programmable gate array (FPGA).

[0137] Furthermore, it should be understood that the configurations described herein are provided as examples only. Other configurations (e.g., more controllers or more detectors, etc.) may be used in addition to or instead of those shown, and some units may be omitted entirely. The functions and coordination of these units will be described in more detail with reference to Figures 5-7 accordingly.

[0138] Figure 14 is a block diagram showing a communication system 1400 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. The communication system 1400 may include at least a first network node 1401, a second network node 1402, and a third network node 1403. In one embodiment, the first network node 1401 may function as a first network node 800 or 900 as shown in Figure 8 or Figure 9, the second network node 1402 may function as a second network node 1000 or 1100 as shown in Figure 10 or Figure 11, and the third network node 1403 may function as a third network node 1200 or 1300 as shown in Figure 12 or Figure 13. In one embodiment, the first network node 1401, the second network node 1402, and the third network node 1403 may communicate with each other.

[0139] Figure 15 is a block diagram schematically showing a communication network connected to a host computer via an intermediate network.

[0140] Referring to Figure 15, according to one embodiment, the communication system includes a communication network 1510, such as a 3GPP type cellular network, which includes an access network 1511, such as a wireless access network, and a core network 1514. The access network 1511 comprises a plurality of base stations 1512a, 1512b, 1512c, such as NBs, eNBs, gNBs, or other types of wireless access points, each defining corresponding coverage areas 1513a, 1513b, 1513c. Each base station 1512a, 1512b, 1512c is connectable to the core network 1514 via a wired or wireless connection 1515. A first user equipment (UE) 1591 located in coverage area 1513c may be configured to wirelessly connect to or be paged by the corresponding base station 1512c. A second UE 1592 in coverage area 1513a is connectable wirelessly to the corresponding base station 1512a. Although multiple UEs 1591, 1592 are shown in this example, the disclosed embodiments are equally applicable to situations where a single UE is within a coverage area, or where a single UE is connected to a corresponding base station 1512.

[0141] The communication network 1510 itself is connected to a host computer 1530, which may be implemented as standalone server, cloud-implemented server, distributed server hardware and / or software, or as a processing resource within a server farm. The host computer 1530 may be owned or under the control of a service provider, or may be operated by or on behalf of a service provider. The connections 1521, 1522 between the communication network 1510 and the host computer 1530 may extend directly from the core network 1514 to the host computer 1530, or may extend through an arbitrary intermediate network 1520. The intermediate network 1520 may be one or more combinations of a public network, a private network, or a host network, and the intermediate network 1520 may be a backbone network or the internet, if any, and in particular, the intermediate network 1520 may include two or more subnets (not shown).

[0142] The communication system in Figure 15, as a whole, provides connectivity between one of the connected UEs 1591, 1592 and the host computer 1530. This connectivity can be described as an over-the-top (OTT) connection 1550. The host computer 1530 and the connected UEs 1591, 1592 are configured to communicate data and / or signaling over the OTT connection 1550, using the access network 1511, the core network 1514, an optional intermediate network 1520, and possible further infrastructure (not shown) as intermediaries. The OTT connection 1550 can be transparent in the sense that participating communication devices through which the OTT connection 1550 passes are unaware of the routing of uplink and downlink communications. For example, base station 1512 does not need to be notified of the past routing of incoming downlink communications that have data originating from host computer 1530 and are forwarded (e.g., handed over) to the connected UE 1591. Similarly, base station 1512 does not need to know the future routing of outgoing uplink communications from UE 1591 to host computer 1530.

[0143] Referring to Figure 16, an example of implementation according to the embodiments of the UE, base station, and host computer described in the previous paragraph is described below. In the communication system 1600, the host computer 1610 includes hardware 1615, including a communication interface 1616 configured to set up and maintain wired or wireless connections of the communication system 1600 to the interfaces of different communication devices. The host computer 1610 further includes a processing circuit 1618 which may have storage and / or processing capabilities. In particular, the processing circuit 1618 may comprise one or more programmable processors, application-specific integrated circuits, field-programmable gate arrays, or a combination thereof (not shown) adapted to execute instructions. The host computer 1610 further includes software 1611, which is stored in or accessible by the host computer 1610 and executable by the processing circuit 1618. The software 1611 includes a host application 1612. The host application 1612 may be capable of operating to provide services to remote users, such as UE1630, via an OTT connection 1650 that terminates at UE1630 and host computer 1610. When providing services to remote users, the host application 1612 may provide user data transmitted using the OTT connection 1650.

[0144] The communication system 1600 further includes a base station 1620 equipped with hardware 1625 that is located within the communication system and enables communication with the host computer 1610 and the UE 1630. The hardware 1625 may include a communication interface 1626 for setting up and maintaining wired or wireless connections between the communication system 1600 and the interfaces of different communication devices, and a wireless interface 1627 for setting up and maintaining at least a wireless connection 1670 with the UE 1630 located within the coverage area (not shown in Figure 16) serviced by the base station 1620. The communication interface 1626 may be configured to facilitate a connection 1660 to the host computer 1610. The connection 1660 may be direct or may pass through the core network of the communication system (not shown in Figure 16) and / or one or more intermediate networks outside the communication system. In the illustrated embodiment, the hardware 1625 of the base station 1620 further includes processing circuitry 1628 which may comprise one or more programmable processors, application-specific integrated circuits, field-programmable gate arrays, or a combination thereof (not shown) adapted to execute instructions. The base station 1620 further includes software 1621 which is stored internally or accessible via an external connection.

[0145] The communication system 1600 may further include the UE 1630 already mentioned. Its hardware 1635 may include a radio interface 1637 configured to set up and maintain a radio connection 1670 with a base station that provides service to the coverage area where the UE 1630 is currently located. The hardware 1635 of the UE 1630 may further include a processing circuit 1638 which may comprise one or more programmable processors, application-specific integrated circuits, field-programmable gate arrays, or a combination thereof (not shown) adapted to execute instructions. The UE 1630 further includes software 1631 which is stored within or accessible to the UE 1630 and executable by the processing circuit 1638. The software 1631 includes a client application 1632 which, with the support of the host computer 1610, may be capable of providing services to human or non-human users via the UE 1630. On the host computer 1610, the running host application 1612 can communicate with the running client application 1632 via the UE 1630 and an OTT connection 1650 terminating on the host computer 1610. When providing services to a user, the client application 1632 can receive request data from the host application 1612 and provide user data in accordance with that request data. The OTT connection 1650 can transfer both the request data and the user data. The client application 1632 can interact with the user to generate the user data it provides.

[0146] Note that the host computer 1610, base station 1620, and UE 1630 shown in Figure 16 may be identical to the host computer 1530, one of the base stations 1512a, 1512b, or 1512c, and one of the UEs 1591 or 1592, respectively, in Figure 15. That is, the internal operation of these entities may be as shown in Figure 16, and independently, the surrounding network topology may be as shown in Figure 15.

[0147] In Figure 16, the OTT connection 1650 is abstractly depicted to show communication between the host computer 1610 and the user equipment 1630 via the base station 1620, without explicitly mentioning any intermediate devices or the precise routing of messages through those devices. The network infrastructure may determine routing that can be configured to be hidden from the UE 1630, or from the service provider operating the host computer 1610, or both. While the OTT connection 1650 is active, the network infrastructure may make further decisions to dynamically change the routing (for example, based on load considerations or network reconfiguration).

[0148] The radio connection 1670 between the UE 1630 and the base station 1620 follows the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. One or more of the various embodiments use an OTT connection 1650 in which the radio connection 1670 forms the final segment to improve the performance of the OTT services provided to the UE 1630. More precisely, the teachings of these embodiments can improve the efficiency of radio resource utilization, thereby providing benefits such as reduced user latency.

[0149] Measurement procedures may be provided for the purpose of monitoring the data rate, latency, and other factors improved by one or more embodiments. Optional network functions may further exist for reconfiguring the OTT connection 1650 between the host computer 1610 and the UE 1630 in response to changes in the measurement results. Measurement procedures and / or network functions for reconfiguring the OTT connection 1650 may be implemented in the software 1611 of the host computer 1610, or the software 1631 of the UE 1630, or both. In embodiments, a sensor (not shown) may be located within or in association with a communication device through which the OTT connection 1650 passes. The sensor may participate in the measurement procedures by supplying values ​​of the monitored quantities exemplified above, or by supplying values ​​of other physical quantities that the software 1611,1631 may calculate or estimate. The reconfiguration of the OTT connection 1650 may include message formatting, retransmission settings, preferred routing, etc., and such reconfiguration does not need to affect the base station 1620, and may be unknown to or imperceptible to the base station 1620. Such procedures and functions are known and can be implemented in the art. In certain embodiments, the measurement may include proprietary UE signaling of the host computer 1610 to facilitate the measurement of throughput, propagation time, latency, etc. The measurement may be performed by having software 1611,1631 send messages (in particular empty messages or "dummy" messages) using the OTT connection 1650 while monitoring propagation time, errors, etc.

[0150] Figure 17 is a flowchart illustrating a method performed in a communication system according to one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station, and a UE, which may be described with reference to Figures 15 and 16. For the sake of simplicity, only drawing references to Figure 17 are included in this section. In a first step 1710 of the method, the host computer provides user data. In an optional substep 1711 of the first step 1710, the host computer provides user data by executing a host application. In a second step 1720, the host computer initiates a transmission that carries the user data to the UE. In an optional third step 1730, the base station transmits the user data carried in the transmission initiated by the host computer to the UE, in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. In an optional fourth step 1740, the UE executes a client application associated with the host application executed by the host computer.

[0151] Figure 18 is a flowchart illustrating a method performed in a communication system according to one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station, and an UE, which may be described with reference to Figures 15 and 16. For the sake of simplicity, only drawing references to Figure 18 are included in this section. In a first step 1810 of the method, the host computer provides user data. In an optional substep (not shown), the host computer provides user data by running a host application. In a second step 1820, the host computer initiates a transmission that carries the user data to the UE. The transmission may pass through a base station as taught in the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. In an optional third step 1830, the UE receives the user data carried in the transmission.

[0152] Figure 19 is a flowchart illustrating a method performed in a communication system according to one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station, and an UE, which may be described with reference to Figures 15 and 16. For the sake of simplicity of this disclosure, only drawing references to Figure 19 are included in this section. In an optional first step 1910 of the method, the UE receives input data provided by the host computer. Additionally or alternatively, in an optional second step 1920, the UE provides user data. In an optional substep 1921 of the second step 1920, the UE provides user data by running a client application. In an optional substep 1911 of the first step 1910, the UE runs a client application that provides user data in response to received input data provided by the host computer. When providing user data, the client application being run may further consider user input received from the user. Regardless of the particular way in which the user data is provided, in an optional third substep 1930, the UE begins transmitting the user data to the host computer. In the fourth step 1940 of this method, the host computer receives user data transmitted from the UE2 in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure.

[0153] Figure 20 is a flowchart illustrating a method performed in a communication system according to one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station, and an UE, which may be described with reference to Figures 15 and 16. For the sake of simplicity, only drawing references to Figure 20 are included in this section. In an optional first step 2010 of the method, the base station receives user data from the UE, in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. In an optional second step 2020, the base station initiates a transmission of the received user data to the host computer. In a third step 2030, the host computer receives the user data carried in the transmission initiated by the base station.

[0154] Some parts of the detailed explanation above are presented with respect to algorithms and symbolic representations of transactions on data bits in computer memory. These descriptions and representations of algorithms are methods used by those skilled in the field to most efficiently communicate their work to others skilled in the field. An algorithm is generally considered here as a self-consistent sequence of transactions that yields a desired result. A transaction is one that requires the physical manipulation of physical quantities. These quantities, though not always, usually take the form of electrical or magnetic signals that can be stored, transferred, combined, compared, and otherwise processed. It is known that, primarily for public use, it is sometimes more convenient to refer to these signals as bits, values, elements, symbols, characters, words, numbers, etc.

[0155] However, it should be understood that all of these terms and similar terms should be associated with appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels applied to those quantities. Unless otherwise particularly evident from the above discussion, discussions throughout this explanation using terms such as “processing,” “computing,” “calculating,” “determining,” or “displaying” should be understood to refer to the actions and processes of a computer system or similar electronic computing device that manipulate and convert data represented as physical (electronic) quantities in the registers and memory of a computer system to other data similarly represented as physical quantities in the memory or registers of a computer system, or to other such information storage, transmission, or display devices.

[0156] The algorithms and representations presented herein are not inherently related to any particular computer or other device. Various general-purpose systems may be used with programs that follow the teachings herein, or it may be convenient to construct more specialized devices to perform transactions in the required manner. The structures required for various such systems will become apparent from the above description. In addition, embodiments of this disclosure are not described with reference to any particular programming language. It should be understood that the teachings of embodiments of this disclosure described herein can be carried out using various programming languages.

[0157] One embodiment of the present disclosure may be a product in which a non-temporary machine-readable medium (such as a miniature electronic memory) stores instructions (e.g., computer code) for programming one or more data processing components (collectively referred to herein as "processors") to perform the operations described above. In other embodiments, some of these operations may be performed by specific hardware components including hardwired logic (e.g., dedicated digital filter blocks and state machines). Alternatively, these operations may be performed by any combination of programmed data processing components and fixed hardwired circuit components.

[0158] In the detailed description above, embodiments of the Disclosure have been described with reference to specific exemplary embodiments. It will be apparent that various modifications can be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the Disclosure as set forth in the following claims. Accordingly, this specification and the drawings should be considered illustrative rather than restrictive.

[0159] Throughout this description, some embodiments of this disclosure are presented through flowcharts. It should be understood that the transactions and their sequence depicted in these flowcharts are intended solely for illustrative purposes and not as limitations of this disclosure. Those skilled in the art will recognize that modifications to the flowcharts can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of this disclosure as set forth in the following claims.

Claims

1. A method (500) performed by a first network node, wherein the method is Sending a first request to a first functional node for a change to an MBS (Multicast Broadcast Service) related PDU (Packet Data Unit) session (501), Receiving a first acknowledgment for the modification of the MBS-related PDU session and an AS (Access Layer) PDU session parameter message from the second network node (502), Methods that include...

2. The method according to claim 1, The aforementioned AS PDU session parameter message is a method indicating the use of IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) and IPoE (Internet Protocol over Ethernet) encapsulation.

3. A method according to claim 1 or 2, The AS PDU session parameter message is a multicast parameter message that includes a multicast discriminator type, a multicast discriminator value, and an auxiliary procedure, according to the method.

4. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, Before sending the first request, a second request for establishing the MBS-related PDU session is sent to the first functional node, Receiving a second acknowledgment for the establishment of the MBS-related PDU session from the second network node, Methods that further include the above.

5. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, A method further comprising sending a third request for IGMP participation to a third network node after receiving the first acknowledgment.

6. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, A method wherein the first network node is a residential gateway, the first functional node is a session management function, and the second network node is an access gateway function.

7. A method (600) performed by a second network node, wherein the method is Adding subscribers to an MBS (Multicast Broadcast Service) shared distribution session (601), Sending a first acknowledgment for the modification of an MBS-related PDU (Packet Data Unit) session and an AS (Access Layer) PDU session parameter message to the first network node (602), Methods that include...

8. The method according to claim 7, The aforementioned AS PDU session parameter message is a method indicating the use of IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) and IPoE (Internet Protocol over Ethernet) encapsulation.

9. The method according to claim 7 or 8, The AS PDU session parameter message is a multicast parameter message that includes a multicast discriminator type, a multicast discriminator value, and an auxiliary procedure, according to the method.

10. A method according to any one of claims 7 to 9, A method for establishing an MBS shared distribution session between the second network node and the second functional node if there is no MBS shared distribution session to the second network node.

11. A method according to any one of claims 7 to 10, Receiving a second acknowledgment from the first functional node for establishing the aforementioned MBS-related PDU session, The second acknowledgment is transmitted to the first network node, Methods that further include the above.

12. A method according to any one of claims 7 to 11, Receiving an aggregated IGMP join request for a multicast group from a third network node, Mapping the aforementioned aggregated IGMP participation request to the aforementioned MBS shared distribution session, To verify whether there are valid clients for the aforementioned multicast group, If present, establish a shared distribution session with the third network node, Methods that further include the above.

13. A method according to any one of claims 7 to 11, A method wherein the second network node is integrated with a third network node, which is an access node.

14. A method according to any one of claims 7 to 13, A method wherein the second network node functions as an access gateway, and the first network node is a residential gateway.

15. A method (700) performed by a third network node, wherein the method is Receiving an IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) join request for a multiple group from the first network node (701), Adding subscriber drops as new leaves (702), Methods that include...

16. The method according to claim 15, A method further comprising sending an aggregated IGMP join request for the multiple group to the second network node if the third network node does not have the multicast group.

17. The method according to claim 16, A method further comprising receiving a shared distribution session from the second network node.

18. A method according to any one of claims 15 to 17, A method wherein the third network node is an access node and the first network node is a residential gateway.

19. The first network node (800), Processor (801), A memory (802) is communicably coupled to the processor and, when executed by the processor, is configured to store instructions that cause the first network node to perform an operation according to any one of claims 1 to 6, A first network node equipped with [the following].

20. A first network node configured to perform the method described in any one of claims 1 to 6.

21. A second network node (1000), Processor (1001), A memory (1002) is communicably coupled to the processor and configured to store instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the second network node to perform an operation according to any one of claims 7 to 14, A second network node equipped with [the specified feature].

22. A second network node configured to perform the method described in any one of claims 7 to 14.

23. A third network node (1200), Processor (1201), A memory (1202) is communicably coupled to the processor and configured to store instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the third network node to perform an operation according to any one of claims 15 to 18, A third network node equipped with [the specified feature].

24. A third network node configured to perform the method described in any one of claims 15 to 18.

25. A communication system (1400), A first network node (1401) according to claim 19 or 20, A second network node (1402) according to claim 21 or 22, which communicates with at least the first network node, A third network node (1403) according to claim 23 or 24, which communicates with at least the first network node and the second network node, A communication system, including

26. A non-temporary computer-readable medium storing a computer program that, when executed by one or more processors of a first network node, causes the first network node to perform an operation according to any one of claims 1 to 6.

27. A non-temporary computer-readable medium storing a computer program that, when executed by one or more processors of a second network node, causes the second network node to perform an operation according to any one of claims 7 to 14.

28. A non-temporary computer-readable medium storing a computer program that, when executed by one or more processors of a third network node, causes the third network node to perform an operation according to any one of claims 15 to 18.

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