Method for forming insoluble solute adducts using an acidic medium

Abstract

To improve the method for converting soluble metals into insoluble forms. [Solution] A method is provided for forming an insoluble adduct using an acidic medium. The chemical process uses an acidic medium to alter the solubility behavior of a metal solute. This method can utilize soluble alkali metals of Group 1, but can be extended to any other soluble salts discussed in the rules of solubility. The insoluble salt may be an alkaline earth metal of Group 2 or another insoluble salt. The insoluble adduct may have the designation XYZ (where X is a soluble metal from a metal hydroxide or metal oxide, Y is an insoluble metal from an insoluble metal hydroxide or metal oxide, and Z is an acid ion from an aqueous acidic medium).

Description

Cross-reference of related patents

[0001] This application claims the benefits and priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 281,523, filed on 19 November 2021, the disclosures and contents thereof being incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. [Technical Field]

[0002] The subject matter currently disclosed relates to the conversion of a soluble metal into an insoluble form by adding a soluble metal to an insoluble metal in the presence of an aqueous acid medium. [Background technology]

[0003] Solubility refers to a substance's ability to dissolve. The substance that dissolves is called the solute. The substance in which the solute dissolves is called the solvent. Solutes are usually solids, and solvents are usually liquids. However, solutes can also be gases, liquids, or solids. For example, in carbonated beverages, the solute is a gas and the solvent is a liquid. Solvents can be polar or nonpolar.

[0004] When a solute is mixed with a solvent, three results are obtained.

[0005] Firstly, the solute will either dissolve to a certain point before beginning to precipitate, or it will become completely insoluble.

[0006] Secondly, a solution in the process of dissolving is called a dilute solution, and when the solute begins to show signs of precipitation, it is called a saturated solution.

[0007] Thirdly, if a solute does not dissolve at all, it is called an insoluble solute. The amount that dissolves depends on the temperature and pressure of the solute-solvent system. [Overview of the project] [Problems that the invention aims to solve]

[0008] Improvements are needed in this area. [Means for solving the problem]

[0009] In accordance with the subject matter currently disclosed, various exemplary embodiments of methods for forming insoluble adducts using an acidic medium are described herein.

[0010] In one exemplary embodiment, a method is provided for producing an insoluble adduct having the general name XYZ, where X is potassium from potassium hydroxide of a group 1 alkali metal, Y is calcium from calcium hydroxide of a group 2 alkaline earth metal, and Z is an acid ion from aqueous phosphoric acid. This process may include closely mixing the metal hydroxide or metal oxide in the presence of a phosphoric acid medium. The aqueous phase can be separated from the insoluble adduct to obtain a dry, insoluble, K:Ca:phosphate adduct.

[0011] In certain exemplary embodiments, a method is also provided for producing an insoluble adduct having the common designation XYZ using an acidic medium, where X is soluble potassium from potassium hydroxide of a Group 1 alkali metal, Y is insoluble calcium from calcium hydroxide of an alkaline earth metal of a Group 2, and Z is an acid ion from 80% sulfuric acid. This process involves closely mixing metal hydroxides or metal oxides in the presence of a sulfuric acid medium. It is possible to separate the aqueous phase from the insoluble adduct to obtain a dry, insoluble K:Ca:sulfate adduct.

[0012] In certain exemplary embodiments, a method is also provided for producing an insoluble adduct having the general name XYZ using an acid medium, where X is soluble sodium from sodium hydroxide in a group 1 alkali metal, Y is insoluble calcium from calcium hydroxide in a group 2 alkaline earth metal, and Z is an acid ion from 80% phosphoric acid. The process may involve closely mixing the metal hydroxide or metal oxide in the presence of a phosphoric acid medium. The aqueous phase can be separated from the insoluble adduct to obtain a dry insoluble Na:Ca:phosphate adduct.

[0013] In certain exemplary embodiments, a method is also provided for producing an insoluble adduct having the general name XYZ using an acid medium, where X is soluble lithium from lithium hydroxide of a group 1 alkali metal, Y is insoluble calcium from calcium hydroxide of a group 2 alkaline earth metal, and Z is an acid ion from 80% phosphoric acid. The process may involve closely mixing the metal hydroxide or metal oxide in the presence of a phosphoric acid medium. The aqueous phase can be separated from the insoluble adduct to obtain a dry insoluble Li:Ca:phosphate adduct.

[0014] In certain exemplary embodiments, a method is also provided for producing an insoluble adduct having the common designation XYZ using an acidic medium, where X is soluble potassium from potassium hydroxide of a group 1 alkali metal, Y is insoluble zirconium from zirconium hydroxide of a group 4 metal, and Z is an acid ion from 80% phosphoric acid. The process may involve closely mixing the metal hydroxide or metal oxide in the presence of a phosphoric acid medium. The aqueous phase can be separated from the insoluble adduct to obtain a dried insoluble K:Zr:phosphate adduct.

[0015] In certain exemplary embodiments, a method is also provided for producing an insoluble adduct having the common designation XYZ using an acidic medium, where X is soluble potassium from potassium hydroxide of a group 1 alkali metal, Y is insoluble zinc from zinc hydroxide of a group 12 metal, and Z is an acid ion from 80% phosphoric acid. The process may involve closely mixing the metal hydroxide or metal oxide in the presence of a phosphoric acid medium. The aqueous phase can be separated from the insoluble adduct to obtain a dry insoluble K:Zn:phosphate adduct.

[0016] In certain exemplary embodiments, there is also provided a method of producing an insoluble adduct having the general designation XYZ, wherein X is soluble potassium from potassium hydroxide in Group 1 alkali metals, Y is insoluble bismuth from Group 15 bismuth oxide, and Z is acid ions from 80% nitric acid. The process may comprise intimately mixing a metal hydroxide or a metal oxide in the presence of a nitric acid medium. The aqueous phase can be separated from the insoluble adduct to obtain a dried insoluble K:(BiOH):nitric acid adduct.

[0017] In certain exemplary embodiments, there is also provided a method of producing an insoluble adduct having the general designation XYZ using an aqueous acid medium. Starting from a soluble metal hydroxide or soluble metal oxide, where X defines the metal of the soluble component, and an insoluble metal hydroxide or insoluble metal oxide, where Y defines the metal of the insoluble component, the insoluble adduct XYZ is formed by reacting the soluble component, the insoluble component, and an aqueous acidic medium, where Z defines the acidic ions. As a by-product, water is also produced in the above reaction in addition to the adduct, and the by-product water becomes part of the aqueous phase. In that case, the aqueous phase comprises the by-product water, the acidic medium, and unincorporated soluble components. Further, the aqueous phase is separated from the insoluble adduct to obtain a dried insoluble adduct. The soluble component may be from any group of the periodic table. The insoluble component may be from any group of the periodic table. The acidic medium is phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid , including but not limited to hydrobromic acid and hydroiodic acid, and may be any acid. The acid concentration varies in a range from 1% to 100%. The treatment temperature can be varied from the freezing temperature to the boiling temperature of the acid solution used. Accordingly, the temperature varies depending on the type and concentration of the acid used. The process may comprise intimately mixing the soluble component and the insoluble component in the presence of an aqueous acidic medium, removing water from the insoluble adduct, and heating the precipitated adduct to obtain a dried insoluble XYZ adduct.

[0018] In certain exemplary embodiments, a method for forming an insoluble adduct is also provided. A soluble component from the group consisting of soluble metal hydroxides and soluble metal oxides is reacted with an insoluble component from the group consisting of insoluble metal hydroxides and insoluble metal oxides in the presence of an aqueous acidic medium to form an insoluble precipitate adduct and a by-product water, the by-product water becoming part of the aqueous phase. The aqueous phase contains the by-product water, the acidic medium, and the unadducted soluble component. The aqueous phase can be separated from the insoluble precipitate adduct to obtain a dried insoluble precipitate adduct. The insoluble precipitate adduct is generally called XYZ, where X is the metal in the soluble component, Y is the metal in the insoluble component, and Z is the acidic ion of the aqueous acidic medium. Separating the insoluble precipitate adduct from the aqueous phase involves drying the insoluble adduct. The metal in the soluble metal hydroxide includes at least one of sodium, potassium, and lithium. The metal in the soluble metal hydroxide includes a soluble metal. The metal in the soluble metal oxide contains at least one of sodium, potassium, and lithium. The insoluble metal in the insoluble metal hydroxide contains at least one of calcium, zirconium, and zinc. The metal in the insoluble metal hydroxide contains an insoluble metal. The insoluble metal in the insoluble metal oxide contains at least one of calcium, zirconium, and zinc. The acidic medium contains at least one of phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, and hydroiodic acid. The reaction takes place at a process temperature within the range of the freezing point to the boiling point of the solution of the acidic medium.

[0019] In certain exemplary embodiments, there is also provided a method of forming an insoluble K:Ca:phosphate adduct using an aqueous acidic medium. A soluble component comprising potassium hydroxide is reacted with an insoluble component comprising calcium hydroxide in the presence of aqueous phosphoric acid to form the insoluble adduct and water as a by-product. The by-product water can become part of an aqueous phase. The aqueous phase can be separated from the insoluble adduct to obtain a dried insoluble adduct. The insoluble K:Ca:phosphate adduct may have the general designation XYZ, wherein X is potassium from the soluble component, Y is calcium from the insoluble component, and Z is phosphate ion from the aqueous acidic medium. Reaction of the soluble component and the insoluble component may comprise intimately mixing the soluble component and the insoluble component in the presence of the aqueous acidic medium.

[0020] In certain exemplary embodiments, there is also provided a method of forming an insoluble K:Ca:sulfate adduct using an aqueous acidic medium. A soluble component comprising potassium hydroxide is reacted with an insoluble component comprising calcium hydroxide in the presence of sulfate ions from 80% sulfuric acid to form the insoluble adduct and water as a by-product. The by-product water can become part of an aqueous phase. The aqueous phase can be separated from the insoluble adduct to obtain a dried insoluble K:Ca:sulfate adduct. The insoluble K:Ca:sulfate adduct may have the general designation XYZ, wherein X is potassium from the soluble component, Y is calcium from the insoluble component, and Z is sulfate ion from the acidic medium. Separating the insoluble precipitated K:Ca:sulfate adduct from the by-product water may comprise drying the insoluble precipitated K:Ca:sulfate adduct to remove the by-product water. Reaction of the soluble component and the insoluble component may comprise intimately mixing the soluble component and the insoluble component in the presence of the aqueous acidic medium.

[0021] In certain exemplary embodiments, there is also provided a method of forming an insoluble Na:Ca:phosphate adduct using an aqueous acidic medium. A soluble component comprising sodium hydroxide is reacted with an insoluble component comprising calcium hydroxide in the presence of aqueous phosphoric acid to form the insoluble adduct and the by- The product is water. The by-product water can become part of the aqueous phase. The aqueous phase can be separated from the insoluble adduct to obtain a dry insoluble adduct. The insoluble Na:Ca:phosphate adduct may have a common designation XYZ, where X is the soluble component sodium, Y is the insoluble component calcium, and Z is the phosphate ion of the aqueous acidic medium. The reaction between the soluble and insoluble components may involve closely mixing the soluble and insoluble components in the presence of the aqueous acidic medium.

[0022] In certain exemplary embodiments, a method is also provided for reacting a soluble component containing potassium hydroxide with an insoluble component containing bismuth oxide in the presence of aqueous nitric acid, using an aqueous acidic medium, to form an insoluble precipitate adduct and a by-product of water. The by-product water can become part of the aqueous phase. The aqueous phase can be separated from the insoluble adduct to obtain a dry insoluble adduct. The insoluble precipitate K:BiOH:nitrate adduct may have a common designation XYZ, where X is the soluble component potassium, Y is the insoluble component bismuth hydroxyl, and Z is the nitrate ion of the aqueous acidic medium. The reaction between the soluble and insoluble components may involve closely mixing the soluble and insoluble components in the presence of the aqueous acidic medium. [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0023] [Figure 1] This is a process flow diagram for forming an insoluble adduct using an aqueous acidic medium, according to embodiments of the subject matter currently disclosed. [Figure 2] This is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) image overlaid with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) results identifying the morphology of an insoluble calcium potassium phosphate adduct according to an embodiment of the subject matter currently disclosed. [Figure 3] This is an image of the energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) result obtained using the currently disclosed embodiment of the subject matter.

[0024] The subject matter currently disclosed is described in relation to preferred embodiments, but it should be understood that the subject matter currently disclosed is not intended to be limited to those embodiments. On the contrary, it is intended to cover all substitutes, modifications, and equivalents that may fall within the spirit and scope of the subject matter currently disclosed as defined by the appended claims. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0025] Various exemplary embodiments of methods for forming insoluble adducts using an acidic medium are described herein.

[0026] Definitions of adducts and salts An adduct is a reaction product formed when two different molecules directly add to each other, resulting in a single reaction product containing all the atoms of each component. This typically occurs in organic molecules containing double or triple bonds, such as ethylene to butene, acetylene to hexene, and butene to octene.

[0027] The currently disclosed subject matter discusses extending the concept of adducts to inorganic molecules in the presence of an aqueous acidic medium, because such adducts cannot be made by mere physical mixing or blending. In certain exemplary embodiments, the slight deviation from ordinary addition chemistry is that all atoms of the metal component are retained as a salt of the aqueous acidic medium used. Starting from a metal hydroxide or metal oxide and using phosphoric acid, the resulting adduct is a phosphate adduct. When sulfuric acid is used, the resulting adduct is a sulfuric acid adduct. It is an additive. The resulting product is an insoluble addition salt, and examples of such salts include phosphates, sulfates, nitrates, chlorides, and fluorides. The metal in the insoluble addition salt can be from any group of the periodic table.

[0028] Solubility rules Most of the precipitation reactions discussed involve aqueous salt solutions. For the sake of clarity, salts refer to compounds formed by ionic bonding between metallic cations such as - nonmetallic anions dissolved in water, for example Cl - , hydroxide -OH 2- , sulfate -SO4 3- , nitrate -NO3 - , carbonate -CO3 2- and other molecular anions and cations such as Na + , Ca 2+ , Cu 2+ or ammonium, which is a nonmetallic molecular ion discussed in the present specification -NH 4+ . Salts can be divided into water-soluble and water-insoluble ones. There are solubility rules that can be used to determine which salts are soluble in water.

[0029] Eleven solubility rules have been developed to discuss various aspects of the solubility behavior of ionic solid salts in terms of their ability to dissolve in water. These rules are helpful when working to determine the final state of substances involved in a chemical reaction.

[0030] Eleven solubility rules for salts and methods of using the same are described below.

[0031] These rules should be followed in priority in the order listed, because if one rule conflicts with another, the rule that appears earlier in the list shall prevail. The substances in this list are indicated by element names.

[0032] (1.) Salts containing Group 1 elements (Li + , Na + , K + , Cs + , Rb + ) are soluble. There are few exceptions to this rule. Salts containing ammonium ions (NH4 + ) are al so soluble.

[0033] (2.) Nitrate ion (NO 3- Salts containing ) are generally soluble.

[0034] (3.) Salts containing Cl, Br, and I are generally soluble. An important exception to this rule is Ag + Pb 2+ , (Hg2) 2+ These are halide salts. Therefore, AgCl, PbBr2, and Hg2Cl2 are insoluble.

[0035] (4.) Most silver salts are insoluble. AgNO3 and Ag(C2H3O2) are common soluble silver salts, while most others are insoluble.

[0036] (5.) Most sulfates are soluble. Important exceptions to this rule include CaSO4, BaSO4, PbSO4, Ag2SO4, and SrSO4.

[0037] (6.) Most hydroxide salts are slightly soluble. Hydroxides of Group I elements are soluble. Hydroxides of Group II elements (Ca, Sr, Ba) are slightly soluble. Transition metals and Al 3+ The hydroxide salt is insoluble. Therefore, Fe(OH)3, Al (OH)3 and Co(OH)2 are insoluble.

[0038] (7.) Most transition metal sulfides, such as CdS, FeS, ZnS, and Ag2S, are high It is insoluble. The sulfides of arsenic, antimony, bismuth, and lead are also insoluble.

[0039] (8.) Carbonates are often insoluble. Group II carbonates (CaCO3, SrCO3, BaCO3) are insoluble, as are FeCO3 and PbCO3.

[0040] (9.) Chromates are often insoluble. Examples include PbCrO4 and Ba CrO4 is one example.

[0041] (10.) Phosphates such as Ca3(PO4)2 and Ag3PO4 are often insoluble. .

[0042] (11.) Fluoride salts such as BaF2, MgF2, and PbF2 are often insoluble. stomach.

[0043] As can be observed, none of the rules discuss how they alter the behavior of solutes, but only the behavior of ionic metal salts. Salts discussed include chlorides, chlorates, nitrates, sulfates, hydroxides, sulfides, carbonates, chromates, phosphates, and fluorides. Ionic metal salts include those from Group 1 and 2, transition metals, noble metals, and essentially, gamma metals of the periodic table.

[0044] Of the 118 elements listed above, 91 are metals.

[0045] According to the rules of solubility, not only are alkali metal salts soluble in polar media, but the aspects of solubility are also extended to several other metals.

[0046] In certain exemplary embodiments, chemical processes using an aqueous acidic medium to alter the solubility behavior of a metal solute are provided herein. Such processes are not limited to soluble alkali metals of Group 1 but can be extended to any other soluble salts discussed under the solubility rules. Similarly, insoluble salts may exist beyond alkaline earth metals of Group 2.

[0047] In certain exemplary embodiments, the insoluble adducts formed can be described according to the general designation XYZ, where X is a soluble component from a metal hydroxide or metal oxide, Y is an insoluble component from an insoluble metal hydroxide or metal oxide, and Z is an acid ion from an aqueous acidic medium. Insoluble adducts can be formed at any temperature and pressure, provided the solution remains liquid. The adduct formation process involves locking in a soluble salt with an insoluble salt to form an insoluble adduct. In one exemplary embodiment, insoluble adducts can be formed at atmospheric pressure at temperatures ranging from 32°F to 300°F. In yet another exemplary embodiment, insoluble adducts can be formed at room temperature. Other temperature ranges include from the freezing point to the boiling point of the solution. Examples given here are potassium calcium phosphate, lithium calcium sulfate, potassium bismuth hydroxynitrate, potassium zirconium phosphate, and potassium zinc phosphate, but the subject matter currently disclosed is not limited to these adduct salts. The resulting insoluble addition salt can be extracted through separation and drying steps. Methods of liquid-solid separation include filtration, evaporation, sedimentation, decantation, centrifugation, or other equivalent methods. The degree and rate of drying depend on the temperature used to evaporate the solvent from the solution. The temperature may range from the freezing point to the boiling point of the solution. In other exemplary embodiments, the temperature may vary from room temperature to 300°F. In other exemplary embodiments, the drying temperature may vary from room temperature to 600°F.

[0048] Depending on the identity of the reactants used to form the resulting addition product, which has the common designation XYZ, a reaction product having the chemical formula ABC may result, where terms A, B and / or C are, for example, A e B f C g Like that, related Subscripts may be present. In this context, "e", "f", and "g" are... To ensure that the vendors understand, each of these can be a rational integer.

[0049] Experimental test No adducts are formed when soluble hydroxides or soluble oxides are physically mixed with water and insoluble hydroxides or insoluble oxides.

[0050] Experiments were conducted to support the currently disclosed subject matter. Details of the experiments show how the adducts are formed:

[0051] (1.) By closely mixing potassium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide in the presence of an aqueous phosphoric acid solution, a "K:Ca:phosphate-insoluble adduct" is formed. (This forms an insoluble adduct of Group 1A:Group 2A:phosphate).

[0052] (2.) By closely mixing potassium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide in the presence of an aqueous sulfuric acid solution, a "K:Ca:sulfuric acid-insoluble adduct" is formed. (This forms a Group 1A:Group 2A:sulfuric acid-insoluble adduct).

[0053] (3.) By closely mixing sodium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide in the presence of an aqueous phosphoric acid solution, a "Na:Ca:phosphate-insoluble adduct" is formed. (This forms a Group 1A:Group 2A:phosphate-insoluble adduct).

[0054] (4.) By closely mixing lithium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide in the presence of an aqueous phosphoric acid solution, a "Li:Ca:phosphate-insoluble adduct" is formed. (This forms a Group 1A:Group 2A:phosphate-insoluble adduct).

[0055] (5.) By closely mixing potassium hydroxide and zirconium hydroxide in the presence of an aqueous phosphoric acid solution, a "K:Zr:phosphoric acid-insoluble adduct" is formed. (This forms a Group 1A:Group 4:phosphoric acid-insoluble adduct).

[0056] (6.) By closely mixing zinc oxide and potassium hydroxide in the presence of an aqueous phosphoric acid solution, a "K:Zn:phosphate-insoluble adduct" is formed. (This forms a Group 1A:Group 12:phosphate-insoluble adduct).

[0057] (7.) By closely mixing potassium hydroxide and bismuth oxide in the presence of an aqueous nitric acid solution, a "K:(BiOH):nitrate insoluble adduct" is formed. (This forms a Group 1A:Group 15:nitrate insoluble adduct).

[0058] Experiment: The absence of adduct formation due to physical mixing is confirmed. A metal hydroxide or metal oxide soluble component from Group 1 of the periodic table was tightly and vigorously mixed with an insoluble metal hydroxide or metal oxide insoluble component from each group of the periodic table. Examples of soluble metal hydroxide components include potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, and lithium hydroxide, while examples of insoluble metal hydroxide components include calcium hydroxide (Group 2), zirconium hydroxide (Group 4), and zinc hydroxide (Group 12).

[0059] The water solubility of each mixture was tested, and the results showed that all soluble components in each mixture dissolved completely, and no adducts were formed. Only the insoluble components used did not dissolve. This means that simply physically mixing soluble and insoluble metal components does not form adducts. Instead, the soluble metal components used dissolve, while the insoluble metal components used do not.

[0060] Experiment: Chemical addition uses an acidic medium. Step 1: This procedure may involve closely mixing the soluble component with the insoluble component in the presence of an acidic medium.

[0061] The acids used in the additions described herein were phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid, but other organic or inorganic acids, particularly nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, hydroiodic acid, and hydrobromic acid, can be used.

[0062] In the cited experiment, the soluble and insoluble components used were closely mixed with the cited acids at very high acid concentrations. As a result, a paste was formed.

[0063] The production of the insoluble adduct XYZ involved a two-step post-processing procedure. First, a separation step using filtration was performed to remove water and excess acidic medium as by-products. While a filter was used in this setup, this operation can be achieved using an evaporator, sedimentation tank, decanter, centrifuge, or other equivalent equipment. Second, the mixed and resulting precipitated solid was dried to a drying temperature to produce the insoluble adduct XYZ.

[0064] Following the above procedure, the following XYZ adducts were produced:

[0065] (i) K:Ca: phosphate; (ii) K:Ca: sulfate; (iii) Na:Ca: phosphate; (iv) Li:Ca: phosphate; (v) K:Zr: phosphate; (vi) K:Zn: phosphate; and (vii) K:(BiOH): nitrate

[0066] Step 2: Calculation of the amount of soluble adduct due to insoluble adduct The starting materials, soluble and insoluble hydroxides or oxides, each have molecular weights based on their chemical formulas. The masses of the compounds used in the experiment are shown in the right-hand column of Tables 1A to 1G below:

[0067] Table showing an overview of the adduct formation experiment.

[0068] [Table 1]

[0069] Table 1-A In this experiment, 21.65 grams of calcium phosphate was used, which was initially expected. The amount of insoluble salt increased by 75.93 grams compared to the amount of soluble salt. In this experiment, 97.58 grams of insoluble salt adduct were obtained. Therefore, it can be concluded that the additional weight was generated from the insoluble potassium phosphate because potassium phosphate underwent an addition reaction with calcium phosphate to form a calcium potassium phosphate adduct.

[0070] [Table 2]

[0071] Table 1-B In this experiment, the amount of insoluble salt increased by 82.67 grams compared to the initially expected 14.99 grams of calcium sulfate. A total of 97.66 grams of insoluble salt adduct was obtained. Therefore, it can be concluded that the additional weight was generated from the insoluble potassium sulfate due to the addition reaction of potassium sulfate with calcium sulfate to form a potassium-calcium sulfate adduct.

[0072] [Table 3]

[0073] Table 1-C In this experiment, the amount of insoluble salt increased by 73.87 grams compared to the initially expected 25.01 grams of calcium phosphate. A total of 98.88 grams of insoluble salt adduct was obtained. Therefore, it can be concluded that the additional weight was generated from the insoluble sodium phosphate due to an addition reaction between sodium phosphate and calcium phosphate to form a calcium sodium phosphate adduct.

[0074] [Table 4]

[0075] Table 1-D In this experiment, the amount of insoluble salt increased by 70.66 grams compared to the initially expected 25.01 grams of calcium phosphate. A total of 95.67 grams of insoluble salt adduct was obtained. Therefore, it can be concluded that the additional weight was generated from the insoluble lithium phosphate due to the addition reaction of lithium phosphate with calcium phosphate to form a lithium calcium phosphate adduct.

[0076] [Table 5]

[0077] Table 1-E In this experiment, the amount of insoluble salt increased by 72.25 grams compared to the initially expected 20.13 grams of zirconium phosphate. A total of 92.38 grams of insoluble salt adduct was obtained. Therefore, it can be concluded that the additional weight was generated from the insoluble potassium phosphate due to the addition reaction of potassium phosphate with zirconium phosphate to form a potassium zirconium phosphate adduct.

[0078] [Table 6]

[0079] Table 1-F In this experiment, the amount of insoluble salt increased by 48.51 grams compared to the initially expected 39.99 grams of zinc phosphate. This experiment yielded 88.50 grams of insoluble salt adduct. Therefore, potassium phosphate underwent an addition reaction with zinc phosphate to form a zinc-potassium phosphate adduct, and additional weight was obtained from the insoluble potassium phosphate. It can be concluded that a quantity was generated.

[0080] [Table 7]

[0081] Table 1-G In this experiment, the amount of insoluble salt increased by 34.67 grams compared to the initially expected 55.50 grams of bismuth hydroxynitrate. A total of 90.17 grams of insoluble salt adduct was obtained. Therefore, it can be concluded that the additional weight was generated from the insoluble potassium nitrate due to the addition reaction of potassium nitrate with bismuth nitrate to form a bismuth hydroxypotassium nitrate adduct.

[0082] When these soluble metal hydroxides or soluble metal oxides are reacted with insoluble metal hydroxides or insoluble metal oxides in an acidic aqueous solution such as nitric acid, phosphoric acid, or sulfuric acid, insoluble phosphate adducts or insoluble sulfuric acid adducts are formed. In addition to the formation of insoluble adducts, water is also produced during the addition reaction. The produced water is mixed with the aqueous acidic medium. In summary, after the completion of the addition reaction, the aqueous phase contains the produced water, the unadded soluble salt, and excess aqueous acid.

[0083] The theoretical molecular weight of the soluble salt and the theoretical molecular weight of the insoluble salt differ from the insoluble adduct obtained.

[0084] If no addition occurs, soluble metal hydroxides or soluble metal oxides will dissolve completely, while insoluble metal hydroxides or insoluble metal oxides will precipitate.

[0085] For example, potassium hydroxide is converted to potassium phosphate, and calcium hydroxide is converted to calcium phosphate. If no addition reaction occurs, all the potassium phosphate will dissolve in water, and only calcium phosphate will precipitate. However, if the amount of precipitated calcium phosphate is greater than the amount of potassium phosphate, the excess is due to the addition of calcium to potassium. The proportion of the added soluble metal salt is obtained by dividing the excess amount by the total weight of the adduct.

[0086] Tables 1A to 1G summarize the results for each of the adducts described above.

[0087] These experiments were conducted to verify the formation of adducts, and those skilled in the art should understand that The weight of the adduct formed can be changed by altering the processing conditions.

[0088] Step 3: Solubility of the adduct Ten grams of insoluble adduct were thoroughly mixed with 300 mL of water for 15 minutes. The precipitated substance was filtered, dried at 300°F, and then reweighed. The results showed no material loss and demonstrated that the produced adduct was indeed 100% insoluble.

[0089] Furthermore, the elemental composition of the generated adduct was verified by combining melting point, density, and SEM (scanning electron microscope) and EDS (energy-dispersive spectroscopy). Referring to Figure 2, the EDS layered SEM image shows the resulting calcium potassium phosphate adduct formed by the described embodiment. Figure 2 shows that potassium, calcium, and phosphate are incorporated into an amorphous matrix, forming an insoluble adduct. There are various areas with varying degrees of homogeneity. This image shows that potassium, calcium, and phosphate are mixed almost homogeneously, which is expected of an insoluble adduct composed of these components. Referring to Figure 3 of this specification, the EDS shows spectra related to calcium, potassium, phosphorus, and oxygen, which are the elemental composition of the insoluble calcium potassium phosphate adduct. This SEM image shown in Figure 3 of this specification is of a 10-gram sample retained in the water solubility test described above.

[0090] The melting points, densities, and solubility of the theoretical soluble and insoluble salts differ from those of the resulting insoluble adduct salt. The combination of amorphous homogeneity in the SEM-EDS results, the insolubility of the resulting adduct, the different melting points of the adduct, and the different densities of the adduct all indicate that the resulting adduct is a mixture that differs from the expected simple combination of the two theoretical salts.

[0091] Melting point of adducts: The formed adducts exhibit melting points different from those of the individual corresponding salts. Table 2 of this specification illustrates this.

[0092] [Table 8]

[0093] Density of the added salt: The formed added salt exhibits a density different from that of the two individual corresponding salts. Table 3 of this specification illustrates this.

[0094] [Table 9]

[0095] The reaction chemistry between bismuth oxide and nitric acid is quite complex due to the existence of many variations in nitrate salts. Based on density measurements, the addition salt formed in this experiment is bismuth hydroxynitrate with a molecular weight of 1461.98.

[0096] To the extent used herein, when the phrase “at least one of” follows a set of items and any of the items are separated by the terms “and” or “or,” it applies to the entire list, rather than each member of the list (i.e., each item). The expression “at least one of” may mean at least one of any one of the items, and / or at least one of any combination of the items, and / or at least one of each of the items. For example, the expressions “at least one of A, B, and C” or “at least one of A, B, or C” refer to A only, B only, or C only; any combination of A, B, and C; and / or at least one of each of A, B, and C, respectively. As used herein, the term “A and / or B” means embodiments having element A alone, element B alone, or elements A and B together.

[0097] While the disclosed subject matter has been described in detail in relation to many embodiments, it is not limited to such disclosed embodiments. Rather, the disclosed subject matter can be modified to incorporate any number of variations, alterations, substitutions, or equivalent arrangements that are not previously described but are appropriate to the scope of the disclosed subject matter.

[0098] Furthermore, while various embodiments of the disclosed subject matter have been described, it should be understood that the embodiments of the disclosed subject matter may include only a portion of the embodiments described. Therefore, the disclosed subject matter is not limited by the foregoing description, but is considered to be limited only by the claims.

Claims

1. A method for forming an insoluble adduct: A method comprising the step of reacting a soluble component from the group consisting of soluble metal hydroxides and soluble metal oxides with an insoluble component from the group consisting of insoluble metal hydroxides and insoluble metal oxides in the presence of an aqueous acidic medium to form an insoluble adduct and water as a by-product.

2. The method according to claim 1, further comprising the step of the by-product water becoming part of the aqueous phase, and separating the aqueous phase from the insoluble adduct to obtain a dry insoluble adduct.

3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the insoluble adduct precipitates and has the general designation XYZ, where X is the metal in the soluble component, Y is the metal in the insoluble component, and Z is an acidic ion of the aqueous acidic medium.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the metal in the soluble metal hydroxide comprises at least one of sodium, potassium, and lithium.

5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the metal in the soluble metal oxide comprises at least one of sodium, potassium, and lithium.

6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the insoluble metal in the insoluble metal hydroxide comprises at least one of calcium, zirconium, and zinc.

7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the insoluble metal in the insoluble metal oxide comprises at least one of calcium, zirconium, and zinc.

8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the acidic medium comprises at least one of phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, and hydroiodic acid.

9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the reaction occurs at a process temperature within the range of the freezing point to the boiling point of the solution of the acidic medium.

10. A method for forming an insoluble K:Ca:phosphate adduct using an aqueous acidic medium, comprising: A method comprising the step of reacting a soluble component containing potassium hydroxide with an insoluble component containing calcium hydroxide in the presence of aqueous phosphoric acid to form the insoluble K:Ca:phosphate adduct and water as a by-product.

11. The method according to claim 10, further comprising the step of the by-product water becoming part of the aqueous phase, and separating the aqueous phase from the insoluble adduct to obtain a dry insoluble adduct.

12. The method according to claim 10, wherein the insoluble K:Ca:phosphate adduct has a general name XYZ, where X is the potassium of the soluble component, Y is the calcium of the insoluble component, and Z is the phosphate ion of the aqueous acidic medium.

13. The method according to claim 10, wherein the reaction of the soluble component with the insoluble component includes the step of closely mixing the soluble component and the insoluble component in the presence of the aqueous acidic medium.

14. A method for forming an insoluble K:Ca:sulfate adduct using an aqueous acidic medium: A soluble component containing potassium hydroxide, an insoluble component containing calcium hydroxide, and aqueous sulfuric acid. A method comprising the step of reacting in the presence of to form the insoluble K:Ca:sulfate adduct and water as a by-product.

15. The method according to claim 14, further comprising the step of the by-product water becoming part of the aqueous phase, and separating the aqueous phase from the insoluble adduct to obtain a dry insoluble adduct.

16. The method according to claim 14, wherein the insoluble K:Ca:sulfate adduct has a general name XYZ, where X is the potassium of the soluble component, Y is the calcium of the insoluble component, and Z is the sulfate ion of the aqueous acidic medium.

17. The method according to claim 14, wherein the reaction of the soluble component with the insoluble component includes the step of closely mixing the soluble component and the insoluble component in the presence of an aqueous acidic medium.

18. A method for forming an insoluble Na:Ca:phosphate adduct using an acidic medium, the method being: A method comprising the step of reacting a soluble component containing sodium hydroxide with an insoluble component containing calcium hydroxide in the presence of aqueous phosphoric acid to form the insoluble Na:Ca:phosphate adduct and water as a by-product.

19. The method according to claim 18, further comprising the step of the by-product water becoming part of the aqueous phase, and separating the aqueous phase from the insoluble adduct to obtain a dry insoluble adduct.

20. The method according to claim 18, wherein the insoluble Na:Ca:phosphate adduct precipitates and has a common designation XYZ, where X is the sodium of the soluble component, Y is the calcium of the insoluble component, and Z is the phosphate ion of the aqueous acidic medium.

21. The method according to claim 18, wherein the reaction of the soluble component with the insoluble component includes the step of closely mixing the soluble component and the insoluble component in the presence of an aqueous acidic medium.

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